讲义(4)英汉对比研究
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英汉语篇对比研究ppt课件
26
• She noticed he’s said “making” pictures. “You make pictures, not take them?” “Yes, at least that’s how I think of it. That’s the difference between Sunday snapshooters and someone who does it for a living….”
• 可是弗朗西丝卡·约翰逊身上确实有足以 吸引他的东西。她善解人意，这他看得 出来。（梅嘉 译）
33
• 这和那灵活英译的一些例子 • 我也十分得意这幅“大作”，并没有觉
得是对老师的不尊重。（钟灵《胡二茄 子》） • I was naturally proud of my “masterpiece”, without the slightest idea that it was a nasty insult to him. （刘士聪 译）
28
• He said nothing for a moment. Then: “I scribed something in my notebook the other day for future use, just had the idea while travelling along; that happens a lot.”
英汉语篇比较研究
1
• 语篇手段的组成 • 连贯coherence • 衔接cohesion • 语篇参照 intertextuality
2
• 衔接（Cohesion），也称词语连接，是指一段 话中几个部分在语法或词汇方面存在联系。中 联系可能存在于段落或句子之间，也可能存在 于一个句子的几个部分之间。—语篇的“有形 网络”
• She noticed he’s said “making” pictures. “You make pictures, not take them?” “Yes, at least that’s how I think of it. That’s the difference between Sunday snapshooters and someone who does it for a living….”
• 可是弗朗西丝卡·约翰逊身上确实有足以 吸引他的东西。她善解人意，这他看得 出来。（梅嘉 译）
33
• 这和那灵活英译的一些例子 • 我也十分得意这幅“大作”，并没有觉
得是对老师的不尊重。（钟灵《胡二茄 子》） • I was naturally proud of my “masterpiece”, without the slightest idea that it was a nasty insult to him. （刘士聪 译）
28
• He said nothing for a moment. Then: “I scribed something in my notebook the other day for future use, just had the idea while travelling along; that happens a lot.”
英汉语篇比较研究
1
• 语篇手段的组成 • 连贯coherence • 衔接cohesion • 语篇参照 intertextuality
2
• 衔接（Cohesion），也称词语连接，是指一段 话中几个部分在语法或词汇方面存在联系。中 联系可能存在于段落或句子之间，也可能存在 于一个句子的几个部分之间。—语篇的“有形 网络”
英汉语言对比研究 发给学生 ppt课件
Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比
三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）
– 英语：形合法：关系词、连接词、介词、其他 – 汉语：意合法：语序、反复、排比、对偶、对照、
紧缩句、四字格 – 英语句子：一棵参天大树，一串葡萄 树形扩展，多枝共干，节外生枝 – 汉语句子：一根竹子 线型扩展，连续铺排，逐步交代，层层铺开
Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比
三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）
– Hypotactic: 句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式 手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻 辑关系。
– Paratactic: 词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连 接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句 的含义表达。
虚词
精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师？ • 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你
是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？ • 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭 • “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我
笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” • “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
Ⅰ. 英汉语言宏观对比
三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）
车未停稳，请勿上下。 Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill. 无事不登三宝殿。 I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. 他不来，我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.
英汉对比研究教案模板范文
课时：2课时教学目标：1. 让学生了解英汉两种语言的基本特点，提高对英语学习的兴趣。
2. 培养学生运用对比分析方法，提高跨文化交际能力。
3. 使学生掌握英汉对比研究的基本方法，为今后深入学习英语打下基础。
教学重点：1. 英汉两种语言的基本特点2. 对比分析方法的应用教学难点：1. 对比分析方法的运用2. 跨文化交际能力的培养教学过程：第一课时一、导入1. 教师简要介绍英汉对比研究的重要性。
2. 学生自由讨论，分享自己学习英语的经验和遇到的困难。
二、讲解英汉两种语言的基本特点1. 语音：对比英汉两种语言的音节、声调、发音方式等。
2. 词汇：对比英汉两种语言的构词法、词义、固定搭配等。
3. 语法：对比英汉两种语言的句子结构、时态、语态等。
4. 修辞：对比英汉两种语言的修辞手法、表达方式等。
三、案例分析1. 教师展示英汉两种语言的对比案例，引导学生分析其中的差异。
2. 学生分组讨论，总结对比分析的方法。
四、课堂练习1. 学生根据所学内容，完成一份英汉对比研究的报告。
2. 学生分组展示自己的报告，教师进行点评。
第二课时一、复习上节课所学内容1. 教师提问，检查学生对英汉对比研究的基本特点的掌握情况。
2. 学生回答问题，教师进行补充和纠正。
二、对比分析方法的应用1. 教师讲解对比分析的方法，如归纳法、演绎法、类比法等。
2. 学生根据所学方法，分析一个具体的英汉对比案例。
三、跨文化交际能力的培养1. 教师讲解跨文化交际的基本原则，如尊重差异、理解对方等。
2. 学生进行角色扮演，模拟跨文化交际场景，提高自己的跨文化交际能力。
四、课堂总结1. 教师总结本节课所学内容，强调英汉对比研究的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己的学习心得，教师进行点评。
教学评价：1. 学生对英汉对比研究的基本特点的掌握程度。
2. 学生对比分析方法的运用能力。
3. 学生跨文化交际能力的提高情况。
教学反思：1. 教师根据学生的反馈，调整教学方法和内容。
英汉对比研究
3
In the doorway lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色，大小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
4
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
twists and turns.
28
物称与人称 ( Impersonal vs. Personal )
英语常用非人称主语， 汉语常用人称主语。
What has happened to you?
你出了什么事啦？
An idea suddenly struck me.
我突然想到了一个主意。
13
静态与动态 ( Static vs. Dynamic )
I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心你会误解我。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of
the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事 可以讲。
我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿 可多着呢。
5
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？ 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
In the doorway lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色，大小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
4
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
twists and turns.
28
物称与人称 ( Impersonal vs. Personal )
英语常用非人称主语， 汉语常用人称主语。
What has happened to you?
你出了什么事啦？
An idea suddenly struck me.
我突然想到了一个主意。
13
静态与动态 ( Static vs. Dynamic )
I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心你会误解我。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of
the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事 可以讲。
我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿 可多着呢。
5
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？ 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
讲义英汉对比研究
2. Rigid VS Supple 3. Hypotactic VS. Paratactic
Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.
4. Complex VS. Simple
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the peopleI met. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
We must not pretend to know when we do not know. Let me say what he likes; I’ll just get on with my work. Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. It is a good horse that never stumbles. There is strength in numbers: more logs make a bigger fire.
《英汉对比研究》第4章 繁复与简短
第四章繁复与简短(Complex Vs．Simplex)从属结构(subordination)是现代英语最重要的特点之一。
F．Crews认为，“subordination，the placing of certain elements in modifying roles，is a fundamental principle of writing．”从句和短语可以充当句子的主要成分和从属成分。
从句可以层层环扣，短语往往不短，书面语句子常常显得又繁又长(1ong-winded)，有的句子可长达100至200个单词，甚至长至整个大段。
现代英语虽较不常用特长的句子，但包孕式的复合句(complex sentences with embedded clauses)仍很常见，因而句子仍然具有一定的长度。
据统计，专业作者写的句子平均长度为20个词，受过教育的人写的句子平均长度为25个词。
总的看来，英语句子比汉语句子长得多。
汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句(composite sentences)，以中短句居多，最佳长度为7至12字。
书面语虽也用长句，字数较多，结构较复杂，但常用标点把句子切开，与英语相比，还属短句。
没有标点符号的一气呵成的类似英语的那种长句在汉语里是不正常的(例如本句)。
汉语句子多数显得结构简化，无拖沓、盘错之感，“甚至有些西洋人看见了中国作品的译文，觉得简短可爱。
”英语书面语句子显得长而复杂，原因是多方面的。
英语词语之间的语法关系，除了通过安排词序来表达外，还常常采用各种各样表示关系和连接的手段，如介词(词组)、连词、关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词、非谓语动词(词组)、词的形态变化(如词尾变化、格的变化)等等。
英语用来连接词、语的这些手段，比起汉语来，显得非常丰富而灵活。
另一方面，能充当英语句子成分的，有长短几乎不加限制的短语和从句，从句中还可以有从句(dovetail several dependent clauses into each other)，再加上各种并列成分，附加成分(如同位语、插入语、独立成分)，尤其是形形色色的修饰成分，这样一来，这些各式各样的长短成分，通过丰富而灵活的连接手段，可以接成枝叶横生的“参天大树”。
英汉语法对比研究
一、英汉语法对比概述
6. 语法/语义范畴对比 英语的语法范畴较多，有两大类：名词性成分，包括性、 数、格等；动词性成分，包括时态、语态、语气等。而 汉语没有严格意义上的语法范畴。但语义范畴为英汉语 所共有，值得对比。
7. 语法修辞方法对比 通过语法手段来达到修辞效果，称之为语法修辞方法。 如替代、重复、省略、倒装、强调等。
三、英汉语法结构对比
例如: 她学习很努力。（陈述句） 请你出去吧! （祈使句） 这花真漂亮啊! （感叹句） 你昨天晚上看球赛了吗? （疑问句） 他要是在这里就好了。 （假设句） 如果我是你就不会这样做。（假设句） 若不是我花了钱,那女人早就找上他的麻烦了。（假设
句）
三、英汉语法结构对比
因此，英语有形态变化而汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。
二、英汉词法对比
3.词序对比。
英语和汉语句子的主要成分一般是主语、谓语动词、宾 语或表语，在排列次序上英汉两种语言基本相同：主-动 -宾（表）。与汉语相比，英语的后置和倒装现象较多。 如定语的后置，汉语的定语一般在名次的前面，而英语 的定语位置相对灵活许多。
一、英汉语法对比概述
3. 句类对比
英汉语的句子从功能角度分为“陈述句”、“疑问句”、 “肯定句”、“否定句”、“感叹句”和“祈使句”。
从结构的角度分成“简单句”、“复杂句”和“多重复 杂句”。
4. 句子成分对比 5. 语法关系表达方式对比 形态、语序和虚词是表达语法关系的3种方式。由于汉 语没有严格意义上的形态，所以英汉语法关系对比重点 在语序和虚词上。
汉语短语“一个很有用的人”，对应英语为：
①A very useful person. ②A person of great use. ③A person who is very useful.
英汉对比(词)知识讲稿
词汇教学重点
在英语教学中，词汇教学重点是 扩大学生的词汇量，帮助学生理 解词汇的语义和用法；在汉语教 学中，除了词汇本身，还需要注
重词汇的文化内涵。
词汇教学方法
英语和汉语的词汇教学方法存在 差异，如英语教学中常使用词根、 词缀等方法帮助学生记忆和理解 词汇，而汉语教学则更注重词汇
的实际运用。
词汇评估标准
文化负载词
英语和汉语中存在许多具 有文化特色的词汇，这些 词汇在跨文化交际中需要 特别注意。
语境依赖
英语和汉语中的词汇往往 需要在特定的语境中理解 其含义，否则容易引起误 解。
语言习惯差异
英语和汉语的语言习惯存 在差异，如英语强调客观， 汉语强调主观感受，这反 映在词汇的使用上。
英汉词汇在语言教学中的作用对比
英汉词汇的语义场对比
总结词
英汉词汇语义场存在交叉和重叠
详细描述
尽管英汉词汇在构词法和词源上存在差异，但它们的语义场仍存在交叉和重叠。例如，“狗”在英语和汉语中都 表示家养动物，但在某些语境中，它们的含义并不完全相同。因此，在翻译和跨文化交流中，需要特别注意词汇 的准确含义和用法。
03 英汉词汇语义对比
文化意义不同
英汉词汇的文化意义也可能存在差异，如英语中的“lucky dog”表示“幸运儿”，而在汉 语中则没有这个意思。
情感色彩不同
英汉词汇在情感色彩上也可能存在差异，如英语中的“gay”可以表示“快乐的”，也可以 表示“同性恋的”，而汉语中的“基”则没有这个意思。
英汉词汇的语义空缺
文化特有词
英汉词汇中存在一些文化特有词，即 只在某一文化中存在的词汇，如汉语 中的“功夫”、“太极”等，在英语 中没有对应的词汇。
新兴词汇
英汉对比研究
英汉对比研究ContrastiveStudiesofEng1ishandChinese连淑能高等教育出版社：北京1993序近几年来，国内语言学界兴起了一股热潮，叫做汉英比较研究。
投身于这种研究工作的有多少人，我不知道，但是我注视着一位身居前列，奋勇争先的来自厦门的中年人一连淑能。
为什么连老师的成绩比许多人好呢？除了他聪明过人，勤奋好学之外，我估计厦门大学的师、友，尤其是几位前辈学者的指点提携，对他是起了很大作用的。
汉英比较研究有许多条路可走,连老师的着眼点是语法和修辞。
这是一条既有理论价值,又有实用意义的路。
他继承了赵元任、王力、吕叔湘等先生的传统，同时又采摘了外国学者0.Jespersen,H.W.Fow1er,R.Quirk等等的精华，加以消化熔铸。
脚踏实地，取材用宏，这是他的成功诀窍。
关于本书有什么内容，可供什么人使用，作者在前言中已经作了介绍，我不必饶舌。
但是书中有好些精采之处，我忍不住要说几句。
例如作者指出：1.英译汉往往要破句重组：Inthedoorway1ayat1easttwe1veumbre11asofa11sizesandco1ors.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，三白六色，大小不一。
2.英语用指物主语的句子，汉译往往要改用指人主语：Anideasudden1ystruckme.我突然想到了一个主意。
3.汉译有时要用动词代替英语原句中的抽象名词：Hehadsurfacedwith1ess visibi1ity inthepo1icydecisions.在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
4.汉语“他能吃能睡”，英语该怎么说呢？rt Hecaneatands1eep,,?Whocannot?”Hecaneatwe11ands1eepwe11,,?"eatwe1Γ,可能指吃得好，肯花钱在食品上面。
作者的答案是：Heisagoodeaterandagoods1eeper.。
英汉语言对比分析四讲
英、汉语本位研究史
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1
2 3 4 5 汉语本位研究的历史： 传统的汉语研究：以字为本位（汉语传统语言学研究的切 入点/语文学的研究）。 1898年，马建忠《马氏文通》：字、词并举。字即后来 的词；词则是后来的短语。 1923年，黎锦熙《新著国语文法》：以句子为本位。 20世纪30年代，结构主义传入中国，以语素为本位。 20世纪80年代，朱德熙《语法答问》：短语本位。他认 为，汉语的句子结构原则与词组的构造原则基本一致， 所以可以在词组的基础上来描写句法，建立以词组为基 点的语法体系（词组+语气=句子）。
英、汉语本位研究史
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20世纪50、60年代，Chomsky在结构主义的基础上， 提出短语结构规则（phrase structure rule），以短 语为本位。此处的“短语”作为一种抽象度极高的语言 研究基点，与传统的词组有质的区别，比如IP、CP的 提出。短语成为贯穿语言研究的基本单位，有着一致的 结构模式，即中心语和补语。各种词组都是不同种类的 中心语的最大投影。 XP→HEAD+COMPLEMENT IP → INFLEXION+VP CP → COMPLENMENTIZER+IP
英、汉语本位研究历史
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徐通锵的“字本位”： 1 英语的“句子”和汉语的“字——音节字”分别是两种语 言研究的“基本粒子”。 2 “基本粒子”应该能够反映一种语言的语法结构特点，具 有结构常数“1”的特质。汉语的“1”凝聚于“字”，即 “一个语音-一个字-一个概念”；英语的“1”凝聚于 “句子”，即“一个主语-一个谓语-主谓一致关系”。 3 字——辞——块——读——句
词类的零派生
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概念：无形式变化标记的词类转化方式。 英语：有一定表现，但不典型。 汉语：典型的零派生表现。 潘文国：英语是形态语言，以形式标记作为划分词类的 重要标志，也是各种现有词类存在的基础。汉语是非形 态语言，根本不存在得到现有各类词依存的标记。如果 延续英语这类形态语言词类体系去描述汉语的词类，根 本行不通，留下很多疑难问题。 徐通锵：定量/变量；离散/连续。（高度概括的语义区 别特征）
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English VS. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features 1. Synthetic VS Analytic
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of infected forms. (1) Inflectional VS. Non-inflectional (2) Word Order: Flexible VS Inflexible (3) The Use of Function Words: English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words. She was with a child. She was with child. They are students of our school. They are the students of our school.
9 Indirect VS Direct
Sanitary engineer Meat technologist At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I’mdisadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary. To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue. One could not be too careful in a new neighbourhood.
It can be worse. You are late for the last time. You ought to know better than to do such things. I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little. Careful consideration of relevant data is imperative before the procedure most conducive toward a realization of the desired outcomes can be determ I’m Li. Could I have your name? I wonder if you would be kind enough to enlighten me on this matter. I had the pleasure of perusing your work.
6. Passive VS Active
Two persons rode one horse. A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved. It is generally considered that… Voices were heard calling for help. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964.
5. Impersonal VS Personal
An idea suddenly struck me. A strange peace came over her when she was alone. Alarm began to take entire possession of him. From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
10 Substitutive VS Repetitive
In any case work does not include time, but power does. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s. Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Work with, and not against, nature. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.
4. Complex VS. Simple
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people met. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which ipple 3. Hypotactic VS. Paratactic
Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.
7. Static VS. Dynamic
He is a good eater and a good sleeper. I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. He has someone behind him.
8 Abstract VS Concrete
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. Was this the realization of an anticipated liability. He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destination.
Until all is over, ambition never dies. He who does not advance falls backward./Move forward, or you’ll fall behind. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.
We must not pretend to know when we do not know. Let me say what he likes; I’ll just get on with my work. Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. It is a good horse that never stumbles. There is strength in numbers: more logs make a bigger fire.
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of infected forms. (1) Inflectional VS. Non-inflectional (2) Word Order: Flexible VS Inflexible (3) The Use of Function Words: English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words. She was with a child. She was with child. They are students of our school. They are the students of our school.
9 Indirect VS Direct
Sanitary engineer Meat technologist At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I’mdisadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary. To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue. One could not be too careful in a new neighbourhood.
It can be worse. You are late for the last time. You ought to know better than to do such things. I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little. Careful consideration of relevant data is imperative before the procedure most conducive toward a realization of the desired outcomes can be determ I’m Li. Could I have your name? I wonder if you would be kind enough to enlighten me on this matter. I had the pleasure of perusing your work.
6. Passive VS Active
Two persons rode one horse. A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved. It is generally considered that… Voices were heard calling for help. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964.
5. Impersonal VS Personal
An idea suddenly struck me. A strange peace came over her when she was alone. Alarm began to take entire possession of him. From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
10 Substitutive VS Repetitive
In any case work does not include time, but power does. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s. Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Work with, and not against, nature. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.
4. Complex VS. Simple
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people met. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which ipple 3. Hypotactic VS. Paratactic
Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.
7. Static VS. Dynamic
He is a good eater and a good sleeper. I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. He has someone behind him.
8 Abstract VS Concrete
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. Was this the realization of an anticipated liability. He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destination.
Until all is over, ambition never dies. He who does not advance falls backward./Move forward, or you’ll fall behind. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.
We must not pretend to know when we do not know. Let me say what he likes; I’ll just get on with my work. Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. It is a good horse that never stumbles. There is strength in numbers: more logs make a bigger fire.