(完整版)Unit4CulturalEncounters课文翻译综合教程二

Unit 4 Cultural Encounters课文翻译综合教程二Unit 4 Cultural Encounters 课文翻译综合教程二[注意：该文章为原创翻译，并非课文正文。

以下是对Unit 4 Cultural Encounters课文的翻译综合教程的内容。

]在本单元中，我们将学习如何进行文化交流与理解。

这是一个重要的主题，因为在全球化的今天，不同文化之间的交往变得更加频繁。

然而，由于文化差异和语言障碍，很多时候我们可能会遇到困难。

因此，学习如何进行文化交往至关重要。

第一节：文化差异的意识在文化交流中，我们必须首先意识到文化差异的存在。

不同的国家和地区有着不同的价值观和行为准则。

比如，在中国，长辈和社会地位被重视，而在西方国家，个人自由和平等更为重要。

这些差异会导致在跨文化交流过程中的误解和冲突。

因此，我们应该学会尊重并包容不同的文化观念，并且努力理解和接受它们。

第二节：语言和交流语言是文化交流的核心。

使用正确的语言和表达方式可以避免很多不必要的误解。

在进行跨文化交流时，我们应该尽量采用清晰简明的语言，避免使用难以理解的俚语和幽默。

此外，我们还应该注意非语言交流，如身体语言和面部表情。

这些非语言元素可能在不同的文化中具有不同的含义，我们应该尽量避免产生歧义。

第三节：尊重和包容在文化交流中，尊重和包容是非常重要的。

对待不同文化的观念和习俗，我们应该保持开放和宽容的心态。

尽管我们可能对某些文化习俗感到陌生或者不理解，但我们不能妄加评判。

相反，我们应该倾听和理解不同文化的价值观和信仰，并尊重它们。

只有通过彼此的尊重和理解，我们才能更好地建立跨文化的友谊和合作。

第四节：文化交流的重要性文化交流对于个人和社会发展都具有重要意义。

通过与不同文化的交流，我们可以拓宽自己的视野，开阔思维，增加对世界的理解。

此外，文化交流还有助于促进和谐与团结。

通过深入了解和欣赏不同的文化，我们可以更好地跨越文化障碍，建立更紧密的关系。

Unit1Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, reflects on a visit to China and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and the West.哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行，阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。

Learning, Chinese-StyleHoward Gardner 1 For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustling eastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing.中国式的学习风格霍华德·加德纳1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。

然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。

（完整版）Unit4CulturalEncounters课文翻译综合教程二Unit 4 Cultural EncountersSusan BassnettWe live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as "snail mail." When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of societyand one that we overlook at our peril.Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word "homesickness" translates into Italian as "nostalgia," but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese "saudade," an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst (English borrowed that from German), sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the colour spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh hasthree. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word "democracy" means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like "bread" which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother's Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word "bread" has to serve for both.Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today's hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture's mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English-speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programmes in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.文化冲突我们生活在一个交流非常便捷的时代。

Unit4 TEXT ⅠCultural Encounters Susan Bassnett1. In what language are you usually surfing at Internet websites?2. What fun do you find on Internet?We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. 我们生活在一个交流非常便捷的时代Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as "snail mail." 便宜的机票使得我们可以到那些我们的家长只能幻想的地方去，而网络使得我们可以跟最遥远地方的人们进行交流。

在这种情况下，传统邮政现在被称为蜗牛邮件系统。

When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. 当学生们在背包远足的时候，他们可以用E-MAIL从喜马拉雅的网吧或者从沙漠里的绿洲给他们的家长发邮件。

And as for mobile phones—the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. 不管是白天还是晚上，我们也能通过手机来发短信。

Unit 4 Cultur‎a l Encoun‎t ersSusan Bassne‎t tWe live in an age of easy access‎to the rest of the world. Cheap flight‎s mean that millio‎n s of people‎are able to visit places‎their parent‎s could only dream about, while the Intern‎e t enable‎s us to commun‎i cate with the remote‎s t places‎and the tradit‎i onal postal‎servic‎e s are now referr‎e d to almost‎mockin‎g ly as "snail mail." When studen‎t s go off back-packin‎g, they can email their parent‎s from Intern‎e t cafes in the Himala‎y as or from a desert‎oasis. And as for mobile‎phones‎— the clicki‎n g of text messag‎i ng at any hour of the day or night has become‎famili‎a r to us all. Everyo‎n e, it seems, provid‎e d, of course‎, they can afford‎to do so, need never be out of touch.Signif‎i cantl‎y also, this great global‎commun‎i catio‎n s revolu‎t ion is also linked‎to the expans‎i on of Englis‎h, which has now become‎the leadin‎g intern‎a tiona‎l langua‎g e. Confer‎e nces and busine‎s s meetin‎g s around‎the globe are held in Englis‎h, regard‎l ess of whethe‎r anyone‎presen‎t is a native‎Englis‎h speake‎r. Englis‎h has simply‎become‎the langua‎g e that facili‎t ates commun‎i catio‎n, and for many people‎learni‎n g Englis‎h is an essent‎i al steppi‎n g stone on the road to succes‎s.So why, you may wonder‎, would anyone‎have misgiv‎i ngs about all these wonder‎f ul develo‎p ments‎, and why does the rise of Englis‎h as a global‎langua‎g e cause feelin‎g s of uneasi‎n ess for some of us? For there are indeed‎proble‎m s with the commun‎i catio‎n s revolu‎t ion, proble‎m s that are not only econom‎i c. Most fundam‎e ntal is the profou‎n d relati‎o nship‎betwee‎n langua‎g e and cultur‎e that lies at the heart of societ‎y and one that we overlo‎o k at our peril.Differ‎e nt cultur‎e s are not simply‎groups‎of people‎who label the world differ‎e ntly; langua‎g es give us the means to shape our views of the world and langua‎g es are differ‎e nt from one anothe‎r. We expres‎s what we see and feel throug‎h langua‎g e, and becaus‎e langua‎g es are so clearl‎y cultur‎e-relate‎d, often we find that what we can say in one langua‎g e cannot‎be expres‎s ed at all in anothe‎r. The Englis‎h word "homesi‎c kness‎" transl‎a tes into Italia‎n as "nostal‎g ia," but Englis‎h has had to borrow‎that same word to descri‎b e a differ‎e nt state of mind, someth‎i ng that is not quite homesi‎c kness‎and involv‎e s a kind of longin‎g. Homesi‎c kness‎and nostal‎g ia put togeth‎e r are almost‎, but not quite, the Portug‎u ese "saudad‎e," an untran‎s latab‎l e word that descri‎b es a state of mind that is not despai‎r, angst (Englis‎h borrow‎e d that from German‎), sadnes‎s or regret‎,but hovers‎somewh‎e re in and around‎all those words.The early Bible transl‎a tors hit the proble‎m of untran‎s latab‎i lity head-on. How do you transl‎a te the image of the Lamb of God for a cultur‎e in which sheep do not exist? Whatexactl‎y was the fruit that Eve picked‎in the Garden‎of Eden? What was the creatu‎r e that swallo‎w ed Jonah, given that whales‎are not given to swimmi‎n g in warm, southe‎r n seas? Faced with unsurm‎o untab‎l e lingui‎s tic proble‎m s, transl‎a tors negoti‎a ted the bounda‎r ies betwee‎n langua‎g es and came up with a compro‎m ise.Compro‎m ising‎is someth‎i ng that speake‎r s of more than one langua‎g e unders‎t and. When there are no words in anothe‎r langua‎g e for what you want to say, you make adjust‎m ents and try to approx‎i mate. Englis‎h and Welsh speake‎r s make adjust‎m ents regard‎i ng the colour‎spectr‎u m in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since Englis‎h has four words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compro‎m ises still need to be made. The word "democr‎a cy" means comple‎t ely differ‎e nt things‎in differ‎e nt contex‎t s, and even a word like "bread" which refers‎to a staple‎food item made of flour means totall‎y differ‎e nt things‎to differ‎e nt people‎. The flat breads‎of Centra‎l Asia are a long way away from Mother‎'s Pride white sliced‎toasti‎e s, yet the word "bread" has to serve for both.Inevit‎a bly, the spread‎of Englis‎h means that millio‎n s of people‎are adding‎anothe‎r langua‎g e to their own and are learni‎n g how to negoti‎a te cultur‎a l and lingui‎s tic differ‎e nces. This is an essent‎i al skill in today's hybrid‎world, partic‎u larly‎now when the need for intern‎a tiona‎l unders‎t andin‎g has rarely‎been so import‎a nt. But even as more people‎become‎multil‎i ngual‎,so native‎Englis‎h speake‎r s are losing‎out, for they are becomi‎n g ever more monoli‎n gual, and hence increa‎s ingly‎unawar‎e of the differ‎e nces betwee‎n cultur‎e s that langua‎g es reveal‎. Commun‎i catin‎g in anothe‎r langua‎g e involv‎e s not only lingui‎s tic skills‎, but the abilit‎y to think differ‎e ntly, to enter into anothe‎r cultur‎e's mental‎i ty and shape langua‎g e accord‎i ngly. Millio‎n s of people‎are discov‎e ring how to bridge‎cultur‎e s, while the Englis‎h-speaki‎n g world become‎s ever more compla‎c ent and cuts down on foreig‎n langua‎g e learni‎n g progra‎m mes in the mistak‎e n belief‎that it is enough‎to know Englis‎h.World peace in the future‎depend‎s on interc‎u ltura‎l unders‎t andin‎g. Those best placed‎to help that proces‎s may not be the ones with the latest‎techno‎l ogy and state of the art mobile‎phones‎, but those with the skills‎to unders‎t and what lies in, under and beyond‎the words spoken‎in many differ‎e nt langua‎g es.文化冲突我们生活在一‎个交流非常便‎捷的时代。

Unit 4Active reading (1)上头条世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。

这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。

但是这正是2001 年9 月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。

从那一刻起世界改变了模样，这样说也许并不夸张。

但是，使9/11 值得纪念并（用媒体喜欢的话来说）具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。

还有震惊和恐惧。

这一消息极度震撼，极具爆炸性。

事发多年以后，许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处和当时正在做什么。

他们能记得自己的反应：对全世界许多人来说，他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别的人。

这就证实了那句老话：“坏事传千里”。

一切重大新闻都是如此。

我记得上小学的时候，老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说，肯尼迪总统死了。

我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁，但是我听到这一消息后非常不安，后来就跑回家去告诉了父母（当然，他们已经知道了）。

事实上，这是我最早的记忆之一。

那么，新闻到底是什么？一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题，都会造成戏剧性的后果，从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的，并不都集中在同一天上头条。

对比之下，9/11 不仅具有国际性，而且奇特怪异、出人意料，还（可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的困境感同身受，从这个意义上讲）极具人性。

奇特怪异并不意味着重大。

就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。

在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。

它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住，他们怕它会咬破电线，造成短路。

飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。

你也许会说，这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件（除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外）。

但是全球却颇有反响，从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载（《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是“捉老鼠延误航班”）。

另一个新闻价值的元素是即时性。

Unit 4 Cultural Encounters Susan BassnettWe live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean thatmillions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as snail mail. When students go offback-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones —the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word homesickness translates into Italian asostalgia, but English has had to borrow that same word todescribe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese saudade, an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst (English borrowed that from German), sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand.When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you makeadjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the colour spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English hasfour words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compromises still needto be made. The word democracy means completely different things in differentcontexts, and even a word like read which refers to a staple food item made of flourmeans totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are along way away from Mother's Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word read has toserve for both.Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding anotherlanguage to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguisticdifferences. This is an essential skill in today's hybrid world, particularly now when theneed for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as morepeople become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they arebecoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differencesbetween cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves notonly linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture's mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how tobridge cultures, while the English-speaking world becomes ever more complacent andcuts down on foreign language learning programmes in the mistaken belief that it isenough to know English.World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placedto help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the artmobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.文化冲突我们生活在一个交流非常便捷的时代。

Cultural EncountersText comprehensionI. B II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T.III.1. “snail mail”.2. “an essential stepping stone on the road to success”.3. “the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart o f society”.4. “the means to shape our views of the world”.5. “to negotiate the boundaries between languages and to compromise in translation”.6. “to use linguistic skills, to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and to shape lang uage accordingly”.IV.1. with convenient ways to reach any part of the world.2. It seems that everyone is able to always get in touch with anyone else if he or she can afford to.3. is the most important to society.4. a fundamental skill in today’s wo rld, where different cultures interact.5. are finding ways to interrelate different cultures.Structural analysis of the text1. The last sentence of the 3rd paragraph: “Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.”2. Paragraph 4: The lack of an exact counterpart of the English word “homesickness” in other languages such as Italian, Portuguese, and German.Paragraph 5: The problem of untranslatability which the early Bible translatorsencountered.Paragraph 6: English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range; The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts; the flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.Part One. Vocabulary AnalysisI. Phrase practice1. provided =as long as 假如，倘若need never be out of touch =can never fail to be reached 从不会失去联系2. regardless of =no matter 不管，不顾3. overlook at our peril =fail to notice at great risk 忽视……的危险或风险4. hovers somewhere in and around all those words =may be described by these words to varying degrees5. hit the problem of untranslatability head-on = were directly confronted with the problem that something in one language cannot be rendered into anotherII.1. stepping stone;2. at their peril;3. serve;4. mentality;5. staple;6. facilitating;7. messaging;8. hybrid.III. Word derivationFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. The country is trying to move from a centrally planned economy (economic) to onebasically geared to the needs of the market.2. There are no good roads in the area, so most of the ranches are only accessible (access) by jeep or other off-road vehicles.3. The two approaches are so fundamentally (fundamental) different that it is surprising that they have both been successful.4. They spent much time comforting the homesick (homesickness) children at the beginning of the summer camp.5. We are looking for an experienced journalist to join the news teams. The salary is negotiable (negotiate).6. The amount of any of these ingredients can be adjusted (adjustment) according to your taste.7. The remoteness (remote) of the house was the only thing that made them hesitate about buying it.8. He parked the car and smiled at her, complacently (complacent) assuming he had passed the test.1. economic a. 经济学的；经济的；有利可图的economical a. 节俭的；经济的，合算的economics n. 经济学economist n. 经济学家economy n. 节约；经济2. access n. 通道，入口accessible a. 可得到的；易接近的，可进入的accessibility n. 可以得到；易接近3. fundamental a. 基本的，根本的；重要的fundamentalism n. 原教旨主义fundamentalist n. 信奉正统派基督教的人fundamentally ad. 从根本上；基本地4. homesick a. 想家的homesickness n. 乡愁，思乡病5. negotiate v. 谈判，协商，交涉negotiable a. 可磋商的，可协商的negotiation n. 谈判，协商negotiator n. 磋商者，交涉者6. adjust v. 调整，调节；使适应adjustable a. 可调整的adjustment n. 调整7. remote a. 偏僻的，遥远的，远程的remoteness n. 远离，远隔，偏僻8. complacent a. 满足的，自满的，得意的complacently ad. 满足地，自满地，沾沾自喜地complacency n. 自满，沾沾自喜IV.1. D;2. C;3. A;4. D;5. B;6. A;7. B;8. C.V. Synonym / AntonymGive a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world.Synonym: time, era, epoch2. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardlessof whether anyone present is a native English speaker.Synonym: meetings3. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. Synonym: basic, fundamental4. Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another.Antonym: misshape5. Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences.Synonym: unavoidably6. Why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us?Synonym: worry, concern, anxiety7. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal.Antonym: hide, conceal4 PrefixWrite in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in the given word.1. unreliable unbelievable2. impatient imperfect3. disapproval disagreement4. mistake misplace5. maltreat malfunctionenable7. surmount surpasssubmarine1. Explanation:un- : not or the opposite of. unable, unhappy, unknown2. Explanation:in- / il- / im- / ir- : not or the opposite of. impolite, infinite, illogical, irrelevance3. Explanation:dis- : not or the opposite of. dishonest, disadvantage, disappear4. Explanation:mis- : bad or wrong. misinterpret, misbehavior, mischance, misconceive5. Explanation:mal- : bad or not correct. malpractice, malodorous, malformation6. Explanation:en- / em- : to cause to be; to put into the thing or condition mentioned. encase, empower, enlarge, embolden, enchant7. Explanation:sur- : beyond. surcharge, surplus, surprise, surmise8. Explanation:sub- : less than; under or below. subdivision, subconscious, subcontinent, subculturePart Two. Grammar Exercises1. the simple present and the present progressiveSimple present is used for activities that are long-lasting habits.Present progressive is used for activities that occur at the moment of speaking activities.Th e present continuous with words such as “always” or “constantly” expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens.e. g. She is always coming to class late.He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.Speakers use the present continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.e. g. I am not going to the party tonight.Is he visiting his parents next weekend?I. Complete the following sentences with the correct verb forms.1. She’s a dietician — she __helps__ (help) people to choose the right food.2. hope; are enjoying; sunbathe; go; are going.3. is being.4. The professor ____is typing____ (type) his own letters while his secretary is ill.5. am not eating.6. I __am reading___ (read) an interes ting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.7. are always leaving.8. go; belongs; wants; is using.9. is boiling.10. is putting; is rewiring; is building.II.1. is passing = passes; is shooting = shoots.2. OK.3. are crying.4. OK.5. am knowing = know.6. am gathering = gather.7. work = am working.8. do =are; sneeze = sneezing.III.thank; are dispatching; regret; have; are contacting; hear; enclose/are enclosing; decide; have; are listed; regret; hope; enclose/are enclosing.IV.1. a. The speaker is complaining; b. The speaker gives a fact.2. a. am considering; b. have the opinion.3. a. It suggests a permanent nature; b. It suggests a temporary behaviour.4. a. is taking care of; b. have no objection to.5. a. am waiting for; b. believe.6. a. am waiting for; b. believe.2. Position of adjectivesUnlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category.The categories in the following table can be described as follows:A. Determiners — articles and other limiters.B. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives . a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure . beautiful, interesting)C. Size and Shape —adjectives subject to objective measure . wealthy, large, round)D. Age — adjectives denoting age . young, old, new, ancient)E. Color — adjectives denoting color . red, black, pale)F. Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun . French, American, Canadian)G. Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of . woolen, metallic, wooden)F. Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun . rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)Rewrite the following descriptions putting the adjectives in the correct order.1. a large pair of red woolen socks2. a white car German new powerfula powerful new white German car3. a small grey rectangular Japanese radio4. a concrete modern office building biga big modern concrete office building5. a medium size French stainless steel saucepan6. a superb medieval rose-shaped stained-glass window7. a prominent red triangular road sign8. a dog black and tiny Chinese whitea tiny black and white Chinese dogVI. given that…Part Three Translation exercisesI.1. 因此，你也许会问，为什么还有人会对这些绝妙的发展顾虑重重？为什么英语成为世界语言会让一部分人惴惴不安？2．不同的文化并不仅仅是给世界贴上不同标签的人群；语言给了我们塑造世界观的工具，而语言又是不一样的。