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全国2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% X 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguisticA. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our , which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. (A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which containsA. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the of a language, for example, in En glish, NP ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed byA. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) act is the change brought about bythe utterance. (A. prelocuti onaryB. locuti onaryC. illocutio naryD. perlocutio nary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that _____ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinitythan could possibly have been produced by accident.( )A. Germa nicB. Persia nD. Lithua nianC. Sa nskrit8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a .( )A. con ceptual meaningB. conno tative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic liste ning research tells us a sig nal coming in the left ear will first go to the _____ hemisphere, from where it is tran sferred to the left side of the brain for process ing. ( )A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal in struct ion on sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on suggest that formalin structio n may help lear ners perform some of the followi ng types of tasks except ___ .( ) A. pla nned speech B. writ ingC. casual and spontan eous con versati onD. career-orie nted exam in ati on11. Directions: Fill in the bla nk in each of the follow ing stateme nts with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, andyou are not allowed to cha nge the letter give n. (1% x 10=10%)11. Double a _____ refers to the property of Ianguage which means Ianguage is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meanin gless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meanin gful.12. In the producti on of v ______ , the back of the ton gue is brought into con tact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [ n ] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type ofs ____ to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally in depe ndent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a _h ___ structure to sentences.15. The words such as “ pop”meaning a certain sound and “ pop ” meaning popular are inrelati on ship of c ____ homony ms.16. The c ____ view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sen se.17. Exte nsive cha nges in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of En glish. En glish haslost most of its i ______ endin gs, by which it is no Ion ger possible to ide ntify the functionalroles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f ______differe ntiati on betwee n a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l _____ .20. I ____ is the Ianguage that a learner constructs at a given stage of second Ianguageacquisiti on.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the follow ing stateme nts is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you thi nk so and the n give the correct vers ion. (2% x 10=20%)21. ( ) Accord ing to Hall (1968), la nguage is "the in stituti on whereby huma ns com muni cateand in teract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols."Most lin guists today accept the view of Ian guage as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22. ( ) Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principleIon ger tha n a word, in other words, whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton ati on. 23. ( ) Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the origi nal word but usually do not cha nge its part of speech.24. ( ) When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25. ()“ He has been to New York ” presupposes “ He has been to America” .26. ()John Searle made a distinction between what he called “ constatives” and“ performatives ” .27. ()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words areborrowed from foreign languages.28. ()The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone(e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29. ()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30. ()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if n ecessary. ( 3% 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 1=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understandthe relationship between language and thought.。
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
2011年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及详解课程代码:00830I .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20% )1. Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness【答案】A【解析】语言的二层性包括符号层和音位层，让人们能够组合并理解无数从未说过或听到过的句子，故答案选A。
语言的创造性指人们可以创造并理解新的语言符号，但是这种属性归根结底还是得益于二层性。
2.________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view. They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to producesounds.A. ArticulatoryB. AuditoryC. AcousticD. General【答案】A【解析】发音语音学研究人们如何使用发音器官来发出声音，因此发音语音学家研究说话者发出的声音，故选A项。
自考语言学概论（2011.10）真题及答案一判断1.任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但可以没有书面语。
A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称应该如何理解口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的难易程度简单讲解任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但是古往今来只有极少数语言在口语的基础上产生了相应的书面语。
统计刷题次数:3588 错误率:40%2.每个词都处在两种关系之中：组合关系和聚合关系。
A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称组合关系和聚合关系的关系难易程度简单讲解聚合关系是在组合关系中体现出来的，或者说是在组合关系中分析出来的，而组合关系又体现为聚合类的线性序列。
所以组合关系和聚合关系是有机地统一的，是不可分割的。
组合关系和聚合关系是语言研究的两个十分重要的理论原则，不论是在哪个研究领域都具有重要的指导意义。
语言单位之间的聚合关系，所以涉及到各级的语言单位。
统计刷题次数:637 错误率:54%3.语音的物理属性是语音的本质属性。
A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称为什么说语音本质上是一种社会现象难易程度简单讲解语音虽然具有物理属性、生理属性等自然属性，但它本质上是一种社会现象，这就是"语音的社会属性".语音的社会属性是使语音从根本上与一般声音区别开来的本质属性。
统计刷题次数:2688 错误率:36%4.音素是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称音素难易程度简单讲解音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
统计刷题次数:1702 错误率:14%5.汉语普通话音节ji中的i是舌面元音。
A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称元音的发音特征难易程度简单讲解舌面元音i."zi"中的"i"是舌尖元音。
统计刷题次数:1290 错误率:40%6."莲子"是附加式构词的合成词。
A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称构词(两个以上语素组合形成合成词):复合构词,附加构词,重叠构词,复杂的合成词难易程度简单讲解附加构词就是词根语素加上词缀语素构成一个新词。
广东自学考试英语语言学真题版2011年1月省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given.1. The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and a__________ phonetics.2. When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair .3. R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learna second language for external purposes .4. Later Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar.5. In "NP → （Deg )A(pp)……", the dots in the rule indicate that other c________ options are available .6. The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity.7. L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community .8. H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word .9. The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study.10. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________.11. The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure.12. The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism .13. Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______.14. The sound ［p］in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________.15. C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginning to end.16. S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form .17. Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________.18. S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures.19. P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production.20. Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____.II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21. __refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .A.SyntaxB. EtymologyC. LexicologyD. Morphology22. ___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaningin linguistic communication .A. PhoneticsB. PhonemicsC. PhonologyD. Phonotactics23. Language ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.A. aptitudeB. competenceC. performanceD. attitude24. ___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations .A. IdiolectB. PidginC. SociolectD. Creole25. A(n) ___ is a word formed by combining parts of other words , e.g. smog .A. back -formationB. blendC. abbreviationD. clipping26. The traditional and the only way to study the brain in the past was through ____ studies .A. experimentalB. surgicalC. autopsyD. observational27.___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form ,i.e. Different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both .A. PolysemyB. SynonymC. HomophoneD. Homonymy28.The arrow in the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP " is read as ___.A. is equal toB. generatesC. hasD. consists of29.___ of neighbouring sound is , for the most part ,caused by articulatory or physiological progress .A. AssimilationB. FormalizationC. DerivationD. Patterning30.The drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture is called ____ motivation .A. instrumentalB. resultativeC. integrativeD. intrinsic31There are different types of affixes pr morphemes .The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __.A.derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form32.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyzed the language people actually use ,it is said to be ___A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic33.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by __ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.K Halliday34. Of the following sound combination ,only ___ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English .A. mibleB. bmilC. imlbD. ilbm35 Which of the following English words is formed by clipping ?A. smogB.UNESCOC. baby-sitD. disco36 Of the following words ,____ belongs to the open class word .A. emaiB. butC. theD. they37 The sense relation for the pair of words "doctor and patient "is __A. synonymyB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy38 In learning a foreign language,instances of mother tongue interference can be found act the level of ___.A. pronunciationB. vocabularyC. syntaxD. all of the above39 According to F .de Saussure,____ refers to the system of language .A. langueB. paroleC. competenceD. performance40.The utterance "We 're already working 25 hours a day, 8 days a week " obviously violates the maxim of ___A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerIII. True of false judgement (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true or false .Write T in ye corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one .41.Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcuswill cause fluent aphasia .42.D-structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's supercanonization properties .43.An illocution act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something .It is the consequence of the utterance .44.The LAD was described as an imaginary "black box "which is said to contain rules that are specific only to human languages ./doc/4e2056949.html,ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structure semantics to analyze lexical word meaning .46.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them down the garden path toa wrong direction .47.Acronyms are words derives from the initials and ending of several words .48. Diglossia refers to the dialect having to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.49.In daily life people often see the situation in which adult speak differently when talking to little children ,they use a special speech called motherese.50.Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are produced by human speech organs IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51.broad transcription vs narrow transcription52.selection restriction53.speech act theory54.Critical Period Hypothesis55.Draw a tree diagram for the surface structure of "A man will find the dog"V. Write a passage of 120-150 words on the followingtopic .(15%)56. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning ?部分参考答案：1. acoustic2. minimal3. Resultative4. Universal5. complement6. pharyngeal7. Langue8. Hyponymy9.synchronic 10. pragmatics11.surface 12. diaglossia 13. Interlanguage 14. aspirated 15. Cohort16. Sense 17. Preposition 18. Siciolinguistics 19. Psycholinguistics 20. general21. D 22.C 23.A 24.A 25. B 26. C 27. D 28.D 29. A 30.C31. C 32.A 33.C 34. A 35.D 36. A 37. C 38.D 39.A 40.A41.F 42.F 43. F 44.T 45.T 46. F 47. F 48.F 49. T 50.F2011年10月省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）。
2024年10月语言学概论自考真题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1．下面各项中属于孤立语的是A．汉语B．维吾尔语C．英语D．日语2．语言符号中由特定声音表示的意义就是语言符号的A．能指B．所指C．无指D．泛指3．下面各词中属于汉语外来词的是A．给力B．鼠标C．商号D．吉普4．持思维决定语言观点的代表人物是A．柴门霍夫B．柴可夫斯基C．赫尔德D．维果茨基5．汉字“本”是一个A．指事字B．象形字C．假借字D．形声字6．一般情况下，婴儿出生6个月到1岁左右，是儿童语言获得过程中的A．无意识阶段B．非自控阶段C．双词阶段D．咿呀学语阶段7．“那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘”采用的修辞手法是A．比拟B．夸张C．比喻D．叠用8．日常交往中称自己为“鄙人”，这属于A．尊称B．谦称C．蔑称D．婉称9．人脑中掌管与语言有关的活动的是A．大脑左半球B．大脑右半球C．小脑D．脑干10．在儿童语言发展过程中，双词句的出现表明儿童产生最早的A．语音能力B．模仿能力C．语法能力D．推理能力11．布洛卡失语症的表现是A．能说话但听不懂别人说的话B．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说的话C．能说话但发音很含混D．不能说话，也不能听懂别人说的话12．汉语中的“葡萄、石榴、菠萝”等词借自A．日本B．朝鲜C．西域D．西夏13．政府机关公文中的通知，属于书面语体中的A．宣传体B．应用体C．科学体D．文学体14．一般认为大脑语言功能临界期的最后期限是A．5-6岁B．7-8岁C．9-10岁D．12-13岁15．幼儿掌握自己的母语的过程被称为A．语言迁移B．语言获得C．语言转化D．语言学习16．下面各项中属于古印度文字的是A．甲骨文B．圣书字C．梵文D．石鼓文17．“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A．正对B．反对C．串对D．流水对18．让计算机模拟人的听觉器官的反应来接受语言信号并做出回应动作，这种技术属于A．语音识别B．语音合成C．自动翻译D．人工智能19．鲁迅是最早采用口语语体写小说的，当时称作A．现代小说B．文言小说C．白话文小说D．古白话小说20．秦始皇名“正”，所以秦代的正月叫“端月”，这是为了A．吉祥B．避讳C．讨口彩D．庄重二、名词解释题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。
语言学概论自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源和发展B. 语言的结构和功能C. 语言的书写和表达D. 语言的学习和教学答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 数学答案：D3. 索绪尔是现代语言学的奠基人，他的主要贡献是什么？A. 创立了结构主义语言学B. 发明了语音学C. 编写了第一部词典D. 制定了语言教学法答案：A4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 语素C. 词汇D. 句子答案：B5. 什么是语言的双重性质？A. 口头和书面B. 自然和人工C. 动态和静态D. 社会和个体答案：C6. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的声音和意义之间的关系是任意的D. 语言的普遍性答案：C7. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：B8. 语言的同质性指的是什么？A. 语言的统一性B. 语言的多样性C. 语言的复杂性D. 语言的简单性答案：A9. 语言学中的“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：B10. 下列哪项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 艺术创作D. 物理治疗答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“能指”指的是________，而“所指”指的是________。
答案：声音；概念12. 语音学中的“元音”和“辅音”是根据________来区分的。
答案：声道是否受阻碍13. 语法学研究的是语言的________和________。
答案：规则；结构14. 社会语言学关注的是语言与________之间的关系。
答案：社会因素15. 语用学研究的是语境中语言的________和________。
答案：使用；理解16. 语言的“同步研究”关注的是语言在某一特定时期的________，而“历时研究”则关注语言的________。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的'高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。
下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。
Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
自考语言学概论试题及答案【篇一：01-07语言学概论自学考试试题和答案】00541语言学概论试卷一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
4、方言词是指（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。
二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
多选不给分。
每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）①玻璃②黑板③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的“foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、汉语普通话中的“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）①语素②音节③前缀④词11、汉语中的“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、在一种语言内部划分言时，最主要的依据是（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原指“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C,or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and end the words churchand judge are voiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds. 12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings. 15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 .20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes ／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23．( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )31.displacement 32.voicing 33.morpheme34.finite clause ponential analysis36.declarations 37.epenthesis38.speech variety 39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structuretrees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when thelearner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by thespeech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audiblyreleased and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p]and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blockedthrough the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound isalways perceived from the meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory,“principles”refer to highly abstract properties of grammarwhich are applied to language in general and which generatephrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while“parameters”allow general principles to operate in certainrestricted ways, according to which particular grammars ofnatural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is aprerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speechacts fall into five general categories, which are representatives,directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask ispronounced [æks], but the word asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. Itis interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesisrule switched these two consonants, producing ask in mostdialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process thatreorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining soundsegments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandardvarieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standardvarieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, andare effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are strikingsimilarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire anew language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics 32. diphthong 33. morphological rules 34. case condition 35. collocational synonyms 36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law 38. registers 39. language centers 40. formal instruction V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?。
