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联邦证据规则中英文对照全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、导言美国联邦证据规则是美国联邦法院审理案件时适用的证据规则。
它规定了在联邦法院中承认和呈现证据的程序和要求，确保案件的公正和公正审理。
本文将对联邦证据规则中的一些重要条款进行中英文对照解释，以帮助读者更好地理解其内容和意义。
二、证据的目的和范围1. Purpose and Scope of the Rules of Evidence《联邦证据规则》适用于联邦审判中所有事实的证明，除宪法或国会法案另有规定外。
这些规则应当被解释为在每一程序中公平地处理每一案件，消除不合理的费用和延迟，并促进证据法的发展以实现审判中的真理和正义。
三、证据的可接受性2. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleEvidence that is not relevant is not admissible. Relevant evidence includes evidence that tends to make a fact more orless probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.4. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts五、证据的见证6. Witnesses6. 证人每个人都有资格成为证人，除非这些规则另有规定。
证人只可以就他有个人知识的事项作证。
7. Opinion Testimony8. Hearsay八、结尾第二篇示例：联邦证据规则（Federal Rules of Evidence）是美国法律体系中一项重要的法规，其为在联邦法院中处理证据的规则提供了指导和约束。
联邦证据规则第一章总则规则101X围；定义〔a〕X围.本规则适用于联邦法院程序.本证据规则适用的具体法院、程序与其例外,从规则1101之规定.〔b〕定义.在本证据规则中:〔1〕"民事案件〞是指民事诉讼或者程序；〔2〕"刑事案件〞包括刑事程序；〔3〕"公共机构〞包括公共机关；〔4〕"记录〞包括备忘录、报告或者数据汇编；〔5〕"最高法院指定的规则〞是指最高法院根据制定法权限指定的规则；以与〔6〕论与任何形式的书写材料或者任何其他媒介时,都包括电子形式存储的信息.规则102目的对本证据规则的解释,应当保证在每个程序中司法公平,消除不合理的耗费与迟延,促进证据法的发展,从而实现查明真相与公正判决之宗旨.规则103关于证据的裁定〔a〕留存关于错误之主X.只有在重大权利受到了影响,并且符合下列条件的情况下,当事人在可以主X采纳或者排除证据的裁定存在错误；〔1〕如系采纳证据至裁定,依审判之记录,当事人：〔A〕已与时提出异议或者申请删除证据；并且〔B〕已说明具体规则,除非该证据在相关时境中显而易见；或者〔2〕如系排除证据之裁定,当事人已通过提出证明的方式告知法院该证据之要旨,除非该要旨在相关时境中显而易见.〔b〕不需要重新提出异议或者提出证明.无论在审判时还是在审判前,一旦法院已作出明确裁定并记录在案,当事人不需要为上诉留存关于错误之主X而重新提出异议或者提出证明.〔c〕法院关于裁定的陈述；对提供证明进行指示.法院可以就证据的性质或者形式、提出的异议和裁定进行任何陈述.法院可以指示以提问和回答的方式来提出证明.〔d〕防止陪审团听见不可采的证据.在可行的X围内,法院在进行陪审团审判时必须防止以任何方式将不可采的证据暗示给陪审团.〔e〕对显见错误进行司法认知.法院可以对影响重大权利的显见错误进行司法认知,即使未适当地留存关于错误之主X.规则104预备性问题〔a〕通则.法院必须就一个人是否具有作为证人的资格、特免权是否存在以与证据是否可采的预备性问题作出决定.在作出该决定时,法院不受证据规则的约束,但有关特免权的规则除外.〔b〕取决于某事实的相关性.当证据的相关性取决于某事实是否存在时,必须提出足以支持认定该事实确实存在的证明.法院可以以随后提出该证明为条件采纳该准备提出的证据.〔c〕听审的进行不得使陪审团听见.在下列情况下,法院对预备性问题的任何听审不得使陪审团听见：〔1〕听审涉与自白的可采性；〔2〕刑事案件被告是证人,并提出了上述要求；或者〔3〕为正义利益所要求.〔d〕对刑事案件被告的交叉询问.刑事案件被告并不因为就预备性问题作证而要就本案的其他问题接受交叉询问. 〔e〕与证明力和可信性有关的证据.本条规则不限制当事人在陪审团前引入与其他证据的证明力或者可信性相关的证据的权利.规则105对不能采纳来反对其他当事人或者用语其他目的之证据进行限制如果法院采纳的证据就反对某当事人或者某种目的而言有可采性,而就反对其他当事人或者其他目的而言不可采,则根据与时请求,法院必须将该证据在其适当的X围内,并就此对陪审团作出指示.规则106书写品或者录制性陈述的其他部分,或者相关的书写品或者录制性陈述如果一方当事人提出了全部书写品或者录制性陈述,或者其中的一部分,对方当事人可以要求同时提出从公平角度出发应当与此同时考虑的该书写品或者录制性陈述的任何其他部分,或者任何其他书写品或者录制性陈述.第二章司法认知规则201对裁判性事实的司法认知〔a〕X围.本条规则仅调整裁判性事实的司法认知,不调整立法性事实的司法认知.〔b〕可以进行司法认知的事实的种类.法院可以进行司法认知之事实是因下列情况而不存在合理争议的事实：〔1〕审判法院辖区内泛知的事实；或者〔2〕通过诉诸于某种其准确性不受合理质疑的来源而能够准确和迅速确定的事实.〔c〕尽心司法认知.法院：〔1〕可以进行司法认知；或者〔2〕在当事人提出司法认知请求并向法院提供必要信息的情况下,法院应该进行司法认知.〔d〕时机.法院可以在程序的任何阶段进行司法认知.〔e〕听审机会.经与时请求,当事人有权就进行司法认知的适当性和认知事实的性质获得听审的机会.如果法院在通知当事人之前进行了司法认知,经请求,当事人仍有权获得听审.〔f〕指示陪审团.在民事案件中,法院必须指示陪审团将司法认知的任何事实接受为结论性事实.在刑事案件中,法院必须指示陪审团其可以将司法认知的事实接受为结论性事实,也可以不将其接受为结论性事实.第三章民事案件中的推定规则301民事案件中推定的一般规定在民事案件中,除联邦制定法或者本证据规则有规定外,推定所反对的当事人负有提出证据反驳该推定的负担.但是,本条规则并未转移说明负担,该证明负担仍由原先承担它的当事人负担.规则302就民事案件中的推定适用州法在民事案件中,如果州法就起诉或者辩护规定了适用的裁决规则,则关于起诉或者辩护的推定的效力由州法调整.第四章相关性与其限制规则401相关证据的标准在下列情况下,证据具有相关性：〔a〕该证据具有与没有该证据相比,使得某事实更可能存在或者更不可能存在的任何趣向；并且〔b〕该事实对于确定诉讼具有重要意义.规则402相关证据的一般可采性相关证据具有可采性,下列规定另有规定或者除外•《合众国宪法》；•联邦制定法；•本证据规则；或者•最高法院制定的其他规则.不相关证据不可采.规则403因损害、混淆、浪费时间或者其他原因而排除相关证据如果相关证据的证明价值为以下一个或者多个危险所严重超过,则法院可以排除该证据：不公平损害、混淆争点或者误导陪审团、不当拖延、浪费时间或者不必要地出示重复证据.规则404品性证据；犯罪或者其他行为〔a〕品性证据.〔1〕禁止使用.关于某人的品性或者品性特点的证据,不得采纳用来证明该人在具体场合下的行为与之具有一致性.〔2〕刑事案件被告或者被害人的例外.以下例外适用于刑事案件：〔A〕被告可以提供其相关品性特点的证据,如果该证据被采纳,公诉人可以提供证据来对之加以反驳；〔B〕在遵守规则412规定的限制条件的情况下,被告可以提供所称犯罪被害人相关品性特点的证据,如果该证据被采纳,公诉人可以：〔i〕提供证据对之加以反驳；以与〔ii〕提供被告具有相同品性特点的证据；以与〔C〕在杀人案中,公诉人可以提供所称被害人具有平和品格特性的证据,以反驳所称被害人是首先挑起事端者的证据〔3〕证人的例外.关于证人的品性的证据,可以根据证据规则607、608和609采纳.〔b〕犯罪、不法行为或者其他行为.〔1〕禁止使用.关于犯罪、不法行为或者其他行为的证据,不可采纳来证明某人的品性,以表明该人在特定场合的行为与该品性具有一致性.〔2〕允许适用；刑事案件中的通知.这一证据可以为其他目的而采纳,例如证明动机、机会、意图、准备、计划、知识、身份、无错误或者无意外事件.根据刑事案件被告的请求,公诉人必须：〔A〕就公诉人意图在审判中提出的任何此类证据的一般性质,提供合理通知；并且〔B〕在审判之前进行该通知,或者在审判期间,法院给予合理原因对未能进行审判通知予以了谅解.规则405证明品性的方法〔a〕用声望或者意见证明品性.在关于某人品性或者品格特性的证据可采用的情况下,可以用关于该人声望的证言或者意见形式的证言予以证明.在对品性证人进行交叉询问时,法院可以允许调查该人的相关具体行为实例.〔b〕用具体行为实例证明品性.在某人的品性或者品格特性为一项指控、起诉胡总恶化辩护之要件的情况下,也可用该人的相关具体行为实例证明该品性或者品性特点.规则406习惯；例行做法关于某人的习惯或者组织的例行做法的证据,可以采纳来证明该人或者该组织在具体场合下的行为与该习惯或者例行做法一致.法院可以采纳该证据,不论该证据是否得到了补强或者无目击证人.规则407事后补救措施如果采取了将使得在前的伤害或者损害更不可能发生的措施,则关于这些事后措施的证据不得采纳来证明：•过失；•罪错行为；•产品缺陷或者其设计缺陷；或者•缺乏警示或者说明.但是法院可以为其他目的采纳该证据,例如弹劾或者在存在争议情况下证明所有权、控制权或者预防措施的可行性. 规则408和解提议与谈判〔a〕禁止使用.关于下列事项的证据,不得为任何当事人采纳来证明或者证明是否存在争议的索赔的有效性或者数额,或者用语以先前不一致陈述或者矛盾来进行弹劾：〔1〕为就索赔进行和解或者试图和解时,给予、承诺或者提议——或者接受、承诺接受或者提议接受——有价值的对价；以与〔2〕在就索赔进行和解谈判过程中所为的行为或者陈述,在刑事案件中提出该证据且该谈判与某公共机构运用其规制、调查或者执法权限而提出的索赔有关时除外.〔b〕例外.法院可以为其他目的采纳这一证据,例如证明证人的偏见或者成见,否定有关不当拖延的观点,或者证明妨碍刑事调查或则会起诉的行为.规则409提议支付医疗费用与类似费用关于给予、承诺支付或者提议支付因伤害而引起的医药、住院或者类似费用的证据,不得采纳来证明对该伤害负有责任.规则410答辩、答辩讨论与相关陈述〔a〕禁止使用.在民事或者刑事案件中,关于下列事项的证据不可采来反对作出过答辩或者参与了答辩讨论的被告〔1〕后来撤回的有罪答辩；〔2〕不抗争之答辩；〔3〕在根据《联邦刑事诉讼规则》第11条或者类似的州程序进行的程序中,所作出的关于上述任一答辩的陈述；或者〔4〕在与检控机关的律师进行答辩讨论中所作出的、没有导致有关答辩或导致的有罪答辩后来被撤回的陈述. 〔b〕例外.在下列情况下,法院可以采纳规则410〔a〕〔3〕或者〔4〕所规定的陈述：〔1〕在任何程序中,在同一答辩或则会答辩讨论中作出的另一个陈述已经被提出,两个陈述应当同时考虑方显公平；或者〔2〕在关于伪证或者虚假陈述的刑事程序中,如果该陈述是被告在宣誓后作出的,且记录在案并且律师在场.规则411责任保险关于某人是否拥有责任保险的证据,不得采纳来证明该人的行为存在过失或者其他错误.但是法院可以为其他目的采纳该证据,例如证明证人的偏见或者成见,或者证明代理关系、所有权或者控制权.规则412性犯罪案件：被害人的性行为或则会性怪癖〔a〕禁止使用.在涉与所称不端性行为的民事或者刑事程序中,下列证据不可采：〔1〕提供用以证明被害人从事过其他性行为的证据；或者〔2〕提供用以证明被害人的性怪癖的证据.〔b〕例外.〔1〕刑事案件.在刑事案件中,法院可以采纳下列证据：〔A〕为证明被告之外的他人是精液、伤害或者其他物证的来源,而提供的关于被害人性行为至具体事例的证据；〔B〕公诉人提供的,或者被告为证明同意提供的,关于被害人与被指控有不端性行为的被告的性行为之具体实例的证据；以与〔C〕如被排除将侵犯被告宪法权利的证据.〔2〕民事案件.在民事案件中,对于提供用以证明被害人的性行为或者性怪癖的证据,如果其证明力严重超过了对任何被害人造成伤害和对任何当事人造成不公正损害的危险,则法院可以采纳该证据.有关被害人声望的证据,只有在该被害人将其置于争议之中时,法院才可采用.〔c〕确定可采性的程序.〔1〕动议.如果当事人意图根据规则412〔b〕提供的证据,则该当事人必须：〔A〕提出具体描述该证据并阐述提供该证据之目的的动议；〔B〕至少审判14天之前呈递上述动议,除非法院出于正当理由设定了不同的时间；〔C〕向所有当事人送达该动议；并且〔D〕通知被害人,或者在适当的情况下,通知被害人的监护人或者代表.〔2〕听证.在根据本条规则采纳证据之前,法院必须举行秘密听证,使被害人和各当事方行使出席听证和申述之权利.动议、相关材料与听证记录,必须加以密封并密封保存,法院另有命令者除外.〔d〕"被害人〞的定义.在本条规则中,"被害人〞包括所称的被害人.规则413性侵犯案件中的类似犯罪〔a〕允许使用.在被告被指控性侵犯的刑事案件中,法院可以采纳关于被告实施了任何其他性侵犯的证据.该证据可以在任何与之相关的事项上加以考量.〔b〕对被告进行披露.如果公诉人意图提供这一证据,则公诉人必须向被告披露该证据,包括证人陈述或者预期证言之概要.公诉人至少应于审判15天前或者法院出于正当理由而允许的较迟时间内进行该披露.〔c〕对其他规则的影响.本条规则并不限制根据任何其他规则对证据采纳或者考量.〔d〕"性侵犯〞的定义.在本条规则和规则415中,"性侵犯〞是指联邦法律或者州法律〔"州〞的定义见《美国法典》第18编513条〕规定的涉与下列情况的犯罪：〔1〕《美国法典》第18编109A章所禁止的任何行为；〔2〕未经同意,以被告身体的任何部分或者物体接触另一个人的生殖器或者肛门；〔3〕未经同意,以被告的生殖器或者肝门接触另一个人身体的任何部分；〔4〕从致使另一个人死亡、身体伤害或者身体痛苦中获得性快感或者性满足；或者〔5〕从事〔1〕—〔4〕项所描述的行为的企图或者合谋.规则414儿童性侵扰案件中的类似犯罪〔a〕允许适用.在被告被指控儿童性侵扰的刑事案件中,法院可以采纳关于被告实施了任何其他儿童性侵扰的证据.该证据可以在任何与之相关的事项上加以考量.〔b〕对被告进行披露.如果公诉人意图提供这一证据,则公诉人必须向被告披露该证据,包括证人陈述或者预期证言之概要.公诉人至少应于审判15天前或者法院出于正当理由而允许的较迟时间内进行该披露.〔c〕对其他规则的影响.本条规则并不限制根据任何其他规则对证据的采纳或者考量.〔d〕"儿童〞和"儿童性侵扰〞的定义.本条规则和规则415中：〔1〕"儿童〞是指不满14岁的人；以与〔2〕"儿童性侵扰〞是指联邦法律或者州法律〔"州〞的定义见《美国法典》第18编513款〕规定的涉与下列情况的犯罪：〔A〕《美国法典》第18编109A章所禁止的对儿童实施的任何行为；〔B〕《美国法典》第18编110章所禁止的任何行为；〔C〕以被告身体的任何部分或者物体接触儿童的生殖器或者肝门；〔D〕以被告的生殖器或者肝门接触儿童身体的任何部分；〔E〕从致使儿童死亡、身体伤害或者身体痛苦中获得性快感或者性满足；或者〔F〕从事〔A〕—〔E〕项所描述的行为的企图或者合谋.规则415涉与性侵犯或者儿童性侵扰的民事案件中的类似行为〔a〕允许使用.在声称一方当事人实施了性侵犯或者儿童性侵扰而提出救济主X的民事案件中,法院可以采纳关于该当事人实施了其他性侵犯或者儿童性侵扰的证据.该证据可根据规则413和414的规定加以考量.〔b〕对被告进行披露.如果一方当事人意图提供这一证据,则该当事人必须向提供该证据所反对的当事人披露该证据,包括证人陈述或者预期证言之概要.该当事人至少应于审判15天前或者法院出于正当理由而允许的较迟时间内进行该披露.〔c〕对其他规则的影响.本条规则并不限制根据任何其他规则对证据的采纳或者考量.第五章特免权规则501特免权的一般规则联邦法院按照根据理性和经验加以解释的普通法调整特免权主X,除非任何下列法律或者规则另有规定：•《合众国宪法》；•联邦制定法：或者•最高法院制定的规则.但是在民事案件中,如果州法就起诉或者辩护规定了适用的裁决规则,则特免权由州法调整.规则502律师—委托人特免权与工作成果；对弃权的限制一下规定适用于所列情况下对律师—委托人特免权或者工作成果保护所涵盖的交流或者信息的披露.〔a〕在联邦程序中或者向联邦机构或者机关进行的披露；弃权的X围.如果披露是在联邦程序中或者向联邦机构或者机关进行的,并且放弃了律师委托人特免权或者工作成果保护,只有在下列情况下该弃权才延展至联邦或者信息：〔1〕该弃权是有意的；〔2〕弃权和未弃权的交流或者信息关涉同样的事项；并且〔3〕从公平角度出发应当对它们一并加以考虑.〔b〕疏忽披露.在下列情况下,如果披露是在联邦程序中或者向联邦机构或者机关进行的,该披露并不用作联邦或者州程序中的弃权：〔1〕该披露是疏忽进行的；〔2〕特免权或者保护的持有者采取了合理的措施来防止披露；并且〔3〕持有者迅速采取了合理措施纠正错误,包括在可适用的情况下遵循《联邦民事诉讼规则》26〔b〕〔5〕〔B〕. 〔c〕在州程序中进行的披露.如果披露是在州程序中进行的,并且不是关于弃权的州法院命令的主题,在下列情况下,该披露并不用作联邦程序中的弃权：〔1〕在该披露是在联邦程序中进行的情况下,根据本条规则,该披露不是弃权；或者〔2〕根据发生该披露的州的法律,该披露不是弃权.〔d〕法院命令的控制效力.联邦法院可以命令特免权或者保护不因与在该法院系属的诉讼相关联的披露而弃权.在这种情况下,该披露也不是任何其他联邦或者州程序中的弃权.〔e〕当事人协议的控制效力.关于联邦程序中披露效力的协议,仅仅对该协议的当事人有约束力,除非它被合并进了法院命令.〔f〕本条规则的控制效果.在本条规则所列情况下,尽管有规则101和1101之规定,本条规则适用于州程序和联邦法院附属的与联邦法院委任的仲裁程序.尽管有规则501之规定,即使州法律规定了裁决规则,本条规则也适用.〔g〕定义.在本条规则中：〔1〕"律师—委托人特免权〞是指有关法律为律师—委托人秘密交流所提供的保护；以与〔2〕"工作成果保护〞是指有关法律为因预期诉讼所准备的或者为审判所准备的实物材料〔或者其非实物的同等无〕提供的保护.第六章证人规则601作证能力的一般规定每个人都有作为证人的能力,除非本证据规则另有规定.但是在民事案件中,如果州法就起诉或者辩护规定了适用的裁决规则,则证人的能力由州法调整.规则602缺乏亲身知识只有在提出的证据足以支持认定证人就某事项具有亲身知识的情况下,证人才可以就该事项作证.证明亲身知识的证据可以包括证人自己的证言.本条规则并不适用于专家证人根据规则703所作出的证言.规则603宣誓或者X重声明将如实作证在作证前,证人必须宣誓或者X重声明将如实作证.该宣誓或者X重声明必须以某种旨在以该职责触动证人良知的方式进行.规则604译员译员必须具有资格,并宣誓或者X重声明将如实翻译.规则605法官充任证人的能力主持审判的法官不得在该审判中作为证人作证.当事人无需提出异议来留存此问题.规则606陪审员充任证人的能力〔a〕审判时.在审判时,陪审员不得在其他陪审员面前作为证人作证.如果陪审员被传唤作证,法院必须给予当事人在陪审团不在场的情况下提出异议的机会.〔b〕调查陪审团裁决或者起诉书有效期间.〔1〕禁止的证言或者其他证据.在调查陪审团裁决或者起诉书的有效性期间,陪审员不得就陪审团评议期间作出的任何陈述或者发生的任何事件作证,或者就影响该陪审员或者其他陪审员的投票的任何事情作证,或者就该陪审员与裁决或者起诉书有关的思想过程作证.就这些事项,法院不得接受陪审员的宣誓书或者关于陪审员的陈述的证据.〔2〕例外.陪审员可以就下列事项作证.〔A〕是否有无关的有害信息不当地引起了陪审团的注意；〔B〕是否有外部影响不当地影响了任何陪审员；或者〔C〕在将裁决制成裁决书时,是否存在错误.规则607谁可以弹劾证人任何当事人,包括传唤证人的当事人,都可以攻击证人的可信性.规则608证人诚实与否的品性〔a〕声望或者意见证据.可以用关于证人诚实与否至品性的声望证言或者关于该品性的意见形式的证言,来攻击和支持证人可信性,但是,只有在证人诚实品性受到攻击后,关于诚实品性的证据才具可采性.〔b〕行为具体实例.除规则609规定的犯罪定罪判决外,外部证据不可采来证明证人的行为具体实例,以攻击或者支持证人的诚实品性.但是,在交叉询问中,如果行为具体实例对于下列人员诚实与否的品性具有证明作用,法院可以允许对它们进行调查：〔1〕证人；或者〔2〕正在接受交叉询问的证人曾就其品性作证的另一证人.当就其他事项作证时,如果证言仅与证人诚实性品性有关,证人并没有放弃反对自我归罪的特免权.规则609使用刑事定罪判决证据进行弹劾〔a〕总则.以下规则适用于使用刑事定罪判决证据攻击证人的诚实品性：〔1〕对于在作出判决的司法辖区,应判处死刑或者1年以上监禁的犯罪而言；〔A〕在民事案件或者证人不是被告的刑事案件中,在遵守规则403的前提下,必须采纳该证据；以与〔B〕在证人是被告的刑事案件中,在该证据的证明价值超过其对被告的损害效果的情况下,必须采纳该证据；以与〔2〕对于任何犯罪,无论其刑罚如何,如果法院可以轻易确定,证明该犯罪要件需要证明或者证人承认不诚实行为或者虚假陈述,则必须采纳该证据.〔b〕10年后使用证据的限制.如果自证人被定罪之日或者证人从该定罪判决判定的监禁中被释放之日起算,无论哪个日期,以迟者为准,已逾10年,则适用〔b〕款.只有在下列情况下,定罪判决证据才可采：〔1〕由具体事实和情况支持的定罪判决之证明价值严重超过了其损害效果；并且〔2〕证据提出者就使用该证据的意图对对方当事人进行了合理的书面通知,为对方提供了就该证据的使用进行反驳的公平机会.〔c〕赦免、撤销或者改过自新证明书的效力.在下列情况下,定罪证据不可采：〔1〕根据对被定罪或者改过自新的认定,对该定罪已经赦免、撤销或者已经发给改过自新证明书,或者已经适用其他相当程序,并且此后该人未被判定犯有可以判处死刑或者1年以上徒刑的罪行；或者〔2〕根据无罪认定,对该定罪已经适用赦免、撤销或者适用其他相当程序.〔d〕未成年人判决.只有在下列情况下,关于未成年人判决的证据根据本条证据规则才具有可采性：〔1〕该证据是在刑事案件中提出的；〔2〕该判决是对被告之外的证人的判决；〔3〕关于该罪行的成年人定罪判决证据可采纳用以攻击成年人的可信性；并且〔4〕采纳该证据为公平确定有罪或者无罪所必需.〔e〕上诉未决.符合本条规则的定罪判决具有可采性,即使上诉未决.关于上诉未决的证据,也具有可采性.规则610##信仰或者意见关于证人的##信仰或意见的证据,不可采纳来攻击或者支持证人的可信性.规则611询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序〔a〕法院控制；目的.法院应当对询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序予以合理控制,以做到：〔1〕使这些程序能有效地确定真相；〔2〕避免浪费时间；以与〔3〕保护证人免受骚扰或者不当困窘.〔b〕交叉询问的X围.交叉询问不应当超越直接询问的主题与影响证人可信性之事项.法院可以允许像在直接询问中那样对额外事项进行查问.〔c〕诱导性问题.在直接询问中不应当使用诱导性问题,除非为展开证人证言所必需.在下列情况下,法院通常应当允许提出诱导性问题：。
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。
美国证据法中的证明力规则（上篇）一、问题的提出在中国的法律改革中，师法英美与效仿欧陆一直是学界两种不同的声音。
近些年，在证据法学研究以及证据立法运动中，师法英美完全压过了效仿欧陆的呼声。
正如有学者所言：“在我国当下的法学语境中，一种以移植英美法系国家证据法各项规则为标志的‘变法运动’正逐渐成为证据法学研究的主流倾向，以至于在证据法学论文和著作中出现了‘言必称英美’的现象。
而大陆法系国家则被武断地视为‘不存在发达的证据法’的制度，其证据规则和证据理论都不同程度地受到了忽视。
”[1]这样一种取向导致了当下的证据法学研究成为英美证据法尤其是美国证据法在中国的推演，进而，当下的证据立法运动成为域外证据法尤其是美国《联邦证据规则》在中国的移植嫁接。
在这样一个以英美为师的学术背景中，观察学术界对于证据立法的态度，可以看出，大多数学者都主张以可采性或者证据能力为中心构建中国的证据法。
这与中国的司法实践形成了鲜明对比，观察当下的司法实践可以发现，中国的司法实践对证明力表现出异乎寻常的关注，呼唤证明力规则、创造证明力规则并实践证明力规则。
可以说，证明力规则在当下司法实践中产生有其必然性，是当下以证明力为导向的证据法的必然产物。
[2]然而，证据法学者对以证明力为导向的中国证据法特别是在中国司法实践中长期运行的证明力规则持一种根本性的否定态度，甚至称之为法定证据制度的死灰在当下中国的复燃。
证据法学者往往对证明力规则持一种批判态度，然而，证据法学者对于证明力规则的理性总结、学理思考与司法实务界对之倾注的努力并不匹配。
毫无疑问，当下美国证据法是以可采性为核心构建的，其“核心假设即为可采性规则”，[3]或者可以说，美国证据法“法典化的基础是存在着区别于其他实体性和程序性规则的独特证据规则：证据的可采性规则”。
[4]然而，问题在于，难道能够仅仅以此来否定中国证据法中的证明力规则？单纯的逻辑学知识就可以给上述问题一个否定的答案，美国的做法不过是例证，例证并不能证成我们应当采取美国的做法。
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection tothe venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in thisparagraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requestedis not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed,except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred ineffecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, includinga reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the statein which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit themto the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail. Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:。
美国联邦证据规则
《美国联邦证据规则》是美国联邦法律的一部分，它规定了在联邦法庭中收集、使用和公开证据的规则。
该规则旨在保护双方的权利，确保双方都能公平地提出证据。
该规则规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须符合一定的标准，以确保证据的真实性和可靠性。
该规则还规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须遵守一定的程序，以确保证据的公正性和公平性。
此外，该规则还规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须遵守一定的规则，以确保证据的完整性和准确性。
总之，《美国联邦证据规则》是美国联邦法律的重要组成部分，它旨在保护双方的权利，确保双方都能公平地提出证据。
它是美国司法系统的重要组成部分，为司法系统提供了重要的保障。
美国联邦刑事诉讼规则和证据规则１１５美国联邦证据规则第一章一般规定第１０１条适用范围本规则根据第１１０１条规定的范围和例外，适用于在联邦法院、联邦破产法院和联邦治安法院进行的诉讼。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效；１９８８年４月２５日的修改，同年１１月１日生效）第１０２条目的和结构本规则将用以保证公正施行，消除不合理的耗费和延误，促进证据法的发展壮大，以实现确定事实真相，公正处理诉讼。
第１０３条关于证据的裁定（ａ）错误裁定的后果除非影响到当事人的实体权利和具有下列情况，否则错误可以不作为采纳或排除证据的依据：（１）异议对于一项采纳证据的裁定，适时提出要求撤消的异议，或申请记录在案并阐明异议的具体理由，如果该理由未能从上下文中显露出来；或者（２）提供证明对于一项排除证据的裁定，可以提供该证据的要旨使法庭了解或者使其从所提问题的内容中显露出来。
（ｂ）关于提供证据和裁定的记录法庭可以增加任何与表明证据特征、证据被提供的方式、提出的异议和相关的裁定有关的其他的或进一步的证词，可以指示用提问和回答的方式来提供。
（ｃ）陪审团审理在陪审团审理的情况下，法官将指导诉讼，以防止不能采纳的证据通过各种手段，如作出陈述、提供证明或进行提问等，对陪审团产生影响。
（ｄ）显见错误本规则不妨碍对涉及实体权利的显见错误提请注意，虽然这些显见错误未引起法庭注意。
第１０４条初步询问（ａ）关于可采性的一般询问关于证人资格、存在（拒绝作证的）特权或证据可采性的初步询问将由法庭决定，适用下述（ｂ）款的规定。
除涉及特权的问题外，法庭作出决定时不受证据规则的限制。
（ｂ）以事实为条件的相关性当证据的相关性依赖于满足一定的事实条件时，在介绍足以确定具备该事实条件的证据后，法庭应采纳该证据。
（ｃ）陪审团审理在所有案件中，有关（被告人）自白的可采性的审理将避开陪审团。
审理其他初步事项时，出于公正利益的考虑，或者当被告人作证时提出这样的请求，也可以避开陪审团。
UNITED STATES CODE SERVICECopyright ?2006 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.,one of the LEXIS Publishing (TM) companiesAll rights reserved*** CURRENT THROUGH CHANGES RECEIVED APRIL, 2006 ***FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCEARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONSUSCS Fed Rules Evid R 101Rule 101. ScopeThese rules govern proceedings in the courts of the United States and before United States bankruptcy judges and United States magistrate judges, to the extent and with the exceptions stated in Rule 1101.Rule 102. Purpose and ConstructionThese rules shall be construed to secure fairness in administration, elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay, and promotion of growth and development of the law of evidence to the end that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined.Rule 103. Rulings on Evidence(a) Effect of erroneous ruling. Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and(1) Objection. In case the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to strike appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from the context; or(2) Offer of proof. In case the ruling is one excluding evidence, the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.Once the court makes a definitive ruling on the record admitting or excluding evidence, either at or before trial, a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal.(b) Record of offer and ruling. The court may add any other or further statement which shows the character of the evidence, the form in which it was offered, the objection made, and the ruling thereon. It may direct the making of an offer in question and answer form.(c) Hearing of jury. In jury cases, proceedings shall be conducted, to the extent practicable, so as to prevent inadmissible evidence from being suggested to the jury by any means, such as making statements or offers of proof or asking questions in the hearing of the jury.(d) Plain error. Nothing in this rule precludes taking notice of plain errors affecting substantial rights although they were not brought to the attention of the court.Rule 104. Preliminary Questions(a) Questions of admissibility generally. Preliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a witness, the existence of a privilege, or the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to the provisions of subdivision (b). In making its determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges.(b) Relevancy conditioned on fact. When the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.(c) Hearing of jury. Hearings on the admissibility of confessions shall in all cases be conducted out of the hearing of the jury. Hearings on other preliminary matters shall be so conducted when the interests of justice require, or when an accused is a witness and so requests.(d) Testimony by accused. The accused does not, by testifying upon a preliminary matter, become subject to cross-examination as to other issues in the case.(e) Weight and credibility. This rule does not limit the right of a party to introduce before the jury evidence relevant to weight or credibility.Rule 105. Limited AdmissibilityWhen evidence which is admissible as to one party or for one purpose but not admissible as to another party or for another purpose is admitted, the court, upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.Rule 106. Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded StatementsWhen a writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be consideredcontemporaneously with it.Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts(a) Scope of rule. This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative facts.(b) Kinds of facts. A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.(c) When discretionary. A court may take judicial notice, whether requested or not.(d) When mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and supplied with the necessary information.(e) Opportunity to be heard. A party is entitled upon timely request to an opportunity to be heard as to the propriety of taking judicial notice and the tenor of the matter noticed. In the absence of prior notification, the request may be made after judicial notice has been taken.(f) Time of taking notice. Judicial notice may be taken at any stage of the proceeding.(g) Instructing jury. In a civil action or proceeding, the court shall instruct the jury to accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. In a criminal case, the court shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed.Rule 301. Presumptions in General Civil Actions and ProceedingsIn all civil actions and proceedings not otherwise provided for by Act of Congress or by these rules, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast.Rule 302. Applicability of State Law in Civil Actions and ProceedingsIn civil actions and proceedings, the effect of a presumption respecting a fact which is an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision is determined in accordance with State law.Rule 401. Definition of "Relevant Evidence""Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.Rule 402. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleAll relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, by Act of Congress, by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of TimeAlthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.Rule 404. Character Evidence Not Admissible To Prove Conduct; Exceptions; Other Crimes(a) Character evidence generally. Evidence of a person's character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:(1) Character of accused. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or if evidence of a trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime is offered by an accused and admitted under Rule 404 (a)(2), evidence of the same trait of character of the accused offered by the prosecution;(2) Character of alleged victim. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the alleged victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the alleged victim was the first aggressor;(3) Character of witness. Evidence of the character of a witness, as provided in rules 607, 608, and 609.(b) Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.Rule 405. Methods of Proving Character(a) Reputation or opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of conduct.(b) Specific instances of conduct. In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of that person's conduct.Rule 406. Habit; Routine PracticeEvidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of eyewitnesses, is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice.Rule 407. Subsequent Remedial MeasuresWhen, after an injury or harm allegedly caused by an event, measures are taken that, if taken previously, would have made the injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product, a defect in a product's design, or a need for a warning or instruction. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment.Rule 408. Compromise and Offers to CompromiseEvidence of (1) furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or (2) accepting or offering or promising to accept, a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its amount. Evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations is likewise not admissible. This rule does not require the exclusion of any evidence otherwise discoverable merely because it is presented in the course of compromise negotiations. This rule also does not require exclusion when the evidence is offered for anotherpurpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, negativing a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution. Rule 409. Payment of Medical and Similar ExpensesEvidence of furnishing or offering or promising to pay medical, hospital, or similar expenses occasioned by an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury. Rule 410. Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements Except as otherwise provided in this rule, evidence of the following is not, in any civil or criminal proceeding, admissible against the defendant who made the plea or was a participant in the plea discussions:(1) a plea of guilty which was later withdrawn;(2) a plea of nolo contendere;(3) any statement made in the course of any proceedings under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or comparable state procedure regarding either of the foregoing pleas; or(4) any statement made in the course of plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority which do not result in a plea of guilty or which result in a plea of guilty later withdrawn.However, such a statement is admissible (i) in any proceeding wherein another statement made in the course of the same plea or plea discussions has been introduced and the statement ought in fairness be considered contemporaneously with it, or (ii) in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false statement if the statement was made by the defendant under oath, on the record and in the presence of counsel.Rule 411. Liability InsuranceEvidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.Rule 412. Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Sexual Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition(a) Evidence generally inadmissible. The following evidence is not admissible in any civil or criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct except as provided in subdivisions (b) and (c):(1) Evidence offered to prove that any alleged victim engaged in other sexualbehavior.(2) Evidence offered to prove any alleged victim's sexual predisposition.(b) Exceptions.(1) In a criminal case, the following evidence is admissible, if otherwise admissible under these rules:(A) evidence of specific instances of sexual behavior by the alleged victim offered to prove that a person other than the accused was the source of semen, injury or other physical evidence;(B) evidence of specific instances of sexual behavior by the alleged victim with respect to the person accused of the sexual misconduct offered by the accused to prove consent or by the prosecution; and(C) evidence the exclusion of which would violate the constitutional rights of the defendant.(2) In a civil case, evidence offered to prove the sexual behavior or sexual predisposition of any alleged victim is admissible if it is otherwise admissible under these rules and its probative value substantially outweighs the danger of harm to any victim and of unfair prejudice to any party. Evidence of an alleged victim's reputation is admissible only if it has been placed in controversy by the alleged victim.(c) Procedure to determine admissibility.(1) A party intending to offer evidence under subdivision (b) must--(A) file a written motion at least 14 days before trial specifically describing the evidence and stating the purpose for which it is offered unless the court, for good cause requires a different time for filing or permits filing during trial; and(B) serve the motion on all parties and notify the alleged victim or, when appropriate, the alleged victim's guardian or representative.(2) Before admitting evidence under this rule the court must conduct a hearing in camera and afford the victim and parties a right to attend and be heard. The motion, related papers, and the record of the hearing must be sealed and remain under seal unless the court orders otherwise.Rule 501. General RuleExcept as otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or provided by Act of Congress or in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be determined in accordance with State law.Rule 601. General Rule of CompetencyEvery person is competent to be a witness except as otherwise provided in these rules. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the competency of a witness shall be determined in accordance with State law.Rule 602. Lack of Personal KnowledgeA witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness' own testimony. This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 703, relating to opinion testimony by expert witnesses.Rule 603. Oath or AffirmationBefore testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the witness will testify truthfully, by oath or affirmation administered in a form calculated to awaken the witness' conscience and impress the witness' mind with the duty to do so.Rule 604. InterpretersAn interpreter is subject to the provisions of these rules relating to qualification as an expert and the administration of an oath or affirmation to make a true translation. Rule 605. Competency of Judge as WitnessThe judge presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness. No objection need be made in order to preserve the point.Rule 606. Competency of Juror as Witness(a) At the trial. A member of the jury may not testify as a witness before that jury in the trial of the case in which the juror is sitting. If the juror is called so to testify, the opposing party shall be afforded an opportunity to object out of the presence of the jury.(b) Inquiry into validity of verdict or indictment. Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury's deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that or any other juror's mind or emotions as influencing the juror to assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning the juror's mental processes in connectiontherewith, except that a juror may testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury's attention or whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror. Nor may a juror's affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be received for these purposes.Rule 607. Who May ImpeachThe credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party, including the party calling the witness.Rule 608. Evidence of Character and Conduct of Witness(a) Opinion and reputation evidence of character. The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise.(b) Specific instances of conduct. Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness' character for truthfulness, other than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning the witness' character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to which character the witness being cross-examined has testified.The giving of testimony, whether by an accused or by any other witness, does not operate as a waiver of the accused's or the witness' privilege against self-incrimination when examined with respect to matters that relate only to character for truthfulness.Rule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime(a) General rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness,(1) evidence that a witness other than an accused has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted, and evidence that an accused has been convicted of such a crime shall be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused; and(2) evidence that any witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if it involved dishonestly or false statement, regardless of the punishment.(b) Time limit. Evidence of a conviction under this rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. However, evidence of a conviction more than 10 years old as calculated herein, is not admissible unless the proponent gives to the adverse party sufficient advance written notice of intent to use such evidence to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to contest the use of such evidence.(c) Effect of pardon, annulment, or certificate of rehabilitation. Evidence of a conviction is not admissible under this rule if (1) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, certificate of rehabilitation, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding of the rehabilitation of the person convicted, and that person has not been convicted of a subsequent crime which was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or (2) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding of innocence.(d) Juvenile adjudications. Evidence of juvenile adjudications is generally not admissible under this rule. The court may, however, in a criminal case allow evidence of a juvenile adjudication of a witness other than the accused if conviction of the offense would be admissible to attack the credibility of an adult and the court is satisfied that admission in evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the issue of guilt or innocence.(e) Pendency of appeal. The pendency of an appeal therefrom does not render evidence of a conviction inadmissible. Evidence of the pendency of an appeal is admissible.Rule 610. Religious Beliefs or OpinionsEvidence of the beliefs or opinions of a witness on matters of religion is not admissible for the purpose of showing that by reason of their nature the witness' credibility is impaired or enhanced.Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation(a) Control by court. The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.(b) Scope of cross-examination. Cross-examination should be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the credibility of the witness. The court may, in the exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination.(c) Leading questions. Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop the witness' testimony. Ordinarily leading questions should be permitted on cross-examination. When a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions.Rule 612. Writing Used to Refresh MemoryExcept as otherwise provided in criminal proceedings by section 3500 of title 18, United States Code, if a witness uses a writing to refresh memory for the purpose of testifying, either--(1) while testifying, or(2) before testifying, if the court in its discretion determines it is necessary in the interests of justice,an adverse party is entitled to have the writing produced at the hearing, to inspect it, to cross-examine the witness thereon, and to introduce in evidence those portions which relate to the testimony of the witness. If it is claimed that the writing contains matters not related to the subject matter of the testimony the court shall examine the writing in camera, excise any portions not so related, and order delivery of the remainder to the party entitled thereto. Any portion withheld over objections shall be preserved and made available to the appellate court in the event of an appeal. If a writing is not produced or delivered pursuant to order under this rule, the court shall make any order justice requires, except that in criminal cases when the prosecution elects not to comply, the order shall be one striking the testimony or, if the court in its discretion determines that the interests of justice so require, declaring a mistrial.Rule 613. Prior Statements of Witnesses(a) Examining witness concerning prior statement. In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the witness, whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor its contents disclosed to the witness at that time, but on request the same shall be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel.(b) Extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statement of witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require. This provision does not apply to admissions of a party-opponent as defined inrule 801(d)(2).Rule 614. Calling and Interrogation of Witnesses by Court(a) Calling by court. The court may, on its own motion or at the suggestion of a party, call witnesses, and all parties are entitled to cross-examine witnesses thus called.(b) Interrogation by court. The court may interrogate witnesses, whether called by itself or by a party.(c) Objections. Objections to the calling of witnesses by the court or to interrogation by it may be made at the time or at the next available opportunity when the jury is not present.Rule 615. Exclusion of WitnessesAt the request of a party the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, and it may make the order of its own motion. This rule does not authorize exclusion of (1) a party who is a natural person, or (2) an officer or employee of a party which is not a natural person designated as its representative by its attorney, or (3) a person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of the party's cause, or (4) a person authorized by statute to be present.Rule 701. Opinion Testimony by Lay WitnessesIf the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.Rule 702. Testimony by ExpertsIf scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.Rule 703. Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts。
美国证据法上的辨认和鉴真规则徐磊;敖意【摘要】The identification and authentication is a vital rule in American evidence law. All exhibits must be proven to be what they are claimed to be before admitted into evidence, which is called identification and authentication. It is a precondition to admissi- bility of exhibits that imposes the burden of proof on testifier. As a fundamental proof rule, it lays the foundation for litigation proof. Although several approaches of identification and authentication are prescribed in the Federal Rules of Evidence, procedures in judicial practice need categorizing.%展示性证据的辨认和鉴真是美国证据法上的一项重要规则。
在法官采纳展示性证据之前，证据提出者必须证明其所提出的展示性证据就是其所主张的那些东西而不是别的，这一证明过程便是展示性证据的辨认和鉴真，它是展示性证据可采的前提条件。
作为一项旨在为证明奠定基础的证明性规则，辨认和鉴真是证据法向证据提出者施加的一种负担。
尽管美国《联邦证据规则》规定了几种辨认和鉴真的方法，但是在司法实践中却有必要将其类型化，因为辨认和鉴真规则构成诉讼证明之基石。
【期刊名称】《西华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(030)005【总页数】6页(P96-100,112)【关键词】辨认;鉴真;《联邦证据规则》【作者】徐磊;敖意【作者单位】中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088;中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088【正文语种】中文【中图分类】DF713在美国证据法学中，存在着言词性证据与展示性证据之分。
论美国《联邦证据规则》专家证据对我国司法鉴定制度完善的借鉴意义中国政法大学研究生院100000摘要：随着我国司法制度的不断完善，专家证据在诉讼中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
专家证人具有外行法官所欠缺的专业知识，技能，教育和训练，在各种诉讼中发挥作用的专家类型不计其数。
然而专家证人资格的审查以及证言的可采性是我国司法鉴定制度需要回应的关键问题，美国专家证据迂回的发展史对我国司法鉴定制度的完善具有一定借鉴意义。
关键词：专家证据；美国联邦证据规则；司法鉴定制1.美国《联邦证据规则》专家证据概述美国证据法是美国法律体系中的点睛之笔，正是有了证据法才能够有效凸显律师在法律过程之中的作用，彰显法律的公平性。
在1923年的Frey v. United States一案中，法庭首次对出庭专家证人的资格进行了限制，而且还对专家证言的内容进行了限制。
在这一案中，对Frey 的判决维持原审法院判决，但由此创制的Frey规则到1975年国会批准联邦证据规则时已被大多数司法辖区采纳，通常要求采“要求新颖科学证据获得该领域的普遍认可”这一简略形式。
1993年联邦最高法院通过Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals案介入，并有史以来首次就专家证据的可采性标准和Frey规则在联邦辖区的地位以及联邦证据规则第702条的释义问题作出裁决。
这一案件后，相关人员对法院判决做出一定思考：法庭不是光看专家得出的结论，还应考虑专家得出该结论的“方法”。
1.我国鉴定制度存在的不足司法鉴定是由具有专业知识、技能或经验的专家，对案件中的专门性问题作出分析和判断并形成专家意见。
近几年来我国学者发表的有关司法鉴定中制度的论文和专著，比较一致地认为我国的司法鉴定制度在各个环节均存在一定问题。
2.1当事人只能聘请专家辅助人我国的司法鉴定制度与联邦证据规则相比，可以称之为不平等的诉讼模式。
不论是新刑诉法还是最高人民检察院在2010年10月颁布、2013年年初实施的《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则（试行）》第247条，均表示为了查明案情，需要解决案件中某些专门性问题时，应当指派、聘请有专门知识的人进行鉴定，但作为被控房的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人则不享有自行聘请鉴定人的权利。
中美书证证据能力规则之比较刘英明【摘要】我国证据法应借鉴美国《联邦证据规则》,从下述五个方面完善现有的书证证据能力规则:以鉴真规则和传闻证据规则替代抽象的辨别真伪规则,从而分别保证书证的“形式真实”和内容真实；从概念、整体思路、可操作性三个角度完善我国的原始文书规则；赋予对方异议权以增强我国摘录完整性规则的可操作性；应引进摘要采纳规则,以适应数量巨大书证出示调查的需要；采取广义的书证界定,取消视听资料和电子证据这两种法定证据种类,正视转化书证、综合性书证的存在并对其实行多重审查.【期刊名称】《学术交流》【年(卷),期】2012(000)002【总页数】5页(P52-56)【关键词】书证证据;鉴真规则;传闻证据规则;原始文书规则【作者】刘英明【作者单位】中国人民大学法学院,北京100872;上海政法学院,上海201701【正文语种】中文【中图分类】D925.113由于书证具有稳定可靠、不受时间流逝影响、可在诉讼前精心制作、制作方便廉价等优点，其在现代诉讼、特别是现代民事诉讼中起着重要作用。
与此同时，保障书证符合“三性”、特别是保障书证真实性的证据能力也日渐重要。
如果没有比较完善、可操作的证据能力规则，不真实的书证很容易进入庭审现场并成为定案根据，从而造成事实认定的不正确，进而损害裁判的可接受性。
自《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼中关于证据的若干规定》(以下简称《民事证据规定》)颁布以后，我国民事诉讼中书证证据能力规则在很大程度上得到了完善。
但是，勿庸讳言，由于中国证据法自身理论研究的相对薄弱，对与发达国家证据制度比较研究的不深入，导致《民事证据规定》所确立的现行民事书证证据能力规则存在过于抽象、表述不够精确、前后矛盾等诸多不足。
本文旨在比较中美两国书证证据能力的异同，并为我国书证证据能力规则的完善提供立法上的建议。
一、中国法的书证证据能力规则——以民事书证为例根据中国现行民事诉讼法及其相关司法解释，适用于书证证据能力的规则主要包括: 1.辨别真伪规则。
联邦证据规则第一章总则规则101范围；定义（a）范围。
本规则适用于联邦法院程序。
本证据规则适用的具体法院、程序及其例外，从规则1101之规定。
（b）定义。
在本证据规则中:（1）“民事案件”是指民事诉讼或者程序；（2）“刑事案件”包括刑事程序；（3）“公共机构”包括公共机关；（4）“记录”包括备忘录、报告或者数据汇编；（5）“最高法院指定的规则”是指最高法院根据制定法权限指定的规则；以及（6）论及任何形式的书写材料或者任何其他媒介时，都包括电子形式存储的信息。
规则102目的对本证据规则的解释，应当保证在每个程序中司法公平，消除不合理的耗费与迟延，促进证据法的发展，从而实现查明真相与公正判决之宗旨。
规则103关于证据的裁定（a）留存关于错误之主张。
只有在重大权利受到了影响，并且符合下列条件的情况下，当事人在可以主张采纳或者排除证据的裁定存在错误；（1）如系采纳证据至裁定，依审判之记录，当事人：（A）已及时提出异议或者申请删除证据；并且（B）已说明具体规则，除非该证据在相关时境中显而易见；或者（2）如系排除证据之裁定，当事人已通过提出证明的方式告知法院该证据之要旨，除非该要旨在相关时境中显而易见。
（b）不需要重新提出异议或者提出证明。
无论在审判时还是在审判前，一旦法院已作出明确裁定并记录在案，当事人不需要为上诉留存关于错误之主张而重新提出异议或者提出证明。
（c）法院关于裁定的陈述；对提供证明进行指示。
法院可以就证据的性质或者形式、提出的异议和裁定进行任何陈述。
法院可以指示以提问和回答的方式来提出证明。
（d）防止陪审团听见不可采的证据。
在可行的范围内，法院在进行陪审团审判时必须防止以任何方式将不可采的证据暗示给陪审团。
（e）对显见错误进行司法认知。
法院可以对影响重大权利的显见错误进行司法认知，即使未适当地留存关于错误之主张。
规则104预备性问题（a）通则。
法院必须就一个人是否具有作为证人的资格、特免权是否存在以及证据是否可采的预备性问题作出决定。
在作出该决定时，法院不受证据规则的约束，但有关特免权的规则除外。
（b）取决于某事实的相关性。
当证据的相关性取决于某事实是否存在时，必须提出足以支持认定该事实确实存在的证明。
法院可以以随后提出该证明为条件采纳该准备提出的证据。
（c）听审的进行不得使陪审团听见。
在下列情况下，法院对预备性问题的任何听审不得使陪审团听见：（1）听审涉及自白的可采性；（2）刑事案件被告是证人，并提出了上述要求；或者（3）为正义利益所要求。
（d）对刑事案件被告的交叉询问。
刑事案件被告并不因为就预备性问题作证而要就本案的其他问题接受交叉询问。
（e）与证明力和可信性有关的证据。
本条规则不限制当事人在陪审团前引入与其他证据的证明力或者可信性相关的证据的权利。
规则105 对不能采纳来反对其他当事人或者用语其他目的之证据进行限制如果法院采纳的证据就反对某当事人或者某种目的而言有可采性，而就反对其他当事人或者其他目的而言不可采，则根据及时请求，法院必须将该证据在其适当的范围内，并就此对陪审团作出指示。
规则106书写品或者录制性陈述的其他部分，或者相关的书写品或者录制性陈述如果一方当事人提出了全部书写品或者录制性陈述，或者其中的一部分，对方当事人可以要求同时提出从公平角度出发应当与此同时考虑的该书写品或者录制性陈述的任何其他部分，或者任何其他书写品或者录制性陈述。
第二章司法认知规则201对裁判性事实的司法认知（a）范围。
本条规则仅调整裁判性事实的司法认知，不调整立法性事实的司法认知。
（b）可以进行司法认知的事实的种类。
法院可以进行司法认知之事实是因下列情况而不存在合理争议的事实：（1）审判法院辖区内泛知的事实；或者（2）通过诉诸于某种其准确性不受合理质疑的来源而能够准确和迅速确定的事实。
（c）尽心司法认知。
法院：（1）可以进行司法认知；或者（2）在当事人提出司法认知请求并向法院提供必要信息的情况下，法院应该进行司法认知。
（d）时机。
法院可以在程序的任何阶段进行司法认知。
（e）听审机会。
经及时请求，当事人有权就进行司法认知的适当性和认知事实的性质获得听审的机会。
如果法院在通知当事人之前进行了司法认知，经请求，当事人仍有权获得听审。
（f）指示陪审团。
在民事案件中，法院必须指示陪审团将司法认知的任何事实接受为结论性事实。
在刑事案件中，法院必须指示陪审团其可以将司法认知的事实接受为结论性事实，也可以不将其接受为结论性事实。
第三章民事案件中的推定规则301民事案件中推定的一般规定在民事案件中，除联邦制定法或者本证据规则有规定外，推定所反对的当事人负有提出证据反驳该推定的负担。
但是，本条规则并未转移说明负担，该证明负担仍由原先承担它的当事人负担。
规则302就民事案件中的推定适用州法在民事案件中，如果州法就起诉或者辩护规定了适用的裁决规则，则关于起诉或者辩护的推定的效力由州法调整。
第四章相关性及其限制规则401相关证据的标准在下列情况下，证据具有相关性：（a）该证据具有与没有该证据相比，使得某事实更可能存在或者更不可能存在的任何趣向；并且（b）该事实对于确定诉讼具有重要意义。
规则402相关证据的一般可采性相关证据具有可采性，下列规定另有规定或者除外•《合众国宪法》；•联邦制定法；•本证据规则；或者•最高法院制定的其他规则。
不相关证据不可采。
规则403因损害、混淆、浪费时间或者其他原因而排除相关证据者误导陪审团、不当拖延、浪费时间或者不必要地出示重复证据。
规则404品性证据；犯罪或者其他行为（a）品性证据。
（1）禁止使用。
关于某人的品性或者品性特点的证据，不得采纳用来证明该人在具体场合下的行为与之具有一致性。
（2）刑事案件被告或者被害人的例外。
以下例外适用于刑事案件：（A）被告可以提供其相关品性特点的证据，如果该证据被采纳，公诉人可以提供证据来对之加以反驳；（B）在遵守规则412规定的限制条件的情况下，被告可以提供所称犯罪被害人相关品性特点的证据，如果该证据被采纳，公诉人可以：（i）提供证据对之加以反驳；以及（ii）提供被告具有相同品性特点的证据；以及（C）在杀人案中，公诉人可以提供所称被害人具有平和品格特性的证据，以反驳所称被害人是首先挑起事端者的证据（3）证人的例外。
关于证人的品性的证据，可以根据证据规则607、608和609采纳。
（b）犯罪、不法行为或者其他行为。
（1）禁止使用。
关于犯罪、不法行为或者其他行为的证据，不可采纳来证明某人的品性，以表明该人在特定场合的行为与该品性具有一致性。
（2）允许适用；刑事案件中的通知。
这一证据可以为其他目的而采纳，例如证明动机、机会、意图、准备、计划、知识、身份、无错误或者无意外事件。
根据刑事案件被告的请求，公诉人必须：（A）就公诉人意图在审判中提出的任何此类证据的一般性质，提供合理通知；并且（B）在审判之前进行该通知，或者在审判期间，法院给予合理原因对未能进行审判通知予以了谅解。
规则405证明品性的方法（a）用声望或者意见证明品性。
在关于某人品性或者品格特性的证据可采用的情况下，可以用关于该人声望的证言或者意见形式的证言予以证明。
在对品性证人进行交叉询问时，法院可以允许调查该人的相关具体行为实例。
（b）用具体行为实例证明品性。
在某人的品性或者品格特性为一项指控、起诉胡总恶化辩护之要件的情况下，也可用该人的相关具体行为实例证明该品性或者品性特点。
规则406习惯；例行做法关于某人的习惯或者组织的例行做法的证据，可以采纳来证明该人或者该组织在具体场合下的行为与该习惯或者例行做法一致。
法院可以采纳该证据，不论该证据是否得到了补强或者无目击证人。
规则407事后补救措施如果采取了将使得在前的伤害或者损害更不可能发生的措施，则关于这些事后措施的证据不得采纳来证明：•过失；•罪错行为；•产品缺陷或者其设计缺陷；或者•缺乏警示或者说明。
但是法院可以为其他目的采纳该证据，例如弹劾或者在存在争议情况下证明所有权、控制权或者预防措施的可行性。
规则408和解提议与谈判（a）禁止使用。
关于下列事项的证据，不得为任何当事人采纳来证明或者证明是否存在争议的索赔的有效性或者数额，或者用语以先前不一致陈述或者矛盾来进行弹劾：（1）为就索赔进行和解或者试图和解时，给予、承诺或者提议——或者接受、承诺接受或者提议接受——有价值的对价；以及用其规制、调查或者执法权限而提出的索赔有关时除外。
（b）例外。
法院可以为其他目的采纳这一证据，例如证明证人的偏见或者成见，否定有关不当拖延的观点，或者证明妨碍刑事调查或则会起诉的行为。
规则409提议支付医疗费用与类似费用关于给予、承诺支付或者提议支付因伤害而引起的医药、住院或者类似费用的证据，不得采纳来证明对该伤害负有责任。
规则410答辩、答辩讨论与相关陈述（a）禁止使用。
在民事或者刑事案件中，关于下列事项的证据不可采来反对作出过答辩或者参与了答辩讨论的被告（1）后来撤回的有罪答辩；（2）不抗争之答辩；（3）在根据《联邦刑事诉讼规则》第11条或者类似的州程序进行的程序中，所作出的关于上述任一答辩的陈述；或者（4）在与检控机关的律师进行答辩讨论中所作出的、没有导致有关答辩或导致的有罪答辩后来被撤回的陈述。
（b）例外。
在下列情况下，法院可以采纳规则410（a）（3）或者（4）所规定的陈述：（1）在任何程序中，在同一答辩或则会答辩讨论中作出的另一个陈述已经被提出，两个陈述应当同时考虑方显公平；或者（2）在关于伪证或者虚假陈述的刑事程序中，如果该陈述是被告在宣誓后作出的，且记录在案并且律师在场。
规则411责任保险关于某人是否拥有责任保险的证据，不得采纳来证明该人的行为存在过失或者其他错误。
但是法院可以为其他目的采纳该证据，例如证明证人的偏见或者成见，或者证明代理关系、所有权或者控制权。
规则412性犯罪案件：被害人的性行为或则会性怪癖（a）禁止使用。
在涉及所称不端性行为的民事或者刑事程序中，下列证据不可采：（1）提供用以证明被害人从事过其他性行为的证据；或者（2）提供用以证明被害人的性怪癖的证据。
（b）例外。
（1）刑事案件。
在刑事案件中，法院可以采纳下列证据：（A）为证明被告之外的他人是精液、伤害或者其他物证的来源，而提供的关于被害人性行为至具体事例的证据；（B）公诉人提供的，或者被告为证明同意提供的，关于被害人与被指控有不端性行为的被告的性行为之具体实例的证据；以及（C）如被排除将侵犯被告宪法权利的证据。
（2）民事案件。
在民事案件中，对于提供用以证明被害人的性行为或者性怪癖的证据，如果其证明力严重超过了对任何被害人造成伤害和对任何当事人造成不公正损害的危险，则法院可以采纳该证据。
有关被害人声望的证据，只有在该被害人将其置于争议之中时，法院才可采用。
