医学英语文献阅读技巧
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医护英语三级阅读做题技巧English:When tackling reading comprehension questions in the Medical English Level 3 exam, there are several key techniques to employ. Firstly, carefully read the entire passage before attempting to answer any questions. This helps establish context and allows you to grasp the main idea and supporting details. Secondly, pay attention to keywords and phrases in both the questions and the passage itself. These can guide you to the relevant sections of the text and help you locate specific information efficiently. Additionally, practice active reading by annotating the passage as you go along, underlining important points or jotting down summaries. This not only aids comprehension but also facilitates quicker reference during question answering. Furthermore, familiarize yourself with common question types, such as identifying main ideas, making inferences, and determining the author's purpose. Understanding these question formats can guide your approach to extracting the necessary information from the passage. Finally, manage your time effectively by allocating a certain amount for reading and comprehension and sticking to it. This ensures you have sufficient time to read thepassage thoroughly and answer all questions within the given timeframe.中文翻译:在医护英语三级阅读考试中,解答阅读理解题目时,有几个关键技巧需要运用。
阅读理解个人笔记一。
考研阅读理解命题干扰项的特点:1.看似合理,实则以偏概全,断章取义.惯用手法:利用生活常识编造选项,把文中事实细节当主旨应对方法:从文中找依据,找答案,"合理项"不一定就是正确选项2.偷梁换柱,张冠李戴.惯用手法:对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点. 应对方法:过于相似的选项不一定正确,"原词越多,对的可能性越小”.3.用常规含义代替偏用词义。
惯用手法:用常规词义麻痹考生.应对方法:掌握熟词生义,并根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义4。
过度引申。
惯用手法:备选项虽是由文章推出,但是却超出文章范围应对方法:切勿过度发挥,一切以原文为本。
二。
各类题型的特点及解答技巧(一)主旨题1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结。
2.主旨题的解题技巧*不管它出现在文章的什么位置,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理解有帮助*着重理解首末段,首末句*主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕3.主旨题的注意事项:*段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句*作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨*首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨*提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等4。
选项特点:正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统(二)作者观点和态度题1.作者态度题的解题技巧*作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案*漠不关心(中立)类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心*不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度*当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联[注]新趋势:*不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度*选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度限制的词*一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic(极大兴趣的)等*持有保留态度的比较客观,常常是正确选项,如:reserved(保留的), qualified(适合的),tempered(温和的) ,guarded(谨慎的;有保留的),consent(同意)等(三)词义/句义题1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思2.词义题的解题技巧:*根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则<1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思<2〉不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思*正确选项不是熟词的常规含义3.猜测词义的方法:*构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义*词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测*找同义词,同义解释,反义词,反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义*找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测4。
医学英语文献选读. 3
医学英语文献选读是医学生、医生和研究人员在学习和研究过程中非常重要的一部分。
通过阅读医学英语文献,我们可以了解最新的医学研究成果、临床实践经验和医学技术发展动态。
在进行医学英语文献选读时,我们可以从以下几个方面进行全面的阐述:
首先,我们可以从研究背景和目的的角度进行分析。
医学英语文献通常会在开篇明确阐述研究的背景和目的,包括该研究领域的现有研究进展、研究存在的问题和待解决的科学难题。
我们可以通过仔细阅读文献,了解研究的动机和意义,以及研究的具体目的是什么。
其次,我们可以从研究方法和实验设计的角度进行分析。
医学英语文献中通常会详细描述研究所采用的方法和实验设计,包括实验对象、实验材料、实验步骤、数据采集和分析方法等。
我们可以通过分析这些内容,了解研究的可靠性和科学性,以及研究结果的可信度。
另外,我们还可以从研究结果和讨论的角度进行分析。
医学英语文献通常会对研究结果进行详细的描述和分析,并对研究结果进
行讨论和解释。
我们可以通过仔细阅读文献,了解研究的主要发现和结论,以及这些结论对医学领域的意义和影响。
最后,我们可以从文献的局限性和展望的角度进行分析。
医学英语文献通常会对研究的局限性进行说明,并对未来研究方向进行展望。
我们可以通过分析这些内容,了解研究的不足之处和未来研究的发展方向,从而对该领域的研究有一个更全面的认识。
总的来说,医学英语文献选读是医学学习和研究过程中非常重要的一部分,通过全面地阐述研究背景和目的、研究方法和实验设计、研究结果和讨论,以及文献的局限性和展望,我们可以更好地理解和把握医学领域的最新进展和研究动态。
422018年44期总第432期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS以及对叙述顺序的理解。
学生要进行积极主动地训练,方可获得一定水平的阅读技能,也就是说需要学生通过进行原文文献的大量阅读,逐渐提高学生对文字材料的理解能力与反应能力,继而有效增强学生的阅读能力。
当然,教师可以根据不同学生的实际情况,指导学生结合自身实际情况,选择难度相当的阅读材料,进行积极阅读。
阅读材料的选择要与学生当前的知识水平相适应,难度过低或过高都不合适,过低会起不到很好地锻炼效果,过高会打击学生的学习信心与兴趣。
而且在练习阅读材料选择中,要尽可能与学习内容相关联,通过循序渐进地增加学生的阅读量,有效提高学生对原文文献的阅读能力。
教师还可以交给学生一定阅读技巧,如略读、跳读、细读等阅读方法,还有联系文章内容对生词进行猜测能力,以及利用上文信息推测下文意思的能力。
经过长时间的训练,医学生的原文文献阅读能力得到有效培养。
3.实施英语阅读的元认知策略。
教师根据不同学生的具体情况,指导学生制定出阅读计划,实施计划策略。
医学生根据自己现有的知识,对英语阅读能力的培养制定一个计划,计划内容包括英语阅读学习的目标、学习的计划、学习材料的选择、学习方法的选择、阅读进程、学习实践的分配,以及阅读重点的把握等。
因不同学生的个体差异还是比较明显的,教师要在教学大纲的指导下,引导学生制定出一个与自身阅读水平相适应的个性化英语阅读学习计划,进行不同学生进行分层次的指导。
在学生学习计划的实施中,教师要实施地给学生建议和意见,指导学生按照先易后难、循序渐进的基本原则进行有效学习。
在必要阶段,提醒学生对阅读学习计划或者阅读材料难度进行更新。
在阅读训练计划的实施过程中,对问题进行及时纠正,必要时进行学习方法的调整,也就是说学生要根究情况变化进行适时调整自己的阅读策略,以此来确保学习目标的有效完成。
具体来说,就是按照不同阅读材料、阅读方法、阅读速度等情况,进行必要的调整。
医学英文文献阅读技巧Baisonfield医学文献阅读心得医学论文段落摘抄分析下面文字来源于《生殖与不孕》杂志2008年一篇关于子宫内膜的文献,是方法部分的2段。
During surgery, the presence, localization, and extent of typical powder-burn and subtle lesions, adhesions, and deep infiltrating implants were recorded. Disease was classified according to the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) score (18). After adhesiolysis, all lesions were treated as follows: complete removal of ovarian endometriomas by stripping, excision of deep endometriosis, and coagulation of peritoneal implants with bipolar forceps. Specimens underwent thorough histologic analysis. Clinical and ultrasound examinations, pain, and occurrence of pregnancy were assessed at 3-month intervals for 3 years and, in the absence of new symptoms, once yearly thereafter. Follow- up was closed in June 2007.Pain recurrence was defined on the basis of a postoperative VAS pain score of R5 in women with preoperative pain symptoms. The recurrence of ovarian endometrioma was defined as the presence of a cyst with a typical aspect, as detected by transvaginal ultrasonography, characterized by a round, homogeneous, hypoechoic, low-level echo cyst or with thininternal heterogeneous trabeculation, with or without internal septa, no or poor vascularization of capsule, and septa (19). When the cyst was indistinguishable from a transient corpus luteum cyst or hemorrhagic cyst, the diagnosis of recurrence was made only when the cyst persisted after successive menstrual cycles.下面是点评:1 During surgery, the presence, localization, and extent of typical powder-burn and subtle lesions, adhesions, and deep infiltrating implants were recorded.这个句子中注意3个单词:Presence表示存在,但是我们喜欢用existence,这是从汉语对应过来的,其实英语中基本不用这个,而用presence。
医学英文文献阅读策略阅读医学英文文献可以采取以下策略:1. 预读摘要和目录:先阅读文献的摘要和目录,了解文献的主题、目的、方法和重要结论,以判断是否值得继续深入阅读。
2. 关注引言和讨论部分:这两个部分通常提供了研究背景、研究问题、研究方法和结果的详细说明。
通过阅读这些部分,可以了解文献的研究设计、样本选择和数据分析方法,加深对文献内容的理解。
3. 查看实验设计和方法部分:对于实验性研究文献,特别关注实验设计和方法,了解研究者的实验步骤和所采用的技术和仪器。
如果有需要,可以详细阅读这部分以了解文献的实验操作。
4. 阅读结果部分:对于数据和结果感兴趣的读者,可以仔细阅读结果部分。
对于统计分析和图表,要仔细理解结果的含义和统计学意义。
5. 合理选择文献阅读顺序:对于新手来说,可以先阅读综述性文献或者文献综述,了解某个特定领域的最新进展和研究方向。
然后再根据自己的研究兴趣和需求,选择具体的原始研究文献进行阅读。
6. 制定读书计划:阅读医学英文文献需要时间和精力,因此建议制定一个合理的读书计划,每天或每周安排一定时间进行阅读,保持连续性和积累性,不要贪多嚼不烂。
7. 笔记和总结:在阅读过程中,可以做简要的笔记或总结,帮助理解和记忆。
对于一些重要的观点或结论,可以做一些标记或高亮。
8. 协作阅读:可以与其他同行或导师进行阅读讨论,互相交流思想和观点。
对于一些复杂的文献或方法,可以寻求他人的帮助和解释。
9. 多渠道获取文献:医学英文文献可以通过学术数据库、图书馆、开放获取论文网站等渠道获取。
不同渠道的文献可能有所不同,可以综合利用。
10. 持续学习和提高:阅读医学英文文献是一个长期的学习过程,需要不断学习和提高,熟悉相关的医学术语和统计方法,提高阅读效率和理解能力。
以上是一些建议的医学英文文献阅读策略,读者可以根据自己的情况和需求进行灵活运用。
医学英语文献阅读医学英语文献阅读是指阅读和理解科学杂志、学术期刊、研究报告等医学领域的英语文献。
这需要一定的医学知识和英语阅读能力。
以下是一些阅读医学英语文献的步骤和技巧:1. 确定阅读目的:明确你阅读文献的目的,例如了解最新的医学研究进展、查找相关研究方法、确认特定概念或观点等。
2. 查找文献:使用学术搜索引擎(如PubMed、Google Scholar)或图书馆数据库查找与你感兴趣的主题相关的医学英语文献。
3. 阅读摘要:阅读文献的摘要部分,了解研究的目的、方法、结果和结论等关键信息。
根据摘要判断是否继续阅读全文。
4. 阅读全文:仔细阅读全文,注意文章的结构,包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
理解研究的背景、研究设计和数据分析等细节。
5. 提出问题:阅读完全文后,提出自己的问题,例如研究是否具有临床意义、结果是否可靠等。
思考研究的优点和不足之处。
6. 分享和讨论:将自己的理解和观点分享给其他医学同行,探讨文献的意义和应用价值。
参加讨论会、研究会等活动,与其他专家交流。
在阅读医学英语文献时,也要注意以下技巧:1. 熟悉医学领域的常用词汇和概念,包括疾病名称、解剖结构、药物名称等。
可以使用医学词典或术语词汇表进行查询。
2. 理解统计学方法:医学研究常常涉及统计学方法和数据分析,包括t检验、方差分析、回归分析等。
了解这些方法对于正确理解和评估研究结果至关重要。
3. 注意论文的质量:注意评估文献的可靠性和科学性。
查找作者的资历和研究背景,评估期刊的影响因子和口碑等。
对于临床实践的指导,优先选择系统评价、荟萃分析和随机对照试验等高质量的研究。
4. 积累阅读经验:阅读更多的文献可以提高阅读的速度和理解能力。
多阅读不同类型和领域的文献,同时积累医学英语词汇和术语。
通过持续的学习和实践,逐渐提高医学英语文献的阅读能力,可以更好地了解和应用最新的医学研究成果,提高自己的学术水平和临床实践能力。
阅读英文文献的技巧
阅读英文文献是学术研究中不可或缺的一部分,以下是一些技巧可以帮助读者更有效地阅读英文文献:
1. 熟悉学术写作格式:英文文献通常采用特定的学术写作格式,如APA、MLA、Chicago等。
在阅读前,先了解这些格式并熟悉它们,这将有助于读者更好地理解文献中的内容。
2. 阅读文献前先搜索:在阅读英文文献之前,先通过学术搜索引擎(如Google Scholar、PubMed等)进行文献搜索,这将有助于读者找到相关的文献,并避免阅读一些不相关的内容。
3. 摘要和关键词阅读:文献的摘要和关键词是读者快速了解文献的主要内
容和贡献的关键信息。
读者应该仔细阅读摘要和关键词,以确定文献是否与自己的研究方向相关。
4. 阅读多个文献:在研究过程中,可能会需要阅读多个文献,每个文献都有
不同的观点和贡献。
因此,读者应该尝试阅读多个文献,以更全面地了解研究领域。
5. 笔记和注释:在阅读文献时,可以使用笔记和注释来记录重要的信息,如
作者、文献来源、时间、主题等。
这将有助于读者更好地理解文献内容,并在以后阅读时进行回顾。
6. 寻求帮助:如果读者在阅读英文文献时遇到困难,可以向导师、同事或其他学者寻求帮助。
他们可以提供有用的建议和指导,帮助读者更好地理解文献内容。
以上是一些阅读英文文献的技巧,读者可以根据自己的研究需要和实际情况选择合适的技巧。
TetanusA man who was struck from behind by a sharp dart a little below the neck had a wound which did not look serious because it did not go deep. But sometime later when the point had been extracted the patient was seized with backward-bending convulsions like those of opisthotonus. His jaws were locked, and any liquid that he attempted to swallow was returned through his nostrils. He died on the second day.As of 2010 it caused about 61,000 deaths down from 272,000 in 1990. Tetanus –in particular, the neonatal form –remains a significant public health problem in non-industrialized countries with 59,000 newborns worldwide dying in 2008 as a result of neonatal tetanus.[19] In the United States, from 2000 through 2007 an average of 31 cases were reported per year.[3] Nearly all of the cases in the United States occur in unimmunized individuals or individuals who have allowedtheir inoculations to lapse. Tetanus is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is infectious but is not contagious.[ Lancet(柳叶刀)380 (9859): 2095–128]Tetanus is a common disease, with the progress of medicine, death caused by it has become less and less, but it does not go away. Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced bythe Gram-positive,rod-shaped,obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetanus.Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw (thus the name lockjaw) and elsewhere in the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization or post-exposure prophylaxis.Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. Objects that accumulate rust are often found outdoors, or in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria, but the rust itself does not cause tetanus nor does it contain more C. titanic bacteria. The rough surface of rusty metal merely provides a prime habitat for C. tetani endosperms to reside in, and the nail affords a means to puncture skin and deliver endosperms deep within the body at the site of the wound.[医学微生物学]Tetanus Ab le tt classification:Mild: mild - moderate lockjaw; General spasticity; without difficulty breathing; without convulsions; no or mild dysphagia.Moderate: Moderate lockjaw; obvious spasm; mild - moderate but short convulsions; moderate difficulty breathing and respiratory rate> 30 beats / min; mild dysphagia. Severe: severe lockjaw; generalized spasticity; reflecting sustained convulsions; respiratory rate> 40 beats / min; severe difficulty breathing; severe dysphagia; tachycardia> 120 beats / min.Very serious: three self-discipline and a strong cardiovascular system instability; severe hypertension and tachycardia and hypotension and bradycardia alternately; any form persistent.[医学微生物学]The clinical manifestations are usually classified into three forms:1. Localized tetanus presents with spasm near the site of the injury, usually in an extremity. The fatality rate is 1 percent or less.2. Generalized tetanus, the more common form, is marked by the classic truisms (lockjaw), fixed grin(risus sardonicus), and backward arching of the trunk (opisthotonos). Tonic seizures of the muscle groups occur in spasms, lead to rigidity, and are very painful. They may be precipitated by any stimulus. Pneumonia may follow respiratory muscle involvement or laryngeal spasm with aspiration. Cardiovascular disturbances are common,especially vasoconstriction and a labile blood pressure. Severe spasms may cause vertebral fractures.The course of this form, in survivors, is from1 to 2 weeks.[ The Cambridge World History of Human Disease]3. Cephalic tetanus, an uncommon form of the disease,follows facial wounds, involves the facialnerves, and may be followed by generalized tetanus.4. Neonatal tetanus following infection of the umbilical cord (discussed in the next chapter) usually begins by the third to tenth day after birth, and then progresses to generalized tetanus.It is report ed that mortality of severe tetanus is 15% ~40% . In recent years; along with foreign in severe injury Wind the progress on the treatment, the mortality rate is at the moment gradually declining. Should be carried out to the patients with severe tetanus into the intensive care unit and therefore shall require the surgeon must have good SICU basis and relevant theory. Its treatment is various, in addition to the well-known wound treatment, antibiotics, prevent tetanic convulsion toxin absorption. Besides, it still need to correct the self-discipline which is not stable, trachea cut open, no depolarizing agent application, mechanical ventilation, enterable nutrition support. Hold, maintain water and electrolyte acid-base balance, control of lung Dye and prevention of thromboembolism, and also need to strengthen the sputum suction And the skin and oral care, prevent bedsore and regurgitation Critical onset of the severe tetanus, easy out early Respiratory complications, such as choking, atelectasis and pulmonary feeling Dye, has a high mortality rate if not handled in time, so the comprehensive protection Richard also plays a key role in the treatment.[ 临床外科杂志 2008年 7月第 16卷第 7期JClinSurg, July 2008,Vo.l 16, No. 7]Unlike many infectious diseases, recovery from naturally acquired tetanus does not usually result in immunity to tetanus. This is due to the extreme potency of the tetanospasmin toxin; even a lethal dose of tetanospasmin is insufficient to provoke an immune response.Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination with tetanustoxoid.The CDC recommends that adults receive a booster vaccine every ten years,[ "CDC Features - Tetanus: Make Sure You and Your Child Are Fully Immunized". Retrieved 2010-08-30]and standard care practice in many places is to give the booster to any patient with a puncture wound who is uncertain of when he or she was last vaccinated, or if he or she has had fewer than three lifetime doses of the vaccine. The booster may not prevent a potentially fatal case of tetanus from the current wound, however, as it can take up to two weeks for tetanus antibodies to form.In children under the age of seven, the tetanus vaccine is often administered as a combined vaccine, DPT/DTaP vaccine, which also includes vaccines againstdiphtheria and pertussis. For adults and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) is commonly used.[ Uganda: Nation Free of Maternal And Neonatal Tetanus, Unicef Reports". Retrieved 2011-07-14.]The World Health Organisation certifies countries as having eliminated maternal or neonatal tetanus. Certification requires at least two years of rates of less than 1 case per 1000 live births. In 1998 in Uganda, 3,433 tetanus cases were recorded in newborn babies; of these, 2,403 died. After a major public health effort, Uganda in 2011 was certified as having eliminated tetanus.徐老师您辛苦了,非常谢谢您!《医学基础英语文献阅读技巧》对于医学生来说是大有裨益的,上完本课之后相信大部分同学都受益良多,它不仅仅是一门英语课程,更是一门对医学生而言非常重要也有必要了解的文献阅读课程。