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统计与信息论坛JOURNAL OF STATISTICS AND INFORMATION 第36卷第1期Vol.36 No.12021年1月Jan.2021【“十四五”专栏】中国制造“低端锁定"破局之路:基于国内外双循环的新视角马 丹1a !b !郁 霞1a !b !翁作义2(1西南财经大学a 中国社会经济统计研究中心'.统计学院，四川成都611130；2•深圳前海微众银行股份有限公司，广东深圳518000)摘要：随全球分工网络的不断深化，发达国家借助其掌握的核心技术和品牌服务持续限制着发展中国家的附加值获取能力(本研究从宏观和微观角度估计了中国制造业价值链曲线，并验证了中国制造业的价值 链形态整体符合“微笑曲线”特征，且存在整体下移和扁平化的趋势(研究发现，中国企业在全球价值链中处 于链长利薄困境，面临着价值链曲线的链内底部锁定和链段整体下移的双重“低端锁定”风险(在传统的测 算中国制造业各行业的上下游生产长度基础上，引入以国内分工为主的国内价值链，构造反映国内外双循环 的双重价值链参与度，对比单一全球价值链和双重价值链下的中国制造业价值链曲线发现，参与双重价值链 分工对企业增加值率有显著提升，其提升效用稳定高于企业单一参与全球价值链的效果。
首次论证了依托 国内外双循环的双重分工，从价值链的链段整体攀升和链条位置升级两个方面突破“低端锁定”的可能路径， 为中国制造业依托国内外双循环走出“低端锁定”困境的提供了新的视角和重要的经验证据(关键词：微笑曲线；低端锁定；双循环分工体系；制造业中图分类号：F222 文献标志码:A 文章编号1007 —3116(2021)01 —0032 —15一、引言20世纪70年代，去工业化现象在美英为代表的发达国家普遍存在，伴随着全球工业革命浪潮，产业布 局和分工体系在全球范围内发生新一轮转移，欧美发达国家逐步将低端制造业向新兴发展中国家转移(同 时期，中国实施改革开放政策，以土地和劳动力成本优势嵌入全球分工体系，成为制造业大国和世界制造中 心。
2002年全国科技经费投入统计公报来源：国家统计局发布时间：2003-10-20 08:55 2002年全国科技经费投入统计公报国家统计局科学技术部财政部2003年10月20日2002年，我国科技经费投入继续快速增长。
国家财政科技拨款稳定增加，企业科技经费投入保持较快增长，科学研究与试验发展（R&D）经费支出达到新的历史最高水平。
一、科技活动经费筹集和使用情况2002年全国科技活动经费筹集总额为2938.0亿元，比上年增加348.6亿元，增长13.5%。
2002年全国科技活动经费支出总额为2671.5亿元，比上年增加359.0亿元，增长15.5%。
按科技活动人员计算的人均科技活动经费支出为8.3万元，比上年增加近1万元。
分执行部门看，各类企业科技活动经费支出为1787.8亿元，比上年增长17.3%；国有独立核算的科研院所支出620.2亿元，增长14.4%；高等学校支出204.2亿元，增长23.1%。
企业、国有独立核算的科研院所、高等学校科技活动经费支出占经费总支出的比重分别为66.9%、23.2%和7.6%。
分支出用途看，科技活动人员劳务费支出为654.6亿元，比上年增长19.2%，占科技活动经费总支出的24.5%；固定资产购建支出为722.6亿元，比上年增长4.4%，占总支出的27%。
分地区看，科技活动经费支出超过100亿元以上的有北京、广东、江苏、上海、山东、辽宁、浙江和四川，共支出1818.7亿元，占全国科技活动经费总支出的66.7%。
二、科学研究与试验发展（R&D）经费支出情况2002年国内科学研究与试验发展（R&D）经费总支出为1287.6亿元，比上年增加245.2亿元，增长23.5%，与当年国内生产总值（GDP）的比例达到1.23%。
按科学研究与试验发展人员（全时工作量）计算的人均研究与试验发展（R&D）经费支出为12.4万元，比上年增加1.5万元。
分研究类型看，基础研究经费支出为73.8亿元，比上年增长32.7%；应用研究经费支出为246.7亿元，增长33.4%；试验发展经费支出为967.2亿元，增长20.6%。
我国目前产业关联度分析)))2002年投入产出表系列分析报告之一中国投入产出学会课题组*编者按:国民经济是一个复杂的整体,各产业部门间存在着既广泛又密切的技术经济联系,因而某一个产业部门在生产过程中的任何变化,都将通过产业关联关系对其他产业部门产生一定的波及作用。
利用投入产出分析方法,可以定量地分析一定时期内国民经济各产业部门在社会再生产过程中所形成的直接和间接的相互依在、相互制约的技术经济联系。
从本期开始,本刊将不定期刊出中国投入产出学会/2002年投入产出表分析应用0课题组的有关我国2002年投入产出表的系列分析报告,敬请读者关注。
在投入产出分析方法中,用感应度系数反映一个产业受其他产业的波及程度;用影响力系数反映一个产业影响其他产业的波及程度。
一般说来,影响力系数较大的产业部门对社会生产具有较大的辐射能力,而感应度系数较大的产业部门对经济发展起着较大的制约作用,尤其是经济增长过快时,这些产业部门将先受到社会需求的巨大压力,造成供不应求的局面。
当一个产业部门的影响力系数和感应度系数都较大时,则该产业部门在经济发展中具有举足轻重的地位。
本文利用全国2002年投入产出表测算我国目前的产业关联现状及其特点,并提出对我国产业结构调整的建议。
AB S TRAC TThe paper measures the industrial linkage and its characteristics of C hina.B y comparing the ef fec t coefficients and induction coefficients between 1997and 2002,it analyses the change of status of each industries in the whole economy,and f or wards some suggestions to improve industrial structure of China. 关键词:投入产出表;产业关联度;产业部门*顾问:陈锡康、刘起运、佟仁城;组长:许宪春;副组长:齐舒畅、杨翠红、赵同录;课题组成员:许宪春、齐舒畅、杨翠红、赵同录、夏明、许健、李花菊、张红霞、陈杰、刘秀丽、李景华、祝坤福、唐志鹏、裴建锁、喻春琳、李敬军、刘轶芳、蒋雪梅、满讲义、胡晓群。
农 业 采掘业食品制造业农 业 40355500.00422433.6059862700.00采掘业439177.303231715.08518939.20食品制造业15108300.0020526.1615770000.00纺织、缝纫及皮革产品制造业797955.00557093.60334723.00其他制造业818887.40651830.603974829.40电力及蒸汽、热水生产和供应业3065830.005895331.001527740.00炼焦、煤气及石油加工业3703100.002863437.25394562.62化学工业24747300.003685135.004083860.00建筑材料及其他非金属矿物制品业509764.00611921.90734792.00金属产品制造业723665.802574132.30947916.60机械设备制造业4241720.206928553.201274015.30建筑业569970.00150562.8082607.80运输邮电业3689724.002207226.071982753.23商业饮食业5026066.001829778.005867276.00公用事业及居民服务业1405699.60706873.741964981.70金融保险业1522460.001023784.00901546.00其他服务业4797145.78678005.29176170.00中间投入合计111522265.0834038339.59100399412.85固定资产折旧5968377.229589377.087041765.46劳动者报酬134431208.1416610583.8618150700.74生产税净额4150515.696777065.2911616865.65营业盈余8410303.7313822097.929299358.58增加值合计152960404.7846799124.1546108690.44总投入264482669.8680837463.73146508103.29纺织、缝纫及皮革产品制造业其他制造业电力及蒸汽、热水生产和供应业炼焦、煤气及石油加工业14297790.004191934.006455.56342.04 387774.38996271.1611167801.6344976991.79 2431180.3061861.080.000.0072946931.006249882.98192045.50115304.56 1462122.5719243383.32543024.10247167.621470560.003885102.005640620.002064048.00 357705.27582083.7711573106.106404799.80 14821590.007550987.00530640.001248344.10169958.70579731.00273304.00243572.27 464741.303449911.70352935.00293546.59 2321165.702777540.099882520.002035873.63 115377.6093094.10172100.0061823.50 2610251.402025887.602655863.431635607.78 9104068.005319527.704677723.002024022.37 1405784.601046135.24869258.22434935.54 1407194.00895594.601756350.00587042.10 172520.38344807.81328433.88120621.47 125946715.2059293735.1550622180.4262494043.16 8593984.834006315.4610595007.813800948.66 20351218.0111742337.388405424.765991478.56 8570927.503379950.707609706.136274442.56 7429252.7310835556.327999831.364650504.30 44945383.0729964159.8734609970.0620717374.08 170892098.2789257895.0185232150.4883211417.24化学工业建筑材料及其他非金属矿物制品业7994920.00216072.00 5744500.004032529.70 2224590.0059126.608013176.001071655.00 3928270.904398649.0019396300.004900150.00 7456845.002753838.20 81222900.004673320.001201500.005542450.00 2156161.003648620.00 4872407.003205812.00183998.0057950.70 5297665.603396886.50 8106910.004371929.00 2823798.00670078.20 2573590.001063380.00471243.30132952.71 163668774.8044195399.61 9979577.503659214.96 20160948.489726872.56 12663819.733261846.16 9398762.151907967.84 52203107.8518555901.52 215871882.6562751301.13金属产品制造业机械设备制造业建筑业42590.18101902.94857150.0010850059.351992402.172136107.000.004396.30128106.00621704.002495449.10695655.006415187.305855303.273501516.0015079780.005646931.002426690.008784424.803606135.4117254243.203660110.0037294993.006216160.002414982.004514651.2035053100.0052084702.0060529836.0031417450.007301837.30161245584.7021408658.00136174.70409796.00132635.006854492.308072905.8215390851.205664359.0014260571.1014412425.001788855.005040606.686592903.803673830.004320328.001656930.00504248.981102320.142859250.93125877336.91316494112.82162139831.136612112.3917599116.584498838.0613739274.9644696373.7739053238.807027358.5716238911.425471364.014009962.2421269173.4710407195.4031388708.1699803575.2459430636.27157266045.07416297688.06221570467.40运输邮电业商业饮食业公用事业及居民服务业金融保险业126774.349102805.00546504.390.00 388500.39189162.14469502.8017183.00 483231.0014369000.002116972.336251.98555077.102225673.302058056.8085554.37 1700366.405843086.704379127.501172749.602520127.002063585.001518666.00218178.00 11542863.603664432.603557676.10143604.45 1426581.003358018.003325262.0095516.40247507.40871392.901488516.0041455.00 526231.50650552.80734754.2055395.60 17182136.4713503216.3311008762.601723640.70 2081578.00733633.503887340.00622106.00 4130580.235328325.546130059.001525555.00 2097770.0014618017.004252891.00847051.00 3845842.1011503534.008649647.003959280.00 1617536.006974741.004615162.002474000.00 772984.73808819.621080624.31237279.64 51245687.2695807995.4359819524.0313224800.74 19920751.945441584.1416125730.813208592.07 22579368.4240165853.1423663282.3415506897.01 3381508.6218537801.464716820.1012413824.64 8580662.489389515.926102015.827297475.31 54462291.4773534754.6750607849.0838426789.03 105707978.73169342750.10110427373.1151651589.77其他服务业中间使用合计农村居民消费城镇居民消费1712843.00139838717.0564185460.9645369909.32795725.7888334342.86792332.58418295.08763199.0053546740.7540425924.4047853460.251446163.64100462099.9512596968.9521502204.507038734.4671174236.144968866.919894088.542932269.6080251907.602131846.784918183.961617664.1886260522.35477818.832864859.9710190589.00208131305.507748718.459148717.661026293.8055524892.171971900.965242760.291245461.38161856013.771705711.932044899.979033471.10279946914.3214883423.0020269640.954134665.2013625412.900.000.0012442872.3085377507.016563143.689963688.596980000.10109460384.2711563064.7423167655.867668631.0060376844.4214860589.4515008689.642243318.1039306785.805712306.029047170.513997008.7318584437.707093228.3619319945.3575268910.371652059064.55197681306.022********.449413798.39146055093.3654220863.50499195924.432031552.72134124280.973283832.61144093468.1968950047.22923468766.95144218957.592575527831.50小计政府消费合计固定资本形成总额存货增加109555370.280.00109555370.287239835.713848220.78 1210627.670.001210627.670.001526456.00 88279384.650.0088279384.650.00(2541879.19) 34099173.450.0034099173.450.00(1980675.82) 14862955.450.0014862955.452188983.66(1334132.35) 7050030.740.007050030.740.000.00 3342678.790.003342678.790.00(1517859.74) 16897436.110.0016897436.110.00902689.86 7214661.250.007214661.250.00(50600.18) 3750611.900.003750611.902165857.48(1942471.25) 35153063.960.0035153063.9688229098.921930977.910.000.000.00216877093.850.0016526832.270.0016526832.27771846.10(17218.79) 34730720.600.0034730720.603721584.60(63507.23) 29869279.0912046368.6541915647.745043700.000.00 14759476.530.0014759476.530.000.00 26413173.71105006631.47131419805.190.000.00 443715476.46117053000.135********.59326238000.32(1240000.00)小计出口最终使用进口其他11088056.495847007.62126490434.39(5430392.64)3583911.07 1526456.004006230.376743314.03(15957450.23)1717257.07 (2541879.19)9312851.8895050357.34(5811355.58)3722360.78(1980675.82)44588471.5776706969.20(11301475.16)5024504.28 854851.3113063714.5228781521.28(12020918.68)1323056.270.000.007050030.740.00(2069787.87)(1517859.74)2261225.914086044.96(5084280.68)(2050869.39) 902689.8619190632.5636990758.53(26909947.08)(2340234.30)(50600.18)3936231.1911100292.27(2314497.42)(1559385.89) 223386.2314507201.3618481199.49(20526428.72)(2544739.47) 90160076.8381562195.71206875336.50(81031306.29)10506743.53 216877093.85249234.76217126328.61(411470.47)(8769803.64) 754627.317615011.5624896471.14(1575754.26)(2990245.16) 3658077.3714987156.8653375954.84(694551.92)7200962.91 5043700.0010039062.0856998409.82(5215048.95)(1732832.18)0.00156395.6914915872.22(2045592.64)(525475.61)0.00666857.73132086662.91(484950.82)(5967192.20) 324998000.32231989481.38############(196815421.56)2528230.21总产出264482669.8680837463.73146508103.29170892098.2789257895.0185232150.4883211417.24215871882.6562751301.13157266045.07416297688.06221570467.40105707978.73169342750.10110427373.1151651589.77144218957.592575527831.50。
第一章 2002年我国地区经济发展的基本态势一、2002年我国地区经济发展背景（一）国际经济环境的变化2001年是世界经济近10年来增长速度最慢的一年，2002年全球经济进入了复苏的初期阶段。
美国、日本和欧盟世界经济三大主导区域经济增长表现不尽如人意，经济复苏跌宕起伏。
2002年美国经济复苏乏力、一波三折。
从2001年四季度起，美国经济开始复苏。
2002年第一季度美国GDP增长率高达5%，第二季度增长率仅为1.3%，经济增幅急剧下降一定程度上暴露出美国经济复苏的基础不稳固。
随着安达公司等一系列假帐丑闻大曝光、股市大幅下跌，资本市场对美国经济复苏前景的悲观情绪也随之上升。
虽然第三季度美国GDP增长了4%，但失业率一直在5.8%左右变动，各种消费者信心指数和工业生产指数也时好时坏。
第四季度美国GDP 增长又回落到1.4%，这些现象说明了美国经济复苏的前景仍存在很大的不确定性。
2002年欧元区国家的经济形势比2001年要差。
2001年欧元区国家经济好于美国，但在2002年则逊于美国。
作为推动欧洲经济发展火车头的德国经济不断恶化。
第一季度GDP仅实现了0.2%的增长。
由于市场需求不断萎缩，企业投资热情降到了历史最低点，一季度失业人数是过去5年来的最高点。
全年私人消费增长率为零，固定资本投资下降，国内生产总值增长率在0.2%-0.5%之间徘徊。
2002年日本经济有所好转。
第一、二季度， GDP增长速度按环比计分别增长了0%和0.5%，改变了2001年连续三个季度的负增长。
但日本国内的通货收缩形势依然没有改变，在推进结构改革方面一直也没有取得明显进展，在此背景下，日本经济通过改革促进增长的道路仍是长期和艰难的。
2002年，世界经济的不确定因素以及三大经济体经济的不稳定性，为中国“入世”元年带来了极好的投资机遇。
跨国公司纷纷看好中国市场，中国吸引外资总额首次超过美国，成为全球吸引外资最多的国家。
在国际经济形势没有根本好转的情况下，2002年我国GDP增长了8%，进出口贸易总额增长了21.8%，全年净出口增长对GDP增长的贡献率在10%左右，结束了几年来外贸对GDP增长贡献率为负值的局面。
表3.4.3_山东2002年投入产出表120部门完全消耗系数专用化学产品制造业260430.006350.001340.005700.00368日用化学产品制造业260440.003060.000880.004490.00340医药制造业270450.005980.001140.002780.04673化学纤维制造业280460.002950.000710.001630.00177橡胶制品业290470.011720.003510.007400.00832塑料制品业300480.047110.003710.005240.01675水泥、石灰和石膏制造业310490.009630.002940.003600.00716玻璃及玻璃制品制造业310500.004870.001540.003280.00310陶瓷制品制造业310510.004940.000780.001210.00263耐火材料制品制造业310520.000470.000170.007100.00036其他非金属矿物制品制造业310530.009290.002880.006890.00705炼铁业320540.001150.000450.001290.00090炼钢业320550.003530.001340.003520.00263钢压延加工业320560.005260.002310.007270.00420铁合金冶炼业320570.004340.001610.004000.00311有色金属冶炼业330580.001100.000470.001560.00093有色金属压延加工业330590.002650.000890.002250.00188金属制品业340600.011020.004640.016450.01075锅炉及原动机制造业350610.004580.001780.004960.00344金属加工机械制造业350620.004030.001750.003430.00254其他通用设备制造业350630.007970.003020.009860.00595农林牧渔专用机械制造业360640.010560.005750.001620.00343其他专用设备制造业360650.004850.001710.004820.00375铁路运输设备制造业370660.001070.000650.000720.00071汽车制造业370670.002890.001470.001890.00218汽车零部件及配件制造业370680.005710.002770.005030.00444船舶及浮动装置制造业370690.000480.000180.000310.00048其他交通运输设备制造业370710.001130.000990.011230.00091电机制造业390720.001190.000580.000840.00073家用器具制造业390730.001720.002130.001330.00110其他电气机械及器材制造业390740.002890.001490.004420.00219通信设备制造业400750.001070.000340.000760.00095电子计算机整机制造业400760.001430.000430.001260.00111其他电子计算机设备制造业400770.001980.000670.001580.00130电子元器件制造业400780.001160.000500.001060.00083家用视听设备制造业400790.000560.000200.000550.00046其他通信、电子设备制造业400800.000230.000110.000110.00016仪器仪表制造业410810.002180.000750.002490.00144文化、办公用机械制造业410820.000520.000150.000620.00051工艺美术品制造业420830.000750.000210.001920.00060其他工业420840.005040.000970.002880.00741电力、热力的生产和供应业440860.030600.015880.025570.01969燃气生产和供应业450870.000430.000120.000270.00022水的生产和供应业460880.000890.000350.001360.00077建筑业470890.001720.000940.001720.00202铁路旅客运输业510900.000460.000090.000460.00028铁路货运业510910.011400.016200.008450.00748道路货运业520920.030840.016560.006800.02121城市公共交通运输业530930.001840.000260.000910.00100水上运输业540940.016870.004840.011140.01753航空旅客运输业550950.003240.001590.002470.00261航空货运业550960.001280.001790.001230.00128仓储和管道运输业560970.001890.000090.000440.00112邮政业590990.002160.001970.001230.00299信息传输服务业601000.005080.001570.006460.00959计算机服务和软件业611010.000940.000340.001570.00109批发和零售贸易业631020.044330.012930.066430.04684住宿业661030.001950.004420.002300.00235餐饮业671040.018700.010570.027950.01613金融业681050.020210.006640.035530.02497保险业701060.002610.000850.002940.00281房地产业721070.007040.002960.010130.00735租赁业731080.001230.000490.001070.00187商务服务业741090.007950.003010.010840.00840旅游业741100.000030.000010.000050.00003科学研究事业751110.002270.000500.001530.00146专业技术及其他科技服务业761120.000600.000170.000310.00048地质勘查业781130.001050.000440.001520.00110水利管理业791140.000000.000000.000000.00020环境资源与公共设施管理业801150.000340.000130.000530.00024居民服务和其他服务业821160.004010.001090.004560.00341教育事业841170.001950.000490.000660.00136卫生事业851180.000590.000170.000490.00055社会保障和社会福利业861190.000070.000020.000110.00007文化艺术和广播电影电视业881200.006330.002090.011870.00566体育事业911210.000590.000210.000950.00067娱乐业921220.001300.000330.002340.00128公共管理和社会组织931230.000280.000100.000330.000300.034590.185190.066040.010900.121850.099500.083230.07697 0.005360.055200.009820.001860.040600.032170.011750.00862 0.000750.002030.003280.000810.010200.007580.003080.00417 0.002680.001090.001300.000270.003340.002520.010480.00141 0.162390.000650.001110.000290.003010.002240.001090.00119 0.003780.015100.004960.000750.007390.005550.004690.00403 0.011700.046730.066090.014220.055810.048930.041050.04657 0.019550.101040.032090.289430.034580.039740.020100.03025 0.003350.014990.016440.002260.110600.009180.014100.01201 0.000540.001730.004290.000600.003590.014810.003040.00285 0.001000.005070.003770.000430.004420.010250.002800.00492 0.001580.006750.055400.001380.006680.006790.005600.00890 0.005670.018890.032480.005570.351040.248800.068880.03320 0.007710.000870.001630.000210.005390.003940.003210.00132 0.001140.003350.005760.001360.012520.012040.004720.00592 0.001660.016840.005980.001380.014890.025730.006290.01005 0.002280.005980.009720.002380.016450.013020.006080.01421 0.002830.004220.007590.002160.033680.023560.010220.00617 0.010190.029730.036020.010650.052920.047950.041160.03946 0.007110.021870.027080.012530.065570.025950.059840.02295 0.001740.004140.006100.001980.044760.015620.004750.00815 0.012730.013480.036140.006800.017530.017760.024500.03123 0.062180.005930.049090.003030.006440.005620.007140.00694 0.003680.047450.015190.001700.007560.006630.009600.00928 0.000480.001280.004570.000350.001330.001200.002720.00176 0.002940.006380.014460.001420.005770.005210.022670.00587 0.000720.002620.010760.000850.003560.003170.006700.00551 0.005290.013280.019440.003800.014180.013320.009680.02765 0.000590.002340.003940.000760.003250.002350.003240.00350 0.001370.003310.008010.003360.004800.004600.005300.00635 0.001290.004170.008950.002730.010070.005610.005930.00816 0.002910.009730.019870.003560.008930.007790.008380.01113 0.002150.007670.014800.009440.008100.008330.008390.01061 0.001400.002510.008480.003550.004380.004730.003710.00515 0.002700.013320.012720.001360.016880.017470.048520.03464 0.039130.210110.049120.009350.057820.046470.029090.04165 0.007240.034010.048960.005090.081550.085760.028250.04486 0.003750.018110.031870.002380.017790.043270.015590.02861 0.006690.036320.015370.002450.027800.028000.022990.02366 0.004120.011790.008030.001010.012540.010210.105600.00783 0.002200.006890.010580.003290.024690.013730.012630.01100 0.004540.026060.021630.002650.035210.272250.014430.088480.002130.010160.018300.005040.008910.019870.007570.01700 0.001350.005390.007380.002080.013430.010700.004140.01693 0.009770.007490.013810.001370.020860.009310.009000.00617 0.002410.005930.008650.001410.004670.003000.005500.01058 0.006160.027300.056240.003730.023440.014350.017760.03078 0.008550.084470.020090.001920.018640.009940.013680.19860 0.004540.015600.029760.003100.008340.011110.014130.02920 0.001220.005870.020940.002730.011920.004780.007560.00919 0.000910.002020.004270.000940.003080.002660.003320.00265 0.000300.000820.002320.000510.004770.001420.010330.00281 0.002490.012540.087980.004370.011740.011210.013230.01627 0.000620.002170.010690.000720.003530.002610.003440.00868 0.002080.006390.028620.002540.016580.007210.009720.00993 0.003100.011030.046990.005460.012740.020960.015470.02525 0.002800.009590.028200.002370.092710.011680.012440.01449 0.000580.001920.011320.000930.003310.002830.003340.00375 0.001070.004260.014010.001510.005260.006210.008030.00843 0.005300.019590.185800.008660.024200.022620.025440.03180 0.008190.009370.027410.002260.026730.009410.019680.01632 0.002530.009280.014000.001840.012640.007400.037760.06208 0.008690.020760.046080.004810.022540.020980.022800.03849 0.001550.027840.004510.000540.006610.006570.017860.00432 0.003280.011700.034960.003320.013770.014300.015760.01520 0.000460.001960.003890.001000.012610.003940.010170.00490 0.002090.003900.007110.001420.007780.005350.014740.00598 0.005620.005620.008740.002590.009430.009850.010110.00870 0.020480.000900.001220.000160.001050.001060.001510.00240 0.000990.001590.001840.000640.005040.002270.024370.00160 0.000380.001480.004430.000590.001980.002220.003890.00350 0.001310.003680.004170.001810.012150.002880.004540.00418 0.001700.004930.013460.003910.006730.007010.008990.01290 0.000510.001210.002660.000590.002700.003400.004480.00445 0.000910.003340.003750.006330.004230.003170.003110.00372 0.001270.004900.006310.001140.268510.004770.005340.00477 0.000660.002030.004340.001170.003050.003130.003200.00431 0.000330.000990.002290.000520.001510.001640.001870.00215 0.000070.000560.000270.000120.000530.000360.000420.00025 0.001400.003780.009040.001410.005820.005630.010330.01354 0.000290.000690.001630.001380.001380.001570.000920.00124 0.000330.001300.005490.002380.004760.002740.004320.00298 0.002000.005390.010280.005280.019890.018250.078520.01074 0.013920.061840.055970.052580.098020.065680.051650.04012 0.000150.000640.001530.000240.000910.000750.000740.00094 0.000650.001250.003770.004860.001970.002410.001260.00183 0.001050.002240.008930.002050.003350.004370.003280.00400 0.000200.000560.001120.002430.000620.000730.000520.00089 0.003930.021180.041260.003320.025310.024990.029930.021390.034150.019480.021020.007240.039110.037740.031410.01938 0.008290.001020.002920.001980.001290.001620.000960.00155 0.007750.028000.039950.007090.049360.051080.056650.05635 0.002940.003530.008290.007270.005590.006650.004720.00629 0.000690.002200.007950.001510.005240.010130.005030.00355 0.000800.000630.001580.000110.000700.000770.000560.00142 0.000640.001920.004230.000720.002790.005140.002610.00378 0.002650.006760.015700.003770.021610.024150.011190.01226 0.000920.001180.005870.000710.002150.003090.001430.00210 0.020770.064420.291780.017200.087540.108590.077820.25343 0.006530.002890.005750.009110.003580.004130.003160.00384 0.023150.021370.036740.032020.043230.063400.031190.03972 0.019950.025250.148370.008260.045580.067670.029750.04364 0.001700.004110.008990.009720.009510.008680.004930.00705 0.006350.009250.028300.007350.016340.021570.015080.02170 0.001000.002260.002850.015540.003100.002990.002330.00305 0.006240.012560.035000.012700.018510.022640.014540.02686 0.000010.000040.000060.000010.000070.000070.000130.00006 0.000610.001960.005220.002590.002920.004610.002330.00488 0.000270.001090.001400.005410.001410.001020.001150.00125 0.000950.001390.004240.001100.002450.003230.002260.00325 0.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 0.000160.000580.000810.000330.000820.001570.000750.00062 0.001700.005290.011180.012790.009310.011370.006680.00942 0.000710.000950.001560.001600.001560.002740.000920.00116 0.000280.001230.001780.000350.003360.003120.001420.00165 0.000050.000090.000250.000100.000170.000250.000130.00019 0.003450.009210.026690.015530.016720.015220.012770.02170 0.000570.000680.003640.000150.001150.001820.000910.00133 0.000570.001640.003990.002640.003730.005880.002230.00323 0.000190.000420.001000.000870.000920.000900.000540.000780.262420.285510.354260.266600.090880.249750.250490.14366 0.107030.082260.077400.109090.010730.017320.081100.03238 0.022190.006270.014850.001970.262770.041780.008220.01024 0.007110.003800.005970.001150.069730.028860.004070.00341 0.006350.006280.005280.000670.056420.066260.007400.00441 0.014260.018940.017350.013050.005610.030290.014510.01684 0.037500.031610.032010.047750.037830.027740.029430.02789 0.025030.021880.023430.025610.017590.019780.017850.01886 0.009010.006480.007500.007520.006530.005220.004260.00605 0.002690.009180.003070.008850.001860.005030.021870.00515 0.001620.001380.001430.001480.001390.001260.001390.00129 0.006180.004990.005570.005610.003850.011800.005440.00632 0.047570.028230.017120.017030.015000.016540.027310.02737 0.014640.004650.006740.001010.014360.018620.002460.00302 0.027270.025540.067420.002650.003730.005940.015980.01639 0.022200.014320.035840.004360.007920.063130.014600.01795 0.018890.014060.016190.004650.192390.054790.027900.01378 0.086750.081310.069890.004540.027760.100230.040340.05054 0.052530.152600.078590.043510.044900.073870.088070.21163 0.024880.038970.025270.021320.017840.041030.049860.04409 0.006500.005810.005900.014360.004950.004860.004050.00535 0.014880.014870.013540.017570.014320.015330.015080.01400 0.004950.004470.004150.005510.007030.006780.007820.00418 0.006560.010630.007080.007010.004840.007100.054150.01301 0.001200.001290.001100.001310.000830.000930.003870.00138 0.006060.009110.006260.005920.004510.005330.043890.01029 0.002480.002030.001990.003250.001690.001600.002430.00170 0.012800.007600.007670.012050.007170.007000.005430.00555 0.001670.001480.001440.002100.001290.001340.001520.00214 0.003510.003480.003020.003600.003200.003470.003230.01060 0.003990.004350.004000.004670.003990.004140.007510.00948 0.006850.008370.009110.006740.009290.009870.012170.03193 0.007120.008020.007030.008680.009320.007860.011640.01470 0.003780.003760.003570.003700.004020.003800.003080.00462 0.012230.009940.010550.025380.008070.007880.004280.00440 0.038920.031740.034980.030080.028490.030640.025670.02762 0.057950.048850.049740.134960.037410.035380.017510.01778 0.016770.014690.014720.010830.011970.011250.016260.01475 0.050430.053140.064450.054200.018800.044890.045540.02678 0.019780.019760.022800.016570.008230.015160.015040.00896 0.023450.021480.019890.007590.015640.012160.017820.00831 0.034130.033010.030680.017350.021130.021190.029160.018710.007750.007660.007230.005880.006960.006540.008440.00679 0.006060.005410.005270.003300.005100.004020.003230.00366 0.020330.018520.017070.007380.015980.011720.012420.00554 0.002910.002810.002620.002810.002290.002510.004590.00403 0.017280.014770.013990.014570.011080.011190.029170.01637 0.015860.016580.018580.015430.008040.017420.016400.01496 0.006730.008070.006280.006470.004740.005970.010180.00764 0.004450.004820.003840.004380.003310.004670.005570.06031 0.003280.003160.003290.002780.002230.002670.002380.00742 0.000970.000700.000810.000740.002380.000860.000630.00123 0.009480.008220.008770.009650.007240.006860.006550.00665 0.001810.001440.001460.001770.001370.001300.001210.00149 0.006160.004730.004880.005810.004430.004030.003640.00474 0.009240.007450.007440.008730.007310.006500.006300.00700 0.008690.005690.006900.007190.006060.004940.004380.00706 0.002040.001560.001560.001800.001560.001370.001280.00166 0.004530.003890.003830.004190.003350.003180.002920.00349 0.018490.014810.014500.018000.015560.013550.013440.01928 0.008040.006840.006950.008450.006540.005990.005650.00586 0.006310.005290.005520.007110.004690.004770.003780.00474 0.021960.012050.012840.017860.011590.011050.009210.00990 0.004960.004580.005110.005050.002320.004050.003860.00318 0.008490.007690.007530.011790.006680.006520.005680.00679 0.001640.001550.001530.001710.001240.001250.001470.00213 0.005080.004820.004820.004890.004430.004360.003390.00359 0.012220.010630.011470.009680.010570.008980.005980.00588 0.001240.001210.001190.001060.001950.002210.000850.00084 0.003160.002620.002740.002900.004820.002230.001800.00273 0.001180.001030.001040.001190.000840.000900.000920.00095 0.002470.002020.002100.002140.001890.001890.001660.00201 0.005990.003790.003850.003890.003910.003550.003230.00340 0.003580.002960.002990.002730.002510.002170.001420.00144 0.002810.002730.002540.003100.002420.003310.002030.00218 0.007810.002890.006470.003050.005450.002550.002210.00721 0.001960.001850.001720.002120.001670.001750.001640.00141 0.001350.001190.001150.001290.001050.001010.000780.00077 0.000500.000440.000430.000480.000340.000330.000250.00018 0.003340.003010.002960.003650.002730.002680.002700.00317 0.001560.001480.001390.001010.001480.001300.000870.00076 0.001520.001370.001300.001540.001450.001100.001440.00127 0.033850.028420.028680.036340.021410.017480.010410.01257 0.033250.030540.030540.032940.028400.030500.028710.02622 0.000530.000440.000460.000500.000380.000420.000350.00037 0.001930.001990.001700.001600.002000.002630.001430.00142 0.003260.003110.002900.003240.003110.003220.002600.00256 0.000590.000620.000550.000600.000620.000720.000540.00055 0.018010.016730.018440.013990.015940.013230.020630.034610.055680.044510.054520.048080.043110.034710.020070.02210 0.001500.001560.001550.001430.001740.002020.001240.00103 0.061870.056520.060350.054440.050890.041710.031410.03819 0.006190.005920.005970.005930.005710.005750.004000.00411 0.003450.003390.003460.004370.001840.001870.002080.00292 0.000820.001070.000970.000880.000800.001280.001030.00079 0.003000.003830.008590.026480.006570.004810.005900.00376 0.043210.036390.036090.019350.033320.026470.014860.01258 0.002310.002260.002250.002160.002410.002190.001430.00128 0.079130.119840.081420.090280.113540.166340.124350.09395 0.003670.003570.003320.003770.003730.003700.002860.00357 0.045840.044970.043070.044090.042910.036720.028100.03515 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0.012980.002110.014180.019680.006590.011870.012310.00662 0.008280.008260.017340.014540.009520.015870.010670.00882 0.010170.003170.012630.009210.006670.011090.008660.00524 0.221060.027440.052560.050400.043370.049340.047110.03819 0.023500.012150.038980.024410.033820.025570.059990.02153 0.020550.001710.011520.014430.004830.010570.007770.00473 0.011520.259490.155470.023420.024200.065320.123870.13076 0.003490.002290.145070.015210.043200.105550.205550.06248 0.013060.003560.041820.088790.032560.084970.140080.12343 0.001220.000590.002160.005680.096320.084750.003270.03017 0.010330.002620.019470.065280.080990.084000.023980.06395 0.001460.001350.002400.005310.047560.021620.013360.03279 0.004810.003680.007100.007880.009650.006730.008420.04904 0.001870.001970.001630.001870.001620.001470.001730.02199 0.010430.003190.003460.003020.003200.003330.004140.00449 0.007960.010320.004940.004030.003980.004310.005540.00574 0.015200.117140.021500.009900.010440.015460.024740.02615 0.007250.012720.008430.006960.007380.007820.010390.02044 0.003090.003560.003720.003820.005040.003630.004590.00564 0.003560.002590.004460.009720.005150.004300.005090.00434 0.022450.017880.032250.039850.036360.026120.028540.03016 0.014410.010080.016600.045040.019860.016990.021200.01703 0.010820.011110.015160.036340.015000.014890.024300.01510 0.032170.031890.039170.033420.064170.047500.036960.05159 0.010110.009950.037100.010290.023910.017340.105830.01804 0.006900.003510.014940.009380.007810.009550.019520.00952 0.018750.007920.017640.181980.022230.025690.052220.031910.006040.006830.010830.045140.047350.018670.015270.01336 0.003310.010080.005280.006510.004700.005190.006120.00600 0.005000.002490.160000.083560.029010.135710.055150.02651 0.003210.017830.029140.028980.005400.019560.013210.01135 0.013780.007050.017760.094280.016600.055260.024250.03958 0.027330.012670.016610.014300.023000.017540.014210.02373 0.016970.004830.006540.008150.017950.035420.006320.01437 0.018280.002670.004700.003950.004650.004180.005780.00385 0.002850.001550.002710.002060.002990.002570.003280.00257 0.000920.000550.000640.000820.000860.000640.000800.00077 0.006300.005270.008120.008170.008930.007180.007150.00647 0.001530.000990.001530.001790.001750.001590.001520.00141 0.004680.002770.004480.005210.005130.004250.004530.00420 0.006650.004610.007430.009990.007950.007710.007500.00891 0.006850.003350.005390.006140.005770.004980.005390.00496 0.001690.000910.001670.001980.002010.001590.001810.00154 0.003160.002010.003260.004660.005390.003440.003650.00318 0.021990.008720.017060.019680.020210.015580.017170.01455 0.005540.003530.005550.007420.005720.006220.005630.00681 0.004160.002540.004500.005540.004780.004390.004580.00386 0.008270.009870.013050.015490.012510.011710.013160.01354 0.003300.002630.005820.002910.005660.003860.003550.00369 0.005140.012230.011270.014200.011050.009640.011310.00770 0.001780.001630.002550.002150.001610.002050.001770.00166 0.003540.002100.003720.003320.003440.003570.003820.00298 0.005520.003500.006080.006590.005980.005960.006380.00620 0.000770.000370.000780.000860.000620.000780.000850.00065 0.002490.001050.001420.001780.001350.001630.001630.00132 0.000860.000720.001390.001610.001490.001300.001170.00132 0.001840.001730.002350.002030.002180.001980.002290.00185 0.003010.002730.005290.006000.006030.005110.006360.00521 0.001250.000930.001320.001320.001230.001240.001400.00134 0.001830.001200.002110.002320.002940.002470.002950.00219 0.007450.001460.002520.002630.002450.002320.002620.00215 0.001360.001000.002190.002370.002480.002050.002330.00159 0.000690.000700.000950.001070.000970.000890.001040.00080 0.000160.000130.000220.000210.000230.000180.000180.00017 0.002790.001960.003180.004190.003310.003220.003470.00295 0.000750.000760.001040.000880.000950.000900.001060.00079 0.001140.000630.001630.002060.002270.002140.002100.00245 0.010320.008400.009400.007660.006280.008170.008140.00985 0.024430.020060.084970.069420.097440.052510.041830.04530 0.000350.000390.000460.000540.000600.000470.000420.00051 0.001700.001170.001650.001670.002120.001440.001640.00174 0.002210.002760.002810.002400.002560.002730.003400.00232 0.000500.001320.000750.000600.000700.000710.000860.00065 0.022010.024780.027290.038450.021230.023010.021180.025260.018910.015480.021030.025750.021480.017550.016770.02237 0.001030.001450.001370.001120.001510.001380.001510.00121 0.036150.016920.033760.047880.026740.030840.032280.03161 0.003700.004530.004530.004200.004180.004530.005290.00410 0.002030.002130.002050.002400.002410.002000.002350.00312 0.000820.000490.000990.000660.001060.001190.001370.00084 0.002610.001580.002910.002690.002740.003090.003740.00331 0.012110.005760.009760.008580.008230.009630.011320.01084 0.001320.000800.001700.001620.001860.001590.001850.00130 0.106960.037650.113750.070940.080440.153020.191060.07709 0.002570.006680.004120.003580.003710.003450.004020.00366 0.032590.021880.035610.035930.045830.031120.041480.02804 0.025920.012690.034760.033110.038150.032730.036880.02619 0.003950.003210.007700.006370.005580.004990.006120.00490 0.012870.007220.014830.012740.014570.015480.018960.01202 0.001590.001560.001880.001940.001890.001880.002160.00181 0.019510.027240.021740.015710.016390.021440.024790.01682 0.000060.000020.000110.000140.000050.000130.000130.00007 0.002320.003200.003320.003740.002750.003620.004290.00280 0.000860.000400.000960.000870.001590.001360.001590.00104 0.001930.001080.002220.001910.002180.002320.002840.00180 0.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 0.000440.000280.001230.001180.001680.000770.001140.00085 0.005460.006310.008360.006730.007380.007030.008340.00582 0.000860.001290.001320.001040.001800.001190.001220.00115 0.000760.000480.000920.001550.000970.000820.000950.00118 0.000120.000070.000140.000130.000170.000140.000160.00011 0.013520.013900.015320.014000.016960.016170.020370.01337 0.000800.000420.000940.000870.001080.001000.001150.00076 0.002080.001180.002630.002480.004130.002380.002610.00203 0.000450.000360.000770.000640.000590.000560.000680.000520.245480.139890.107400.146910.147040.150330.205540.05895 0.009450.039540.009840.014410.007140.008050.007380.00824 0.014780.012160.004900.005050.002810.002150.002580.00248 0.006900.004270.002560.001930.001240.001130.001510.00114 0.003400.002920.001270.001490.000830.000630.000790.00083 0.011370.007400.005660.007200.006730.006950.009760.00351 0.034930.084430.099700.059790.036510.020330.036290.13160 0.021090.019660.028520.025320.020400.012930.022060.47564 0.005870.006680.009490.010820.006180.003410.007820.06182 0.001830.002730.002790.003170.001970.001150.001820.00229 0.001510.001440.002620.002200.001570.001030.001400.02285 0.007390.009370.011770.006040.005000.002550.004880.01796 0.035400.359630.034500.045120.018720.012580.020270.03929 0.002370.005670.001350.001760.000880.000690.000990.00117 0.009020.011460.005770.007670.004250.002880.003700.00385 0.006120.009950.011010.006090.008550.002320.005410.00658 0.060080.018640.014750.012040.008720.007320.007960.00646 0.008260.031620.006980.009630.004600.003220.004910.00647 0.036280.034160.042440.097970.038680.025500.032660.03102 0.022710.019430.026230.038480.021600.011960.022090.02495 0.004270.004330.007590.004410.003890.002010.004110.00892 0.038660.016440.027530.026030.151850.789230.207880.03159 0.018710.007720.018370.007440.007160.008530.020320.01452 0.034580.015020.094500.014400.013620.006170.075330.01264 0.004450.001320.002750.001680.002360.008030.009080.00265 0.045520.008020.022950.012360.006390.004430.012630.00720 0.020810.006520.038000.004710.006470.004220.075670.00733 0.019810.010210.015130.008380.012580.005670.008790.04280 0.152790.068390.116860.010020.012120.005380.024700.00516 0.051650.085470.044270.013620.007530.003570.018670.00597 0.009410.119590.182110.086590.107370.013480.048450.00737 0.014300.008810.025300.180670.127560.076850.026090.01007 0.008880.009330.031400.075510.146720.017020.011320.01099 0.003100.003920.006770.004640.004310.010930.008190.00523 0.005300.007450.008240.007680.005460.002980.007320.05483 0.031130.028970.039410.031340.030390.018830.033440.05214 0.021740.032600.035440.034860.020170.010300.022900.11325 0.020700.017170.026240.061510.019970.013410.014160.04204 0.045560.029560.045960.030730.029550.027420.038200.01625 0.015580.010800.014540.012410.014750.008760.018520.00841 0.009020.011480.012940.010410.023680.003800.008460.00984 0.024120.025660.089450.020170.029460.009100.027900.039210.042160.009260.017330.028490.012360.006360.011410.00893 0.013620.014650.009440.009800.008850.007750.006250.00534 0.019980.011050.016160.007400.005100.003770.012980.00913 0.046500.005450.011830.008190.065090.012450.008640.00418 0.133910.021650.039370.018620.039720.007740.032280.01707 0.035570.013490.027920.013060.021820.010960.019340.01112 0.016880.007240.013220.008120.007980.005770.013720.00917 0.004280.004450.006660.005100.003940.002580.004300.00680 0.002320.002320.003860.002450.002190.001690.002180.00233 0.000900.000970.001470.001010.000920.002780.001090.00172 0.007340.011260.015390.009710.007430.005500.007820.02042 0.001590.002100.003220.002230.001740.001360.002150.00431 0.004790.007600.013330.008120.005800.003300.008200.01264 0.011920.009790.015580.011020.010590.005340.020950.01803 0.006060.015310.012610.008950.006690.003770.024840.02660 0.001780.002300.003940.002680.002020.001200.002130.00334 0.004210.004710.013900.008070.006160.004900.004070.00569 0.016110.024650.039580.026850.018550.009710.021370.03645 0.006980.022860.035130.011230.013010.004530.007710.02062 0.004320.005310.007720.005840.004850.002740.004250.02222 0.014740.016770.026600.019840.016080.009120.014070.06291 0.003620.003070.003770.004880.003170.002340.003220.00729 0.007250.008370.011870.009710.010090.009570.008620.03998 0.001730.001750.002700.002300.002110.001570.001680.00313 0.003200.004020.004340.004700.003470.002150.003010.00477 0.006410.007770.006750.006000.005710.003910.005720.00600 0.000670.000910.000830.001000.000730.000420.000600.00087 0.001570.001920.002760.003590.001950.001150.001590.00204 0.001400.001350.002120.001910.001430.000710.001290.00237 0.001970.002140.002940.002440.002590.004120.002670.00424 0.005800.005530.009060.005600.005820.002900.005220.00703 0.001560.002060.002290.003580.001460.001030.001560.00249 0.002000.002210.003370.003490.002440.001390.002260.01211 0.002890.004200.003820.004070.004030.001510.002910.01824 0.001760.001830.002640.002310.001760.001170.002020.00466 0.000910.001030.001320.001470.000970.000690.001840.00270 0.000220.000270.000240.000230.000200.000130.000170.00058 0.003430.003820.005600.003910.003720.001930.003110.00753 0.000980.001140.001030.001000.000910.001280.001300.00137 0.001340.001560.003290.001710.002250.000730.002170.00281 0.013260.016690.024170.068290.013430.007180.019020.01022 0.055840.038460.070210.066790.047530.022230.049650.05131 0.000480.000610.000730.000520.000450.000400.000600.00064 0.001480.001760.001960.001640.001460.001160.001270.00308 0.002360.004460.011570.004050.005690.002470.002720.00518 0.000600.000630.000780.000710.000730.001040.000900.00146 0.024370.024570.033950.044210.035760.025880.019170.01672。
2002年来源：国家统计局发布时间：2003-02-28 14:20中华人民共和国2002年国民经济和社会发展统计公报中华人民共和国国家统计局2003年2月28日2002年，全国各族人民在党中央、国务院的正确领导下，高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，团结奋斗，开拓创新，努力克服前进道路上的困难，顺利实现了国民经济和社会发展的主要预期目标。
国民经济保持良好发展势头，经济总量迈上新的台阶；积极财政政策和稳健货币政策取得明显效果，国内需求持续增长；经济结构战略性调整初见成效，产业结构优化升级取得进展；各项改革不断深化，对外开放水平进一步提高；社会主义民主法制和精神文明建设取得新成果，科技、教育、文化、卫生、体育等各项社会事业全面进步；城乡居民收入稳步增长，人民生活继续改善。
一、综合国民经济持续较快增长。
全年国内生产总值跃上10万亿元的新台阶,达到102398亿元，按可比价格计算，比上年增长8%。
其中，第一产业增加值14883亿元，增长2.9%；第二产业增加值52982亿元，增长9.9%；第三产业增加值34533亿元，增长7.3%。
图1. 国内生产总值突破10万亿元价格总水平小幅下降。
全国居民消费价格总水平比上年下降0.8%。
其中，城市下降1%；农村下降0.4%。
商品零售价格下降1.3%。
工业品出厂价格下降2.2%。
原材料、燃料、动力购进价格下降2.3%。
固定资产投资价格上涨0.2%。
居民消费价格中，服务价格上涨1.8%。
表1. 2002年全国居民消费价格比上年上涨（%）就业规模继续扩大。
年末全国就业人员73740万人，比上年末增加715万人，其中城镇就业人员24780万人，增加840万人。
年末国有企业下岗未实现再就业职工人数为410万人，比上年末减少105万人。
年末城镇登记失业率为4%，比上年末增加0.4个百分点。
国际收支状况良好。
全年对外贸易顺差304亿美元。
实际使用外商直接投资527亿美元，比上年增长12.5%。
第三讲：教学参考投入产出表三大部分相互连接，从总量和结构上全面、系统的反映国民经济各部门从生产到最终使用这一完整的实物运动过程中的相互联系。
投入产出表有以下几个基本平衡关系。
（1）行平衡关系中间使用+最终使用-进口+其他=总产出（2）列平衡关系中间投入+增加值=总投入（3）总量平衡关系总投入=总产出每个部门的总投入=该部门的总产出中间投入合计=中间使用合计在利用投入产出表进行经济分析时，需要计算投入产出表的各种模型系数。
本论文所采用的主要系数及计算方法如下：1. 直接消耗系数直接消耗系数，也称投入系数，记为ij a （i ，j=1，2，…，n ），它是指在生产经营过程中第j 产品（或产业）部门的单位总产出直接消耗的第i 产品部门货物或服务的价值量。
将各产品（或产业）部门的直接消耗系数用表的形式表现就是直接消耗系数表或直接消耗系数矩阵，通常用字母A 表示。
直接消耗系数的计算方法为：用第j 产品（或产业）部门的总投入j X 去除该产品（或产业）部门生产经营中直接消耗的第i 产品部门的货物或服务的价值量ij x ，用公式表示为：ij ij jx a X =（i ，j=1，2，…，n ）2. 完全消耗系数在经济活动中，一种产品对另一种产品的消耗，不仅有直接的消耗，而且还有间接的消耗，即一种产品通过媒介产品对另一种产品的消耗（范金等，2004）。
在投入产出理论中，将某一产业在生产经营过程中对其他产业产品的直接消耗和全部间接消耗之和称为完全消耗。
完全消耗系数，通常计为ij b ，是指第j 产品部门每提供一个单位最终使用时，对第i 产品部门货物或服务的直接消耗和间接消耗之和。
利用直接消耗系数矩阵A 计算完全消耗系数矩阵B 的公式为：1()B I A I -=--3. 列昂惕夫逆矩阵在完全消耗系数矩阵1()B I A I -=--中，矩阵1()I A --成为列昂惕夫逆矩阵，记为B 。
其元素ij b =（i ，j=1，2，…，n ）称为列昂惕夫逆系数，它表明第j 部门增加一个单位最终使用时，对第i 个产品部门的完全消耗量。
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