译林版英语八年级下册_介绍奥林匹克运动会的起源和相关历史(中英文对照)

History of the Olympic GamesPindar, the Greek poet wrote in the 5th century BC:"As in the daytime there is no star in the sky warmer and brighter than the sun, likewise there is no competition greater than the Olympic Games.According to historic records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian Gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. Initially they had a religious character and combined a number of ancient sporting events, many of which were based on ancient Greek myths.The ancient Games actually occupied an important position in the life of the Greek ancestors. An Olympiad was a time unit, measuring the four-year interval between two Games. Participants came to compete from every corner of the Greek world aiming at the ultimate prize: an olive wreath and a "heroic" return to their city-states. But apart from the glorious victory, it was the Olympic values themselves which accorded special meaning to the Games: noble competition and the effort to combine body, will, and mind in a balanced whole. As the Games developed, so did a set of procedures such as a standardized schedule of events and the practice of the Olympic Truce. They continued for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed, in 393 AD, that all such 'pagan cults' be banned. He asserted that the Games placed an excessive public focus on athletic and spiritual affairs. The games was abolished until the 19th Century. Intellectuals such as Evangelos Zappas and Demetrios Vikelas who believed in the spirit of noble contests and the Olympic ideals, lent their voices and efforts to the revival of the Olympic Games. However, it was French Baron Pierre de Coubertin who orchestrated the re-establishment of the Games, by advocating the marriage of sports and Greek classicism, leading the way to the first Modern Olympic Games in 1896.The Greek public embraced the revival, and joined the efforts to organize the Games. Any financial difficulties faced by the Greek state at the time, were met through the mobilization of people and benefactors alike. The marble renovation of the ancient Panathinaikon Stadium that hosted the first modern Games was financed by George Averoff, a Greek benefactor from Northern Greece.With the revival of the Olympic Games, a number of symbolic Olympic Traditions were also developed and established (i.e. the Olympic Anthem, the Olympic Creed, the Olympic Flag, the Olympic Flame and Torch).Over the years, the Olympic Games traveled to different countries and continents, and now finally in 2004, they returned to the country of their birth and the city of their revival for the hosting of the XXVIII Modern Olympic Games.公元前五世纪的希腊抒情诗人品达曾写道：“正如在白天天空中没有星星比太阳更温暖，更明亮，同样，没有比奥运会更激烈的比赛。

英语日记150字History of the Olympic Games奥运会发展史History of the Olympic Games 奥运会发展史The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece, named for the Olympic venue. The first session of the ancient Olympic Games were held in 776 BC to ad 394, has held 293 sessions. It has been one thousand years of history. Games every 1417 days or 4 years held. Later, people would call this cycle of Olympic cycle.奥林匹克运动会起源于古希腊，因举办地点在奥林匹克而得名。

第1届古代奥运会于公元前776年举行，到公元394年共举行了293届。

距今已经有一千多年的历史了。

运动会每隔1417天即4年举行一届。

后来人们将这一周期称为奥林匹克周期。

Many countries try their best to host the Olympic games. Each country has to get more medals in the games. This is not only the ability of athletes, but also reflects a country's comprehensive sport ability. In 2000, Sydney hosted the twenty-seventh Olympic Games, more than 100 countries around the world to participate in this event. That year, China won 28 gold medals. Chinese as a sports power, will be held in 2008 twenty-ninth Olympic games. People from all fronts are preparing for the Olympic Games. There are five rings on the Olympic flag. The five rings are considered to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. The slogan of the Olympic Games is: "higher, faster, stronger." The Olympic Games can promote the understanding and friendship among different peoples and different countries.很多国家尽他们最大的努力争办奥运会。

介绍奥林匹克运动会运动项目英语Introduction to Olympic Sports in EnglishThe Olympic Games are the pinnacle of sporting excellence, bringing together athletes from around the globe to compete in various disciplines. With a history dating back to ancient Greece, the modern Olympics feature a wide range of sports that cater to different interests and abilities. In this article, we will introduce some of the most popular Olympic sports, explaining their rules and highlighting key moments in their history.1. Athletics (Track and Field):Athletics is often considered the centerpiece of the Olympics, encompassing track events (sprints, long-distance races), field events (jumping, throwing), and combined events (decathlon, heptathlon). It captures the essence of human speed, strength, and endurance, with legendary athletes like Usain Bolt and Carl Lewis leaving an indelible mark on the sport.2. Swimming:Swimming showcases the grace and power of athletes moving through water. In the Olympic pool, swimmers compete in freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke events, as well as medley relays. Over the years, swimming has producedremarkable athletes such as Michael Phelps, who holds the record for the most gold medals won at a single Olympic Games.3. Gymnastics:Gymnastics combines athleticism, flexibility, and artistry. This captivating sport features both artistic gymnastics (floor exercise, vault, uneven bars, balance beam) and rhythmic gymnastics (routines with apparatus like ribbons and hoops). Athletes like Simone Biles have pushed the boundaries of what is possible in gymnastics, showcasing incredible skills and precision.4. Football (Soccer):Football, or soccer, is the world"s most popular sport, and its inclusion in the Olympics adds another layer of excitement. The tournament features national teams competing for gold, providing a platform for emerging talents and allowing established stars to represent their countries on the global stage. Notable Olympic football moments include Brazil"s golden generation, featuring players like Ronaldinho and Neymar.5. Basketball:Basketball brings together top players from around the world to compete for Olympic glory. The fast-paced nature ofthe sport, combined with high-flying dunks and skillful ball handling, makes it a fan favorite. The United States has traditionally dominated Olympic basketball, with legendary teams including the "Dream Team" of 1992, which featured superstars like Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson.6. Tennis:Tennis was reintroduced to the Olympics in 1988 after a long absence. The tournament sees the world"s best players battling it out for gold in singles and doubles events. Olympic tennis has witnessed memorable matches and iconic champions, such as Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams.7. Boxing:Boxing is a physically demanding sport that showcases raw power, technique, and strategy. Olympic boxing provides a platform for amateur boxers to display their skills before potentially transitioning to professional careers. Past Olympic boxing legends include Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. These are just a few examples of the many sports featured in the Olympic Games. Each sport has its unique appeal and contributes to the spirit of competition, unity, and excellence that defines the Olympics. Whether it"s the thrill of a sprint finish, the elegance of a gymnastics routine, or the intensityof a basketball game, the Olympic Games never fail to captivate audiences worldwide.。

第一节关于奥运会About the Olympic Games1. The Olympic Games originated from ancient Greece.奥运会起源于古希腊。

2. In the ancient Greek Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in it.在古希腊奥运会中，只允许男人参加比赛。

3. The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing, China.2008年奥运会将在中国北京举行。

4. Modern Olympics began in 1896 through the efforts of a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin.通过法国人皮埃尔•德•顾拜旦的努力，现代奥运会开始于1896年。

5. The Atlanta Olympics were the first to make profits out of the Games.亚特兰大奥运会是第一届赢利的奥运会。

6. On the opening of the Olympic Games, a torch-lighting ceremony will be held.在奥运会的开幕式上会举行一个点火仪式。

7. The Olympic Village is built for athletes' accommodation.奥运村是为了给运动员提供食宿而建造的。

8. The Olympics were not held because of world wars for 3 times in history.在历史上，奥运会曾有3次因为世界战争的原因而停办。

9. At a meeting in 1925, the IOC officially sanctioned the Olympic Winter Games and declared the competition at Chamonix in 1924 the first Olympic Winter Games.在1925年的一次会议上，国际奥委会正式通过了举办冬奥会，并宣布1924年在法国夏蒙尼举行的比赛为第一届冬奥会。

The Olympic Games,often referred to simply as the Olympics,are an international multisport event that takes place every four years.They are a major event in the world of sports,attracting athletes from nearly every country.Heres a detailed composition about the Olympic Games:Introduction to the Olympic Games:The Olympic Games are a celebration of sportsmanship,unity,and international cooperation.They originated in ancient Greece and were revived in the modern era in 1896.The Games are organized by the International Olympic Committee IOC and are held in both summer and winter versions.Historical Background:The ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia,Greece,from the8th century BC to the4th century AD.They were part of a religious festival in honor of Zeus,the Greek god of the sky and the ruler of the gods.The modern Olympics were founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin,who wanted to promote peace and understanding among nations through friendly athletic competition.The Olympic Spirit:The Olympic spirit embodies the values of excellence,friendship,and respect.Athletes from around the world come together to compete in a spirit of fair play,pushing their physical and mental limits in pursuit of victory.The Games are not just about winning medals they are about showcasing the best of human potential and striving for personal and collective improvement.Events and Competitions:The Olympic Games feature a wide range of sports,including track and field,swimming, gymnastics,basketball,soccer,and many others.Each sport has its own set of rules and regulations,and athletes must qualify through various competitions to participate in the Olympics.The Opening and Closing Ceremonies:The Opening Ceremony is a grand event that marks the beginning of the Olympic Games. It includes the parade of athletes,the lighting of the Olympic flame,and various cultural performances that showcase the host countrys heritage.The Closing Ceremony,on the other hand,celebrates the achievements of the athletes and brings the Games to a close with a festive atmosphere.The Olympic Symbols:The five interlocking rings that make up the Olympic logo represent the five continents ofthe world,symbolizing global unity.The colors of the rings blue,yellow,black,green, and red,along with the white background,are meant to include the colors of every nations flag.The Impact of the Olympics:The Olympic Games have a profound impact on the host cities and countries.They boost the economy,promote tourism,and often lead to the development of new infrastructure and sports facilities.Moreover,they inspire people around the world to engage in sports and physical activity,fostering a healthier and more active global community.Challenges and Controversies:Despite the positive aspects,the Olympics also face challenges such as doping scandals, political controversies,and the environmental impact of hosting such largescale events. The IOC and other organizations work continuously to address these issues and ensure that the Games remain a symbol of fair competition and global unity. Conclusion:The Olympic Games are more than just a sports event they are a symbol of hope,unity, and the pursuit of excellence.As we watch the worlds best athletes compete,we are reminded of the power of sports to bring people together,regardless of their nationality, race,or background.The Olympics inspire us to strive for our best,to respect our competitors,and to celebrate the diversity that makes our world so vibrant and unique.。

Unit 6Welcome to the unitNew words1. the Olympic Games = the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会We should support our national athletes at the Olympic Games.2. blind adj. 盲的a blind person(a person who can’t see)We should help blind people cross the road.3. deaf adj. 聋的deaf people(people who can’t hear)Deaf people can talk with hand language.4. disabled adj. 残疾的a disabled person(a part of a person’s body does not work properly)It is difficult for disabled people to go upstairs.5. a poor person(a person who has little money)The poor don’t have much money.6. elderly adj. 年老的an elderly person 一位老人(a person who is old)the elderly 老年人the+形容词表示一类人，做主语当作复数The elderly should be taken good care of.The elderly may feel lonely from time to time.7. homeless adj. 无家可归的a homeless person(a person who has no home)Homeless people have nowhere to live.8. meaningful adj. 有意义的V olunteers usually do meaningful things.9. train v. 训练；培训So we should train more volunteers to help more people. Language points1. I’m training to be a volunteer for the Olympic Games.①train v. 训练；培训train to be/as... 训练成为……train for+活动为……训练e.g. If you train hard, you’ll make a good footballer.你要刻苦训练就能成为优秀的足球运动员。

奥运会历史The origins of the Olympic Games date back to at least the eighth century BC.奥运的起源可以回溯到至少公元前八世纪时。

Dedicated to the Greek god Zeus, they took place on the plains of Olympia in the Peloponnese every four years.献给希腊天神宙斯，奥运每四年在伯罗奔尼撒半岛的奥林匹亚平原上举行。

Sports included running, wrestling, boxing, a primitive form of martial art known as pancratium, equestrian competitions, and pentathlon.运动项目包含赛跑、角力、拳击、一项名为角斗的古老武术形式、马术竞赛以及五项全能。

The ancient Olympic Games fell into decline when Rome conquered Greece in 146 BC and were finally abolished in 393 AD by Emperor Theodosius I.古代奥运在罗马于公元前 146 年攻占希腊时开始没落，最后终于在公元 393 年时被大帝狄奥多西一世废除。

The site of the Games, Olympia, sank into oblivion, ravaged by earthquakes and floods.奥运举办的地点奥林匹亚被遗忘、被地震和洪水摧毁。

It wasn't until 1,500 years later that the modern Olympic Games were born in Athens in 1896, featuring 280 participants from 30 nations. 直到 1,500 年后，现代奥运才在 1896 年时于雅典诞生，主轴为来自 30 个国家的 280 位参赛者。

Olympic Games' origin Ancient Greece is a myth kingdom, the exquisite moving mythstory and the winding strange folklore, origin in Mongolia for theancient Olympic Games a mystical color. Fable: Ancient times theOlympics games were for sacrificial offering zeus but the regular holdsports athletics activity. Another kind of fable and zeus son Herculesconcern. Hercules because the strength greatly incomparably attains" Titan missile " Laudatory name. He has completed the taskin 伊利斯the city-state which the average man is unable tocomplete, then did not sweep clean king to quite a while the time topile up with the cow dung the cowshed, but king did not want tofulfill bestows 300 cows' promises, hertz Larke forced as soon asunder was mad has expelled king. In order to celebrate the victory, hehas held the games at Olympics. Origins about the ancient Olympic Games broadly spreads the storywhich is 佩洛Pu Si gets married. Ancient Greek 伊利斯king inorder to chooses a civil and military complete in bothemperor'sson-in-law for own daughter, proposed the election must compete thecombat tank with own. In the competition, successively some 13 youthsgot killed under King Yu's lance, but the 14th youth is precisely zeusgrandson and on princess's heart person 佩洛Pu Si. Under the loveinspiration, he bravely has accepted king's challenge, finallyoutwits. In order to congratulate this victory, 佩洛Pu Si YuPrincess held the grand wedding ceremony in front of Olympia's zeustemple, at the meeting arranges the combat tank, the angle to fightand so on a competition, this was the initial ancient Olympic Games,佩洛Pu Si has become in the ancient Olympic Games fable founder. Olympic Games' origin, has close relationship in fact with the ancientGreece's social situation. B.C.E. 9-8 century, the Greece clan societygradually disintegrates, the city-state system slave society graduallyformed, has established more than 200 city-states. The city-state doesthings their own way, non- unification 君主, between the city-statethe war is unceasing. In order to deal with the war, variouscity-states all positively train the soldier. The Spartacity-statechild from 7 years old on by the national foster, and is engaged inthe sports, the military training, military life. The war needs thesoldier, the soldier needs the strong body, but the sports is theraise can draft the clever in fighting soldier's powerful method. Thewar promoted the Greece sports development, the ancient Olympic Games'event also has the obvious military brand mark. Continuously theunceasing war makes the people to feel the loathing, the universalhope can have the peaceful environment which depends on rests andbuilds up strength. Afterwards the Sparta king and 伊利斯the kinghas signed " Sacred armistice month " Treaty. Thereupon, forprepares the manpower resources military training and sportsathletics, gradually becomes peace and the friendship gamesThe Olympic Games or Olympics is an international multi-sport event taking place every four years and comprising summer and winter games. Beginning in 776 BC, they were originally held in Olympia, Greece until 393 AD. In 1896, they were revived by a French nobleman, Pierre Frèdy, Baron de Coubertin, thus beginning the era of the Modern Olympic Games.The Summer Olympics (Games of the Olympiad) have been held every fourth year starting in 1896, except in 1916, 1940, and 1944 due to the World Wars. Greece and Australia are the only nations to have attended every Summer Olympics.An event specifically for winter sports, the Olympic Winter Games, was first held in 1924. The first winter Olympics competitions were held as a non-Olympic sports festival, but were declared to be official Games by the International Olympic Committee in 1925. Originally these were held in the same year as the Summer Olympics, but from 1994 (the Lillehammer Games) the Winter Games and the Summer Games have been held two years apart. The Summer Olympics are more prominent and anticipated than the Winter Olympics.Ancient OlympicsThere are many legends surrounding the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. One of these associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of εκεχειρία (ekecheiria) or Olympic Truce. The date of the Games' inception based on the count of years in Olympiads is reconstructed as 776 BC, although scholars' opinions diverge between dates as early as 884 BC and as late as 704 BC.From then on, the Games quickly became much more important throughout ancient Greece, reaching their zenith in the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, contests alternating with sacrifices and ceremonies honouring both Zeus (whose colossal statue stood at Olympia), and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia famous for his legendary chariot race, in whose honour thegames were held. The number of events increased to twenty, and the celebration was spread over several days. Winners of the events were greatly admired and were immortalised in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and the period between two celebrations became known as an 'Olympiad'. The Greeks used Olympiads as one of their methods to count years. The most famous Olympic athlete lived in these times: the sixth century BC wrestler Milo of Croton is the only athlete in history to win a victory in six Olympics.The Games gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power in Greece. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games were seen as a pagan festival and in discord with Christian ethics, and in 393 AD the emperor Theodosius I outlawed the Olympics, ending a thousand-year tradition.During the ancient times normally only young men could participate. Competitors were usually naked, not only as the weather was appropriate but also as the festival was meant to be, in part, a celebration of the achievements of the human body. Upon winning the games, the victor would have not only the prestige of being in first place but would also be presented with a crown of olive leaves. The olive branch is a sign of hope and peace.During competition for some of the events, many of the participants would use oils to keep their skin smooth, as well as provide an appealing lustre to anyone who saw them. Even though the bearing of a torch formed an integral aspect of Greek ceremonies, the ancient Olympic Games did not include it, nor was there a symbol formed by interconnecting rings. These Olympic symbols were introduced as part of the modern Olympic Games.According to legend, King Ifitos of Elis, seeking to establish peace among warring Greeks, visited the Oracle of Delphi. There, he was advised to break the cycle of conflict every four years by replacing war with friendly athletic competition. Ifitos sought the cooperation of Kings Lycourgos of Sparta and Cleosthenes of Pisa. They agreed to a truce called―Ekeheiria‖ and organized the first Olympic Games at Olympia. Fighting ceased from 12 days before until 12 days after the Games, allowing athletes, artists, and spectators to travel to Olympia, participate in the Olympic Games and return to their homelands in peace.[edit] Revival of the Olympic GamesIn the early seventeenth century, an "Olympick Games" sports festival was run for several years at Chipping Campden in the English Cotswolds, and the present day local Cotswold Games trace their origin to this festival. In 1850, an "Olympian" sports festival was begun at Much Wenlock in Shropshire, England, which also continues to this day as the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games. Later, similar events were organised in France and Greece, but these were all small-scale and certainly not international.The interest in reviving the Olympics as an international event grew when the ruins of ancient Olympia were uncovered by German archaeologists in the mid-nineteenth century. At the same time, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was searching for a reason for the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). He thought the reason was that the French had not received proper physical education, and sought to improve this. Coubertin also sought a way to bring nations closer together, to have the youth of the world compete in sports, rather than fight in war. In 1890 he attended a festival of the Wenlock Olympian Society, and decided that the recovery of the Olympic Games would achieve both of his goals.In a congress at the Sorbonne University, in Paris, held from June 16 to June 23, 1894 he presented his ideas to an international audience. On the last day of the congress, it was decided that the first modern Olympic Games would take place in 1896 in Athens, in the country of their birth. To organise the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established, with the Greek Demetrius Vikelas as its first president.The total number of athletes at the the first modern Olympic Games, less than 250, seems small by modern standards, but the games were the largest international sports event ever held until that time. The Greek officials and public were also very enthusiastic, and they even proposed to have the monopoly of organizing the Olympics. The IOC decided differently, however, and the second Olympic Games took place in Paris, France. Paris was also the first Olympic Games where women were allowed to compete.Modern OlympicsAfter the initial success, the Olympics struggled. The celebrations in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were overshadowed by the world's fair exhibitions in which they were included. The so-called Intercalated Games (because of their off-year status, as 1906 is not divisible by four) were held in 1906 in Athens, as the first of an alternating series of Athens-held Olympics. '''''Although''''' originally the IOC recognised and supported these games, they are currently not recognised by the IOC as Olympic Games, which has given rise to the explanation that they were intended to mark the 10th anniversary of the modern Olympics. The 1906 Games again attracted a broad international field of participants — in 1904, 80% had been American — and great public interest, thereby marking the beginning of a rise in popularity and size of the Games.[edit] GrowthFrom the 241 participants from 14 nations in 1896, the Games grew to nearly 11,100 competitors from 202 countries at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The number of competitors at the Winter Olympics is much smaller than at the Summer Games; at the2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2,400 athletes from 77 countries competed in 78 events.The Olympics are one of the largest media events. In Sydney in 2000 there were over 16,000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television. The growth of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today. Although allowing professional athletes and attracting sponsorships from major international companies solved financial problems in the 1980s, the large number of athletes, media and spectators makes it difficult and expensive for host cities to organize the Olympics.Further information: Olympic Participants203 countries currently participate in the Olympics. This is a noticeably higher number than the number of countries recognised by the United Nations, which is only 193. The International Olympic Committee allows nations to compete which do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that many other international organizations demand. As a result, many colonies and dependencies are permitted to host their own Olympic teams and athletes even if such competitors hold the same citizenship as another member nation. Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico, Bermuda, and Hong Kong, all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country. Also, since 1980, Taiwan has competed under the name "Chinese Taipei", and under a flag specially prepared by the IOC. Prior to that year the People's Republic of China refused to participate in the Games because Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China". The Republic of the Marshall Islands was recognised as a nation by the IOC on February 9, 2006, and will compete in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.Disruption to the OlympicsWarDespite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not stop wars from happening. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war; due to World War I the 1916 Games were cancelled, and the games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II. Also, the winners of World War I banned the defeated countries from the 1920 games.TerrorismIn 1972, when the Summer Games were held in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists. A bungled liberation attempt led to the deaths of the nine abducted athletes who had not been killedprior to the rescue as well as that of a policeman, with five of the terrorists also being killed. This event is known today as the Munich massacre.During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, a bomb was set off at the Centennial Olympic Park, killing two and injuring more than 100. The bomb was set by Eric Robert Rudolph, an American domestic terrorist, who is currently serving a life sentence at Supermax in Florence, Colorado.PoliticsPolitics also interfered with the Olympics on several other occasions, the most well-known of which was the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin; the games were used as propaganda by the German Nazis. At this Olympics, a true Olympic spirit was shown by Luz Long, who helped Jesse Owens (a black athlete) to win the long jump, at the expense of his own silver medal.The Soviet Union did not participate in the Olympic Games until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Instead, the Soviets organised an international sports event called Spartakiads, from 1928 onward. Many athletes from associations organized by Communists or close to them chose not to participate or were even barred from participating in Olympic Games, and instead participated in Spartakiads.A political incident on a smaller scale occurred at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Two American track-and-field athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand of the 200-meter track and field race. In response, the IOC's autocratic president Avery Brundage told the USOC to either send the two athletes home, or withdraw the complete track and field team. The USOC opted for the former.In 1963, various newly independent nations set up a challenge to the IOC called Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), which openly espoused politics in sport. The IOC declared participants in GANEFO "personae non gratae" for the Olympic Games.Between 1964 and 1992 South Africa was barred from participating in the Olympics due to its Apartheid policy.Between 1999 and 2002, Afghanistan's National Olympic Committee was suspended from the Olympic Movement. Afghanistan returned to Olympic competition in 2004 after the 2001 overthrow of the Taliban regime.BoycottsThe 1956 Melbourne Olympics were boycotted by the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland, because of the repression of the Hungarian Uprising by the Soviet Union; additionally, Cambodia, Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon, boycotted the games due to the Suez Crisis.In 1972, and 1976, a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott, to force them to ban South Africa, Rhodesia, and New Zealand. The IOC conceded in the first 2 cases, but refused in 1976 because the boycott was prompted by a New Zealand rugby union tour to South Africa, and rugby was not an Olympic sport. The countries withdrew their teams after the games had started; some African athletes had already competed. A lot of sympathy was felt for the athletes forced by their governments to leave the Olympic Village; there was little sympathy outside Africa for the governments' attitude. Twenty-two countries (Guyana was the only non-African nation) boycotted the Montreal Olympics, because New Zealand was not banned.Also in 1976, due to pressure from the People's Republic of China (PRC), Canada told the team from the Republic of China (Taiwan) that it could not compete at the Montreal Summer Olympics under the name "Republic of China" despite a compromise that would have allowed Taiwan to use the ROC flag and anthem. Taiwan refused and as a result did not participate until 1984, when it returned under the name "Chinese Taipei" and used a special flag.In 1980 and 1984, the Cold War opponents boycotted each other's games. The United States led and 64 other Western nations followed in refusing to compete at the Moscow Olympics in 1980, because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, but 16 other Western nations did compete at the Moscow Olympics. The boycott reduced the number of nations participating to only 80. This is the lowest number of nations to compete since 1956. The Soviet Union and 14 of its Eastern Bloc partners (except Romania) countered by skipping the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984, arguing the safety of their athletes could not be guaranteed there. The 1984 boycotters staged their own Friendship Games inJuly-August.In 1988, North Korea boycotted the Seoul Olympics to protest at not being made co-host with South Korea. Three other nations, Cuba, Ethiopia and Nicaragua (due mostly to economic problems of sending athletes to compete) stayed away in solidarity, though in order to avoid censure by the IOC it was not officially announced as a boycott.Iran's general sporting boycott of Israel is manifest not in explicit refusal to compete (which would attract sanctions) but in withdrawals due to "injuries" and similar reasons. During the 2004 Athens Games, Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaeili intentionally over-ate, exceeding the weight limit and forfeiting his match against Israeli Ehud Vaks, the first time this had happened at the Olympics.Environmental groups have also called for a boycott of the 2008 Summer Olympics after it was discovered that the Chinese government had placed an order of $1 billion (USD) on 800,000 cubic meters of hardwood from the endangered rainforests of Indonesia's Papua province to be used in construction for the games.Olympic MovementA number of organizations are involved in organising the Olympic Games. Together they form the Olympic Movement. The rules and guidelines by which these organisations operate are outlined in the Olympic Charter.At the heart of the Olympic Movement is the International Olympic Committee (IOC), currently headed by Jacques Rogge. It can be seen as the government of the Olympics, as it takes care of the daily problems and makes all important decisions, such as choosing the host city of the Games, and the programme of the Olympics.Three groups of organisations operate on a more specialised level:* International Federations (IFs), the governing bodies of a sport (e.g. FIFA, the IF for football (soccer), and the FIVB, the international governing body for volleyball.) * National Olympic Committees (NOCs), which regulate the Olympic Movement within each country (eg. USOC, the NOC of the United States)* Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), which take care of the organisation of a specific celebration of the Olympics.At present, 202 NOCs and 35 IFs are part of the Olympic Movement. OCOGs are dissolved after the celebration of each Games, once all subsequent paperwork has been completed.More broadly speaking, the term Olympic Movement is sometimes also meant to include everybody and everything involved in the Olympics, such as national sport governing bodies, athletes, media, and sponsors of the Olympic Games.CriticismMost Olympic Games have only been held in European and North American cities; only a few games have been held in other places, which were still limited to eastern Asian cities. All bids by countries in South America and Africa have failed. Many non-westerners believe the games should expand to include locations in poorer regions. Economists point out that the massive infrastructure investments could springboard cities into earning higher GDP after the games.In the past, the IOC has often been criticised for being a monolithic organisation, with several members remaining a member at old age, or even until their deaths. Theleadership of IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch especially has been strongly criticised. Under his presidency, the Olympic Movement made great progress, but has been seen as autocratic and corrupt. Samaranch's ties with the former fascist government in Spain, and his long term as a president (21 years)—until he was 81 years old—have also been points of critique.In 1998, it became known that several IOC members had taken bribes from the organising committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, in exchange for a vote on the city at the election of the host city. The IOC started an investigation, which led to four members resigning and six being expelled.The scandal set off further reforms, changing the way in which host cities are elected to avoid further bribes. Also, more active and former athletes were allowed in the IOC, and the membership terms have been limited.A BBC documentary aired in August 2004, entitled Panorama: "Buying the Games", investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The documentary claimed it is possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. In particular, Bulgaria's member Ivan Slavkov, and Muttaleb Ahmad from the Olympic Council of Asia, were implicated. They have denied the allegations. Others have alleged that the 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin because officials bribed the IOC and so Turin got the games and Sion, Switzerland (which was the favorite) did not.The Olympic Movement has been accused of being overprotective of their symbolism (in particular, they claim an exclusive and monopolistic copyright over any arrangement of five rings), and have taken action against even things totally unrelated to sport, such as the role-playing game Legend of the Five Rings.Use of podiaAccording to Professor Emeritus Robert K. Barney, the founding director of the University of Western Ontario's International Centre for Olympic Studies, the idea of having winning athletes mount a podium while they received their medals, is a Canadian idea, born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1930.[citation needed]Professor Barney's 25-page research paper in the International Journal of OlympAbout OlympicsThe full name of the Olympic Games is "Olympic Games", it is a worldwide large-scale sporting events, its long history, and ancient, this division. The birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games in ancient Olympia in Greece. Ancient Olympia, often held grand-scale festival, mainly worship god, and also a number of sports competition and sports competition itself with the nature of competition, so the most attractive, but also the most popular, so also known as Olympia Games. After the long history of the evolution and development, and finally was born in 776 BC, the first ancient Olympic Games. Ancient Olympic Games have sprint, distance run, long jump, discus, javelin, wrestling, boxing, horse racing and so on up to several 20. Its distance from the competition, rules have gradually evolved into such a formal request, and is naked athletes to participate in the competition and provides that only allows men to participate, women must not participate in and watch. In order to facilitate competition, increase the skin shiny and beautiful, and the prevention of sunlight exposure, the athletes body涂擦olive oil. The winners were granted to olive crowns, as the highest honor and reward. Ancient Olympic Games held every four years, next to the sixth century BC, the Olympic Games has developed to its peak, its size and the extent of people's attention to an unprecedented level. In 146 BC, the Roman Empire conquered Greece, the Olympic Games will be a gradual decline at this time, no matter which country athletes can participate in the competition, breaking the only Greeks to participate in the traditional, and an increase of人与兽the arena, bringing the ancient Olympic Games has changed the face of the original.In 394 AD the Roman emperor - Theodosius legislation for the state religion of Christianity, that the Olympic Games are pagan activities (due to come from ancient Greece), is the不虔诚, so he ordered the abolition of the Olympic Games. Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC to AD 394, a total experience of more than a thousand years, held 293 sessions.Modern Olympic Games was founded in 1896, its founders, the French educator Pierre Coubertin .1889 ? a ? set up in France, "French sports associations," in 1892 was held in Paris to celebrate the "French Sports sports associations, "the third anniversary of the establishment of the General Assembly, proposed by Pierre de Coubertin founded to unity, peace and friendship for the purpose of the initiative of the modern Olympic Games. This initiative has received the support of delegates and support, held in Paris in 1894 the "restoration of the Olympic Games on behalf of the General Assembly", was formally established at the meeting of the International Olympic Committee, Greece was elected as Chairman of Veracruz, was elected secretary of Pierre de Coubertin long, and is scheduled for 1896 in the Greek capital of Athens, the first modern Olympic Games上面英语的意思：奥运会简介奥运会的全称是“奥林匹克运动会”，它是世界性的大型运动会，其历史渊源流长，又有古、今之分。