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语言学教程Metaphor

语言学教程Metaphor
在此例中，作者将“时间”这一抽象概念，用一系列的其他抽 象概念：智慧，愚蠢，信仰，怀疑，光明，黑暗，希望，失望来 比喻。
Classification
5) Idiomic or proverbial metaphor Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor refers to a metaphor which contain an idiom or proverb. * He was almost at the end of his tether when he stumbled on the solution of his difficulty. 6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor. * Misfortune dogged him at every corner.
Classification
9)Mixed metaphor Mixed metaphor is the thoughtless use of more than one metaphor in a context so that incongruous images are brought to mind. It is the junction of two inconsistent metaphors, which can produce a special effect , a very amusing, but illogical imagery. * He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it. 10) Orientational metaphor Orientational metaphor is produced by reference of space of direction, it is supposed by some people, largely based on the concept of space. * He is a man of deep insight , sense and thought. * He passed in the final examination with very low grade.

语言学考点--隐喻(metapher)课件

语言学考点--隐喻(metapher)课件

隐喻和明喻的真值条件经常是不同的
张三像只大猩猩可能是真的，张三是只大猩猩 则一定是假的。这种论证依赖于真值条件意义 理论，否则就不能成立。

如果说隐喻所用的词儿另有一个〔隐含的〕意 义，那么，隐喻本身就会消失。例如我们说， the spirit of God moved upon the face of the water〔上帝的圣灵临近水面〕，如果这句话 里的face另有一个隐含的或曰扩展的意义，可 以用来述说水的表面，那么，水就有了面，水 面就不再是一个隐喻。牵涉到第二种意义的是 两可〔ambivalence〕，隐喻则并不牵涉第二 种意义，否则我们就要等隐喻死了以后才彻底 掌握这种意义。

The government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation.（隐喻）



(4a) The driver drove the bus too fast down the hill, so the brakes failed. (4b) The driver’s overrapid downhill driving of the bus caused brake failure. (4a)是一致式，(4b)通过语法隐喻把(4a) 的两个小句向下转移为两个名词性词组结构。

英国有个古诗人，John Donne，曾有这样的 句子：our blood labours to beget spirits〔我 们的血液辛勤劳作以孕育精神〕，现代人把这 视作隐喻，但原作者其实是在直陈字面的意思。
名词化

（1a）The brakes failed. (1b) brake failure (1a)为非隐喻形式，其中的the brakes是表示 参与者的名词，failed则是表示物质过程的动 词，但在(1b) 中句子转化成了名词短语。

metaphor暗喻PPT课件

metaphor暗喻PPT课件

little vessels then and there arranged in order, r
eady to gave imperial gallons of faell full to the brim.
那位讲话的人, 校长和在场的第三位成年人都
metaphor
.
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Definition
Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），是 一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物 （喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其 比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更 深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力
.
2
Definition
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是： “a figure of speech containing an implied c
谁也没有料想到, 尤其是我, 更没有想到我的案子会越搞 越大, 以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。 would snowball (滚雪球) 是把“案件”比喻为“雪球”
The street around the threestorey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands s elling hot dogs.
omparison, in which a word or phrase o
rdinarily and primarily used of one thing is a pplied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐 喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的 基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被 用来表述另外的一种事物。由于比喻是隐 含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然 十分紧密。

《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件

《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件

4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• How could any man ever understand the workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was
halfway through my first cup my brain was ticking
.
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The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution.
• His mind isn’t operating today.
• He is a little rusty today.
• I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing vigor).
over much more briskly.
.
10
An argument is war.
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.

认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻ppt课件

认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻ppt课件

.
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映射（Mapping）
隐喻不仅是根据对具体事物的认知模式来认识和 构造对其他事物的认知模式，而是将整个认知模 式的结构、内部关系转移，这种转移被称为源模 式向目标模式结构的映射。
.
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隐喻本质上是一种认知现象，是思维相互作用的 产物。它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以简 单喻复杂、以具体喻抽象，以通俗喻科学。
02
as cognitive instruments
Metaphors as a way of
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thinking: examples from
science and politics
Pragmatic applications of
04
Metaphors and Metonymies
.
2
All the world’s a stage
.
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①一般而言，隐喻的源域为具体范畴，而目标域是后认知的具体范畴或抽 象范畴，而不是相反。
②常规隐喻是一个语言集团文化和经验的沉淀。人们根据经验和文化传统 来选择源域。
③源域与目标域之间形成一定的隐喻结构网，同一源域可以隐喻多个目标 域，
LIFE IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY
Third stage( 1970-now): Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary fields.
.
4
相似原则（principle of similarity）
.
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突显原则（principle of prominence）

第二讲含而不露的 隐喻metaphor 优质课件

第二讲含而不露的 隐喻metaphor 优质课件

第二讲： 隐喻（metaphor)
Questions: 1. What is metaphor? 2. What features dose it have? 3. How to appreciate metaphor in English
and Chinese? 4. Can you find more examples of this figure
thing is applied to another.
----Webster’s New World Dictionary
A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.
The next time Frank went to the restaurant, he walked up to the
hostess and told his guest, “ I want to introduce you to my friend
Venus.”
Simile and Metaphor
Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. 生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Life is an isthmus between two eternities. 生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams. 幸福像阳光，皆由细小的光束构成。 The sunshine of happiness is made of very little beams. 幸福的阳光由非常细小的光束构成。 He is as stubborn as a mule. 他犟得像头骡子。 He is a mule. 他是头犟骡

修辞Metaphor ppt课件

修辞Metaphor ppt课件

PPT课件
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Three purposes Description Illumination Illustration
PPT课件
10
Description
1. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.
• A description of the alternate bands of light and shade in the hall, like a Zebra’s stripes.
Visible metaphor Invisible metaphor Sustained metaphor Extended metaphor Mixed metaphor
Dead metaphor
PPT课件
6
Visible metaphor
Definition: both the primary term (tenor) and the secondary term (vehicle) are present in the sentence.
• Function: leaves room for the reader’s imagination.
• Eg: The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker...(O. Henry)
movement of the
Heard it on the Agean, and
Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow
themselves against the

语言学教程Metaphorppt课件

语言学教程Metaphorppt课件
2) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is expressed by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.

英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language课件

英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language课件
e.g We have different hobbies:I like traveling while you don’t like it.
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language
Ideational function（概念元功能）
• Ideational function comprises two components, the experiential function and the logical function.
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language
Thanks!
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language
• Textual function is represented through two categories of resources, structural resources which consist of thematic structure and thematic progression, and nonstructural resources which comprise all kinds of cohesive device.
“the speaker’s emotions,judgment and attitudes”.
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language
Textual function (语篇元功能)
• The textual function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner to fit the particular situation in which they are used.

修辞学课件：metaphor

修辞学课件：metaphor

• In a metaphor, however, the comparison would appear simply as • (1a) Jim was a fox. • (2a) The world is a stage.
• A metaphor, then, is in a sense a condensed simile, differing from the latter only in form and artistry. It is a higher form, though, and not all metaphors can be recast (to give a new shape to) as similes. It requires greater ability on the part of the reader to perceive the hidden association, the insight into persons, things or ideas that is implied. For whereas in a simile the particular aspect of the point of resemblance between two unlike elements is given, in a metaphor nothing is stated.
• Whereas cognitive linguists propose that it belongs not only to the category of language, but also to the category of thinking and cognition. It is regarded as basic thinking, cognitive and conceptualization modes.

Conceptual-Metaphor概念隐喻推荐课件

Conceptual-Metaphor概念隐喻推荐课件
• metaphorical entailments paly an essential role in linking all of the instances of a single metaphorical structuring of a concept
2021/8/22
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Metaphors and image schemas
• Image schemas appear to be knowledge structures that emerge directly from pre-conceptual embodied experience. These structures are meaningful at the conceptual level precisely because they derive from the level of bodily experience, which is directly meaningful.
another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the
metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
Substitution theory —A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore,
completely replaceable .(Way,1991:23)

英语中的暗喻

英语中的暗喻
那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了 下去。
精选版课件ppt
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The boy is shooting up fast. 这个小孩长得特快。
Waves thundered against the rocks. 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。
The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.
他尾随着她走进洞穴。
精选版课件ppt
11
Exercise:
I have been wrestling with this problem
for half ah hour. 我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。
The train steamed into the station.
火车吐着气开进了车站。
He needled his way through the crowd.
他穿过人群。
精选版课件ppt
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( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) It is a thorny problem／issue／subject. 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。
The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手!
wood. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
精选版ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้件ppt
17
Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。
Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Tomorrow is another (a new) day. 重振旗鼓，东山再起。
He loves a rosy cheek. 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。

《英语文体学要略》-MetaphorPPT课件

《英语文体学要略》-MetaphorPPT课件

drink like a fish 痛饮
as fresh as a rose 精神焕发
as timid as a mouse 胆小如鼠
as quiet as a lamb 像羔羊一样驯良
as sharp as a knife 像刀一样锋利
as sly as a fox
像狐狸一样狡猾
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛2021ຫໍສະໝຸດ 3/9授课：XXX3
I wondered lonely like a cloud. (William Wordsworth)
我像一朵浮云独自漫步。 Beauty, sweet love, is like the morning dew.
(Samuel Daniel) 美丽、甜蜜的爱，犹若清晨的露珠。 My heart is like a singing bird.
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
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明喻Simile
• 英语常用的比喻词有as (如)、like (像)、seem (看起来好像)、 as if (似乎)、as though (仿佛)、such as (像……一样)等。有 时还用than (比、胜似)来做更加强调、夸张的比喻词。
• 汉语常用的比喻词有“像、如、犹如、如同、比、好比、 似乎、似的、仿佛、犹、若、一样、一般”等等。
(Edgar Allan Poe)
他的眼睛紧盯着他，一脸严肃得像石头。
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
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"... a succession of startled substitutes had stood before them, ducked, winced and fled."

metaphor

metaphor

8. Conceptual metaphorPre-questions;1. What’s the relation and distinction of metaphor studies in traditional rhetoric and in cognitive linguistics?2. What’s the basis of conceptual metaphor?3. What is the significance for second language acquisition?4. What’s the major limitation?8.1 Metaphor in traditional rhetoric8.1.1 Definitions隐喻是用另外一事体的某些相似特性来描绘某事体的想象性方法，被视为一种修辞手段，是非正常的语言使用，属于文学、修辞学等学科的研究范畴。

Metaphor is an innovative use of language or of the figurative application of a single term to a new referent.对比论和替代论都将隐喻看作是词语层次上的一种修辞方式，都将隐喻的功能看作是一种附加的、可有可无的装饰，就其结构和形式而言，都认为是正常语言规则的一种偏离。

互动论把隐喻作为一种语义现象，并放到句子层次进行考察。

8.1.2 Types方达尼尔以“有生命的”和“无生命的”为标准，把隐喻分成五类：（1）一生物的特征向另一生物转移，（2）无生命实体的特征向无生命抽象事物转移，（3）无生命事物向生物转移，（4）从生物向无生命事物转移的物理隐喻，（5）从生物向无生命事物转移的道德隐喻。

又可分为两类：实体间的物理性隐喻和抽象事物与实体间的道德隐喻。

8.2 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics类推和隐喻式推理是所有认知活动的基础。

Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件

Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件
பைடு நூலகம்
精品ppt
2
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
精品ppt
5
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
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* He was almost at the end of his tether when he stumbled on the solution of his difficulty.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor
When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning.
2) Verbal metaphor
Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is expressed by verb.
* Her eyes ຫໍສະໝຸດ ored into him.* Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
隐喻也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把喻体当作本体来描述， 其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增 强语言的表现力。
.
2
Classification
1) Nominal metaphor Nominal metaphor refers to the metaphor in which the metaphorical meaning is mainly expressed by noun. * Time is money.
Webster’s New world dictionary ：a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
4) Quasi-metaphor
Quasi-metaphor refers to the metaphor whose implication is shown by the word formed with some suffixes such as "-ry", 'ly", "-sh", "ic",etc.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.
Metaphor
隐喻
.
1
Definition
It is a word or a phrase used in an imaginative way to describe sb/sth else, in order to show that the two things have the same quantities and to make the description more powerful.
8) Alphabetic metaphor
Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle
* Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls,
In a condensed metaphor, the tenor is used to modify the vehicle.
* Hurstwood complied and the car shot away, followed by a rattle of stones and a rain of curses.
In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the
denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb
metaphor.
.
5
Classification
7)Condensed metaphor
.
3
Classification
3) Adjective metaphor Adjective metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical meaning is indicated by adjective. * I could hardly put up with his acid remarks.
* The fat man licked his lips. His piggy eyes , as if unbelieving, were focused upon her own.
.
4
Classification
5) Idiomic or proverbial metaphor
Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor refers to a metaphor which contain an idiom or proverb.
working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6
Classification
9)Mixed metaphor
Mixed metaphor is the thoughtless use of more than one metaphor in a context so that incongruous images are brought to mind. It is the junction of two inconsistent metaphors, which can produce a special effect , a very amusing, but illogical imagery.