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4.1 汉英篇章对比4.1.1 信息结构 (information structure)篇章最主要的功能是信息功能，因而对篇章信息的剖析十分重要。
绝大多数篇章是由句子组成的，所以，句子信息结构是研究篇章信息的重要对象。
一个句子里，某些词语要先说，某些词语要后说，先说的词语是主位 (theme)，后说的词语是述位 (rheme)，这主位—述位(theme-rheme)结构便是句子的信息结构。
它是作者思维方式的反应。
由于篇章中的句子都不是孤立的句子，彼此都有联系，一个句子的信息结构往往反映出它与前面句子的联系，这种联系体现在它往往选用前句提到的已知信息作主位，所以，已知信息与主位往往重合。
当句子的成分既是已知信息又处于主位时，这一成分便称为主题 (topic)，句子其余部分便是述题 (comment)。
（参见许余龙，1992）汉语是主题显著 (topic-prominent)语言。
汉语的句子强调意义和功能，建构在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上，“句子跟思想的简单明确的顺序一致”。
（洪堡特语，引自徐通锵，1993）“出现在句首的成分犹如文章的‘题目’，而后面的部分则是就这个题目‘做文章’，说明它的实际含义。
”（同上）“这部分一般重读，往往用强调的语气说出来”（邢福义，2002：28）例如：关于春游，你们建议去哪儿？武汉,那是我的家乡。
为了完成这篇论文,他熬了一个通宵。
上述三例的划线部分都是主题，但都不是主语，“关于春游”是介词短语充当的状语，“武汉”是外位成分，“为了完成这篇论文”也是介词短语充当的状语。
主题和主语有时重合。
例如：校门口今天停满了小汽车。
英语是主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言。
英语句子重形式和功能，句子建构在主谓主轴(subject-predicate-pivot)上，主语和谓语之间存在一种形式上的一致关系。
较严格地受到英语语法的制约。
因此，在汉译英实践中，找准句子的主语和与之匹配的谓语是译好句子的关键。
Chapter 8 句群、段落比较与翻译8.1 句群句群是一群句子的组合，是大于句子，小于段落的语法单位和表意单位。
一个句群起码包含两个以上的句子。
句群中的句子之间紧密联系，前后连贯，共同表达某个中心意思。
通常一个句子是中心，表明所在句群的中心思想，其他句子是支撑，围绕中心思想展开叙述、说明、描写、论证或抒情。
但有时句群的中心思想也可从组成句子中归纳出来。
e.g. 蚯蚓是一种有益的动物。
在地面上它是其他动物的食物。
在地下，它为田园和花园制造肥沃的土壤。
句群内的句子都是按照合理的，易于理解的逻辑关系联结成一个整体。
在语义上有逻辑连贯性，如并列、承接、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设、条件等。
8.1.1 句群的分类8.1.1.1 并列句群：常用的关联词语有“也、同时、又”等。
可分为平列和对举两类，如：e.g. 五香瓜子，要吗？盐炒葵花籽，要吗？油炸花生米，要吗？---平列e.g. 不要变成事实的保管人。
要洞悉事实发生的奥秘。
---对举8.1.1.2 顺承句群：常用的关联词语有“于是，然后，后来”等；e.g. 叶芳压不住火气，突然用拳头发疯似的打着刘思佳的肩膀头。
然后，又把脸趴在他的肩上，哭了起来。
8.1.1.3 解说句群：e.g. 珠宝项链分为长短两种。
一种是紧贴脖颈的短项链，一种是垂挂式的长项链。
8.1.1.4 递进句群：常用的关联词语有“而且，甚至，何况，况且”等。
e.g. 有人说幸福是抽象的，那是因为他没有得到真正的幸福。
而且，他所谓的幸福是对个人而言的。
8.1.1.5 选择句群：常用的关联词语有“或者，还是”等e.g. 我有模糊地睡去了吗？或者我在嘻嘻地笑你的愚蠢吗？或者我在怜悯你的困苦吗？8.1.1.6 转折句群：常用的关联词语有“但是（但），可是，然而，不过”等e.g. 他有点傻气，有点呆气，蒋亚芳就说他是书呆子。
可是，这个书呆子会念诗，而且念得那么好！8.1.1.7 因果句群：常用的关联词语有“所以，因此”等e.g. 作品的句子有长有短，短句子可以一口气读完，而长句子有时候则需要分成几段来读。
Unit 11) 背离传统需要极大(de)勇气.（departure, enormous)It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.2) 汤姆过去很腼腆,但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了.（performance, bold)Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.3)很多教育家认为从小培养孩子(de)创新精神是很可取(de).（creative, desirable)Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.4)假设（assume)那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece),你觉得值得购买吗（worthwhile)Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it5)如果这些数据统计是站得住脚(de),那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查(de)问题.（throw light on, investigate, valid)If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.要提高我们(de)英语水平,关键是多读,多写,多听,多说.此外,尽可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要.如果你脑子里没有储存大量好(de)英语文章,你就不能用英语自由地表达自己(de)思想.一边学一边总结经验也很有帮助,因为这样做,我们就能搞明白哪种学习方法是更有效(de),能够产生最理想(de)效果.只要我们坚持努力学习,到时候我们就会完成掌握英语(de)任务.To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. Unit21) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目(de).（deny, commercial)The company denied that its donation had a commercial purpose.2) 每当他生气(de)时候,他说话就有一点结巴.（stammer)Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3)教育是我们家庭最看重(de)传统, 这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵(de)饭店吃饭,却送我到最好(de)私立学校上课.（cherish)Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s way my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.4)手术康复后不久,他失业了,因此经历了人生(de)又一个困难阶段.（shortlyafter, go through)Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thushad to go through another difficult phase of his life.5)与我们(de)富裕邻居相比, 我们(de)父母就相当穷了,但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码(de)需求.(affluent, minimal)In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, butthey have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.随着捐款源源不断地进来,我校明年(de)财务状况会好多了.这样我们就能集中应对我们作为教育工作者必须承担(de)最重要(de)任务：鼓励学生实现他们(de)学业目标,培养他们成为有责任感、靠得住(de)人, 使他们对将来(de)生活有所准备, 并在他们追求物质及精神满足(de)过程中给予引导.With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much betteroff financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the mostimportant task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage studentsto attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependableand responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and toguide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.Unit31. 科学家们找到火星上有水(de)证据了吗 (proof)Have scientists found proof of water on Mars2. 计划委员会已经将建核电厂(de)可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇.(location, narrow down)The planning committee has narrow down the possible locations for thenuclear power plant to two coastal towns.3. 山姆不仅失去了工作,而且还失去了双腿,他只好靠社会救济度过余生. (welfare)Sam not only lost his job but also both legs; he had to live on welfarefor the rest of his life.4. 由十二人组成(de)陪审团(jury) 一致表决认为玛丽有罪(guilty). (consist of, in unison)A jury consisting of 12 members voted in unison that Mary was guilty.5. 听到有人质疑他(de)才能,肖恩觉得受了奇耻大辱. (talent, humiliate)Sean felt humiliated to hear that his talent being questioned.约翰先生(de)儿子乔治爱在晚上听重金属(heavy metal)音乐,响声干扰了社区其他居民(de)睡眠.疲惫不堪(de)邻居们失去了耐心,决定直接干预.他们打给约翰先生,坦率地把想法告诉了他.约翰先生向邻居保证他一定会解决这个问题.放下他便去训斥儿子：“你这是怎么了你该懂得不能为了你自己(de)兴趣而妨碍(disturb)别人.”结果乔治拿CD跟同学换了电脑游戏软件(software).George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music inthe evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the communityto fall asleep. Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patienceand decided on direct interference. They called Mr. Johnson to tell himin a frank manner what they were thinking. As soon as he put down thephone he scolded his son: “what has come over you You should know betterthan to disturb others for your own amusement.”In the end George tradedhis CDs for computer games software from his classmates.Unit 41 .研究表明,笑能够带来许多健康上(de)好处.(laughter)Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.2.互联网连接速度慢真让人心烦.(connection, annoy)A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.3. 法律规定,帮助他人自杀是犯罪. (suicide, crime)As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.4. 玛丽在她(de)报告中试图从一个完全不同(de)角度来解释这些数据. (interpret, angle, data)In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completelydifferent angle.5. 苏是一个很有天分(de)女孩.她那惊人(de)记忆力使她在同班同学中显得格外特出. (of great talent, set apart)Sue is a girl of great talent. Her amazing memory sets her apart fromher classmates.也许你羡慕我,因为我可以借助计算机在家里工作.我也这么想,互联网使我方便多了.我可以通过电子邮件撰写编辑、并交出我(de)文章,在网上与我(de)同事聊天,与老板讨论我(de)工作.我用鼠标一击,马上就能拿到我要(de)资料,获得最新(de)消息.可是,另一方面,用网络通讯有时又让人沮丧.系统有可能瘫痪.更糟糕(de)是,因为没有面对面(de)情感提示,键出(de)字似乎有时候很难理解.Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer.I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier.I can write, submitand edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discusswork with my boss.With a click of the mouse, I can get all a the dataI need and keep up with the latest news. But then, communicating throughthe Net can be frustrating at times.The system may crash. Worse still,without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret.Unit 51. 是工人和主管人员(de)创造力和敬业精神将这公司变成了一个盈利(de)企业. (it is … that, dedication)It is the creativity and dedication of the workers and executives thatturned the company into a profitable business.2.食品和医药(de)价格在过去三个月里急剧增长(soar)The prices of food and medicine have soared in the past three months.3. 我们打算重新粉刷这幢办公大楼(de)上面几层楼. (upper)We plan to repaint the upper floors of the office building.4. 他(de)成功表明流行与艺术价值有时候是一致(de).(coincide)His success shows that popularity and artistic merit sometimes coincide.5. 我不愿意看见我所敬爱(de)祖母躺在医院床上痛苦地呻吟. (groan)I don’t want to see my beloved grandmothe r lying in a hospital bed andgroaning painfully.众多(de)事实证实这一说法：要让自己很快从低落(de)情绪中解脱出来,你得让自己哭.你不必为“哭”而感到羞愧.忧虑和悲伤能随同眼泪一起流出身体.看一看唐娜（Donna)(de)例子吧.她(de)儿子在一次车祸中不幸丧生.这次打击之大使她欲哭无泪.她说：“知道两个星期后(de)一天,我才开始放声痛哭.然后,我便觉得好象一块大石头从我(de)肩上抬走了.是眼泪将我带回到了现实之中,帮助我度过危机.Numerous facts bear out the argument/statement /claim that in order torecover speedily from negative emotion, you should allow yourself tocry.You needn’t to/have to be ashamed of crying. Anxiety and sorrow canflow out of the body along with tears. Consider the case of /Take Donna.Her son unfortunately died in a car accident. The intensity of the blowmade her unable to cry. She said, “It was not until two weeks later thatI began to cry. And then I felt as if a big stone had been lifted frommy shoulders. It was tears that brought me back to earth and help mesurvive the crisis.”Unit 61.他这人话不多, 但要说玩电脑那他就太机灵了,同学们都不是他(de)对手.(when it comes to )He is a man of few words, but when it comes to playing computer games,he is far too clever for his classmates.2. 无知(de)孩子们可能认为这些动物很可爱并开始和他们玩起来.( not knowany better)Children who don’t know any better may think these animals are prettycute and start playing with them.3. 没有办法获得贷款,所以,要购买新设备,我只得咬紧牙关,卖掉我(de)混合性动力汽车. (grit one’s teeth, hybrid)There is no way to obtain a loan, so to buy the new equipment, I’ll justhave to grit my teeth and sell my hybrid car.4. 如果猎人没有看到一群象朝他(de)营地 (campsite) 走来,他就不会开枪.(a herd of)The hunter would not have fired the shots if he had not seen a herd ofelephant coming towards his campsite.5. 我觉得具有讽刺意味(de)是汤姆(de)记忆是有选择性(de),他好像不记得过去痛苦(de)经历,特别是那些由他自己造成(de)痛苦经历. (selective,ironic)I find it ironic that Tom has a selective memory— he does not seem toremember painful experiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing.南希.霍普金斯（Nancy Hopkins）是麻省理工学院（MIT）(de)生物学教授.她渴望知识,努力工作.然而,作为一名科学家,她不能不注意到校园里男女不平等(gender inequality) (de)各种表现.男女教授做同样(de)工作,但是到提升(de)时候,行政领导却很有选择性.具有讽刺意味(de)是在取得这么多(de)文化进步以后,妇女在高等学府里却仍然处于不利(de)地位.当她增加实验室面积(de)请求被拒之后,她知道她必须起来抗争.因此她咬紧牙关向校长申诉.这次抗争以胜利告终,南希也因此变成了男女平等(de)倡导者.Nancy Hopkins is a biology professor at MIT. She craves knowledge and works hard. However, as a scientist, she couldn’t help noticing all kinds of indications of gender inequality on campus.Men and women professors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators were rather selective. It was ironic, that after so much cultural progress, women were still at a disadvantage in institutions of higher education. When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight. So she gritted her teeth and complain to the President. The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equality advocate. Unit 71）自从新政策生效之后,很多小企业在这个城市涌现出来.(spring up)Many small businesses have sprung up in the city since the new policy went into effect.2) 听到这一消息后,她略微一笑,然后便又习惯性地皱起眉头.(habitual)On hearing the news, she smiled briefly, and then returned to her habitual frown.3) 他稍微停顿一下以加强讲话(de)效果,然后说,“我们可以通过新(de)渠道进入这些市场”.(for effect, channel)He paused for effect, then said: “We can reach/enter these markets through new channels.”4) 学校新添(de)音乐厅可以帮助它培养年轻(de)音乐人才.(addition, nourish)The addition of a concert hall to the school will help it nourish young musical talents.5) 我们必须首先建立一个主权国家,否则就无法保护我们(de)人身自由.(liberty, establish)We have no way to protect our personal liberties until we have established a sovereign state.Though how the English language came into existence remains a mystery to many people, linguists believe that English and most other European languages have descended from a common source: the Indo-European parent language. English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century. The passed on to us the basic vocabulary of English. In over fifteen centuries of its development, English has enriched itself by massive borrowing. As British immigrants landed inAmerica and established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the English language: American English. Though some people worry that the language is running out of control, many native speakers of English take pride in the tolerance of their language. Unit 81) 这是一个繁荣(de)小镇,但是在财富和充裕之中仍然存在着贫困.This is a prosperous town, but there is still poverty in the midst of wealth and abundance.2) 布朗一家遭受了一个接一个(de)不幸,但是他们家(de)孩子们从来没有抱怨.The Brown family was stricken with one misfortune after another, but their children never complained.3) 这个博物馆(de)设计让它与周围(de)环境完全和和谐.The museum is designed in such a way that it stands in perfect harmony with its surroundings.4) 这些花在火辣辣(de)太阳下一点都没有枯萎,真是一个奇迹.It was a miracle that these flowers did not wither at all in the blazing sun.5) 一群群(de)羊在从冬天(de)积雪中冒出来(de)植被上面吃着草.Flocks of sheep feed on the patches of vegetation that rise above the winter snow.This village was once famous for its beautiful surroundings. All the yearround, the trees were green and the flowers in bloom. Clear streams flowed out of the hills through a checkerboard of rice fields. Birds sang all day, and deer came and went in leisurely manner. However, with the coming of DDT and other pesticides, an evil spell seemed to have settled over the village. Misfortunes came one after another. Chicken died suddenly, cattle and sheep were stricken by mysterious maladies, and farmers complained about a sickening feeling that puzzled the village doctor. The village square, once throbbing with life, was now deserted.。
段落翻译(原文+译文）1. 参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。
他表现于弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩。
胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。
他会尽其所能，争取优胜，永不松懈，永不罢休。
有人说竞技者终究逃脱不了失败，即使是最佳运动员也会被更强者所淘汰——这就是竞技运动的规律。
然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败而气馁，仍然奋力拼搏争取最佳发挥。
并对自己在奥林匹克运动中为争取更好成绩已尽了一份力而心满意足。
他会自豪地说他的青春没有虚度。
（221字）【参考译文】To participate and win — that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to defy the strong, and the strong striving for ever better performance. “Ever better” — the ideal is always luring a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated — even the best is to be surpassed by someone still stronger. This is rule of sports. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, the sportsman is always striving to do the best he can and content with the fact that he has done his bit for the “ever better” records in the Olympic Games. He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain.2. 中国，一个值得自豪的文明古国，大约有5000年悠久和神秘的历史。
4.1 汉英篇章对比??? 4.1.1 信息结构 (information structure)??? 篇章最主要的功能是信息功能，因而对篇章信息的剖析十分重要。
绝大多数篇章是由句子组成的，所以，句子信息结构是研究篇章信息的重要对象。
??? 一个句子里，1992）???念主轴题目‘??? 武汉,分，“为了完成这篇论文”也是介词短语充当的状语。
??? 主题和主语有时重合。
例如：校门口今天停满了小汽车。
??? 英语是主语显着 (subject-prominent)语言。
英语句子重形式和功能，句子建构在主谓主轴(subject-predicate-pivot)上，主语和谓语之间存在一种形式上的一致关系。
较严格地受到英语语法的制约。
因此，在汉译英实践中，找准句子的主语和与之匹配的谓语是译好句子的关键。
??? 信息结构的另一个焦点是语序问题，牵涉的句子成分的分布及复句或复杂句中主句和从句的位置等问题。
它们已在 3.6中详述。
??? 4.1.2 衔接手段 (cohesive devices)4.2 句群内衔接与连贯?????????”的??? ②在乡下，小路上，石桥边，有撑起伞慢慢走着的人，地里还有工作的农民，披着蓑戴着笠。
③他们的房屋，稀稀疏疏的，在雨里静默着。
（朱自清，《春》）??? 这个句群由三个句子组成。
句① 和句③ 是单句，句② 是复句，句末都用句号。
这里，句① 概述情景总的特点，是作为表意中心的句子。
句② 和句③ 从相关的角度进行具体描写。
??? 句群的语气比较灵活多样，不像句子那样要求统一的语气。
许多句群朗读起来，语调变化多端，情感色彩丰富。
但是，无论语气有多少不同，句群成分都必须表现出语域上的一致性。
语域是语境诸因素——话语的范围 (field)、话语的语旨 (tenor)和话语的方式 (mode)共同作用所产生的言语变体。
语域一致性能保证句群形式上的前后衔接??? 句、”只有“我一???群。
Book 1Unit 1: Para 5 and 65Suddenly I wanted to write about that, about the warmth and good feeling of it, but I wanted to put it down simply for my own joy, not for Mr. Fleagle. It was a moment I wanted to recapture and hold for myself. I wanted to relive the pleasure of that evening. To write it as I wanted, however, would violate all the rules of formal composition I'd learned in school, and Mr. Fleagle would surely give it a failing grade. Never mind. I would write something else for Mr. Fleagle after I had written this thing for myself.突然我就想描述那一切，描述当时那种温馨美好的气氛，但我把它写下来仅仅是想自得其乐，而不是为弗利格尔先生而写。
那是我想重新捕捉并珍藏在心中的一个时刻。
我想重温那个夜晚的愉快。
然而，照我希望的那样去写，就会违反我在学校里学的正式作文的种种法则，弗利格尔先生也肯定会打它一个不及格。
没关系。
等我为自己写好了之后，我可以再为弗利格尔先生写点什么别的东西。
6When I finished it the night was half gone and there was no time left to compose a proper, respectable essay for Mr. Fleagle. There was no choice next morning but to turn in my tale of the Belleville supper. Two days passed before Mr. Fleagle returned the graded papers, and he returned everyone's but mine. I was preparing myself for a command to report to Mr. Fleagle immediately after school for discipline when I saw him lift my paper from his desk and knock for the class's attention.等我写完时已是半夜时分，再没时间为弗利格尔先生写一篇循规蹈矩、像模像样的文章了。
第五章句群与段落的英译一．句群1．句群的特征。
（The characteristic of sentence group）句群是一群句子的组合，是大于句子，小于段落的语法单位和表意单位。
(Sentence group is a term uesd in composition as well as text analysis,it refers to a grammatical unit between sentence and paragraph,smaller than a paragraph but larger than a sentence.)句群中的句子之间紧密联系，前后连贯，共同表达中心意义。
（A sentence group must be cohesive in structure and coherent in meaning.）2．句群内的衔接与连贯。
（The cohesion and coherence within the sentence group）增加连接词(Necessary functional words can be added .)句间合并(Merger between words.)注意断句（pay attention to segmentation）二．段落1. 段落的特征（The characteristic of paragraph）段落是一个独立的书面话语单位和处理一个特定的点或想法。
(A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea.)段落由一个或多个句子组或者由一个或多个句子和句子组成。
(A paragraph consists of one or more sentence groups or is comprised by one or more sentence groups and sentences.)2. 段落功能与意义的再现(The images of paragraph function and meaning)要正确，地道的译出各句，考虑段落主题性。
Unit12 重点句子1.上个周末你做什么了？What did you do last weekend?我做了我的家庭作业。
I did my homework我们去划船了。
We went boat ing.2. 谁去探望了她的奶奶？Who visit ed her grandma?是蓓基？Becky did.3．上个周末她去了哪里？Where did she go last weekend?她去了农场。
She went to the farm.4. 她和谁一起去的？Who did she go with?她和她的同学们一起去的。
She went with her classmates.5. 上周末我在湖边宿营。
I camp ed by the lake last weekend.6.上周六早晨，我打过羽毛球。
On Saturday morning, I play ed badminton.7. 那位老人养过许多绵羊。
The old man fed a lot of sheep.8. 我在自然历史博物馆当导游。
I worked as a guide at the Natural History Museum.9. 多么有趣啊！How interesting!10. 它们有一个200多种蝴蝶的蝴蝶馆。
They have a butterfly house with over200 kinds of butterflies!11. 我告诉游客们蝴蝶和它们的生活习惯。
I told the visitors about them and their living habits.12. 现在我有点累。
I’m kind of tired now.13. 为了看球赛我熬夜。
I stay ed up late to watch the soccer game.14. 他什么时候丢了他的钥匙？我听说是昨天。
When did he lose his keys? I hear d it was yesterday.15. 当老鼠一家在厨房里时他们看到一只猫。
论语十二章一句一译1. 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”- 孔子说：“学习并且按时地去复习，不也很快乐吗？有志同道合的人从远方来，不也很高兴吗？别人不了解我但我不生气，不也是道德上有修养的人吗？”2. 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”- 曾子说：“我每天多次地反省自己：替别人办事是不是尽心尽力呢？跟朋友交往是不是真诚，诚实呢？老师传授的知识是否复习过了呢？”3. 子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。
”- 孔子说：“我十五岁立志于学习；三十岁能够自立；四十岁能不被外界事物所迷惑；五十岁懂得了天命；六十岁能正确对待各种言论，不觉得不顺；七十岁能随心所欲而不越出规矩。
”4. 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。
”- 孔子说：“在温习旧知识时，能有新体会、新发现，就可以当老师了。
”5. 子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
”- 孔子说：“只学习却不思考，就会迷惑；只空想却不学习，就会疑惑。
”6. 子曰：“贤哉，回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。
贤哉，回也！”- 孔子说：“颜回的品质是多么高尚啊！一竹篮饭，一瓢水，住在简陋的小巷子里，别人都忍受不了这种穷困清苦，颜回却没有改变他好学的乐趣。
颜回的品质是多么高尚啊！”7. 子曰：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。
”- 孔子说：“懂得它的人，不如爱好它的人；爱好它的人，又不如以它为乐的人。
”8. 子曰：“饭疏食饮水，曲肱而枕之，乐亦在其中矣。
不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。
”- 孔子说：“吃粗粮，喝冷水，弯着胳膊当枕头，乐趣也就在这中间了。
用不正当的手段得来的富贵，对于我来讲就像是天上的浮云一样。
”9. 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。
择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。
”- 孔子说：“几个人一起走路，其中必定有人可以做我的老师。
