语用学课件_Pragmatics_

utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?

Reasoning:

Example 6:
A: I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old windbag, don’t you? B: Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it?

Implicature:

Mrs. Jenkins is coming, watch out! B’s answer seems to be irrelevant. But B might want to provide some relevant information, relevant in some other sense. So, the implicature.

Some other well-known Oxford philosophers:


Grice’s theory
The Co-operative Principle (合作原理):

Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
The letter explicitly said something about Mr. Jones’s punctuality and his handwriting. But it also implicitly said that the student is not good.
The professor did not say that the student is intelligent, hardworking etc., which are normally required for a recommendation letter. What he said about the student seems to be irrelevant. This cannot be a good reference letter.

• (3) maxim of relation: Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?
•
Mary: Let’s go get some coffee.
• (4) Bert: Do you like ice-cream?
• Ernie: Is the Pope Catholic? (+> obviously yes!)
•
He’s always ready to help.
•
He never leaves you in the lurch.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
• 反语（irony），隐喻(metaphor)，夸张法 (hyperbole)和弱言法(meiosis)都是有意违 反会话的质量准则的结果.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicature
• 1. Conversational implicature • 2. Generalized conversatonal implicatures • 3. Particularized conversational
implicatures • 4. Properties of conversatoinal
attendance at tutorials has been regular. However, his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job. • (2) You’re the cream in my coffee.------ But I’m afraid I don’t quite like cream in my coffee.

(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.