新标准大学英语视听说教程4听力原文-Unit1

[al:全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程4][ti:Unit1 PartB][ar:上海外语教育出版社][by:上海外语教育出版社][00:00.00]Unit 1 One World[00:06.44]Part B[00:08.41]Listening Tasks[00:10.35]A Conversation[00:13.56]Birthday Celebrations Around the World[00:19.38]Exercise 1[00:21.83]Listen to the conversation and write down answers to the questions you hear. [00:28.42]Chairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World.[00:32.21]Tonight we have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations[00:36.50]around the world.[00:38.40]With us in the studio we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane,[00:43.10]who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star.[00:48.70]Shaheen: Good evening.[00:49.83]Pat: Good evening.[00:51.16]Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you.[00:54.14]How are birthdays celebrated in India?[00:57.75]Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that[01:00.02]everyone in the world celebrates their birthday.[01:03.25]This just isn't the case.[01:05.33]Low-income families in India, for instance,[01:07.95]simply can't afford any festivities.[01:11.11]And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.[01:14.40]Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here.[01:17.70]The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays.[01:22.76]Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays.[01:26.28]In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia,[01:29.05]for example, the rich people invite friends and families around.[01:33.16]But not in small villages.[01:36.05]Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one.[01:39.88]But now it seems to have moved to eighteen.[01:42.62]Is that true?[01:43.80]Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. [01:48.94]In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote,[01:53.62]you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on.[01:57.59]But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty[02:00.70]before you can smoke or drink.[02:03.95]Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country,[02:07.47]girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen.[02:11.58]And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.[02:16.64]Chairman: That's interesting.[02:17.95]I mean is it typical that around the world girls[02:21.03]are considered to be more mature than boys?[02:24.46]Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and in Mexico and Argentina,[02:28.59]for example, they have enormous parties for fifteen-year-old girls.[02:32.83]Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party[02:35.50]for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty.[02:38.66]It's kind of embarrassing.[02:40.27]I mean you get pepper thrown at you.[02:42.71]Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?[02:45.01]Pat: I'm not really sure.[02:46.91]Shaheen: So does that mean that on your twenty-ninth birthday[02:49.50]you can start thinking "God I better get married"?[02:52.66]Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.[02:55.69]Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, [03:00.06]sixtieth and so on.[03:02.32]Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...[03:05.44]Chairman: Eighty-eighth?[03:06.61]Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday.[03:07.92]Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.[03:13.43]Questions[03:15.91]1. What is One World?[03:21.15]2. What is the topic of the program?[03:27.06]3. What do Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane do?[03:33.65]4. Why don't some people in India celebrate their birthdays?[03:41.54]5. Why is the eighteenth birthday so important in Finland?[03:48.25]6. Why can girls in some countries get to vote at an earlier age than boys? [03:57.40]7. Which of the countries mentioned in the conversation are Muslim countries? [04:06.09]Exercise 2[04:07.58]Listen to the conversation again and decide if each of the statements you hear [04:11.82]is true (T) or false (F).[04:18.56]Chairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World.[04:22.35]Tonight we have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations[04:26.60]around the world.[04:28.45]With us in the studio we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane,[04:33.17]who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star.[04:39.58]Shaheen: Good evening.[04:40.58]Pat: Good evening.[04:41.75]Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you.[04:44.96]How are birthdays celebrated in India?[04:47.62]Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that[04:50.83]everyone in the world celebrates their birthday.[04:54.08]This just isn't the case.[04:56.15]Low-income families in India, for instance,[04:58.82]simply can't afford any festivities.[05:01.84]And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.[05:05.36]Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here.[05:08.47]The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays.[05:13.39]Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays.[05:17.05]In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia,[05:19.68]for example, the rich people invite friends and families around.[05:23.88]But not in small villages.[05:26.88]Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one.[05:30.58]But now it seems to have moved to eighteen.[05:33.47]Is that true?[05:34.56]Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. [05:39.79]In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote,[05:44.56]you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on.[05:48.30]But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty[05:51.60]before you can smoke or drink.[05:54.71]Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country,[05:58.14]girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen.[06:02.16]And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.[06:06.98]Chairman: That's interesting.[06:09.02]I mean is it typical that around the world girls[06:11.95]are considered to be more mature than boys?[06:15.56]Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and in Mexico and Argentina,[06:19.33]for example, they have enormous parties for fifteen-year-old girls.[06:23.98]Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party[06:26.53]for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty.[06:29.37]It's kind of embarrassing.[06:31.36]I mean you get pepper thrown at you.[06:33.80]Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?[06:36.15]Pat: I'm not really sure.[06:37.95]Shaheen: So does that mean that on your twenty-ninth birthday[06:40.57]you can start thinking "God I better get married"?[06:43.75]Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.[06:46.64]Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, [06:51.29]sixtieth and so on.[06:53.41]Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...[06:56.62]Chairman: Eighty-eighth?[06:57.91]Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday.[06:59.21]Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.[07:04.63]Statements[07:07.16]1. The program is broadcast in Canada every day.[07:14.11]2. People everywhere in the world celebrate their birthdays.[07:21.08]3. Many Muslims do not celebrate their birthdays for religious reasons.[07:29.11]4. In England, the twenty-first birthday is very important,[07:34.34]which is unusual in the West.[07:38.41]5. The twenty-first birthday is very important in Japan.[07:45.13]6. In Norway, young men and women usually get married[07:49.89]before thirty to avoid having pepper thrown at them.[07:55.67]7. Eighteen is a very lucky number in Japan.[08:02.03]8. It can be concluded that our world is made more colorful[08:07.00]by the many different ways birthdays are observed in different countries. [08:14.17]Speaking Tasks[08:17.46]Pair Work[08:19.45]A. Reflections on the text[08:23.78]You have just heard a program about birthday celebrations around the world. [08:28.39]What do you think of the celebrations?[08:31.45]Why is it that some people do not celebrate their birthdays?[08:35.87]What does your birthday mean to you?[08:38.31]Exchange views with your partner.[08:41.06]You may mention the following points in your discussion.[08:44.95]○what birthdays mean to you[08:48.06]○how birthdays are observed around the world[08:51.94]○why some people don't celebrate their birthdays[08:56.57]B. Picture talk — Talking about wedding customs[09:01.90]A Sample[09:03.75]Most people in the world hold a wedding ceremony when they get married. [09:08.40]However, like birthday celebrations,[09:11.11]wedding celebrations are conducted in different ways,[09:14.61]depending on where you live, which religion you believe in,[09:18.31]and how good is your financial situation.[09:21.74]The following are three groups of pictures showing three wedding ceremonies [09:25.62]held in different places and at different times.[09:30.36]Give a brief description of each picture[09:32.88]and then make a comparison between the three weddings.[09:38.67]Possible Description (for reference)[09:42.42]Pictures (a) — (c) show a typical wedding ceremony held in a church[09:47.43]in a Western country.[09:49.60]In the first picture, the bride is seen walking down the aisle,[09:53.66]leaning on her father's arm.[09:56.01]She is wearing a white wedding gown[09:58.18]and holding a bouquet of flowers in her right hand.[10:01.92]All eyes turn to her as she slowly moves forward to[10:05.45]take her place beside the bridegroom in front of the clergyman.[10:10.53]In Picture (b) we can see the clergyman presiding over the wedding ceremony. [10:16.17]He is asking the bride and the bridegroom the usual questions[10:19.87]on such an occasion.[10:22.04]In Picture (c) the parents of the bride[10:25.02]and the bridegroom are giving a large party in a garden.[10:28.99]Guests arrive in formal evening dress.[10:32.30]There is music and dancing.[10:36.54]Pictures (d) — (e) present a traditional Chinese wedding held at home.[10:41.95]In Picture (d), we can see a hall thronged with people.[10:46.20]There are red lanterns hanging on both sides of the hall.[10:50.38]On the lanterns are written the Chinese character "double happiness".[10:54.80]In Picture (e) we can see the bridegroom's parents seated in high-backed chairs. [11:01.15]The bride and bridegroom are bowing to them.[11:04.44]The bridegroom in his long gown looks very respectful.[11:08.78]The bride is dressed in bright red[11:11.03]but we can't see her face since it is covered with a piece of red cloth.[11:16.04]Along the two sides of the wedding hall stand the family members,[11:19.61]relatives and friends.[11:22.73]Pictures (f) — (h) show a wedding banquet held in a big restaurant in China. [11:28.41]In Picture (f), we can see the bride[11:31.30]and the bridegroom standing at the entrance greeting the guests.[11:35.64]The bride wears a long white dress, and the bridegroom is in a tuxedo.[11:41.23]In Picture (g), we find ourselves in a large banquet hall,[11:45.73]decorated with the cheerful colors of a wedding party.[11:49.25]About a hundred guests are seated around tables that[11:52.41]are graced with all kinds of delicious food and drinks.[11:56.07]The host, who is the father of the bridegroom, is making a speech,[12:00.40]expressing his thanks to the guests for coming to his son's wedding.[12:05.41]In Picture (h) the bride has changed to a traditional Chinese red gown, or qipao, [12:11.91]which is elegantly cut and shows her fine figure.[12:15.75]She and the bridegroom are going round the tables,[12:18.73]exchanging toasts and sharing a joyful moment with the guests.[12:25.86]Comparing[12:27.48]From the pictures, we can see that a wedding is an important event[12:31.39]everywhere in the world.[12:33.69]It has been so in China, for example,[12:36.26]from the old days to the present and the same holds true in Western countries. [12:41.73]As a rule, there is a big ceremony,[12:44.79]attended by family members, relatives and friends,[12:48.64]who have come to share the joy of this special occasion[12:51.79]in the lives of two people in love.[12:54.82]Food is plentiful and laughter fills the air.[12:58.66]To all those present, the ceremony is both sacred and joyous.[13:03.80]However, while sacredness and joy are the spirit of all weddings,[13:08.23]the way people observe the occasion varies from place to place[13:12.11]and changes over time.[13:14.16]This is reflected in various respects.[13:17.10]First, in Western countries,[13:18.95]many people get married in a church while in China this is rare.[13:24.09]Second, Western people often choose a scenic spot to hold wedding parties[13:29.11]whereas most people in China give their wedding parties either at home [13:33.58]or in a restaurant.[13:35.83]Third, in Western countries, the color of the bride's dress is white, [13:40.69]which is a symbol of purity, while in China, traditionally,[13:44.75]the color of the bride's dress is red, which is a symbol of happiness. [13:49.13]***** ***** ***** *****[13:51.25]Now use the above sample as your model[13:54.36]and carry on similar activities with your partner[13:57.16]according to the pictures given below.。

Unit 1OutsideviewConversation 2Li:Talking about future plans,how do you see your career developing?A:My career?Well, I like working for London Time Off.It's a part of a larger media company called Lift off USA,so there are lots of opportunities.But...Li:But...What?A:It's not always very easy working with Joe.I mean,I kind of think he has a different agenda（different way of thinking from Andy不一样的想法）.I like his work, but sometimes I don't think his heart is in his job.Li:How did he end up in London?A:He did media studies in the States,and then found work as a gofer（杂工）at Lift off USA in New York.Li:What's a gofer?A:Go for this,go for that.It's a word for the least experienced person in the film and TV industry.Then he came to London and got a proper job as a researcher at Lift off UK,and then after a few years he got the producer's job in London Time Off Li:He is good at his job,isn't he?A:Yes,he is confident and competent at what he does,so the people who work with him rate him quite highly（speak highly of）.Li:Except you?A:No,I rate him too.And I get on with him quite well,although we are not best budies or anything like that,it's just...I want his job!Li:Now we know your little secret.I promise I won't tell anyoneA:Janet,there was something I was going to ask you...Li:Sure,what is it?A:I was wondering...oh,it's nothing.Anyway,all this talk about your future career is making me thirsty.Let's go for a drink. Li:Who is round ?A:You...李：谈论未来的计划，你怎么看你的职业发展？我的职业？嗯，我喜欢在伦敦的时间工作，这是一个大的媒体公司的一部分，所谓的美国电梯，所以有很多的机会…李：但是……什么？答：这并不总是很容易的工作与乔。

Unit 1OutsideviewConversation 2Li:Talking about future plans,how do you see your career developing?A:My career?Well, I like working for London Time Off.It's a part of a larger media company called Lift off USA,so there are lots of opportunities.But...Li:But...What?A:It's not always very easy working with Joe.I mean,I kind of think he has a different agenda（different way of thinking from Andy不一样的想法）.I like his work, but sometimes I don't think his heart is in his job.Li:How did he end up in London?A:He did media studies in the States,and then found work as a gofer（杂工）at Lift off USA in New York.Li:What's a gofer?A:Go for this,go for that.It's a word for the least experienced person in the film and TV industry.Then he came to London and got a proper job as a researcher at Lift off UK,and then after a few years he got the producer's job in London Time Off Li:He is good at his job,isn't he?A:Yes,he is confident and competent at what he does,so the people who work with him rate him quite highly（speak highly of）.Li:Except you?A:No,I rate him too.And I get on with him quite well,although we are not best budies or anything like that,it's just...I want his job!Li:Now we know your little secret.I promise I won't tell anyoneA:Janet,there was something I was going to ask you...Li:Sure,what is it?A:I was wondering...oh,it's nothing.Anyway,all this talk about your future career is making me thirsty.Let's go for a drink. Li:Who is round ?A:You...李：谈论未来的计划，你怎么看你的职业发展？我的职业？嗯，我喜欢在伦敦的时间工作，这是一个大的媒体公司的一部分，所谓的美国电梯，所以有很多的机会…李：但是……什么？答：这并不总是很容易的工作与乔。

OutsideviewConversation 1Li:What a wonderful view! This is such a great city!Do you ever get tired of living in London, Andy?A;"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life, for there is in London all that life can afford"Li:That's a quotation by Samuel Johnson, isn't it?A:Correct,so do you have any plans when you finish at Oxford?Li: I've got another year to go and then I suppose I'll go back home.A; And you will find a job?Li:I think I have to do my Master's before I look for work.But I must admit London is very special.Do you think you would ever leave London?A:Sure, I'd love to come to china one day, and I like traveling. But i think I'll always come back here.Li:Well, your roots are here and there are so many opportunities.A;But have you ever thought of living in London for a year or two?Li:Yes, but what could I do here? I had planned to become a teacher.But i have often thought if there was a job i could do here in publishing,maybe as an editor, I'll go for it.A:That's sounds like a great idea.I think that would really suit youLi:Maybe I should update my CV and send it to one or two publisher.A:Don't make it look too goodLi:Why not?A;Well,if you enjoy working with London Time Off, we don't want you working with anyone elseLi:Oh, working with you and Joe it's great fun and really interesting. I couldn't think of a better way to find out about a cityA;So maybe you should think about applying for a job with usLi:But do you think I'd stand a chance(有可能，有希望)?I mean, I'm not sure if Joe likes meA:Don't even think about it!Joe is very straight talking and I promise you that you'd know if he didn't like you.Li:Perhaps we should both update our CVs and look for jobs togetherA:Hey,right!That would be fun.Conversation 2Li:Talking about future plans,how do you see your career developing?A:My career?Well, I like working for London Time Off.It's a part of a larger media company called Lift off USA,so there are lots of opportunities.But...Li:But...What?A:It's not always very easy working with Joe.I mean,I kind of think he has a different agenda（different way of thinking from Andy不一样的想法）.I like his work, but sometimes I don't think his heart is in his job.Li:How did he end up in London?A:He did media studies in the States,and then found work as a gofer（杂工）at Lift off USA in New York.Li:What's a gofer?A:Go for this,go for that.It's a word for the least experienced person in the film and TV industry.Then he came to London and got a proper job asa researcher at Lift off UK,and then after a few years he got the producer's job in London Time OffLi:He is good at his job,isn't he?A:Yes,he is confident and competent at what he does,so the people who work with him rate him quite highly（speak highly of）.Li:Except you?A:No,I rate him too.And I get on with him quite well,although we are not best budies or anything like that,it's just...I want his job!Li:Now we know your little secret.I promise I won't tell anyoneA:Janet,there was something I was going to ask you...Li:Sure,what is it?A:I was wondering...oh,it's nothing.Anyway,all this talk about your future career is making me thirsty.Let's go for a drink.Li:Who is round ?Outsideview :How to get a jobGraduation.What a big day!Your life is about to begin!And then your parents say..."Get a job".I tell you!Looking for your first job outof college can be pretty hard.Reading all the job listing is so annoying.Even trying to figure out what the actual job is can be difficult.Searching through the want ads can be so boring.And writing your resume is really hard work."I don't have that day open."Getting a job interview,and then going on it—the whole process is pretty tough."Sorry to keep you waiting.Uh,have a seat.""I have your resume here,and you are interested in the assistant's position.""Yeah,yeah""Well,the right candidate for this job has to be very outgoing and sociable.After all it is a sale position.""Well, I'm a real extrovert(性格外向的人).Definitely.""And the right candidate has to have great self-confidence.Customers need to feel that you know what you're talking about.""Well, I'm really self-confident.Um I know what I'm talking about and I think I can project that""So,what skills would you bring to this job?"""Well, I realize that I'm completely overqualified for this position.I mean,um,in my last job,I was running the whole place.""Oh,so you've supervised people?""Yep,five of them.So,obviously I could do this job,no problem.I also have really good computer skills.Um what else do you want to know about me?""Eh..."Even though I was trying really hard,even though I had sent out about 300 resumes,even though I asked all my friend and relatives if they knew of anything.I wasn't getting anywhere!Despite all my best efforts,I was still unemployed."Please,why don't you see a career counsellor（顾问）?I'll pay for it.Anything to help you get a job!""Samantha,I'm Phyllis Stein.Welcome""Oh,hi,Phyllis.Nice to meet you."So I figure,heck,why not?I met with Phyllis Stein,a professional job coach."Interviewing is vital to getting the job that you want."She showed me how to prepare for an interview by doing research on the position and the company.And latter,she coaching me on my interviewing skills."I am going to pretend to be your interviewer,and then we'll stop it and replay it and look at the video and see what we could learnfrom that.OK?""I don't think that you should go into an interview having not practised with some of the questions that are pretty standard.""Tell me about yourself.""Well,my parents—my mom is a social worker,and my dad is an engineer.""Your preparation is really important.""What do you know about our organization?""Well,I saw on,um,on the Internet that ,you do business publishing?Right?""There is a whole range of things that have to do with how you present yourself/""Why should I hire you?""Oh,well.,um, I'm a really outgoing person,and I like,I like people a lot.I'm responsible and nice.""You need to think about what the interviewer is actually looking for.""Samantha, what was a major problem that you've encountered and how did you solve it?""I haven't really had any problems to deal with. ""Thank you.Now let's look at your mock interview on videotape. ""I think it boils down（归结为）to preparation,presentation, and understanding what the interviewer is looking for "(Watching the videotape)"Another way of answering it is not telling about yourself ,but telling your relationship to the job."So,they don't care so much about your parents and that you want to live in Cambridge.They may need you to be able to be a troubleshooter.You use some examples in your life from being a troubleshooter.""One of the things that someone who is an assistant in a trade show is doing,is dealing with problems.You need to be sure that you stay,sort of ,on target with preventing,presenting yourself in the strongest possible way."This time I felt a lot more confident when I went in for the interview."I have developed strong communication skills.In college I worked on the school paper and I brought some writing samples to show you.""I also worked every summer at a bed-and-breakfast.""I worked a lot with our guests.I booked reservation over the phone,got them what theyneeded,and handled any complains.""Well,I feel like I did really well.We'll see. "Making a good first impression is the most important part of a job interview.Arriving on time and being confident are the most important parts of a job interview.It's very important that you are being confident and you're being clear in your answers and listening carefullyNot fidgeting（坐立不安，烦躁）and being confident are the most important things in a job interview.Writing a thank-you note is the most important thing you want to do after a job interview/And go in there with a firm handshake.Listening in"It's not enough to ask what successful people are like...It is only by asking where they are from that we can unravel the logic behind who succeed and who doesn't"This is the basic idea of an intriguing book called Outliers, by the American journalist Malclom Gladwell.The book explores the factors which contribute to people who are extremely successful in their careers, for example, the role the family , culture and friend play.Gladwell examines the causes of why the majority of Canada ice hokey players are born in the first few months of the calender year,what the founder of Microsoft Bill Gates did to achieve his extraordinary success,and why the Beatles managed to redefine the whole of popular music in the 1960s.Gladwell points out that the youth hockey league in Canada recruits from January the first, so that players born early in the year are bigger,stronger and better athletes than others born later in the year.And because they have this advantage at the start of their sports career,they're given extra coaching,and so there's a greater chance that they'll be picked for an elite hockey team in the future.He calls this phenomenon accumulative advantage（积累优势）,a bit like the idea that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Success depends on the process by which talented athletes are identified as much as it does on their own abilities.Another aspect which contributes to success is the 10000 hour rule.Great success demands an enormous amount of time for practise and training.For example,the Beatles performed live in Hamburg Germany more than 1200times over four years,much more than the 10000 hours Gladwell claim is necessary for great success.So by the time they returned to England,they had developed their talente and sounded completely different from any other group.In the same way,Bill Gates had thousands of hours' worth of programming because he had access to a computer at his high school.He also became a teenager just at the right time to take advantage of the latest developments in computer technology.Outliers has met with extraordinary sucess,matched only by Gladwell's own career for 25 years in journalism.As a result, many citics have seen it as an autobiography, in which the writer appears to be apologizing for his own personal achievements.But the ides that you have to be born at the right moment,in the right place and in the right family,and then you have to work really hard is a thought-provoking way of revisiting our traditional view of genius and great achievement.It's certainly worth reading,as long as you don't take it too seriously.Listening in 2P:Hi,we are talking about typical working hours in the US and in Brazil.Eric...um...you're from the States,tell me what are the typical workinghours in the States?E:Er...traditionally people go to work at 9o'clock in the morning and they finish at about 5,so sort of a 9to 5.P:And,and Penny I...I know you're English but you work in Brazil,what are the hours in Brazil?Penny:Um varies slightly,sometimes you can start um on an early shift,say,8o'clock in the morning to 5 um or 9 until 6.But in Brazil often people will work longer hours than this.P:Right,right ok.And what kind of clothes do you wear?I mean do you dress up formally or in a relaxed way?E:It used to be that you would wear a jacket and tie to work for...for men but er nowadays an open shirt is ok.You don't necessarily have to wear a tie and sometimes on a Friday you can wear a pair of jeans to work.P:Oh,right the dress down Friday?E:The dress down Friday that's right.P:Does that still happen?E:Yes, yes sure it does.P:And how about in Brazil?Penny:Um, it's fairly casual,quite informal,um I mean you need to look neat and tidy obviously,but you,you have your own choice rely on whatyou would wear,there are no rules and regulations.It's important to look smart but comfortable.P:Right,yeah do you have meal breaks or is that...you just fit in meals when you can or...?E:Lunch,lunch is usually an hour sometimes a little shorter if you have to do a lot of work from your desk.P:Yeah,how about Brazil?Penny:That's the same, about an hour.P:And,and with overtime,I mean,if you...I mean you're obviously contracted to do a certain number of hours.What happens if you do more thanthe hours that you...that's in you...that are in your contract?E:I have to make a fairly um strict record of my hours so if I go beyond 5 o'clock on most days I put in for overtime.P:Right.E:And it's...the first hour is one of overtime and then there's I think 15minute periods after that.So I could work an hour and a quarter.P:And you'd be paid for the quarter hours?E:That's right,by the quarter hour.P:How about in Brazil?Penny:It's,it's a lot looser in Brazil actually.We we often end up doing overtime but unfortunately not paid.P: Fine.That's hard luck.And what about holidays,what about in the States?You don't have much holidays in the States do you?E:No.When you start at a company you get two weeks holiday or two weeks vacation as we say...P:YeahE:Um then it's usually not until you've been at the company for about five ears that they give you another week.So you get three weeks after you've been there for five years.P:And what about in Brazil?Penny:Um it's quite good actually-30days.P:Sounds very generous.Penny:Yeah I can pop back to...P:Is that 30 working days or 30 days in total?Penny:That's 30 working daysP:Wow,that'sPenny:Yes,yeah it's a good deal.P:What about retirement?I know it's a long way of there!When do you retire?E:Generally speaking it's at 65.P:And the same for women.E:Um it's I think a little sooner than that for women.Women I think 62or 63.P;Right ,good.And in Brazil is it similar?Penny:Similar to the States.It's um after 60 for women.65 for men,or if you've clocked up about 30 or 35 years of service then you can retire after that.P:Right and when...do you have a pay day?When is pay day?E:Um,well ,we gt paid twice a month,so we get paid at the beginning of the month and then we get paid in the middle of the month at the 15th give or take(大约).P:Yeah,and what about in Brazil?Penny:I think it all depends which company you're working for.For the one I am working for right now I get paid twice a month but when I began,with a different company that was once a month,so,it varies.P:And are there any company benefits that you have in the States?Do you have a company car or a pension?E:Yeah,we get a company car.We're able to...we lease a car in effect but it's a company car that we get for 18 months to two years and then we...we can move on to another model from that.There's a fairly good pension scheme,that's still working,and hospitalization as well.P:Oh,that's importantE:Yeah,a health plan through work is very important.P:Right.And what about in Brazil?Penny:Yeah,excellent benefits like that.Well I mean it does depend on the company and the status of your or your job but you might get a car,living accommodation,school for the children,they'll pay for your lunch,travel passes,gasoline,health insurance,all sorts of benefitsactually it's very good.P:Sounds very good,with the holiday and all those benefits it sounds a great place to work.Unit 2Outside viewConversation 1Joe: OK, when you finished chatting, let's get down to work.Andy: OK, sure.Janet: Fine by me. What's on the agenda?Joe: First up today is Read all about it! Now, I assume everyone has read all the books for the future? Has anyone read any of the books?Andy: Well, Joe, there are over 20 new books coming out next month, so…Joe: I'm sorry, I really think that's quite unacceptable. It's your job! What about you, Janet?Janet: I'm sorry but this is the first time I've worked on Read all about it! And I didn't know I was meant to read all the books.Andy: Have you read them?Joe: No, but that's why you're my assistants. You're meant to assist me.Andy: It's true that we need to read the books, Joe, but we haven't…Joe: OK, there you go. You are always making excuses!Andy: And what's more, we haven't even chosen the books yet.Joe: OK, let's get down with it. What's on the list?Janet: I suppose we're looking for books with a London angle（伦敦视角）?Andy: Not necessarily.Janet: Is it OK to look for non-fiction too?Joe: Absolutely.Janet: OK, here's an idea. There's a new biography（自传）of Charles Dickens which I'm reading.Andy: Sounds good-his books are always on TV.Janet: You see I'm studying Dickens at university, and I noticed it in the bookshop last week. It's really interesting.Joe: OK, tell us more.Janet: Well, it's a description of the London locations where he set many of his books like Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.Andy: Sounds right up your street（拿手的）!Joe Well done, Janet. Maybe you can show Andy how to plan the feature. OK, that's it everyone. Let's get to it!Conversation 2Janet: What's the matter with Joe today?Andy: No idea. He's a bit like that sometimes. He gets annoyed with me, but I don't really know why.Janet: He wasn't being at all fair. How often does he get like this?Andy: Well, I suppose it's not very often. But sometimes he really gets on my nerves（使某人心烦意乱）.Janet: Don't let it get to you. He's probably got too much work, and he's stressed.Andy: Well, he should keep his problems away from the studio. Anyway, you're the expert on Dickens, tell me something about him.Janet: Well, Charles Dickens was one of the most popular novelists in 19th century Britain. Many of his novels first appeared in magazines, in short episodes. Each one had a cliffhanger at the end that made people want to read the next episode（集，一集）.Andy: And was he a Londoner?Janet: He was born in Portsmouth but his family moved to London when he was ten years old.Andy: And he set most of his stories in London, didn't he?Janet: That's right. He knew the city very well.Andy: Whereabouts in London are his stories set?Janet: Around the Law Courts in the centre of London. He worked as a court reporter and many of the real life stories he heard in court inspired some of most famous characters in his novels.Andy: I think some of his stories take place south of the river?Janet: That's right, especially around Docklands. The thing was…Dickens was asocial commentator（社会评论员）as much as he was a novelist-his stories describe the hardship, the poverty, and crime which many Londoners experienced in the 19th century. It makes mewant to read some Dickens again. Maybe I'll just go shopping for a copy of Great Expectations.Andy: Anyway, you did me a huge favour. That was a real brainwave（突然想到的妙计，灵感）to suggest the new biography.Janet: Cheer up Andy. It wasn't your fault.Andy: No, it's OK, I'll get over it. Go on, off you go and enjoy your shopping!Outside viewBritish people read a lot. They read books, newspapers and magazines. And of course they read text messages on their mobile phones. Sixty-five percent of British people list "reading for pleasure" as a major hobby. A quarter of the population reads more than 20 books each year. So where do these books come from? Well, there are bookshops where you can buy books. And there are lots of public libraries where you can borrow books for free. In this library you can borrow books, but you can also buy a cup of coffee, look at an art exhibition, sit in a quiet studyarea or connect to the Internet. You can also now borrow CDs, videos or DVDs of films and television programmes. Some libraries even let you borrow computer games. There are often reference rooms where you can go to look something up or go to study. Many libraries have also got special rooms with books and photograghs about the historu of the area. Libraries are very important in schools and universities both forstudy and for reading for pleasure. The British Library is one of the world's greatest libraries. The queen opened its new building in 1998. It receives a copy of every book published in Britain, and adds three million new items every year.It's got books of course, but also sound recordings, music, maps, newspapers, and magazines. People predicted that radio, then television, then the Internet will kill reading, but it still a very popular activity.Listening in 1M：So how long has your book group been running?C：Well, let me see, it's over 20years now. I think it's actually one of the oldest books groups around, because it was only about 20years ago that they started to become fashionable in the UK.M：And how often do you have meetings?C：We meet about once every four or five weeks, although we try to avoid meetings in the summer holidays, and during the run-up to（前奏，预备期）Christmas when we all start to get busy with other things.M：And how many members do you have?C：We're ten in all, although it's rare that everyone can attend.M：And what happens during the meeting?C：Well, we usually meet at one of our homes, and we start fairly late, around 8:30, and the host prepares dinner, and sometime during the meal, someone asks "So what did you think of the book?" and that's when the discussion starts.M：It sounds quite informal.C：It is, yes, and sometimes if we haven't enjoyed the book, the meal becomes more important than the discussion. But it's fairly rare that no one likes the book, and it gets quire interesting when opinions about it are divided.M And what sort of books do you read?C：Oh, all kinds, actually, not just novels, although I must admit that being a member of the club makes me read more modern fiction than I might do otherwise. But we also read the classics, you know the novels we all read or should have read 30 years ago, and it's quite good fun to revisit them, to see if our views of the books have changed. We re-read Thomas Hardy recently, and whereas I used to love it when I was a student, this time I thought it was exasperatingly（惹人恼火地）dull. And we read non-fiction. quite a lot of history and travel writing. A couple of the members like poetry, which I don't, but you know, we're tolerant each other's choice, and it gives us a chance to try things we wouldn't usually read.M：And how do you choose the books?C：Well, at the end of the evening the person who hosts the dinner-basically, the cook- has the right to choose the next book.M：And that works OK?C：Yes, although there's quite a lot of stress on choosing something that will earn everyone else's respect. And we've got one member who likes science fiction, so we try not to go to his place too often!Listening in 2Well, thank you for your kind welcome, and for giving me the opportunity to give this brief tour of Literary England. I can't claim it's an authoritative tour, as I'm, not a professional literary specialist. However, I have two amateur passions: one is travel and the other is readingand English literature in particular. And this lecture is a description of different visits I have made to places in Britain and Ireland, chosen specifically for their close links with well-known writers of what we call the classics of English literature.Just to give you an overview of the lecture, I'm going to start in my home town of London, which is also the home of many well-known writers. But I think that the picture we have in our mind of London has been largely fashioned by the work of Charles Dickens and Shakespeare. Dickensian London is illustrated most clearly by his book Oliver Twist, and Shakespeare's London brings to mind the plays written and performed here, such as Romeo and Juliet. We'll also have a look at the memorial of freat British writers, Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.Then off we go to Oxford, another city rich in its literary history. I'm, going to focus on the greatest of Oxford's literary alumni, JRRTolkien, the professor of English who wrote Lord of the Rings, which is now famous throughout the world because of the recent series offilms.Then we turn south towards the gentle countryside of Hampshire, home of Jane Austen, where her various novels, including Price and Prejudice are set. She also spent a period of her life in the magnificent Georgian city of Bath.Then we turn north to the hills of west Yorkshire where we find Bronte country, so called because it was the home of the three sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte. Perhaps the two best known novels are Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyer, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, also made into successful films.Then up to the north-west, to the stunning land of mountains and lakes which is the Lake District, home of the Lakeland poets. Perhapsits most famous son is William Wordsworth, whose poem "I wandered lonely as a cloud" has been learnt by generations of school children notjust in Britain, but around the English-speaking world.So that's the basic route round Literary England, although I'll be thinking several detours to visit other famous writers whose work contributes to the glory which is English literature. Let's start…Unit3Outside viewLondon has always prided itself on being a little bit different when it comes to fashion. At the catwalk shows, designers showcase the hottestnew trends for journalists and buyers from all over the world. But away from the glamour of designer collections, what do London girls actuallywear? How do they create the affordable, personal style they are famous for? Hannah, who works for a fashion magazine, says Londonstyle is all about mixing and matching. One day can be punk. Next day you can be really girlie（少女般的）. It’s kind of choosing what you wantin your wardrobe. Maybe taking an expensive piece but mixing it with something cheaper or second-hand. I think that is what London girls arereally good at doing. Portobello Road, in the trendy Notting Hill area, is home to one of the most famous markets in London. Here, you name itand people wear it-anything from market stall bargains to to-die-for（令人渴望的）designer labels sold in trendy shops. But how do the capitalwomen view their style? Eclectic. My style is certainly eclectic. It is from Tesco. It is the Catherine Kidston range from Tesco. Sam is matchedher outfit today with a bag she bought in a supermarket. Angela is a fashion stylist. So tell me a little bit about your life. What are you wearingand what would you say your style is? My style tends to change week by week. Today I am wearing some jeans from Uniqlo.IUniqlo jeans and bought about five pairs cos they fit really well. The boots are by Aldo .My T-shirt is from Tooshop. The jacket is a really oldjacket that I bought in the States a few years ago. But um, yeah I mean it just…it does tend to change a lot. Over to New Bond Street, Londondesigner shopping Mecca（胜地）and the style stakes have gone up a little. Some of the most famous and expensive shops in the world can befound here. Shops where you have to ask the price of that handbag…or pair of shoes…then you know you can not really afford it. Natalie, astudent from the city, says being laid back is what gives London style its edge. I don’t know. Everyone says like. French is like and stuff but I think we are quite trendy, we are a bit more casual, but I think we have got a good style going on and everything, a bit laid back,but everyone still looks cool. Seylia works in a jewelry shop. No shabby chic（流行式样，时尚）here. Cashmere scarf from Louboutin, becauseit is cold. Black coat from Prada and a Valentino bag, which is probably as colorful as it gets. Katie is a model and loves how people dress inLondon because everyone has their own individual style. I love London it is so unique.And like everyone’s got their own fash because you can wear whatever and just fit in, it is great. I love London for that. Laura is a student and says she doesninto what she is wearing. Fashion, I wouldn’t really call it fashion. It is just kind of chucked together, basically, what I am comfortable in. Camden is known for its grungy（脏的，乱糟糟）, daring and sometimes outrageous（极不寻常的）styles. Here fashion is whatever you wantit to be. Teenagers don’t hold back much when it comes to choosing clothes. They just want to make personal statement .We are just crazy! We don’t hold back so much. It’s not all about being elegant or something like that. It’s more making a statement, some people. Listening inPresenter: How often do you change your clothes during the day?…Penny: Um I think it all depends on what I’m going to do. Um it might be as many as three times ifPresenter: Three times.…just a Penny: Yes, if I was …if I was going to go to gym, for instance, having dropped the children off at school I’d be wearing an。

Unit1 ➢Insid e View➢Outsid e viewHappiness is not what most students have in mind when they think of school. Yet a school in Germany has developed a novel way to raise the morale(斗志) of its students, by teaching happiness in classes. Students at Heidelberg’s Willy Hellpach School of Economics are learning how to achieve happiness as an official subject, alongside mathematics and languages. This is the first school in Germany to develop a happiness course, intended for 17- to 19-year-olds preparing for university entrance exams. Ernst Fritz-Schubert, the school’s principal, is on a mission to change things.Ernst Fritz-Schubert: It was my idea-I’ve been at this school for 31 years,and I feel that school and happiness have to bereunited. These are two terms which are notconsidered together, because one does not connectschool with happiness. In some cases school comesbehind the dentists on the popularity scale(规模) andwe should try to push schools’ popularity a bit. It hasbeen proved by science that a happy student canlearn more than an unhappy one, Unhappy studentscan concentrate for a while but do not use all theirpotential. The happiness classes are intended to helpstudents fulfill their potential. They will help thestudents live happy and prosperous lives.The classes aim to help students in achieving a positive state of mind, by using all their own resources and boosting their self-esteem. In addition, they hope classes will increase self-awareness and physical comfort. Happiness classes are also intended to make students more aware about their environment and society as a whole. During classes students are encouraged to express themselves and observe their peers’ behavior. The classes are taught by Bjoern Bonn, an actor and visiting lecturer.Bjoern Bonn: One of the exercises I do is to have one of the students walk across the classroom, with the others copying his walk.Through this exercise, I hope they learn something aboutthemselves. Why do I move like this? How do others see myway of walking? I hope that with a higher body awarenessthey ideally –of course it will take time-achieve a higherself-consciousness which could lead to happiness. Wolfgang Lang: We give these classes to students to help them find happiness. Now the question is: How do I definehappiness? Happiness is for example a strengthening ofthe personality. We are providing helpful suggestions tomake stronger people. People that ask “Who am I as aperson? Am I really happy?”Pascal Gemble: It takes time and everybody has to find happiness for themselves. You cannot go into a coaching lesson and sayteach me happiness. One can only get indications fromteachers or the visiting lecturers. There are also happinessscientists, if we could talk to one of those, I am sure hewould have some hints.Yosma Pinar Cetinkaya: You would think that the teachers are writingdefinitions on the board. Not true. Those whowant happiness have to find it for themselves,you cannot really learn that. So what does it taketo be happy and can you learn it at school?➢Listening inPassage 1Interviewer: Can you tell me, how do you think you have changed as you have matured? What things have had a major influence onyou?Speaker 1: Well, let me think…I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. It made me much moreopen-minded. I met so many different types of people therewith weird and wonderful ideas and it changed the way I seethe world. I’m much more tolerant now. It made me a morerounded person.Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character?Speaker 1: I guess that’d have to be my grandfather. I was very close to him, and he taught me to stand up for my beliefs. He was alwaystelling me about this.Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life? Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap yea r made me grow up and see both the beauty of the world and, well…just the generosity（慷慨，大方）of ordinary people. I traveled a lot around Asia andyou know, I found that in some of the poorest countries, likeCambodia and Laos, people share whatever little they have, andthey possess a real joy for life. It’s probably made me a lessselfish person.Interviewer: Interesting,so you would recommend that young people takea gap year to discover themselves and the world?Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity to learn about the world beyond the one you grew up in and I foundit reall y… Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence in forming your personality?Speaker 3: Well…a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people all lived in a house together. Each weeksomeone was voted off by the audience. I got down to thefinal three! I suppose being on the show and seeing how theother contestants behaved made me realize how selfish andspiteful some people can be just to get what they want. I alsorealized it’s best to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to besomeone different people will eventually see through the lies. Interviewer: Right…And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, a slight regret that I didn’t win because I kind of…Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you think that has had the biggest impact on your life?Speaker 4: Hmm, that’s a difficult question. But I think helping victims of just arrived in Thailand for a family Christmas holiday.When I heard the news I knew I had to help-you couldn’tnot. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteerdoctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know, even inthe middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a huge amountof genuine human kindness. Interviewer: That’s amazing! Andhas it changed the way you view your future…Passage 2Tony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counselor at Manchester University. She gives advice to school students on choosing the right subject to study at university.Joan, welcome to the show.Joan: Thanks Tony.Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about when choosing a course? It’s a huge, potentially life-changing decision, isn’t it? Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas. Firstly, know yourself, and secondly, think to the future.Tony: When you say “know yourself” what do you mean?Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality traits and the things you like.Tony: I see…So how can our listeners do this?Joan: Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far. For example, what subjects are you good at? Are you an organized and self-disciplined person? Are you confident and outgoing? Do you like working with others in a team or do you prefer working alone? These kinds of questions will help you discover more about yourself.Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact on your future career so it’s important to look into this carefully. I recommend you check not only which academic subjects will help you get into a particular area of work, but also look carefully at what universities offer. Each university has its strengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links the department has to related industries and leading companies in it.Tony: Good point. Now I’d like to take some calls from our listeners. First up we have James on the line. Hi, James! How can we help? James: Hi. I’m interested in career in IT and I’d like to ask Joan whether shethinks it’s better to go to a highly respected university, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of a vocational focus? Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out of a university and how you see your future. Basically a handful of the brightest graduates are picked from the top universities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I’d say if you’re a high-flyer then this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream career then you should consider a course that helps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in the workplace…and look at which universities have the best levels of graduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for.James: I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out.Unit 2➢Inside view➢Outside viewAround the world, many children are living in poverty. Many children live in countries where there's war. Many children do not get enough to eat. Some of these children are suffering from malnutrition(营养失调). Many children in the world can’t go to school. One agency that is helping these children is UNICEF.UNICEF means the United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF has more than seven thousand people working and one hundredand fifty-seven countries around the world to help children. One country where they are doing a great deal of work is Afghanistan. A whole generation of children in Afghanistan has never known peace, until recently. Now UNICEF is bringing food for malnourished children. They're bringing medicine. Here a medical team travels on horseback to bring medicine to a remote mountain village. And UNICEF is helping the children get an education."During the time of Taliban, we have made a survey among 40000 kids. And , they all say that the first thing they want is peace, and the second thing that they want is ,was education."The Taliban destroyed almost 2000 schools. Under the Taliban , girls weren't allowed to attend school at all. "Well, over 50 percent of the school has been destroyed completely, in the rest of the 50 percent schools which, eh, eh, needs repair. We are trying to accommodate all the children in the schools."Some of these schools are in people's home. This is a home school in Kabul. The teacher, Habiba Kilwati, has been running the school for 12 years. She supervises 26 other schools like it."We want to learn, so we can become teachers, doctors, or engineers, and be like normal students."It was dangerous for children to go to school. Under the Taliban, police punished families whose children went to school. Today, children are happy to be in school."This morning I had some tea and an egg, and came to school. I have notebooks , pencils, erasers, and friends, and fun here.“UNICEF is helping rebuild the educational system in Afghanistan in many ways. UNICEF is helping to train teachers. They're rebuilding schools, they're printing textbooks, and delivering books and other supplies to schools. This girls school was closed under the Taliban. Now, it's opening again. It has room for 960 students. These girls are happy to be back to school."I'm very disappointed and sad that I wasted six years. There was no education then. I tried to study then with my parents, but it's not the same. It wasn't so bad, but now I'm much happier because the schools are reopening.""We plan to open the schools, and get these children enrolled, and back in school, and to give them back their education so they can read and write.""When the Taliban came to power and closed the schools, girls stayed at home. Now there's an opportunity for them to continue their education. We are very happy about this. We can be proud of our girls, our young people. They can go back to school.UNICEF is working on its mission to bring food, medicine and education to the children of Afganistan .In the process, they're also bringing hope.➢Listening inPassage1One of the strangest feelings I’ve ever had was when I returned by chance to a place where I’d been happy as a child. My husband and I were visiting some friends for the weekend-----they lived about 200 kilometers away. We were driving along when I suddenly saw a church in the distance that I recognized. My favorite aunt had lived very near it on a farm that my brother and I used to visit once a year with our parents.We were city kids, brought up in the middle of London, and this was a working farm-----the real thing-----with cows in cowsheds, fields with ponds and a muddy yard full of smelly pi gs-----we had the run of the whole place-----it was just paradise for us.And then-----there was the food-----home-made jam and bread and cakes, milk fresh from the cow. And my aunt Lottie-----a farmer’s wife-----and her husband, uncle George and their kids, Katie and Ben, our two cousins who my brother and I really got on with. It was heaven that week we used to spend there. They moved from the farm when I was… how old? ----- about 14. So I’d never been back or seen it again.An yway, there we were, and I’d just seen the church, so we turned off and drove down this really narrow lane. And before I knew it we were in front of Aunt Lottie’s farm. The extraordinary thing was that it hadn’t changed------ not one tiny bit.It was a lovely old place with a typical country cottage garden, full of flowers. There were lots of barns and sheds-----they were next to-----next to the farm. And you know, I can’t even begin to describe the feeling I had standing there. It was-----oh, what was it? An incredibly powerful feeling of longing-----nostalgia(怀旧；乡愁) for the past-----for times I’d been very，very happy. But it was the past. I hadn’t been there for 20 years and I couldn’t go back, so also I had a feeling of huge sadness, that I couldn’t have those times again. And-----at the same time-----great sweetness, because those times had been so happy, so innocent-----because I was a child. So there was this extraordinary mix-----of longing, sadness andsweetness, all at the same time. It was the strangest feeling I’ve ever had. Passage2Interviewer: So what's your first memory of school, Kevin?Kevin: I was really looking forward to school, I remember that, I just couldn't wait. Yeah, Johnny, my brother, was a year older than me and he seemed so grown-up, with his red blazer and smart shoes.And I wanted to go to school and be grown-up too. I don't remember much of the first day actually, apart from this little boy lying on the floor and screaming and screaming and me thinking what a baby he was.Interviewer: Right! What about you, Eva?Eva: I just have this one memory of this coat rack with（遭受……痛苦）all our coats. And I was looking for my peg which had a little picture of an elephant next to it. I remember I was crying because I wanted to go home and I couldn't get my coat on. I was crying so much and then the teacher came and helped me.Interviewer: OK, so what about your first best friend at school?Kevin: Oh, yeah, well, Steve, I remember him, because he's still my best friend!Interviewer: Still your best friend!Eva: That's so great!Kevin: Yeah, we didn't know each other before we started school but we became really good friends and so did our mums. Our families ended up going on holiday together and that kind of thing. But we used to fight a lot, Steve and I, and the teachers used to get very cross with us. But we were just having fun.Interviewer: Cool! And what about you, Eva?Eva: My best friend was a girl called Robina. She had short blond hair, I remember I thought she looks like an angel. We sat next to each other and held hands and played fairies in the playground. She left in Year 3 and I cried for days.Interviewer: Oh, how sad! So what about the day you left school? How was that?Eva: I had a lot of mixed feelings, I remember walking home with this amazing feeling of freedom, you know, no more rules, no morebossy teachers. But I also felt pretty sad, because I'd had some good times. I was in a group of girls who were so supportive of each other.Kevin: I couldn't wait to leave, I was counting the days.I just wanted to geta job, get a life, earn some cash. The day I left, I went out tocelebrate with a couple of my mates and--had a very good time!Unit 3➢Insid e view➢Outsid e ViewThe Mona Lisa, the most famous painting in the world, was trully revolutionary even in its time. While he was painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci broke all the rules, even his own. In spite of the fact that Leonardo and other aritists believed that women should only be portrayed with eyes gazing slightly down. Leonodo painted the Mona Lisa looking directly at the viewer. The position of her body is another innovation. While her face looks straight ahead, her body is slight turned, a pose that creates a sense of movement and tension. In another break from tradition, the Mona Lisa is not wearing any jewellery or adorments. Finally, backgrounds in portraits usually indicated a real place but the landscape in Leonardo’s portrait seems almost imaginary.A: One of the things I like to do is, um, think about her face and why, what is she trying, why, what is she trying to say with her face and I used to think that her face told more than one story. For instance, if I covered up one side of her face, it seemed like she might be a little sad or resevered, almost secretive.S:Her eyes are, they’re kind of looking at us or around us, through us perhaps. I think with that painting she is the viewer and we are the subject in a way. And she has this look that she knows something that we don’t know.A: And then when I covered up that side and looked at the other side, she seemed happier, um, more satisfied. And together, it created sort of the mystery about her that, um, made interpreting her face very enigmatic.S:There’s speculation that the Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo and I, I believe that it is, there, there, the features do line up between the Mona Lisa and sketches of Leonardo.Scott McMahon and Anne Pfaff are both portrait artists. They believe that portraits can tell a story and make people think, just as the Mona Lisa has done for so many years.A: When I was young, um, I was always interested in, um, reading books about people and, and the dynamics(动力学), different kinds of relationships they had and so when I became a painter it was natural for me to be interested in painting people and looking for similar kinds of stories to tell about them that you might read in abook.S: Uh, most of my work consists of photographic self-portraiture. Um, I’m interested in using myself as the subject, um, not only as the creator of the image but as the, the character, or the performer of, of the images. So in my portraits I’m tryi ng to capture, um, a deeper essence of a person, um, more or less. This work here is done with a pinhole camera, which requires a very long exposure so, with a portrait you can get this feeling of time passed. It’s not a, it’s not an instant, per se, it could be five minutes of exposure.A: So this is another project I’m working on. I’m almost finished with it but I still need to work on the reflections in the water, um, and the face of the boy before it’s finished.S: I often work with multiples and, you know, using a mirror or the same image twice and what I wanted to do was link the two portraits together with the string. It’s kind of the string of thought or this idea of remembering or the resilience（弹力；恢复力）of memory.A: I don’t just paint from photographs. I try to make a work of art. Um,I try to make a painting that goes beyond a mere photographicimage. I try to capture something about the soul of the, or the essence of this person.S: This pie ce here is, uh, it’s called The Measure of Decay and behind the piece there are portraits, again, of me I have this clay(黏土) covering on that has cracked and so it’s, it’s kind of like the process of decay. So as each portrait goes around you can, you can see the image in a different focus. I love painting portraits.A: I love painting but portraits are very special because they’re about people.S: I’m fascinated by portraiture in general, and the human body and how the image lives over time. I like to capture what is unique and special about an individual in paint.➢Listening inConversation 1Lily: So what was the highlight of your trip to (South) Korea?Hugh: Well that's…let me see...it's got to be going to see Nanta.Lily：What on earth is Nanta?Hugh：It's this amazing live show-part theater-part dance-part music. Lily: Sounds really interesting. But why’s it so brilliant?Hugh: I think it's the energy of the performers. Also it has a unique concept. It's a mixture of traditional Korean music, percussion anddrums, into a western style performanceLily: I've never heard of it. Has it ever been performed in the West? Hugh: Yeah, it's been a sell-out. They've toured in over 30 countries since the show began in 1997.It's a non-verbal performance so there areno language barriers. That's what's made it an internationalsuccess.Lily: What else makes it so special then?Hugh: Well...the other thing is that all the action takes place in the kitchen.You see these four chefs preparing the food for a weddingreception. The performers use knives, dustbin lids and variousother kitchen utensils（厨房用具）to create a hypnotic（催眠的）soundtrack. The food literally flies everywhere! It's hilarious（欢闹的）.Lily: That sounds quite funny I must admit. Is there an actual story though?Hugh: Oh yes, there is a story. The four chefs have to prepare the meal by 6 o'clock and they also have to give the manager's nephew cookinglessons too, which adds to the fun. There’s loads of audienceparticipation and despite there being no language involved you getcompletely engrossed（全神贯注的）. It's really quite wacky（古怪的）!Lily: And what about the audience? I suppose they start throwing food around?Hugh: Not quite! But they are totally involved in what's going on---everyone loves it. It's a really great family show. In fact it's oneof the best shows I've ever seen. Jim, my friend, says he takes all hisvisitors. He's seen it about eight times and still loves it.Lily: I bet it's popular with tourists then.Hugh: Well apparently over a million foreign tourists in (South) Korea haveseen the show and it's had a run on Broadway too. It first got popular after they appeared at the Edinburgh Festival. Now they are planning to tour more cities in Asia where (South) Korean popular culture is becoming incredibly trendy.Lily：By the way what does “Nanta” mean?Hugh：It means random drumming in Korean. The English name for the show is Cookin’, which gives you a clearer idea of what it's all about.Lily：You've got me interested now. I'll have to check it out on the internet.Conversation 2Interviewer: Kathy Richards is a specialist art tour guide. Kathy-can you tell us what trends you've noticed in recent years?Kathy: Well, one of the biggest phenomena I've noticed is a huge increase in visitors to galleries-and a growing interest inmodern art in general.Interviewer: What do you think the reason is for that?Kathy: Well, there are several reasons, I think. The most important ones are firstly, that some new contemporary art gallerieshave opened which have had a lot of publicity, and secondlythe younger generation feel more comfortable with modernart so the kind of people visiting galleries is changing. Finally,the new generation of galleries have become destinations inthemselves...they tend to be housed in amazing buildings. Interviewer: So which are the most popular new galleries?Kathy: Well, the Tate Modern in London has had over 30 million visitors since it opened in 2000. The annual average is nowover 4.5 million. The Museum of Modern Art, or MoMA inNew York is an older gallery, it was founded in 1929 but hasbeen recently renovated and expanded. This work wasfinished in 2006 and it had over 2.5 million visitors in the firstyear after reopening. Another very successful new gallery isthe Guggenheim in Bilbao in Spain. It opened in 1997 and nowgets about a million visitors a year.Interviewer: Those are pretty impressive figures. Maybe the fact that theTate Modern is free to visit might have something to do withit?Kathy: It's true that entrance to the permanent collection is free but the numbers of people visiting the temporary exhibition arealso high and the entrance fee is usually about ten pounds. Interviewer: Do you have to pay to get into the other galleries you mentioned?Kathy: Oh yes. You do. Admission to MoMA is 20 US dollars and the Guggenheim in Bilbao costs eight euros.Interviewer: Do people mind paying, do you think?Kathy: No, I don't think they do mind. Most people feel the fees are reasonable considering the outstanding collections of pricelessworks of art that they get to see.Interviewer: You mentioned that the buildings that art galleries are in can be an attraction themselves these days.Kathy: Well, yes, the Guggenheim has literally revitalized the whole city and put Bilbao on the tourist map. It's got a futuristic,curvy metallic（金属的）structure and people love it. The TateModern has helped redevelop an old industrial area beside theRiver Thames. The gallery itself is actually inside a huge, old,brick power station. And MoMA is interesting as it's indowntown New York.Interviewer: And who visits these galleries? What's the profile of the average art lover?Kathy: Well, in the past museums and galleries were seen as appealing to the older generation. But in fact, 48 percent of visitors tothe Tate Modern are under 35.Unit4➢Insid e view➢Outsid e viewTo fly like a bird. It’s a desire that captures the human imagination. The Greeks told stories of Daedalus, an inventor who created wings made of wax and feathers and flew. The first person who seriously tried to fly like a bird was an Italian artist and inventor, Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci designed complex and wondrous flying machines, but his designs never got off the ground. Early inventors, like da vinci, tried to fly by flapping, just like birds. Here is what happens when a bird flaps:When a bird flaps, thrust and lift and control are created at the same time. Lift is the force that keeps the bird elevated. Lift is generated by the air under the bird’s wings. Thrust is the force that keeps the bird moving forward. Thrust is generated by powerful muscles in the bird’s chest and wings. The bird maintains control by constantly adjusting its flapping. Much of a bird’s control is generated by its tail.A successful flying machine needed to provide the same forces that a bird used, A successful flying machine needed to provide lift to overcome gravity, control to let the driver change direction. And thrust to make it move forward. And it needed to be light enough to stay in the air. Once inventors understood these three challenges separately, and stopped trying to flap, they made progress.One inventor was the Brazilian pilot and aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont. Santos-Dumont experimented with balloons. He flew his lighter-than-air flying machines in France. In 1901, Santos-Dumont was the first to fly from Sant Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in a given time. Meanwhile other inventors were working on heavier-than-air flying machines. With these aircraft, lift was a big problem. German flyer, Otto Lilienthal, tackled the problem of lift. He built many large gliders, constantly refining their design. Lilienthal made thousands of flights from the top of a hill. Some that lasted as long as five hours. But he eventually died in a tragic crash. Lilienthal successfully mastered the challenge of lift, but he did not master the challenge of control. The Wright Brothers were inspired by Lilienthal’s inventions. The Wright Brothers started to develop and test their own flying machines. In their Ohio workshop, they built a wind tunnel and study aerodynamics. Through trial and error, they discovered how the shapes of different wings affected lift. They added a tail that moved, a stabilizer that made the front steady, and wings that were more flexible. Their 1902 glider was the first aircraft that was completely controllable. The next year they added a customed-built engine that provided thrust. The engine powered them forward and increased distance and duration. On December 17th, 1903, after about 1000 text flights, the Wright Brothers flew the first powered airplane over the sand dunes of North Carolina. Santos-Dumont invented heavier-than-air planes, too. In 1909, he developed a monoplane called Demoiselle, or the Grass Hopper. It was the first modern aircraft. After that, advances in aircraft design came quickly. More powerful engines were invented. New lightweight materials were developed so aircraft could go higher and faster. By World War Two, strong metal replaced the canvas and wood of earlier planes. In 1947, text pilot Chuck Yeager went faster than the speed of sound in a rocket-powered plane that looked like a bullet with wings. The invention of the jet engine。

Unit 1OutsideviewConversation 1Li:What a wonderful view! This is such a great city!Do you ever get tired of living in London, Andy?A;"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life, for there is in London all that life can afford" Li:That's a quotation by Samuel Johnson, isn't it?A:Correct,so do you have any plans when you finish at Oxford?Li: I've got another year to go and then I suppose I'll go back home.A; And you will find a job?Li:I think I have to do my Master's before I look for work.But I must admit London is very special.Do you think you would ever leave London?A:Sure, I'd love to come to china one day, and I like traveling. But i think I'll always come back here.Li:Well, your roots are here and there are so many opportunities.A;But have you ever thought of living in London for a year or two?Li:Yes, but what could I do here? I had planned to become a teacher.But i have often thought if there was a job i could do here in publishing,maybe as an editor, I'll go for it.A:That's sounds like a great idea.I think that would really suit youLi:Maybe I should update my CV and send it to one or two publisher.A:Don't make it look too goodLi:Why not?A;Well,if you enjoy working with London Time Off, we don't want you working with anyone else Li:Oh, working with you and Joe it's great fun and really interesting. I couldn't think of a better way to find out about a cityA;So maybe you should think about applying for a job with usLi:But do you think I'd stand a chance(有可能，有希望)?I mean, I'm not sure if Joe likes meA:Don't even think about it!Joe is very straight talking and I promise you that you'd know if he didn't like you.Li:Perhaps we should both update our CVs and look for jobs togetherA:Hey,right!That would be fun.李：什么是美好的景色！这是这样一个伟大的城市！你有没有厌倦过伦敦的生活，安迪？当一个人厌倦了伦敦，他就厌倦了生活，因为在伦敦，所有的生活都能承受李：那是约翰逊塞缪尔的语录，不是吗？答：对，你在牛津结束的时候有什么计划吗？李：我还有一年要走，我想我会回家。

U n i t4-C o n v e r s a t i o n1 Kate: So, what did you think of the movie Mark: It was good but I thought it was too long.Kate: Yes, me too.Kate: Hey, where's my bike I don't believe it It's goneMark: It was next to mine, you chained it upKate: Someone's stolen it Oh, how could theyMark: Oh, KateKate: How could someone have done this The creepMark: It's a really mean thing to do, steal a bike.Kate: It was a mountain bike and it cost a fortune —I don't have the money to buy another one.Mark: Listen, I'll go down the street and see if I can see anyone with it. Why don't you go into that shop and seeif they've seen anything suspicious I'll be back in a minute.Kate: OK.Kate: WellMa rk: No luck. What did they say in the shopKate: I asked the shopkeeper if she'd seen anything —Mark: AndKate: She said she hadn't. I guess it was a long shot. She advised me to report it to the police. But according toher, bikes get stolen all the time around here.Mark: Listen, let's get back so you can report it.Kate: I've got no bike. I'm just so upset Mark: It's not far to college. Come on Unit 4-Conversation 2Mark: So did you ring the policeKate: Yes. I went to the police station to report it.Mark: What did they sayKate: No one's found it. This woman said that Oxford has the fifth highest rate of bike theft in the countryMark: You're jokingKate: That's what she said.Mark: What else did she sayKate: She told me that sometimes you do get bikes back — the thieves use them and then abandon them, apparently, and then people find them and report them.Mark: So you might get it back.Kate: I hope so, Mark, I really do. It's just too much, you know But ... um ... whatelse She told me to go to this sale they have of abandoned bikes. She thinks I might find it there. But it's only every two months, I can't wait till then Honestly, Mark, I'm really furiousMark: You can always buy a cheap bike on eBay.Kate: Hello ... Speaking ... You found it Where was it Is it ... Oh, that's fantastic news There was a lamp and a basket on it ... Right ... OK, thank you, I'll be in tomorrow morning to pick it up. Unbelievable This guy found itMark: Brilliant Was that the police Kate: Yes. What they said was, someone dumped it outside this guy's backyard. Mark: That's so strangeKate: The lamp's been stolen and the basket.Mark: Forget about it You're lucky to get it backUnit 4-Outside viewReporter：The trade in endangered animals is booming, as this collection ofitems seized by border agentsshows. Ivory and rhino horn,trophy animals and Chinesemedicines, it's a multimillionpound black-market industry. Thisyear, Sky News has filmed withrhinos in South Africa, clearlyseeing the damage done by poachers,and it's thought the number ofrhinos killed there might reach arecord high this year.Interviewee 1：Poaching levels are at...you know, unprecedented levels now,you know, they've gone through theroof. The rhino ... they'reanticipating 1,000 rhinos to beslaughtered in South Africa, er,this year alone.Reporter：In the past year, UK customs officials have seized millionillegal itoms. That’s ten timesmore than the year before.Included in that, almost 4,000kilos of illegally importedmedicines, 93 endangered liveanimals, and over 300 items madefrom ivory.Interviewee 2：Here we've got a pair of, er, snakeskin shoes of some sort, looklike python.Reporter：The items held in this warehouse have also been smuggled illegally,often in the form of packages sentby courier or parcel post, andintercepted at the UK's ports andairports. Endangered animalsbrought in alive are rehomedacross the country.Interviewee 3：There's a huge trade in reptiles, tortoises for exampleare enormous problems, and turtles,often confiscated. And it'sextremely difficult trying to findhomes for these, these, thesesorts of animals.Reporter：Many of these items will be passed on for education or research. Butthe rhino horn will be destroyed,and prevented from ever hittingthe black market again. HarrietHadfield, Sky News.Unit 4-Listening inNews reportOver the past few years, the true crime genre has grown in popularity in the US. First, there was the podcast Serial, which revisited the case of Adnan Syed. He was imprisoned for the 1999 murder of his high school classmate and former girlfriend, which he claims he did not commit. Then Netflix came out with the documentary series Making a Murderer. The series follows the real-life story of Steven Avery,a man who was wrongly imprisoned for 18 years for a crime he didn’t commit. But soon after he was released from prison, he was arrested for the murder of a photographer. Again, he claims that he didn’t commit the crime.Some fans are even investigating the crimes and trials themselves. They have gathered and analyzed evidence and shared theories on other possible suspects. Both Serial and Making a Murderer have had impacts on the cases involved. Syed was given another chance to present evidence to prove he is innocent after his case became a pop cultural phenomenon, and more than 500,000 people asked for Steven Avery to be freed after the release of Making a Murderer.1.What is the news report mainly about2.What do the cases in the programs havein commonPassage 1Patrick I read a funny story today in the paper - true story.Steve Go on, then.Patrick OK. This 72-year-old guy stole a pair of trousers from a department store inParis. A security man saw him and alerted the police and they were waiting for him when he came out of the shop. The shoplifter started running, but the policeman soon caught up with him. The man then bit the policeman on his arm several times.Steve He bit the policemanPatrick Yes - you have to remember, he was 72.Steve I'd forgotten that.Patrick Problem was, it didn't hurt the policeman at all, 'cause the guy had forgotten to put his false teeth in before he left home.Steve Very funnyPatrick And the moral of the story is -Steve Always remember to wear your false teeth if you're going to bite someone. Patrick That's good. I read a funny crime story the other day. Let's see ... yeah ... this guy... this guy robbed a supermarket somewhere in America -1 can't remember where exactly -anyway, he got away with about 4,000 dollars. The next week the local newspaper reported the story but said he'd stolen 6,000 dollars. The thief rang the newspaper office to complain. He said, "Look, I only took 4,000 dollars. I'm wondering if the supermarket manager took another 2,000 and said I'd taken it. I did not take 6,000, I promise you."Steve He was probably telling the truth.Patrick He probably was. Anyway, the newspaper managed to keep the guy talking while they rang the police. And the police traced the call - the guy was ringing from a phone booth - and they arrested him while he was still talking to the newspaper. Steve That's good. Stupid guy I've got another true story ... This - this - old guy was in court for some crime - and he fell asleep. His case began and his lawyer stood up and said, "My client pleads not guilty." The man suddenly woke up, but wasn't sure what was happening. He jumped up and shouted, "I plead guilty I plead guilty" Patrick So what happenedSteve The judge allowed him to plead not guilty.Patrick That's the best, I think. Passage 2Presenter You're listening to Kevin Fallen and my topic for today is street crime. Being mugged is something that can happen to anyone - and it's a very frightening experience. So it's positive when you hearof someone who was attacked by a mugger and defeated them - especially when that person is a woman. Anna Black was attacked by a mugger. She's here to tell us about it. How long ago did this happen, AnnaAnna Just over a week ago. The day it happened,I was coming home from work a bit later than usual -1 think it was about seven. I was on my mobile phone, talking to my husband. Presenter And it was still daylight Anna Yes. Anyway, suddenly, someone pulled my hair from behind - and at the same time they grabbed my mobile phone. Now, I'm a karate black belt -Presenter ReallyAnna Yes, I practise three times a week - so I'm ready for situations like this. Presenter I bet you are.Anna Yes, I can react very fast. So as soon as this guy grabbed me, I did what you're told to do in these situations. Presenter And what's thatAnna I fell backwards onto him. Presenter You fell backwards onto him Anna Yeah I'm tall and quite heavy - so we both fell to the ground together. Presenter GoodnessAnna I er, yeah -1 was ready to hit him but then next thing I knew, two men had seized the guy. They were driving past and they, they stopped to help. They were big strong guys. They called the police who came in five minutes.Presenter So the mugger was arrested Anna Yes, he was.Presenter Do you think, if that hadn't happened, you could have injured him Anna Oh, I'd like to think so. I'm a black belt,that's what I'm trained to do.Presenter Well, it's great to hear of women coping well in situations like this. Perhaps we should all learn karate.Anna I think it's a good idea to have some kind of defence training. Yes, especially if you live in an area that isn't very safe.。

大学英语视听说4听力原文及答案-Unit1大学英语视听说4听力原文及答案-Unit1 Uint1II. Basic Listening Practice1. ScriptM: I’m beside myself with joy. I’m so lucky. Guess what? I’ve won a lit of money in the lottery. W: Yeah? Well, you do know that money is the root of all evil, right? Q: What does the woman mean?2. ScriptW: Mary was furious. Her son wrecked up her car. M: He shouldn’t have driven a car without a driver’s license. He‘s still taking driving lesson. Q: What do we know about Mary’s son?3. ScriptM: Susan, I hear you’re going to marry t hat guy. Some people think you’ll regret it.W: Is that so? Only time tell.Q: What does the woman imply?4. ScriptM: Mary, I just want to say how sorry I was to learn of your mother’s passing. I know how close you two were?W: Thank you. It was so s udden. I’M still in a state of shockI don’t know what to do. Q: Which of following is true?5. ScriptW: I get furious at work when my opinions aren’t considered just becau se I’m a woman.M: You should air your view more emphatically and demand that your vice be heard.Q: What is the woman complaining about?Keys: 1.C 2.B 3. D 4.A 5.DIII. Listening InTask 1: Soft answers turn away wrath.Mary: Dam! You’re spilled red wine on me. My new dress is ruined. John: I’ m terrible sorry! What can I do to help? Here’s some water to wash it off. Mary: Stop splashing water on me! Oh, this is so embarrassing! I’m a mess.John: Well, you do look a little upset. Please don’t blow up.Don’t lose your cool.Mary: Hmm, you’ve got the nerve talking like that! Who shouldn’tfly off the handle? This dress cost a fortune.John: You look really cute when you’re mad. I kid you not. Some people do look attractive whenthey are in a rage.Mary: This is very expensive dress. I saved for months to buy it, and now it’s ru ined. Look at this stain!John: Accidents do happen. Give me your dress, and I’ll take it to the cleaners. Mary: Sure! You want me to take it off right here inpublic and give it to you? I don’t even knowyou!John: This might be a really goof time to g et acquainted. I’m John Owen.Mary: Mmm, at least you’re polite. I guess I really shouldn’t have flared up. After all, it was anaccident. I’m Mary Harvey.John: Come on. I’ll take you ho me. You can change your clothes, and I’ll get the dress cleaned fo r you.Mary: Now you’re talking. Thanks. You’re a real gentleman.John: You’d better believe it. I’m glad to see that you’ve cooled down. Feel look a bite to eat afterward? I’m starving.Ma ry: Ok. You’re pretty good. I’m not nearly as mad. If you cange t this stain out, I’ll be veryhappy.John: I’ll try my best. But if I can’t get the stain out, please don’t let your happiness turn to wrath.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the dialog?2. Why does the woman get angry?3. What does the man say to please the woman when she looks angry?4. Why does the woman say the man is a real gentleman?5. What is theman’s final proposal?Keys: 1D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.CTask 2: Big John is coming!ScriptA bar owner in the Old West has just hired a timid bartender. This (S1) owner of the establishmentis giving his new hire some instructions on (S2) running the place. He tells the timid man, “If youever hear that Big John is coming to town, (S3) drop everything and run for the hills! He’s theb iggest, nastiest (S4) outlaw who’s ever lived!”A few weeks pass (S5) uneventfully. But one afternoon, a local cowhand comes running throughtown (S6) yelling, “Big John is coming! Run for your (S7) l ives!”When the bartender leaves the bar to start running, he is knocked to the ground by severaltownspeople rushing out of town. (S8) As he’s picking himself up, he sees a large man, almost seven feet tall. He’s muscular, and is growing as he approaches the bar. He steps up to the door, orders the poor ba rkeep inside, and demands, “I want a beer NOW!”He strikes his heavy fist on the bar, splitting it in half. (S9) The bartender nervously hands the bigman a beer, hands shaking. He takes the beer, bites the top of the bottle off, and downs the beer inone gulp.As the terrified bartender hides behind the bar, the big man gets up to leave, “Do you wantanother beer?” the bartender asks in a trembling voice.“Dang it, I don’t have time!” the big man yells, (S10) “I got to get out of town! Don’t you hearBig John is coming?”Task3: A View of HappinessScriptDr. Smith has proposed a reasonable, if perhaps somewhat oversimplifies, view of happiness. According to his theory, happiness might be described as a state if balance. And when human or certain animals achieve that balance, they rend to remain in that condition in order to repeat the happy feeling.To illustrate this, we may study two magnets. When their positive and negative poles meet, they are comfortably joined, and they remain there. In other words, they have attained a balance or state of happiness. If on the other hand, one of the poles is reversed, and positive pole is presses against positivepole, there is resistance, instability, imbalance a state of unhappiness. Animals with some degree of intelligence seem to find happiness in reinforcement. Once they have gained one or more of their goals such as food, and water, they learn to repeat the actions that led to satisfaction of those goals. This repetition or reinforcement produces a state of balance or sense of happiness.According to this theory, only animals with a significant capacityto learn should be able to experience happiness. But in truth learning can take place through surprisingly simple short-term action such asscratching an itch, followed by pleasure, followed by more scratching,and so on. Thus learning can occur with almost no conscious thought.For human beings, blessed with the ability to reason, goals are not limited to the short-term satisfaction of needs. Indeed, there is astrong link between happiness and the fulfillment of long-term goals. Even if human strive for goals that are more complex and longer-termthan the animals’ goals, once those goals are gained, happiness is reinforced.1. Why does the speaker menti on “magnets”?2. According to the passage, what may animals do after they have got food?3. Which of the following is true according to the speaker?4. What does the speaker say is special about the goals of human beings?5. Which of the following best captures the main idea of the passage?Keys: 1D 2.C3. B 4.D 5.AIV. Speaking OutMODEL 1 Don’t let it get to you!Susan: You look so angry. What happened?Chris: Nothing I’d rather not talk about it. Just don’t ask.Susan: Come on. Relax. Talk to me.Chris: All right. This morning I took my car to the garage to checkthe air conditioner. They only gave it a quick look, refilled it with some Freon, and charged me 300bucks!Susan: No wonder you’re livid. I’d be mad to o if someone ripped me off like that.Chris: Yeah. And they were rude. They said I didn’t know anything about cars, which I don’t, butthey didn’t have to be blunt!Susan: Sounds like you got a raw deal!Chris: What’s worse, as I was leaving, I herd then s aying, “Don’t trust that guy. He looks broke.”When I heard that, I almost hit the roof.Susan: Don’t let it get to you. Better ignore them. Chris: I agree.I did manage to keep my cool. Susan: Well, the best thing you can do is to file a complaint with the Consumer Protection Agency.Chris: sounds like a good idea.MODEL2 I’m too depressed.ScriptSusan: Chris, I hear you’ve been down in the dumps, soI’ve come to cheer you up. Chris: It’s not gong o work. I’m too depressed Susan: Come, on. Tell me what’s on your mind.Chris: Everything. My girlfriend left me; my dog ran away; my wallet was stolen.Susan: Don’t worry. I’ll help you solve the biggest problem: finding you a new girlfriend.Chris: Forget it. Anyway, I’m getting bad grades, and I was told that I’d have to repeat a lot of courses next year. When I heard that, I almost lost it. Susan: Look, relax. I’ll help you with those courses.Chris: Yeah, but I also have three week’s laundry to do., and my room is a pigsty. Susan: Forget it. You’re on your ow n.Chris: Come, on. What are friends for?Susan: To keep you in high spirits; not to do your laundry.MODEL3 You seem to be on top of the world. ScriptNora: Oh, hey, John!John: Hey!Nora: You seem to be on top of the world tonight. What’s up?John: I’m so happy I’m about to burst. Guess what?Nora: You’ve got me.John: It might be true that misfortunes never come singly, but you can also have a “doubleblessing”. And that’s what I had.Nora: You mean you’ve had two happy events in your life? John: Exactly. You know, I was strong in all subjects except physics. NowI’ve finally passed thetest--the one I needed to qualify for a Bachelor’s degree.Nora: Congratulations! You’d failed it three times. Nowyou’re beaming. What’s theother good news?John: The multinational I was dong my field project at offered me a job at a good staring salary.Nora: Wow, wonderful, simple wonderful.John: I feel like celebrating. Shall we go to a bar?Nora: Why not?Now Your TurnTask 1SAMPLE DIALOGA: You look furious. What happened?B: Nothing. I’d rather not talk about it. Just don’t ask.A: Come on. You shouldn’t keep your feeling to yourself. You need to let off some stream. So, talk tome.B: All right. This morning I went to a shop to buy a digital camera, I only need an ordinary one. Itis enough for my tours in the summer vacation. Buy they persuaded me to buy a professional camera, which cost three times as much.A: But you were willing to buy for it. Anyway, it must work better. B: You see, I know next to nothing about photography. So they simply tricked me into buying anexpensive one.A: No wonder you’re livid with rage. I’d be mad too if I were robbed like that. What are you going to do?B: I already went back to them and asked to exchange it for a cheaper one. A: What did they say?B: Oh, they were rude. They insisted that they hadn’t encouraged me to buy a professional camera, and that I boughtA: Sounds like you got a raw deal!B: What’s worse, as I was leaving, I heard they say, “T hat guy looks broke. He shouldn’t havebought any camera.”A: Don’t let it get to you. Better ignore their rude remarks.B: I agree. I did manage to keep my cool.A: Well, the best thing you can do is to file a complaint with the Consumer Protection Agency. Ifthey talk to the shop, maybe they will give you a refund.B: Sounds too good to be true.V. Let’s TalkScriptHello, everyone. Today I invite you to join me in an exploration off the causes of depression. There ate many factors involved, but I believe some deserve special attention. Heredity certainly plays a role. .The tendency to develop depression may be inherited; there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.Physiology is another factor related to depression. There may be changes or imbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain called neurotransmitters. Many modern antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication. While the causal relationship is unclear; it is knownthat antidepressant medications do reliever certain symptoms of depression.Researchers also study psychological factors. They include the complex development of one’spersonality and how one has learned to cope with externalenvironmental factors, such as stress. It is freeqently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. While it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect, it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.Another factor causing depression is one’s early experiences. Events such as the death of a parent,the divorce of the parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can also increase the likelihood of depression later in life.Some present experiences may also lead to depression. Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or other painful events may trigger depression. Long-term stress at home, work, or school can also be involved.It is worth nothing that those living with someone suffering from \depression experience increased anxiety which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed.Depression-causing Factors Problem Description SolutionHeredity It is inherited and run in families.Physiology changes or imbalances in chemicals called neurotransmitters, which transmit information in the brain Antidepressant drugs relieve certain symptoms of depression. Psychological Factors Low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. Sufferers who make correction to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.Early Experiences Event like the death of a parent, the divorce of parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse canincrease the likelihood of depression.Present Experiences Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or long-term stress may trigger depression.Living with somebody with depression This causes increased anxiety, which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed.VI. Further Listening and SpeakingTask1: Reason and EmotionScriptEmotion is sometimes regarded as the opposite of reason; s is suggested by phrase such as”appeal to emotions rather than reason” and “don’t let your emotions take over”. Emotionalreactions sometimes produce consequences or thoughts which people may later regret or disagree with; but during an emotional state, theycould not control their actions. Thus, it is generally believed that one of the most distinctive facts about human beings is a contradiction between emotion and reason.However, recent empirical studies do not suggest there is a clear distinction between reason and emotion. Indeed, anger or fear can often be thought of as an instinctive response to observed fact. The human mind possesses many possible reactions to the external world. Those reactions can lie on a continuum, with some of them involving the extreme of pure intellectual logic, which is often called “cold”, and others involving the extremes of pure emotion not related to logical agreement, which is called “the heat of passion”. The relation logic and emotion merits careful study. Passion, emotion, orfeeling can reinforce an argument, event one based primarily on reason. This is especially true in religion or ideology, which frequently demands anall-or-nothing rejection or acceptance. In such areas of thought, human beings have to adopt a comprehensive view partly backed by empirical argument and partly by feeling and passion. Moreover, several researchers have suggested that typically there is no “pure” decision or thought; that is, no thought is based“purely”” on intellectual logic or “purely” on emotion—most decisions are founded on amixture of both.1. What results does the speaker may some from emotional reactions?2. What is the popular belief about reason and emotion?3. What does the speaker mean by “cold “?4. According to the passage, what should people do in religious matters?5. What is the speaker’s conclusion?Keys: 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.DTask 2: DepressionScriptPat: You look depressed. Are you feeling blue? I’ve come to cheer you up.Ted: But there’s nothing that can cheer me up. I’m down in the dumps. Life’s miserablePat: You have to try to get your mind off things.Ted: But I can’t. I just feel there’s too much pressure on me sometimes!Pat: You can’t let things get you down. Learn to relax andstop worryin g all the time. What’s yourproblem?Ted: I failed my last exam, and another exam is coming, I get bored. Pat: If I were you, I’d start working hard. If you work hard for a long time, you’re bound t o getbetter grades. You see, “no pain, no gain”.Ted: It’s easier said than done! If I read for fifteen minutes, I get bored. Pat: You have to learn some self-discipline.But how can I stay cheerful all the time?Ted: Worse than that! If I read for half an hour, I get a headache. Then I start to worry aboutpassing the next exam.Pat: It’s all in your mind. If you stay cheerful like me,everything will soon be OK. Ted: But how can I stay cheerful all the time?Pat: Try to look on the bright side of things.Ted: But what if there isn’t a bright side?Pat: You know the saying: Every cloud has a silver lining. It means there’re always tow sides toeverything—both the dark and the bright sides. So, try to identify your strengths and bring theninto full play.Ted: Oh, no! Your corny old sayings are making me even more depressed.Keys: TFFTFTask3: AngerScriptAnger is an emotion that can be hard to control. Despite this, we should learn how to manage anger in a constructive manner. In the most intense moments of anger, we usually have twochoices: to fight or to run. Some choose the option of violence, which is a negative reaction to anger; and others choose to run. Some may think running means you are a coward. But the option of walking away and claiming down is the moreproductive method of handling anger. It is difficult to walk away, especially when your heart is racing, and your anger is boiling over. There are constructive ways of handling anger in any situation. First, you have to stop for a brief moment and think before you act. Take that moment and calm down id you feel yourself being pushed.At that moment you should admit you are angry. If you refuse toadmit you’re angry or hurt, or ifyou make it appear that everything is peaches and cream, you are not managing angry in a productive way. You should first admit you are angry and let your feelings out before you blow up. Foe example, you can stay in a quiet place by yourself and shout; or you can talk to a closefriend to vent your rage. If you do not acknowledge your anger, it only builds up inside you and will eventually explode like a volcano Then, in order to manage your angry, you can ask yourself an important question that we all must ask ourselves, “What made me angry?” When you get the answer, and then ask yourself, “Why did that made me angry?” Thro ugh such logical reasoning, one tends to calm down and move toward a sensible solution.News ReportU.S. Roller CoasterScriptThe world’s first 4D roller coaster, “X”, took on its firstpassengers last week at the Six FlagsMagic Mountain theme park, just outside Los Angeles.After climbing on board and properly securing their safety harnesses, “X” riders are first to aheight of over 66meters. At the top, the passenger train is released and builds up enough speed to race and plummet around the track at speeds of over 130km an hour.The rider takes the daring passengers down an incredible 66m diveand over the top of a 62m loop, in cars that spin independently of the roller coaster train. This unique design allows riders to spin360degree, both forwards and backwards, through the entire ride.Passengers hurtle through this ride often moving in many different directions at the same time ad the cars somersault back and forth andthe roller coaster twists, loops, and dives. The complicated series of maneuvers includes two raven turn, one front flip, one twisting front flip, and two back flips.Since passengers aren’t always facing the right direction to see what’s coming up next, theelement of surprise is high. For “X” riders, this adds to the thrill of the ride.The track of this newest roller coaster runs a total length of a little over1, 100meters. The passenger trains measure 6meters wide and21meters long, large enough to carry 28 passengers at a time. At full capacity, the trains can take 1,600passengers for the ride of theirlives each hour. The entire ride lasts for only a total about2minutes,but you can tell from the exhilarated faces of passengers returning to the boarding dock that they were two of the most thrilling minutes ofheir lives.Uint2II. Basic Listening Practice1. ScriptW: Did you hear? Helen got modeling jib! She’s going to be sashaying down the catwalk.M: Wow, that’s great! All that walking prac tice really paid off.And foe once she won’t becomplaining about being so tall.Q: Why did Helen get modeling job?2. ScriptM: Julia, come and see the Miss America contest on TV. All those beautiful girls are walking around in bathing suits, so the judges can decide who has the best figure.W: Bah! That’s the worst kind of exploitation. They are treating women like toys for people toenjoy. I would never take part in this kind of contest.Q: What do the man and the woman think about the beautify contest? 3. ScriptW: What shall I do? I’m fat. I want to be slim and beauty, but I’m fat. I’ve tri ed all the new ideas,high carb and low carb, but nothing works.M: Those diets are just fads, popular for a while and then forgotten. Just follow the usual diet withfruits, vegetables, fish, water, and get plenty of exercise.Before long you’ll see resul ts.Q: What has the woman tried?4. ScriptW1: I think Lily is really attractive. She’s half Spanish and hasthis really sultry look about her. W2: That explains why she tans so well. I’ve always been jealous of her skin color in the summer. Q: Which of following is true of Lily?5. ScriptM: Trust me, it was tight there on the Internet: “Plastic Surgery Increasing at a Faster Rate Among Men”. Apparentl y more and more menare trying to improve their appearance. W: I saw it too on the news. Face-lifts, nose jobs, and box to hide wrinkle are now very popular with men. Men say it’s for business reasons, but we know it’s vanity.Q: What does the woman think the real reason is that men haveplastic surgery?Keys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4D 5BIII. Listening InTask 1: A Friendly StylistStylist: Morning, sir. This chair, please. What can I do for you? Nick: A simple haircut: short on the back and sides.。

Unit 1OutsideviewConversation 1Li:What a wonderful view! This is such a great city!Do you ever get tired of living in London, Andy?A;"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life, for there is in London all that life can afford" Li:That's a quotation by Samuel Johnson, isn't it?A:Correct,so do you have any plans when you finish at Oxford?Li: I've got another year to go and then I suppose I'll go back home.A; And you will find a job?Li:I think I have to do my Master's before I look for work.But I must admit London is very special.Do you think you would ever leave London?A:Sure, I'd love to come to china one day, and I like traveling. But i think I'll always come back here.Li:Well, your roots are here and there are so many opportunities.A;But have you ever thought of living in London for a year or two?Li:Yes, but what could I do here? I had planned to become a teacher.But i have often thought if there was a job i could do here in publishing,maybe as an editor, I'll go for it.A:That's sounds like a great idea.I think that would really suit youLi:Maybe I should update my CV and send it to one or two publisher.A:Don't make it look too goodLi:Why not?A;Well,if you enjoy working with London Time Off, we don't want you working with anyone else Li:Oh, working with you and Joe it's great fun and really interesting. I couldn't think of a better way to find out about a cityA;So maybe you should think about applying for a job with usLi:But do you think I'd stand a chance(有可能，有希望)?I mean, I'm not sure if Joe likes meA:Don't even think about it!Joe is very straight talking and I promise you that you'd know if he didn't like you.Li:Perhaps we should both update our CVs and look for jobs togetherA:Hey,right!That would be fun.李：什么是美好的景色！这是这样一个伟大的城市！你有没有厌倦过伦敦的生活，安迪？当一个人厌倦了伦敦，他就厌倦了生活，因为在伦敦，所有的生活都能承受李：那是约翰逊塞缪尔的语录，不是吗？答：对，你在牛津结束的时候有什么计划吗？李：我还有一年要走，我想我会回家。