企业诊断-5油气层损害诊断 精品

Figures 5-3A and 5-3B show typical resistivity profiles in flushed, transition and uninvadedzones for a water and oil bearing zones, respectively. In both figures, the resistivity of the mud flushed zones, Rxc) was greater than the resistivity of the uninvaded zone, RE.
Combination of the Dual Induction Log and the Laterolog are usually sufficient in most cases to indicate the depth of filtrate invasion. The table below shows the different combination logging devices for various depths of invasion, where Rxo > RE.
DST Trace Showing Extreme Damage in a High Productivity Zone
p 坐封
开封
开井
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
开井 关井
关井
t
Exercise in Class
1。指出下列测试卡片曲线中，A、B两口井是否存 在损害，并说明理由。
2。油田开发中哪些作业可以增加渗透率
曲线A
Very deep invasion
RXO RLLS RILM > RILD
Figure 5-3C illustrates an invaded zone at a depth of 3700 feet where there is a separation between the 16" normal and 64" normal. Note that R16”- > R64”.
处理剂吸附 有机垢沉积
无机垢沉积
乳状液堵塞
粘土矿物损害 非粘土矿物损害
聚合物、阴离子
石蜡、沥青沉积 盐类沉积、水合 物、类金刚石物
作业环节
钻井完井、增 产改造、修井、 注水注气、EOR
气体流体钻 井、斜井钻井 射孔完井 钻井、油气生 产
钻井完井、增 产改造、修井、 注水注气、EOR
注 水 和 EOR 过 程为主
油气层损害诊断
康毅力
西南石油学院石油工程学院 油井完井技术中心
2005年09月15日
提纲
0、损害机理及诊断概述 1、DST测试 2、测井分析 3、井史分析 4、相邻井生产动态对比 5、压力不稳定试井分析 6、节点系统分析 7、生产效率剖面 8、生产测井 9、岩心分析
油气层损害机理
润湿性改变 水锁 凝析液锁 液相圈闭（水，油） 气锥或水锥 毛管压力的改变 乳状液堵塞 粘土膨胀 微粒运移 云母解体
无机垢 注ＣＯ２导致的无机垢 酸化引起的二次沉淀 碳酸盐溶解—沉淀 酸渣 有机垢—石蜡，沥青沉积 外来固相的堵塞 油气层固相物堵塞，出砂 细菌损害 应力损害
四大类型
物理损害 化学损害 生物损害 热力损害
大类 物理作用
化学作用 生物作用 热力作用
亚类 微粒运移 固相侵入
低产原因
储层物性条件差 —饱和度、孔隙度、渗透率、裂缝 存在储层损害 作业因素,如完井作业中： —射孔参数不合理（孔眼密度低、孔眼太小， 深度不够，打开不完善） —水泥环质量差、强度不高等
损害可能存在的标志
压力与产量关系变化波动很大 产量低于经济下限 产量要比中途测试、岩心分析、测井计算所预测值
p
曲线B
t
2、测井分析
中子孔隙度降低 感应电阻率降低
•测井曲线上 的泥浆侵入 响应 Mud Invasion Effects on Well Logs
滤液侵入程度和深度可以从深、中、浅电 阻率测井或双感应测井曲线进行半定量评价
The degree and depth of filtrate invasion during drilling can be estimated from deep, medium and shallow resistivity devices (e.g Laterolog) or conductivity devices such as dual induction logs or combinations thereof (e.g Induction-Laterolog). These devices will give semi-quantitative indications of possible damage during production. Analytical models presented by Hassen for describing filtrate invasion can also be used to estimate the depth of invasion particularly in cases where the depth of investigation of the logging tool is limited.
作业史分析 Daily drilling/ cementing/completion reports, mud and completion, workover andwell stimulation fluid programs should be reviewed (Allen).
滤失量、pH值、钻速随深度变化Fluid loss, pH and ROP data shouldbe plotted as function of depth to help identify any zones where high pH-filtrate loss had occurred. Such zones are good candidates for damage.
低得多 同一油气藏，储层物性完全相同，但产量差异很大 生产井出砂 测试时出现表皮效应 有机结垢和无机垢沉积 注入能力急剧下降，措施或处理周期短
诊断技术
DST测试分析 测井分析 生产史分析 相邻井产量对比 压力不稳定试井分
析
生产效率剖面 生产测井 岩心实验分析 井下照相 井下取样分析 节点分析
The production potential of an ideal well in a field, pool or lease is evaluated, while recognizing that the well potential will depend on the following factors:
Short radius curve along CDE* An almost flat slope along DE
A sharp rise after closed-in period as along EF
A high differential pressure between a closedin and final flow pressure (EG)
提纲
0、损害机理及诊断概述 1、DST测试 2、测井分析 3、井史分析 4、相邻井生产动态对比 5、压力不稳定试井分析 6、节点系统分析 7、生产效率剖面 8、生产测井 9、岩心分析
1、钻柱测试（Drill Stem Tests）
In the early stages of exploratory drilling into a new formation, Drill Stem Testing is normally used to confirm the production potential of a hydrocarbon show However, if geochemical analysis of drill chips and cuttings establishes the presence of hydrocarbons, but DST shows the tested interval to be non-productive, then formation damage possibly exists Analysis of the pressure versus time data generated during DST can be used semi-quantitatively to determine the severity of damage by calculating the skin. It is, however, desirable to exercise caution during initial DST, since pressure surges and high drawdown can initiate fines movement. Review of prior operational history is then necessary to establish which aspect ofthe drilling process may have given rise to damage.
相圈闭
机械损害 射孔损害 应力损害
岩石—外来 流体不配伍
地层流体—外来 流体不配伍
润湿性反转 分泌聚合物
腐蚀损害 流体酸性化
矿物溶解 矿物转化 润湿性变化
油气层损害类型及其分布结构
三级
四级
钻完井液固相 注入流体固相
水基工作液 油基工作液
泡沫状油 岩面釉化 岩粉挤入 压实损害 剪切膨胀 地层压实
敏感性损害
热力采油为主
损害描述
类型
天然损害 （生产井）
诱发损害 （施工作业）
微粒运移
固相侵入
出砂
润湿性反转
无机垢沉积 方式 有机垢沉积
酸反应二次沉淀 细菌
乳化堵塞
与地层流体不配伍
相对渗透率效应 与岩石矿物不配伍
储层损害诊断方法 Methods for Recognition of
Formation Damage
Table 5-1
Depth of Invasion
Logging Devices
zero or very shallow invasion RLLS RILM RILD RE
Moderate invasion
RLLS > RILM RILD RE
Deep invasion
Rxo RLLS > RILM > RILD
Evaluation of the caliper log can give relative indications of permeability and probable invasion profiles.
3、井史分析（Well History Review）
If problems are identified by DST and logs, further investigation is still necessary to pinpoint what aspect of the drilling/completion program is responsible for the apparent poor formation response
– An individual well analysis then quantifies whether or not the well is producing topotential. If not, why? And the production potential behind pipe.
– The following figure shows a typical DST output illustrating a high permeability damaged zone. Notice the following features that are characteristic of damage: