刘润清《新编语言学教程》Pragmatics教学PPT课件
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Chapter 6 Pragmatics.ppt
• “Today is Sunday”, semantically, it means that today is the first day of the week; pragmatically, you can mean a lot by saying this, all depending on the context and the intention of the speaker, say, making a suggestion or giving an invitation…
• Note: Sometimes they are easy to get confused, e.g.“It is raining outside” can be a constative, and also a performative, for by uttering such a sentence, we may not only state a fact, but involve in the act of informing someone about the rain.
Some Examples of Performatives
• “I do” • “I name this ship Elizabeth.” • “I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.” • “I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.” • “I declare the meeting open.”
• The locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (literal meaning of an utterance);
• Note: Sometimes they are easy to get confused, e.g.“It is raining outside” can be a constative, and also a performative, for by uttering such a sentence, we may not only state a fact, but involve in the act of informing someone about the rain.
Some Examples of Performatives
• “I do” • “I name this ship Elizabeth.” • “I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.” • “I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.” • “I declare the meeting open.”
• The locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (literal meaning of an utterance);
语言学pragmatics的ppt
• 1.person deictics: used to identify participants in the discourse. "I" and "We" are to refer to the speaker and "you" the hearer. The third person pronouns are used to refer to people other than participants.
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• 2.place deictics such as "here" and "this" to iindicate the spatial relations between the speaker and the referred object or place. Some verbs also denotes the spatial relations between the speaker, the hearer and the place designated, such as "come/go" and "bring/take".
• But if it is said when John is swimming, it probably means "John swims well".
If it is said at a party, it will be taken to mean that "John can drink a lot of wine", etc.
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II. Context & Meaning
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• 2.place deictics such as "here" and "this" to iindicate the spatial relations between the speaker and the referred object or place. Some verbs also denotes the spatial relations between the speaker, the hearer and the place designated, such as "come/go" and "bring/take".
• But if it is said when John is swimming, it probably means "John swims well".
If it is said at a party, it will be taken to mean that "John can drink a lot of wine", etc.
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II. Context & Meaning
新编语言学教程chapter 6 pragmatics
excuse of being busy at work. I: You have to do some housework because
you don’t work today. (c). Situation: John promised to go shopping
with his wife on Sunday. I: Don’t forget what you promised.
Utterance: unit of speech actually used for communication. It can be understood as the speaker’s purpose or the speaker’s intention.
1.2 Context
Generally, context refers to the background knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer, including general knowledge of the world, knowledge specific to the situation of communication, specific to the counterparts of communication, the knowledge of the purpose of communication.
• Performatives: different from constatives, performative is used to perform an action, to do a thing. Uttering a performative is doing a thing.
you don’t work today. (c). Situation: John promised to go shopping
with his wife on Sunday. I: Don’t forget what you promised.
Utterance: unit of speech actually used for communication. It can be understood as the speaker’s purpose or the speaker’s intention.
1.2 Context
Generally, context refers to the background knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer, including general knowledge of the world, knowledge specific to the situation of communication, specific to the counterparts of communication, the knowledge of the purpose of communication.
• Performatives: different from constatives, performative is used to perform an action, to do a thing. Uttering a performative is doing a thing.
语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件
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• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
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6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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definition of deixis
新编语言学教程chapter 6 pragmatics (课堂PPT)
The previous word is called the antecedent, and the second word is called the anaphor or anaphoric expression.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
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3.2 Constatives and performatives
• Constatives: statements, assertions and utterances like them; an utterance is used to state a fact or what the speaker believes to be a fact, or to describe state of affairs. e.g: She is a waitress. The characteristic property of a constative is that it can be assessed in terms of truth value.
the rest of social sience was/ wasn’t asleep. >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics. • Cleft sentences It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie. >> Somenone kissed Rosie. • Comparisons and contrasts Carol is/ isn’t a better linguist than Barbara. >> Barbara is a linguist.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
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3.2 Constatives and performatives
• Constatives: statements, assertions and utterances like them; an utterance is used to state a fact or what the speaker believes to be a fact, or to describe state of affairs. e.g: She is a waitress. The characteristic property of a constative is that it can be assessed in terms of truth value.
the rest of social sience was/ wasn’t asleep. >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics. • Cleft sentences It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie. >> Somenone kissed Rosie. • Comparisons and contrasts Carol is/ isn’t a better linguist than Barbara. >> Barbara is a linguist.
刘润清《新编语言学教程》Pragmatics教学课件
Examples of Austin’s Performatives (2)
1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict • acquit, convict, find, hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule, 2. Executives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power. • appoint, name, order, command, fine, grant, nominate, bequeath, pardon, resign, warn, plead, pray, declare open 3. Commissives: Committing the speaker to a course of action; implies obligation • promise, undertake, give my word 4. Behabitives: Adopting an attitude in reaction to the behavior of others apologize, thank, sympathy, attitudes, greetings, wishes, challenges 5. Expositives: Expounding one's views, clarifying • affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify, remark, mention,
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
新编语言学教程chapter6pragmatics课堂
The previous word is called the antecedent, and the second word is called the anaphor or anaphoric expression.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
husband. >> Joan hadn 't been beating her husband. ? Iteratives The flying saucer came/ didn 't come again . >>The flying saucer came before.
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? Temporal clauses
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2.2 Deixis (p.144)
Deixis is the words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances.
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2. Micropragmatics (p.143) 2.1 Reference
The act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.
heads. >> There exists a man with two heads. ? Factive verbs John realized/ didn ' t realize that he was in debt. >>John was in debt.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
husband. >> Joan hadn 't been beating her husband. ? Iteratives The flying saucer came/ didn 't come again . >>The flying saucer came before.
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? Temporal clauses
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2.2 Deixis (p.144)
Deixis is the words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances.
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2. Micropragmatics (p.143) 2.1 Reference
The act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.
heads. >> There exists a man with two heads. ? Factive verbs John realized/ didn ' t realize that he was in debt. >>John was in debt.
新编语言学教程chapter6pragmatics课堂共49页
新编语言学教程 chapter6pragmatics课堂
26、机遇对于有准备的头脑有特别的 亲和力 。 27、自信是人格的核心。
28、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力 量泉源 之一， 也是成 功的利 器之一 。没有 它，天 才也会 在矛盾 无定的 迷径中 ，徒劳 无功。- -查士 德斐尔 爵士。 29、困难就是机遇。--温斯顿．丘吉 尔。 30、我奋斗，所以我快乐。--格林斯 潘。
ENDΒιβλιοθήκη 16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
26、机遇对于有准备的头脑有特别的 亲和力 。 27、自信是人格的核心。
28、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力 量泉源 之一， 也是成 功的利 器之一 。没有 它，天 才也会 在矛盾 无定的 迷径中 ，徒劳 无功。- -查士 德斐尔 爵士。 29、困难就是机遇。--温斯顿．丘吉 尔。 30、我奋斗，所以我快乐。--格林斯 潘。
ENDΒιβλιοθήκη 16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
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例例1.2“T. oday is Sunday.” may mean “Time for us to B“超生gs室toa男iyn医ign生gf务ish女ho人imn一ge员.”个too：rh样“a“Iv。’em好a”ngo好otogd回orine去sgtw.保”iethtc胎y. o。u. I”’m、6
9
Pragmatics
1. John Langshaw Austin – Speech Act Theory 2. Paul Grice – The Cooperative Principle 3. Erving Goffman – Face 4. Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson –
2. Executives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power.
13
Examples of Austin’s Performatives (2)
1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict
• acquit, convict, find, hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule,
are verifiable)
performative: to do things/ perform acts (not
verifiable)
11
1. An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
2. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
1
1. Distinguish between pragmatics and semantics
2. Learn about the Speech Act Theory 3. Analyze conversational implicature
2
Definition
Study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
3
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics vs. semantics • Correctness vs. appropriateness
4
Context
Context -- a basic cocs. It
5
Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Semantics: studies sentence meaning, proposition of a sentence, context-independent
Pragmatics: studies utterance meaning, contextdependent, the product of sentence-meaning and context;
but it might be appropriate pragmatically, like in a scribbled note by a hostage.
Note: Pragmatics can make sense out of nonsense, given a suitable context. Appropriateness is most important in crosscultural communication.
is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation(time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.….
Politeness Theory 5. Anna Wierzbicka – Culture and Cognition
10
1. John Austin’s Models Old Model 2 utterances
Utterances
constative: to state an act/describe a state. (Constatives
Another example: “The bag is heavy.” can mean
• a bag being heavy (sentence meaning); • an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to
help carry the bag; • the speaker is declining someone’s offer to
help.
7
Ray L. Birdwhistell, 19582
Correctness vs. Appropriateness
• “John play golf”---- grammatically incorrect; • “Golf played John” ---- logically incorrect;
3. In dialogue, each turn by a speaker may be considered an utterance.
12
Examples of Austin’s performatives (1)
e.g.
1. I name the ship Göteborg. 2. I do. 3. I declare the 29th Olympic Games open! 4. I bet you ten bugs that you will lose.
9
Pragmatics
1. John Langshaw Austin – Speech Act Theory 2. Paul Grice – The Cooperative Principle 3. Erving Goffman – Face 4. Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson –
2. Executives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power.
13
Examples of Austin’s Performatives (2)
1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict
• acquit, convict, find, hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule,
are verifiable)
performative: to do things/ perform acts (not
verifiable)
11
1. An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
2. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
1
1. Distinguish between pragmatics and semantics
2. Learn about the Speech Act Theory 3. Analyze conversational implicature
2
Definition
Study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
3
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics vs. semantics • Correctness vs. appropriateness
4
Context
Context -- a basic cocs. It
5
Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Semantics: studies sentence meaning, proposition of a sentence, context-independent
Pragmatics: studies utterance meaning, contextdependent, the product of sentence-meaning and context;
but it might be appropriate pragmatically, like in a scribbled note by a hostage.
Note: Pragmatics can make sense out of nonsense, given a suitable context. Appropriateness is most important in crosscultural communication.
is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation(time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.….
Politeness Theory 5. Anna Wierzbicka – Culture and Cognition
10
1. John Austin’s Models Old Model 2 utterances
Utterances
constative: to state an act/describe a state. (Constatives
Another example: “The bag is heavy.” can mean
• a bag being heavy (sentence meaning); • an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to
help carry the bag; • the speaker is declining someone’s offer to
help.
7
Ray L. Birdwhistell, 19582
Correctness vs. Appropriateness
• “John play golf”---- grammatically incorrect; • “Golf played John” ---- logically incorrect;
3. In dialogue, each turn by a speaker may be considered an utterance.
12
Examples of Austin’s performatives (1)
e.g.
1. I name the ship Göteborg. 2. I do. 3. I declare the 29th Olympic Games open! 4. I bet you ten bugs that you will lose.