词类转换1

英语单词词根词缀和词性转换英语中常见的后缀一、名词性后缀1，-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称percentage百分数，百分率，voltage电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage不足，缺少。

2，-cy表示抽象名词accuracy 准确，精确度，infancy婴儿期。

3，-ence、-ance表示性质和动作difference不同，interference干扰，干预，influence影响，感化，occurrence发出，出现，violence激烈，暴力，existence存在，significance意义，意味。

4，-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀difficiency不足，不全，tendency趋势，趋向，frequency频率，pregnancy妊娠，emergency 紧急，急救，fluency流利，流畅，sufficiency足够，充足，constancy坚定，经久不变。

5，-er表示…人、…者diameter直径，receiver接收者，接受者，carrier 携带者，beginner初学者，创始人，reader读者，shutter 快门，goiter甲状腺肿。

6，-ics 表示…科学psdiatrics儿科学，psychiatrics精神病学，obstetrics产科学，orthopdics矫形科学，auristrics耳科学，gnathostomatics口腔生理学，andriatrics男性医学，男性科。

7，-ian表示人称名词physician医师，内科医师，technician技术员8，-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为…化simplification 简化，calcification钙化，classification分类，分级， communication 交流，交往。

9，-ing由动词变化而来的动名词nursing护理，typing分型，分类，mapping绘制…图，bleeding出血，vomiting呕吐，softening变软，functioning使器官活动，使器官有功能，positioning 把…放在适当的位置，mathching和…相配，imaging成像。

Conversion 词类转换I. Conversion into Chinese verbA. Convert English noun into Chinese verba) Convert English common noun into Chinese verb1. We are enemies of all wars.我们反对一切战争。

2. Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their co-operation.社会制度的不同不应妨碍互相合作。

3. Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.电动机发明后，电力才开始为人类服务。

C-E：汉语动词转换为英语名词4. 从我们学校可以看到辽阔的大海..A view of the vast ocean can be obtained from our school.5.你必须好好照顾病人。

Y ou must take good care of the patient.b）convert English noun implying the sense of action that is converted from English verb into Chinese verb1. The war in Iraq is a drain on American resources伊拉克战争耗费了美国的资源。

2. He made no mention of the car accident.他没有提到那场车祸。

C-E 汉语中的动词转换为英语中（带有动作含义）的名词3. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。

In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.4. 只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。

词性转换（一）一；用作名词1.But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (2009)2. We should consider the (important) of this matter seriously.3. We felt a great sense of (achieve) when we finally entered the key universities.二；用作形容词1.This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their （nature）course. (2008)2. Mary felt (please), because there were many empty seats in the room .3. Having sports makes us (health) and strong.三；用作副词1.We drank together and talked （merry）till far into the night. (2007)2. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. (2010)3.He must be (mental) disabled. (2011)4. (luck) , the hero died in a car accident two years ago.四；（1）词性不变，需要词根前加un, im, in, il, ir, dis等或在词根后加less等（2）若括号给出动词，也可能考虑词类转换，若给出形容词或副词，有可能考察其比较级和最高级1. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be (sweet).”(2010)2. But he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” （high）。

词类的转换一、转换成汉语动词1、名词转换成动词1)The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.2)Computers can provide analyses of every operation in a factory.3)Primary forces have certain valuations that must be considered in any design.4)Integrated circuits are fairly recent development.2、形容词转换成动词1)Copper wire is flexible.2)Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.3)If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear powerplants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive.4)Heat is a form of energy into which all other forms are convertible.3、介词转换成动词1)The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.2)Except for atomic energy, all forms of energy used by man are from the sun.3)So long as we have means of producing heat we can keep the steam engine at work.4、副词转换成动词1)The electric current flows through the circuit with the switch on.2)Open the valve to let air in.3)We are through with our test report.二、转换为汉语名词1、动词转换成名词1)The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.2)An electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance.3)The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and highproductivity.2、形容词转换成名词1)People are so much more flexible and inventive than robots.2)Some people think tomorrow’s computers will be intelligent.3)In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.3、代词转换成名词1)Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wave-length is much greater.2)The specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.3)Electricity may be produced by a generator which is turned by a motor using any of theother forms of energy.4、副词转换成名词1)The quality of the operating system determines how useful the computer is.2)Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.3)The instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged.4)The device is shown schematically in Figure 1.三、转换成汉语形容词1、副词转换成形容词1)Robotics is so closely associated with cybernetics that it is sometimes mistakenlyconsidered to be synonymous.2)Miniature gas detector is chiefly featured by small size, light weight, complete functionsand long continuous working time.3)Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic.2、名词转换成形容词1)The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.2)Electronic computers and microprocessors are of great importance to us.3)Single crystals of high perfection are an absolute necessity for the fabrication of integratedcircuit.四、转换成汉语副词1、形容词转换成副词1)The engine has given a constantly good performance.2)The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters.3) A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship.2、其他词类转换成副词。

第八章法律英语词汇翻译方法（课堂讲练）本章教学目标：了解法律英语翻译中词类转换若干基本方法。

一、法律词汇英汉互译中的词类转换英汉词汇分类大致相当，但鉴于不同的表达习惯，在翻译时不能苛求词类相当，否则可能导致译文意义晦涩，不知所云。

例1、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.译文：如果公司被解散，优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。

说明：“Preference Shareholders”，意为“shareholders having priority over Ordinary Shareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.”本句中的介词“in”如直译为“在—里”，显然拗口，这里就存在着词类转换，即把英语的介词转换为动词。

2）、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances.译文：合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形—说明：本句的“occurrence”本为名词，但在译成汉语时，转换成动词较译成“发生”更通达。

所以，为使翻译的译文更加通顺，符合其本身的表达习惯，必要时，就应进行词类转换，在英汉互译过程当中，最常见的就是名词与动词的转换，具体而言，在英译汉时，名词转译为动词最常见，这与汉语语句习惯叠加动词，以致同一句中谓语动词“群雄并立“，而英语句子中只有主要谓语动词”一枝独秀“，其余动词只能转为动名词的不同表达习惯紧密相关。

Translate the following sentence. Pay attention to the words itilized. They would be translted by conversion.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.熟悉世界历史有助于研究时事。

With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more and more.随着时间的推移，我越来越钦佩他。

No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation back to 36 years ago.难怪这情景会使相当多的老一辈的记忆回到36年前。

I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.我把头埋在被单和毯子里，像孩子一样哭了起来。

The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.这个小偷颤抖着坦白了自己的错事。

Although she is an American, she is a lover of Chinese painting.尽管她是一个美国人，但是她很喜欢中国画。

Please don’t get on or off the bus before it comes to a full stop.在车没有完全停稳之前，请不要上下车。

She throws him a grateful glance and leaves without saying anything.她感激地瞥了他一眼，什么也没说就离开了。