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International organizations play a pivotal role in the contemporary world,shaping global policies,fostering cooperation,and addressing a myriad of issues that transcend national borders.Here are some of the key functions that these organizations serve:1.Promoting Peace and Security:Organizations like the United Nations UN work towards maintaining international peace and security by mediating conflicts,deploying peacekeeping missions,and promoting disarmament.2.Economic Development:Entities such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund IMF focus on reducing poverty and promoting economic growth by providing financial assistance,technical support,and policy advice to developing countries.3.Human Rights Protection:The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR and other groups work to uphold human rights standards globally, ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and with dignity.4.Environmental Conservation:Bodies like the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP are dedicated to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development,addressing issues such as climate change,biodiversity loss,and pollution.5.Health and Disease Control:The World Health Organization WHO leads international efforts to combat diseases,improve health systems,and respond to global health emergencies,such as the COVID19pandemic.cation and Cultural Exchange:UNESCO promotes international cooperation in education,science,and culture,aiming to build peace in the minds of people through the exchange of knowledge and ideas.7.Trade Regulation:The World Trade Organization WTO sets the rules for international trade,ensuring that trade flows as smoothly,predictably,and freely as possible.8.Humanitarian Aid:Organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC and various UN agencies provide humanitarian assistance to those affected by conflicts and natural disasters.9.Standard Setting:International organizations often set global standards and guidelines in various fields,such as telecommunications International Telecommunication Union, aviation International Civil Aviation Organization,and labor rights International Labour Organization.10.Advocacy and Lobbying:NGOs and other international advocacy groups work to influence policy and raise awareness on specific issues,such as human trafficking,gender equality,and climate justice.11.Research and Knowledge Sharing:Many international organizations conduct research and share findings to inform policy and practice,contributing to the global knowledge base.12.Disaster Response and Management:Organizations like the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA coordinate disaster response efforts, providing immediate assistance and longterm recovery support.13.Migration and Refugee Support:The UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR works to protect and support refugees,internally displaced persons,and stateless people.14.Technology and Innovation:Organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union ITU promote the development and equitable distribution of communication technologies.15.Legal Frameworks:International organizations contribute to the development of international law and treaties,shaping the legal landscape that governs global affairs. These roles are not exhaustive but highlight the multifaceted impact international organizations have on the world stage.They serve as platforms for dialogue,cooperation, and collective action,addressing challenges that no single nation can tackle alone.。
世界经济运行规律英语作文In the realm of international relations and economic studies, understanding the underlying principles that govern the world economy is crucial. This essay aims to explore the fundamental patterns and mechanisms that drive the global economic system.Firstly, the concept of globalization has been a key driverin shaping the world economy. The interdependence of economies through trade, investment, and technological exchange has led to a more integrated and interconnected global market. English phrases such as "global supply chains" and "international trade agreements" are frequently used to describe the complex web of economic relationships that exist today.Secondly, the role of financial institutions and markets cannot be understated. The essay will delve into how entities like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) influence economic policies and standards worldwide. The use of terms such as "economic stability," "financial regulation," and "multilateral trade" will be essential in discussing the regulatory framework that supports the world economy.Thirdly, the essay will examine the impact of economic indicators on the global stage. Metrics such as GDP growth rates, inflation, and unemployment figures are critical inassessing the health of an economy. Understanding these indicators requires a grasp of terms like "economic growth," "monetary policy," and "fiscal policy."Moreover, the essay will discuss the cyclical nature of economies, touching on concepts like business cycles, recessions, and expansions. The language of "economic downturns," "recovery periods," and "sustainable growth" will be employed to articulate the fluctuations that economies experience over time.Additionally, the role of emerging markets and developing economies in the world economy will be highlighted. The essay will use phrases like "economic diversification," "market liberalization," and "global competitiveness" to describe the rise of these nations and their influence on the global economic landscape.Lastly, the importance of sustainable development and environmental considerations in economic growth will be addressed. The essay will conclude with a discussion on the need for a "green economy" and the adoption of "sustainable practices" to ensure the long-term viability of the world economy.In conclusion, the essay will provide a comprehensive overview of the world economic operations, emphasizing the complexity and interconnectivity of global markets, the influence of key institutions, the significance of economic indicators, the cyclical patterns of growth and recession,the rise of emerging economies, and the imperative for sustainable economic practices.。
《商务英语阅读》期末考试复习资料一、词汇翻译题（课内词汇+课外高频商务词汇）1.entrepreneur 企业家2.specification 规格详述3.human resources 人力资源4.institution 机构5.orientation 方向，导向，新员工入职培训6.decline 消减，衰亡7.bonus 奖金unch 推出，投放市场munity 社区，共同体10.necessities （生活）必需品11.stock 股票12.liquidity 流动性，变现性13.risk 风险14.potential 潜在的15.act of God 不可抗力y off 使……下岗17.listed company 上市公司18.log on 登入、连接（上网）19.absolute interest 绝对产权20.keyboard skills 打字技能21.human resources 人力资源22.account for 解释某事物的原因，占……比例23.executive 高级管理人员，执行总裁24.logo 企业或公司等专用的标记、标识25.administration 管理26.budget 预算27.feasible 可行的28.industry 产业，行业29.ingredient 成分，要素30.securities 证券mission 佣金32.dividend 股息，红利33.mature 到期，成熟34.accounts receivable 应收账款35.job description 岗位描述36.letter of intent 意向书37.living wage 基本生活工资38.bar code 条形码39.acid test 决定性的考验40.executive 高管，主管41.administrative expenses 行政管理费用42.jet lag 飞机时差反应43.customized 用户化的，按客户要求定制的44.keep-fit market 保健市场45.lecture theatre 梯形教室，梯形报告厅46.local adaptation 本土化47.balance sheet 资产负债表48.benefits package 福利套餐,整体福利49.bill of lading 提单、提货单50.access fee 使用费二、单项选择题（课内）1.Factors of production refer to _______.A.natural resources and capitalbor and entrepreneursC.both A and B2.The structure of a large manufacturing company and that of a small service firmshould be __________.A. the sameB. differentC. similar3. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation4. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills5. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation6. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix7. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance8. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific9. A corporation can also obtain equity financing by selling securities directlyto current stockholders. “Equity” here means ______.A. reasonable qualityB. ordinary stocks and sharesC. principles of equality10.Most short-term financing is unsecured. “unsecured” here means _______.A.no interest chargeB.no collateral is requiredC.no bank loans11.The funds needed to operate an enterprise are referred to as _______.A.capitalB.resourcesbor12. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation13. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills14. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation15. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix16. _______ may be established based on costs, demands, the competitions’prices,or some combination of these.A. ProductsB. BrandsC. Prices17. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance18. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific19.People can buy stocks from _____.A.securities marketsB. a secure marketC.financial markets20. High-risk investment techniques can provide greater returns, but they entailgreater risk of loss. “Entail” here means _________.A. retailB. investC. involve（答案自己在书上找）三、阅读理解题（课外）Passage 1Global Recession Hits the Developing WorldBoth the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth of one-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called “a great recession”.A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing. The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.1. According to the passage, the world economy will _______ for the first timethis year since the World War Two.A. developB. growC. expandD. become smaller2. _______may be hurt the most by the recession.A. the developing worldB. the developed countriesC. the rich countriesD. Asian countries3. Who are easier to borrow money in the world credit market?A. Rich nationsB. Poor countriesC. the World BankD. the International Monetary Fund4. What does the underlined “flight”mean in the fourth paragraph?A. travelB. flyingC. escapeD. movement through the air5.___________ has called on rich nations to help poor countries.A. President ObamaB. President Robert ZoellickC. Jeff ChelskyD. the International Monetary FundPassage 2A Rough Road for ToyotaToyota became the world's largest automaker in two thousand eight. But after years of building loyalty, the Japanese company may have put its quality brand name at risk, at least temporarily.Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the world because of cases where vehicles have sped up unexpectedly. Last August, a driver in California was unable to stop. The crash killed him and three of his family members.Toyota says the problem is rare and caused by accelerator pedals becoming stuck open. On January twenty-sixth, the company suspended sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the United States, its largest market. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.General Motors and Ford both reported increased sales in January. But Toyota sales in the United States have fallen, and so has its stock price. Toyota says it expects costs and lost sales from its recent safety recalls to total two billion dollars by the end of March.Louis Lataif spent twenty-seven years in the car industry at Ford. Now he is dean of the School of Management at Boston University.LOUIS LATAIF: “It’s Toyota’s biggest such recall. It’s voluntary incidentally, it’s not mandated. So, in that respect, they are doing something fairly bold, namely, taking the hit of shutting production and correcting the vehicles that are in inventory on which they have stopped sales.”A recall late last year involved floor mats that Toyota said could cause the accelerator to get stuck. One of the vehicles in the floor mat recall was the Prius, the world’s top selling hybrid.Now American officials are investigating the brake system on the twenty ten Prius. The Transportation Department says it has received more than one hundred twenty reports, including reports of four crashes.Toyota says it found a software problem that could briefly affect the “feel” of the anti-lock brakes on rough or slippery roads. It says it fixed the brake problem last month.But a growing number of legal cases claim Toyota knew for a long time about the sudden acceleration issue with other vehicles. The problem reportedly has led to more than eight hundred crashes and nineteen deaths in the past ten years. Congress is preparing for hearings.Greg Bonner is a marketing professor at Villanova University. He says to regain trust, Toyota will have to make public everything it knows about the problems and show it accepts responsibility.The recall has also intensified questions about all the computer control systems used in modern cars.6. Toyota may have put its quality brand name at risk because__________.A. vehicles have sped up unexpectedlyB. last August, a driver in California was unable to stop.C. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldD. All of the above.7. Which of the following ways is not one Toyota solves its problem about accelerator pedals?A. Toyota stopped sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the UnitedStatesB. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldC. Toyota increased salesD. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.8. Whose sales decreased in January?A. General MotorsB. FordC. General Motors and FordD. Toyota9. From what Louis Lataif said about Toyota, we can infer that _________.A. Toyota didn’t solve its problem positively.B. Louis Lataif didn’t think that Toyota solved its problem properly.C. Louis Lataif thought highly of Toyota’s way of solving its problem.D. Toyota couldn’t solve its problem.10. The underlined word in the last paragraph “intensify” means ________.A. increase in degreeB. decrease in degreeC. make the questions more tenseD. become more intensePassage 3Stock Sectors - How to Classify StocksOne of the ways investors classify stocks is by type of business. The idea is to put companies in similar industries together for comparison purposes. Most analysts and financial media call these groupings “sectors” and you will often read or hear about how certain sector stocks are doing.One of the most common classification breaks the market into 11 different sectors. Investors consider two of these sectors “defensive” and the remaining nine “cyclical.” Let’s look at these two categories and see what they mean for the individual investor.DefensiveDefensive stocks include utilities and consumer staples. These companies usually don’t suffer as much in a market downturn because people don’t stop using energy or eating. They provide a balance to portfolios and offer protection in a falling market.However, for all their safety, defensive stocks usually fail to climb with a rising market for the opposite reasons they provide protection in a falling market: people don’t use significantly more energy or eat more food.Defensive stocks do exactly what their name implies, assuming they are well run companies. They give you a cushion for a soft landing in a falling market.Cyclical stocksCyclical stocks, on the other hand, cover everything else and tend to react to a variety of market conditions that can send them up or down, however when one sector is going up another may be going down.Here is a list of the nine sectors considered cyclical:∙Basic Materials∙Capital Goods∙Communications∙Consumer Cyclical∙Energy∙Financial∙Health Care∙Technology∙TransportationMost of these sectors are self-explanatory. They all involve businesses you can readily identify. Investors call them cyclical because they tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.Basic materials, for example, include those items used in making other goods – lumber, for instance. When the housing market is active, the stock of lumber companies will tend to rise. However, high interest rates might put a damper on home building and reduce the demand for lumber.How to UseStocks sectors are helpful sorting and comparison tools. Don’t get hung up on using just one organization’s set of sectors, though. uses slightly different sectors in its tools, which let you compare stocks within a sector.This is extremely helpful, since one of the ways to use sector information is to compare how your stock or a stock you may want to buy, is doing relative to other companies in the same sector.If all the other stocks are up 11% and your stock is down 8%, you need to find out why. Likewise, if the numbers are reversed, you need to know why your stock is doing so much better than others in the same sector –maybe its business model has changed and it shouldn’t be in that sector any longer.ConclusionYou never want to be making investment decisions in a vacuum. Using sector information, you can see how a stock is doing relative to its peers and that will help you understand whether you have a potential winner or loser.11. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a falling market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks12. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a rising market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staples13. ______________sectors belong to cyclical stocks.A. 11B.2C.9D.314. Utilities and consumer staples belong to _______________.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks15. ___________tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staplesPassage 1America's biggest carmaker accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bush administrations. People joked that GM meant "Government Motors." Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery.The company recorded over two and a half billion dollars in profit in the first half of the year. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout. Canada is also a shareholder. But now GM plans to sell stock to the public again.GM spent just forty days in bankruptcy. It sought protection from its creditors in June of last year. GM restructured. It discontinued some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.In April, GM repaid almost seven billion dollars in government loans. Many of its creditors are waiting to see how much they get.GM plans an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this year. The company could raise as much as fifteen billion dollars.Chief executive Edward Whitacre is leaving September first. He wants the government to sell all of its shares in the company during the IPO. Many experts believe the Treasury will act slowly over time after the public offering is completed.If the stock price rises, the government could profit from the rescue. But the IPO is risky for the company. The offering will test the willingness of investors to take an equity share in the “new GM”.Buying equity is not like buying bonds. Bonds represent a loan. Equity represents ownership. Investors willing to buy equity shares in a company expect one thing -- growth.GM believes it can make that happen, in part with a new electric-and-gas hybrid.COMMERCIA L: “Chevy Volt, a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all. That's an American revolution.”The Volt is expected to start arriving in showrooms later this year.GM is also looking overseas. The world's fastest growing car markets are in developing nations. GM is now selling more cars in China than in the United States. GM still leads the American market, though Toyota is now the biggest car company in the world.There are signs that America's big three may have put the worst of their recent troubles behind them.Chrysler also went through bankruptcy and says its sales are up. Italy's Fiat holds a twenty percent share.Ford Motor Company avoided bankruptcy and refused government help. Ford reported close to five billion dollars in profit for the first six months of the year.1. America’s biggest carmaker is _________________.A. ToyotaB. ChryslerC. GMD. Ford Motor Company2. GM stands for __________.A. Government MotorsB. General MotorsC. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B3. People joked that GM meant “Government Motors” because _____________.A. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout.B. They accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bushadministrations.C. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B4. Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery. It plans ___________.A. to restructure.B. an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this yearC. to seek protection from its creditors.D. to discontinue some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.5. According to the passage, what is not true about Chevy Volt?A. GM believes it will bring profit growth.B. It is a new electric-and-gas hybrid.C. It is a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all.D. It has been produced.Passage 2The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recen t paper, Wharton’s Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-authorVijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyers and sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realities and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. “It is not just our comp uters that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves,” says Wind. “These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that has landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services.”For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers. Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. “Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss,” says Wind.Questions:6. The passage was most likely to be quoted from______.A.an overview of a paperB.an introduction to a bookC. a book on digital revolutionD. a paper discussing digital revolution7. The paper mentioned in this paper was written by______.A.Jerry WindB.Vijay MahajanC.Jerry Wind and Vijay MahajanD.an anonymous8. From the third paragraph, we can infer that______.A.the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB.e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumersC.cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD.cyber consumers came from outer space9. Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers______.A.are more difficult to satisfyB.have less knowledge about businessC.have more problems with pricesD.are less willing to buy products and services10. What is mainly discussed in the passage? ______A.digital revolutionB.digital marketingC.cyber consumersD.the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricingPassage 3Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties toobtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome –without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.Questions:11. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_________.A. Greek income and expendituresB. The improving economic situation in GreeceC. The value of tourismD. Military expenditures12. Many peasants earn less than _________.A. $60 a weekB. $2 a weekC. $1 a dayD. $10 a month13. The Greek Government spends __________.A. more than 25%of its budget on military termsB. More than its collectsC. A third of a billion dollars in goldD. Less than 25% of its budget on military terms14. According to the passage, Greece has _________.A. a dictatorshipB. a monarchyC. a single majority partyD. too much red tape15. Greece imports annually goods and materials __________.A. totaling almost $700 millionB. that balance exportsC. that are paid by touristsD. costing $66 million四、篇章翻译题（课外）Passage A纳斯达克开设北京代表处随着各方吸引迅速增长的中国公司赴海外上市的争夺战愈演愈烈，纳斯达克(Nasdaq)昨日成为最新一个在北京开设代表处的全球证交所。
综合试题综合试题1I．Translate the following words and expressions (10%)(ⅰ) From English into Chinese1. manufactured goods 制成品2. protectionist measures 保护措施3. securities exchange 证劵交易4. comparative 比较优势5. Gross National Product 国民生产总值(ⅱ) From Chinese into English6. 最惠国待遇Most-Favored Nation Treatment7. 宽限期grace period8. 不可以撤销信用证irrevocable letters of credit9. 运输单据transportation documents,10. 金边债券gilt bondⅡ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right (5%)11. compulsory a. policy to restrict imports ( d )12. trade barriers b. unit cost getting low with the increasing of quantity. ( a )13. specialization c. products produced with efficiency ( c )14. trade terms d. something must have be done ( e )15. economics of scale: e. trade rules set by ICC ( b )Ⅲ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English (20%) 16. quotaquota: the limited quantities or value of imports made by government for consideration to protect domestic industries.17. PPPPPP: purchasing power parity, a decisive factor for the change of exchange rate.18. deregulationderegulation: government lowers or abolishes some restrictive domestic or foreign economic policies and make the economic activity develop more freely.19. infrastructureinfrastructure: large-scale public services such as transportation, communication equipments.20. indemnityindemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he was before it, neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Ⅳ. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate words (10% )Differs, Which, predecessor, mechanism. In one word, one, permanent, services, settle , World BankInstead of being a mere replacement of GATT, the WTO 21__differs__ from its22 __predecessor___ in several prominent dimension. Firstly, as the name suggests, he GATT is only an agreement, or more exactly an interim secretariat, 23__In one word__an organization entity in the true sense, while WTO is a full-fledged 24__permanent__organization. Secondly WTO has a much broader mandate promoting trade liberalization of goods and 25__services__.Thirdly, the WTO has established far greater enforcement powers to 26__settle__ trade frictions among member countries, 27__Which__is called dispute settlement 28__mechanism__.WTO has become 29__one__ of important three international economic organizations. The others two are 30.__World Bank__ and International Monetary Funds.Ⅴ. Translate the following into English (25%)31. 及时库存制源于日本，现在已经被很多国家企业采纳。
祖国由弱变强的经过英语作文From Weakness to Strength: China's Rise to Prominence.The transformation of China from a fragmented and impoverished nation to a global powerhouse is a captivating narrative of resilience, determination, and strategic execution. This remarkable metamorphosis can be attributed to a confluence of factors, including visionary leadership, economic reforms, technological advancements, and a steadfast commitment to modernization.The Seeds of Reform.The seeds of China's transformation were sown in the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution, a tumultuous period of political upheaval and social unrest. Recognizing the need for fundamental change, Deng Xiaoping emerged as the architect of China's economic reforms. Deng's pragmatic approach, encapsulated in the phrase "reform and opening up," ushered in a new era of economic liberalization andmarket-oriented policies.Gradual Reforms and Economic Growth.Deng's reforms gradually loosened the state's grip on the economy, introducing market mechanisms and encouraging private entrepreneurship. Initially, these policies were met with resistance from within the Communist Party, but their success in stimulating economic growth quickly silenced the critics. By the early 1990s, China's GDP had quadrupled, transforming the country into one of theworld's fastest-growing economies.Joining the Global Economy.In tandem with domestic economic reforms, China embarked on a concerted effort to integrate into the global economy. In 1978, China joined the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, signaling its commitment to international cooperation. This decision marked a watershed moment, opening up new markets and investment opportunities for Chinese businesses.Embracing Technology.China recognized the pivotal role of technology in driving economic growth and national development. The government heavily invested in education, science, and research, fostering a culture of innovation andtechnological advancement. This investment paid dividends, as China emerged as a leading player in industries such as artificial intelligence, e-commerce, and renewable energy.Infrastructure Development.To support its rapidly expanding economy, China embarked on an ambitious infrastructure development program. Massive investments were made in transportation networks, energy production, and water conservation. These projects not only improved the quality of life for Chinese citizens but also laid the groundwork for future economic growth.Modernization and the Rise of a Global Power.As China's economy continued to grow and its technological capabilities advanced, the country began to assert itself on the global stage. China became a major player in international trade, diplomacy, and peacekeeping. In 2012, the Chinese Communist Party adopted the "Chinese Dream" initiative, which aimed to transform China into a prosperous, modern, and influential nation.Challenges and Opportunities.China's rise to prominence has not been without its challenges. The country faces issues such as income inequality, environmental pollution, and the need for political reform. However, China's track record of adaptability and resilience suggests that it has the potential to overcome these challenges and continue its journey of progress.Conclusion.China's transformation from a weak and impoverished nation to a global powerhouse is a testament to the powerof human ingenuity, strategic planning, and unwavering determination. Through a combination of economic reforms, technological advancements, infrastructure development, and international engagement, China has emerged as a leading actor on the global stage. While challenges remain, China's unwavering commitment to modernization and its capacity for innovation bode well for its future as a prosperous, influential, and respected nation.。
Top international economic leaders said continuing disputes over currencies and trade could escalate and hurt the fragile economic recovery. The heads of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund both had blunt warnings Thursday for national and economic leaders.World Bank President Robert Zoellick says if nations do not stop bickering and start compromising on currency issues,the economic downturn could get far worse. "First, one needs to manage the tensions, if one lets this slide into conflict or forms of protectionism, then we run the risk of repeating the mistakes of the 1930s." Those mistakes preceded the Great Depression.The warning comes as the United States, China, European and other nations continue squabbling over the value of currencies. And, Japan recently intervened in markets to push down the value of its currency, the yen.Zoellick says the tensions grow out of the slow and uneven economic recovery,which is leaving millions of people out of work." Whenever you have high unemployment,you have risks of other tensions, we see this now in debates on currencies."Having a weaker currency can help cut unemployment by boosting exports. It does this by making a nation's products less expensive and easier to sell on international markets. More sales mean more demand for products and more jobs.That strategy will not work, however, if too many nations try to do it at once. This means the various nations need to work out compromises, but it is hard to make deals right now because high unemployment is putting domestic political pressure on national leaders.The head of the International Monetary Fund, DominiqueStrauss-Kahn,urged political and economic officials to tone down their rhetoric and find less provocative ways to bolster their economies." Many (nations) do consider their currency as a weapon, and that is certainly not for the good of the global economy."The IMF chief also sent a message to emerging economies that have been clamoring for a greater voice in IMF decisions. Strauss-Kahn said countries that want to have a greater say also need to accept more responsibility for maintaining a healthy global economy.The IMF and the World Bank have called for China to allow the value of its currency to rise.But economic experts say one of China's major trading partners,the United States, should also make changes, like cutting budget deficits and boosting savings.。
金融的英语作文Financial systems are the backbone of modern economies, facilitating transactions, investments, and economic growth.In this essay, we will explore the importance of finance, its impact on society, and the role it plays in the global market.The Role of Finance in the EconomyFinance is the management of money and includes activities such as investing, borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting. It is crucial for businesses to access capitalfor expansion, for individuals to save for the future, andfor governments to fund public services.Investment and Economic GrowthInvestment is a key component of finance. It allowsbusinesses to grow, create jobs, and innovate. The stock market, for instance, provides a platform for companies to raise funds by issuing shares. Investors, in turn, can buy these shares and potentially benefit from the company's growth.Financial InstitutionsBanks, credit unions, and other financial institutions play a vital role in the economy. They provide loans to individuals and businesses, offer savings accounts, and facilitatetransactions through various payment systems. These institutions also help regulate the flow of money and manage the risk associated with financial transactions.Personal FinanceOn an individual level, personal finance is about managing one's income, expenses, savings, and investments. It involves creating a budget, saving for emergencies, planning for retirement, and understanding taxes. Good financial habits can lead to financial stability and independence.Global FinanceIn the global context, finance is interconnected. International trade requires a stable currency and efficient financial systems. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are examples of international organizationsthat work to stabilize economies and provide financial support to countries in need.Challenges and InnovationsThe financial sector faces challenges such as economic downturns, financial fraud, and the need for regulatory compliance. However, it is also a sector of innovation, with the rise of fintech companies offering new ways to manage money, such as digital currencies and blockchain technology.ConclusionFinance is a complex and dynamic field that touches every aspect of our lives. It is essential for economic stability and growth, and it offers opportunities for individuals to achieve their financial goals. As the world becomes more interconnected, the importance of understanding andnavigating the financial landscape will only continue to grow.This essay has provided a brief overview of the significanceof finance in our world. It is a subject that requires continuous learning and adaptation as it evolves with the changing economic landscape.。
WWF全球老虎生存计划全球老虎保护区总面积超过150万平方公里中国WWF全球老虎生存计划100%再造纸WWF全球老虎生存计划Tigers Alive InitiativeThe Strategic Plan© 1986 Panda symbo l WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)® “W WF” is a WWF Registered T rademark.2014宣传册Translated by Chang Youde and Li Ying, andreviewed by Fan Zhiyong and Shi Quanhua翻译：长有德、李瑛; 审阅：范志勇、石全华全球野生虎种群仅存3200只© John S. Mitchell / WWF-Canon愿景“Tigers thrive in viable wild populations in priority landscapes, and in restored, interconnected habitats, secure from the threats to their survival and coexisting with local communities.”确保全球老虎在优先景观区域和相互连通的栖息地健康稳定生存，并与当地社区和居民和谐共存。
TX2:总目标：The population of wild Tigers, across their range, increased to at least 6000 by 2022.到2022年，在全球老虎分布区域，野生虎种群数量最少增长至6000只。
The WWF Tigers Alive Initiative has an ambitious goal to double tigers in the wild by 2022: “TX2”. This goal does not allow for a business-as-usual approach. TX2 forces us to transform everything we have been doing in tiger conservation and bring it to a new level of intensity, coordination, innovation, influence and professionalism. This goal forces us to move away from our past defensive strategy, focusing on saving the tiger from extinction, to an active strategy aimed to not only halt the decline but also recover the tigers to a position of relative safety. It will require the governments of the tiger range countries to take action at an unprecedented level for any species other than our own.In November 2010 in St. Petersburg, 13 tiger range governments together with partners in conservation, committed to the goal of doubling tigers to over 6000 individuals by 2022. WWF’s goal is now a shared goal of the tiger conservation community, a shared goal of the world.通过共同的不懈努力，老虎保护取得了重大成就。
global issues 英语作文The world we live in today is facing a multitude of complex and interconnected global issues that require urgent attention and collective action. From climate change and environmental degradation to economic inequality and geopolitical tensions, these challenges transcend national boundaries and demand a coordinated global response. In this essay, we will explore some of the most pressing global issues and the potential solutions to address them.Climate change is undoubtedly one of the most pressing global issues of our time. The scientific consensus is clear – human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are causing a rapid and unprecedented warming of the planet, leading to a host of devastating consequences. Rising sea levels, more frequent and intense natural disasters, droughts, and the loss of biodiversity are just a few of the impacts that communities around the world are already experiencing. The effects of climate change disproportionately burden the world's most vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing inequalities and posing a threat to global security and stability.To mitigate the effects of climate change, a comprehensive and coordinated global effort is required. This includes transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing sustainable land-use practices. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play in reducing their carbon footprints and adopting more environmentally-friendly practices. International agreements such as the Paris Agreement have set ambitious goals for emissions reduction, but more ambitious and binding commitments are needed to achieve the necessary reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Another pressing global issue is the widening economic inequality within and between countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated this problem, with the world's wealthiest individuals and corporations amassing even greater wealth while millions of people have fallen into poverty. This inequality has profound implications for social stability, access to education and healthcare, and the overall well-being of communities.Addressing economic inequality requires a multifaceted approach that includes progressive taxation, investment in public services, and policies that promote fair wages, worker protections, and equal access to opportunities. International organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund can play a crucial role in promoting more equitable economic policies and supportingdeveloping countries in their efforts to reduce poverty and inequality.Another global issue that has become increasingly prominent in recent years is the rise of authoritarianism and the erosion of democratic norms. Around the world, we have witnessed the consolidation of power by authoritarian regimes, the suppression of civil liberties, and the undermining of free and fair elections. This trend poses a significant threat to human rights, the rule of law, and the overall stability of the international system.Defending democracy and human rights requires a coordinated global effort. This includes supporting civil society organizations, strengthening democratic institutions, and imposing sanctions on authoritarian regimes that violate human rights. International organizations such as the United Nations and regional bodies like the European Union can play a vital role in monitoring and responding to threats to democracy and human rights.Global health is another area of concern, as the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated. The rapid spread of infectious diseases, the unequal access to healthcare and medical resources, and the potential for future pandemics all pose significant challenges to global health security. Addressing these issues requires strengthening the capacity of national health systems, improving international coordination and information-sharing, and ensuringequitable access to vaccines and treatments.The issue of migration and displacement is also a global challenge that requires a comprehensive and compassionate response. Millions of people around the world have been forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, natural disasters, and economic instability. These displaced individuals and families face significant challenges in accessing basic services, securing livelihoods, and integrating into host communities.Addressing the global migration crisis requires a multi-pronged approach that includes conflict resolution, investment in sustainable development, and the creation of safe and legal pathways for migration. International organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) play a crucial role in providing humanitarian assistance and advocating for the rights of displaced persons.Finally, the issue of global security and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is a pressing concern. Conflicts, terrorism, and the potential use of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons pose a grave threat to global stability and human well-being. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening international cooperation, improving intelligence-sharing, and promoting disarmament andnon-proliferation efforts.In conclusion, the global issues we face today are complex and interconnected, requiring a concerted and coordinated global response. From climate change to economic inequality, from the erosion of democracy to global health crises, these challenges transcend national boundaries and demand a collaborative approach that involves governments, international organizations, civil society, and individual citizens. By working together to address these pressing issues, we can build a more sustainable, equitable, and secure future for all.。
