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2014.01学教育103《推销员之死》中的林达形象刘田（成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院，四川成都611743）[摘要]《推销员之死》是阿瑟·米勒一部非常重要的戏剧作品，本文从分析剧作最主要女性人物形象塑造的角度，展现这部剧所揭示的普通人的悲剧性。
[关键词]推销员之死；阿瑟·米勒；林达；写作技巧；悲剧《推销员之死》中的林达同威利·洛曼一样是个被作者塑造得很成功的人物形象。
阿瑟米勒在他的戏剧集引言中谈到，当他想到林达在威利坟边说“他的手一向是灵巧得很的”这么一句台词时忍不住发出“艺术家魔鬼般的大笑”，“因为一切线索都汇集到这句台词里了——她是他创造的，尽管他不知道，不相信或自己不接受这个念头”。
因此要讨论林达多重的人格，必须首先简略地介绍威利，并且将林达和威利的人物关系放到重要的位置。
这里要先谈谈创作《推销员之死》的情感体验，阿瑟米勒说这部作品是从简单的形象发展起来的，大意为承载着一个具有征服者气质的家庭喧闹的木屋最后空荡沉寂，由另一些陌生人占据，可见米勒在创作时是带着几分唏嘘和感慨的心态来塑造他笔下的人物的。
在《推销员》的诞辰中，阿瑟米勒提到自己唯一一次作为观众看这部戏后感叹“我们一定是个极其孤独的民族，被如此巨大的自我满足的矫饰将我们分割开来，被机械辗得如此之精细，以致我们几乎不再触动别人了。
我们正在单个地企图拯救自己……”，另外，在他的戏剧集引言中作者提到一个社会成功的法则，这条法则几乎成为大家深信又深疑的美德。
《推销员之死》是在威利对自己无法满足这条法则感到深深内疚的情况下开场的。
创造能力强、有追求的威利已经意识到一直以来他让自己和家庭像进行宗教活动般虔诚地想要成功的行动方式是错误的，但他又不能面对失败，为了骗或证明自己是正确的，他始终用曾经知道或遇到的成功的人的残缺的画面激励自己做挣扎。
因此，《推销员之死》开场后，威利尽管精疲力竭，却一直是狂躁，充满信念感，用俗话说像打了鸡血一般的状态。
阿瑟米勒创作的两幕剧刻画了一个美国剧作家阿瑟米勒创作的两幕剧【《推销员之死》】刻画了一个小人物悲剧性的一生。
题目：美国剧作家阿瑟米勒创作的两幕剧（）刻画了一个小人物悲剧性的一生。
有三十余年推销经历的威利，一直被美国商业文化虚幻的光晕所笼罩，幻想通过商品推销得到名望以及并不现实的美好前景，最后却以自身的毁灭换取保险赔偿才能获得价值和尊严，该剧获得了包括普利策奖在内的三大奖项。
A、《萨勒姆的女巫》
B、《推销员之死》
C、《玻璃园》
D、《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》
参考答案：B、《推销员之死》。
(1)“grace under pressure”war and influence of war on people, with scenes connected withhunting, bull fighting which demand stamina and courage, and with the question “how to live with pain”, “how human being live gracefully under pressure”.(2)“code hero”The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitiveand intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.P. S. 1 :美国文学分期一般是从浪漫主义开始，因为清教主义是殖民地时期的，写浪漫主义的时候一定要写American Romanticism, 因为英国的浪漫主义时期和美国的不一样。
浪漫主义时期---现实主义时期---自然主义时期---现代，进入现代后，已经说了，文学流派纷繁杂出，很多，像哈莱姆文艺复兴，爵士时代，意象派，迷失的一代，垮掉的一代，荒诞派。
很多流派，达达主义，超现实主义等等。
P.S. 2：作品还需要看课本上，老师划的重点，标出黑体的是在美国文学史上公认，还有我认为比较重要的，但是不尽然，因为每个老师有自己偏爱的作家，像Willa Cather，基本提到的很少，但是你们也学了。
2013年2月佳木斯大学社会科学学报Feb.,2013第31卷第1期JOURNAL OF SOCI AL SCIENCE OF JIA MUSI UNIVERSI TY Vol.31 No.1论 推销员之死 中男主人公的悲剧形象胡 蓉,任静明(安徽建筑工业学院外语系,安徽合肥230601)[摘 要]阿瑟 米勒创作的 推销员之死 一剧通过主人公威利 洛曼一生追逐 美国梦 的实现到幻想的破灭,成功地塑造出一位美国普通推销员的悲剧一生。
本文通过对主人公的心理性格、家庭成员以及社会经济等三个方面的分析,充分展示出 美国梦 这一神话的幻灭。
折射出他盲目追求美国梦的悲剧命运不仅是他个人和家庭关系的一出悲剧,更是一出美国现代社会和美国社会中所有人的悲剧。
[关键词]推销员之死;悲剧;成因[中图分类号]I106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1007-9882(2013)01-0123-02一、前言美国著名的戏剧家阿瑟米勒的代表作 推销员之死 描述了一位生活在社会底层的小人物的悲惨命运,塑造了一位一生在梦幻中寻找自我、而在现实生活中无情地遭受了美国梦破灭打击和摧残的原型形象。
该剧深刻地刻画出主人公威利洛曼的个人性格、家庭成员和社会经济之间的矛盾和冲突,探索和部析了人与其所处的社会环境关系以及社会道德问题,对现代美国社会的现实进行了无情的抨击和谴责。
威利洛曼的悲剧不仅仅代表了其个人,更是代表了美国梦乃至整个美国社会的悲剧。
阿瑟米勒曾经说过: 如果说一个人的悲剧是这个人不顾一切要求公正评价自己所导致的话,那么他因此而遭受的毁灭就揭示出其所置身的社会环境中的缺陷或邪恶 [1](P145)。
在威利洛曼的身上充分体现出底层小人物梦想破灭后的深深无奈和绝望的心情,而正是这种追求美国梦成为了他生活中全部的精神支柱,但是残酷的现实与美妙的幻想是永远无法平衡的,最终,巨大的跌落感彻底埋葬了他继续生活下去的勇气和信心。
本文拟从三个方面分析探讨其悲剧产生的原因所在。
浅析《推销员之死》中小人物威利的命运摘要：作家阿瑟米勒的著名作品《推销员之死》中描述了威利洛曼这个小人物，他的命运是坎坷的，在工作上，他得不到公司的承认，在社会地位上，他卑微而缺乏前途，在家庭上，他受到家人的排斥，也没有履行自己作为丈夫和父亲的责任，可以说，他的一生庸庸碌碌，毫无作为，只能自杀结束生命。
下面本文将具体分析威利的命运。
关键词：威利·洛曼；推销员；美国梦；悲剧美国戏剧家阿瑟米勒，在1949年写出了一个震惊美国的戏剧作品，这个作品就是——《推销员之死》。
这部作品，一经推出便获得了巨大的轰动。
可以说，这部喜剧成就了阿瑟米勒，因为这部作品，阿瑟米勒蜚声美国戏剧界，被称为美国戏剧界的大师级人物。
这部作品还获得了三项具有举足轻重地位的大奖，分别是“普利策戏剧奖”、“纽约戏剧评论奖”和美国舞台艺术成就最高奖项“托尼戏剧音乐奖”。
而《纽约时报》更是将这部作品，称为20世纪美国话剧中的领军作品。
这种荣誉可以说是无上光荣。
最后，阿瑟米勒更是获得了“终身成就奖”。
而这么伟大的作品，阿瑟米勒却用了仅仅一个半月的时间写完的，我们不得不由衷的对阿瑟米勒怀有敬佩之情。
在这部作品中，阿瑟米勒揭露了“美国梦的疵点”。
男主角威力诺曼非常崇拜美国这种资本主义社会制度，他总是渴望能够出类拔萃，高人一等，但最终却因为被利益迷惑了双眼从而走上不归路。
一、《推销员之死》内容简介年逾花甲的推销员威利·洛曼，拎着两只沉重的、装样品的箱子回到家。
他看起来非常疲惫不堪，看起来似乎奄奄一息的样子。
他活得非常累和卑微，只有老伴儿林达了解他、关爱他，她本分的做好妻子该做的分内之事，并尽最大给予自己的丈夫该有的尊严，希望能有自己的爱来增加他活下去的勇气，增强他对生活的信心。
但是她的努力似乎都收效甚微。
威利在年轻的时候，非常精明能干，他有两个儿子，比夫和哈皮。
大儿子比夫文化课学的不好，但是威利不以为然，他认为大儿子未来能成为一名出色的运动员。
American playwright who combined in his works social awareness with deep insights into personal weaknesses of his characters'. Miller is best known for the play DEATH OF A SALESMAN (1949), or on the other hand, for his marriage to the actress Marilyn Monroe.Miller's plays continued the realistic tradition that began in the United States in the period between the two world wars. With Tennessee Williams, Miller was one of the best-known American playwrights after WW II. Several of his works were filmed by such director as John Huston, Sidney Lumet and Karel Reiz."Don't say he's a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He's not the finest character that ever lived. But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He's not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must finally paid to such a person."(from Death of a Salesman) Arthur Miller was born in Harlem, New York City; the family moved shortly afterwards to asix-storey building at 45110th Street between Lenox and Fifth Avenues. His father, Isidore Miller, was an illiterate Jewish immigrant from Poland. His succesfull ladies-wear manufacturer and shopkeeper was ruined in the depression. Augusta Barnett, Miller's mother, was born in New York, but her father came from the same Polish town as the Millers.The sudden change in fortune had a strong influence on Miller. "This desire to move on, to metamorphose ?or perhaps it is a talent for being contemporary ?was given me as life's inevitable and righful condition," he wrote in TIMEBENDS: A LIFE (1987). The family moved to a small frame house in Brooklyn, which is said to the model for the Brooklyn home in Death of a Salesman. Miller spent his boyhood playing foorball and baseball, reading adventure stories, and appearing generally as a nonintellectual. "If I had any ideology at all it was what I had learned from Hearst newspapers," he once said. After graduating from a high school in 1932, Miller worked in automobile parts warehouse to earn money for college. Having read Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov Miller decided to become a writer. To study journalism he entered the University of Michigan in 1934, where he won awards for playwriting ?one of the other awarded playwright was Tennessee Williams.After graduating in English in 1938, Miller returned to New York. There he joined the Federal Theatre Project, and wrote scripts for radio programs, such as Columbia Workshop (CBS) and Cavalcade of America (NBC). Because of a football injury, he was exempt from draft. In 1940 Miller married a Catholic girl, Mary Slattery, his college sweetheart, with whom he had two children. Miller's first play to appear on Broadway was THE MAN WHO HAD ALL THE THE LUCK (1944). It closed after four performances. Three years later produced ALL MY SONS was about a factory owner who sells faulty aircraft parts during World War II. It won the New York Drama Critics Circle award and two Tony Awards. In 1944 Miller toured Army camps to collect background material for the screenplay THE STORY OF GI JOE (1945). Miller's first novel, FOCUS (1945), was about anti-Semitism.Miller's plays often depict how families are destroyed by false values. Especially his earliest efforts show his admiration for the classical Greek dramatists. "When I began to write," he said in an interview, "one assumed inevitably that one was in the mainstream that began with Aeschylus and went through about twenty-five hundred years of playwriting." (from The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, ed. by Christopher Bigsby, 1997)DEATH OF A SALESMAN (1949) brought Miller international fame, and become one of the major achievements of modern American theatre. It relates the tragic story of a salesman namedWilly Loman, whose past and present are mingled in expressionistic scenes. Loman is not the great success that he claims to be to his family and friends. The postwar economic boom has shaken up his life. He is eventually fired and he begins to hallucinate about significant events from his past. Linda, his wife, believes in the American Dream, but she also keeps her feet on the ground. Deciding that he is worth more dead than alive, Willy kills himself in his car ?hoping that the insurance money will support his family and his son Biff could get a new start in his life. Critics have disagreed whether his suicide is an act of cowardice or a last sacrifice on the altar of the American Dream.WILLY: I'm not interested in stories about the past or any crap of that kind because the woods are burning, boys, you understand? There's a big blaze going on all around. I was fired today. BIFF (shocked): How could you be?WILLY: I was fired, and I'm looking for a little good news to tell your mother, because the woman has waited and the woman has suffered. The gist of it is that I haven't got a story left in my head, Biff. So don't give me a lecture about facts and aspects. I am not interested. Nowwhat've you got so say to me?(from Death of a Salesman)In 1949 Miller was named an "Outstanding Father of the Year", which manifested his success as a famous writer. But the wheel of fortune was going down. In the 1950s Miller was subjected to a scrutiny by a committee of the United States Congress investigating Communist influence in the arts. The FBI read his play The Hook, about a militant union organizer, and he was denied a passport to attend the Brussels premiere of his play THE CRUCIBLE (1953). It was based on court records and historical personages of the Salem witch trials of 1692. In Salem one could be hanged because of ''the inflamed human imagination, the poetry of suggestion.'' The daughter of Salem's minister falls mysteriously ill. Reverend Samuel Parris is a widower, and there is very little good to be said for him. He believes he is persecuted wherever he goes. Rumours of witchcraft spread throughout the people of Salem. "The times, to their eyes, must have been out of joint, and to the common folk must have seemed as insoluble and complicated as do ours today." The minister accuses Abigail Williams of wrongdoing, but she transforms the accusation into plea for help: her soul has been bewitched. Young girls, led by Abigail, make accusations of witchcraft against townspeople whom they do not like. Abigail accuses Elizabeth Proctor, the wife of an upstanding farmer, whom she had once seduced. Elizabeth's husband John Proctor reveals his past lechery. Elizabeth, unaware, fails to confirm his testimony. To protect him she testifies falsely that her husband has not been intimate with Abigail. Proctor is accused of witchcraft and condemned to death.The Crucible, which received Antoinette Perry Award, was an allegory for the McCarthy era and mass hysteria. Although its first Broadway production flopped, it become one of Miller'smost-produced play. Miller wrote The Crucible in the atmosphere in which the author saw "accepted the notion that conscience was no longer a private matter but one of state administration." In the play he expressed his faith in the ability of an individual to resist conformist pressures."You know, sometimes God mixes up the people. We all love somebody, the wife, the kids - every man's got somebody he loves, heh? Bus sometimes... there's too much. You know? There's too much, and it goes where it mustn't. A man works hard, he brings up a child, sometimes it's niece, sometimes even a daughter, and he never realizes it, but through the years - there is too muchlove for the daughter, there is too much love for the niece." (from A View from the Bridge)Elia Kazan, with whom Miller had shared an artistic vision and for a period a girlfriend, the motion-picture actress Marilyn Monroe, named in 1952 eight former reds, who had been in the Communist Party with him. Kazan virtually became a pariah overnight, Miller remained a hero of the Left. Two short plays under the collective title A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE were successfully produced in 1955. The drama, dealing with incestuous love, jealousy and betrayal, was also an answer to Kazan's film On the Waterfront (1954), in which the director justified his naming names.In 1956 Miller was awarded honorary degree at the University of Michigan but also called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Miller admitted that he had attended certain meetings, but denied that he was a Communist. He had attended among others four or fivewriters's meetings sponsored by the Communist Party in 1947, supported a Peace Conference at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York, and signed many apppeals and protests. "Marilyn's fiance admits aiding reds," wrote the press. Refusing to offer other people's names, who had associated with leftist or suspected Communist groups, Miller was cited for contempt of Congress, but the ruling was reversed by the courts in 1958.Miller ?"the man who had all the luck" ?married Marilyn Monroe in 1956; they divorced in 1961. At that time Marilyn was beyond saving. She died in 1962.In the late 1950s Miller wrote nothing for the theatre. His screenplay MISFITS was written with a role for his wife. The film was directed by John Huston, starring Mongomery Clift, Clark Gable, and Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn was always late getting to the set and used heavily drugs. The marriage was already breaking, and Miller was feeling lonely. John Huston wrote in his book of memoir, An Open Book, (1980): "One evening I was about to drive away from the location ?miles out in the desert ?when I saw Arthur standing alone. Marilyn and her friends hadn't offered him a ride back; they'd just left him. If I hadn't happened to see him, he would have been stranded out there. My sympathies were more and more with him." Later Miller said that there "should have been more long shots to remind us constantly how isolated there people were, physically and morally." Miller's last play, FINISHING THE PICTURE, produced in 2004, depicted the making of Misfits.Miller was politically active throughout his life. In 1965 he was elected president of P.E.N., the international literary organization. At the 1968 Democratic Party Convention he was a delegate for Eugene McCarthy. In 1964 Miller returned to stage after a nine-year absence with the play AFTER THE FALL, a strongly autobiographical work, which dealt with the questions of guilt and innocence. The play also united Kazan and Miller, but their close friendship was over, destroyed by the blacklist. Many critics consider that Maggie, the self-destructive central character, was modelled on Monroe, though Miller denied this. A year after his divorce, Miller married the Austrian photographer Inge Morath (1923-2002), whom he had met during the filming of The Misfits. Miller co-operated with her on two books about China and Russia. After Inge Morath died, Miller plannd to marry Agnes Barley, a 34-year-old artist. In 1985 Miller went to Turkey with the playwright Harold Pinter. Their journey was arranged by PEN in conjunction with the Helsinki Watch Committee. One of their guides in Istanbul was Orhan Pamuk.In the 1990s Miller wrote such plays as THE RIDE DOWN MOUNT MORGAN (prod. 1991) and THE LAST YANKEE (prod. 1993), but in an interview he stated that "It happens to be a very bad historical moment for playwriting, because the theater is getting more and more difficult to findactors for, since television pays so much and the movies even more than that. If you're young,you'll probably be writing about young people, and that's easier -- you can find young actors -- but you can't readily find mature actors." ('We're Probably in an Art That Is -- Not Dying' ,The New York Times,January 17, 1993)In 2002 Miller was honored with Spain's prestigious Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature, making him the first U.S. recipient of the award. Miller died of heart failure at home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on February 10, 2005.美国剧作家谁在他的作品结合深邃的思想与社会意识纳入他的角色的性格上的弱点。
