美国黑人文学
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南北战争前后的美国黑人文学的文学特点
南北战争前后的美国黑人文学是美国文学史中极具特色的一支,具有其独特的文学特点。
首先,南北战争前后的美国黑人文学给人以温暖的亲情感和励志意义,从中可以感受到这一时期黑人所承受的种族偏见和歧视及其不屈不挠的精神,与当时白人所拥有的、把黑人视为奴隶的权利相比,黑人文学更多地以凝聚力表达出他们的渴望和奋斗。
其次,美国黑人文学以朴实的文字和旋律表达,与白人文学作品相比,美国黑人文学更多地运用生活中的具体例子和通俗语言去讲述当时黑人的生活方式,充满了朴实、勤劳、友爱、宽容以及战胜非人种主义的爱心,使其弥漫着温暖的社会氛围。
再次,南北战争后的黑人文学更加具有觉醒意识,它更加乌托邦式的愿景,宣扬社会正义和公正,表达当时黑人被压抑的忧伤情绪和种族歧视的痛苦,述说的是对美国的新的梦想,追求对黑人的民主公正。
总的来说,南北战争前后的美国黑人文学就是一支十分独特的支柱,它以朴实勤劳的文字、充满温暖与励志意义的情感、鲜明的觉醒意识和乌托邦式的梦想被许多当代社会所津津乐道,同时也激发人们对社会正义性和公正感的关注,具有极为深远的影响。
杜波依斯黑人文学
杜波依斯是一位美国黑人作家和社会活动家,被誉为“黑
人文学之父”。
他在20世纪初期为黑人权利和平等发声,他的作品深刻地影响了黑人文学和美国文化。
杜波依斯的代表作包括《黑人的灵魂》(The Souls of Black Folk)和《黑人的奖赏》(The Gift of Black Folk)。
在这些作品中,他探讨了黑人的身份认同、种族问题以及
黑人在美国社会中的地位。
他的作品既批判性地分析了白
人对待黑人的不公正行为,又鼓励黑人民众努力争取平等
权利。
杜波依斯的作品着重强调了黑人的教育和经济独立的重要性。
他认为,只有通过教育和经济上的独立,黑人才能真
正获得平等地位和尊重。
他提倡黑人民众自力更生,通过
良好的教育和良好的工作来提升自己的地位。
尽管杜波依斯的作品受到了赞赏,但他的观点也引起了争议。
一些人认为他在黑人问题上过于妥协,缺乏对种族不公的直接抗议。
然而,无论如何,杜波依斯的作品依然被认为是黑人文学的重要里程碑,对现代黑人作家和社会活动家产生了深远影响。
20世纪美国文学中的黑人权利运动题材引言在20世纪的美国,黑人权利运动成为了社会政治变革的焦点。
这一运动不仅改变了美国社会的面貌,也深刻影响了文学创作领域。
许多作家通过描绘和探索黑人权利运动题材来反映社会现实、呼唤正义和传递信息。
本文将探讨20世纪美国文学中反映黑人权利运动题材的重要作品,以及这些书籍对于推动平等和公正的意义。
马尔科姆·X《齐默尔曼信托》《齐默尔曼信托》是马尔科姆·X(Malcolm X)的自传体著作。
这本书提供了一个深入而真实的视角,展示了他个人经历以及对抗白人霸权主义和种族歧视的斗争。
马尔科姆·X以自己早年贫困、犯罪生涯和逐渐觉醒并加入民权运动组织Nation of Islam等经历,向读者展示了他对于黑人权利的追求与坚持。
托妮·莫里森《云层》获得诺贝尔文学奖的托妮·莫里森是一位杰出的作家,她的作品深刻地揭示了黑人权利运动的不公和残酷现实。
《云层》讲述了一个被剥夺自由的黑人女性Sethe以及她对于自由和家庭的渴望。
小说通过舒适、富有想象力的叙事方式,呈现出一个充满荣耀和痛苦的黑人社区,并展示了白人制度对黑人社会造成的伤害。
理查德·赖特《美国故事三部曲》理查德·赖特是美国广为传播和高度评价的作家之一,他以真实而强大的故事描绘了黑人在种族歧视环境中生存并追求权利与尊严的艰辛旅程。
《美国故事三部曲》包括《大海潮》、《上升之日》和《哈电都会风景线》,具体描述了贫穷、饥饿和暴力等问题,同时展示了黑人社区内抵抗压迫和追求平等权利的努力。
鲍德温·沃尔特斯《果戈里万智能》《果戈里万智能》是鲍德温·沃尔特斯的代表作之一,通过一个对欧美文化冲突和种族隔离问题敏感的年轻黑人主角来探讨黑人身份认同与自由。
这本小说深入剖析了种族歧视、社会不公和黑人权利运动的重要性,并引发了读者对于社会平等和正义的关注。
结论20世纪美国文学中的黑人权利运动题材作品对于推动政治、社会变革起到了重要作用。
一、美国黑人文学美国黑人文学又称美国非洲裔Afro.American文学。
在美国,黑人不仅是社会财富的创造者,同时也带来了非洲的文化传统。
黑人文学是在继承非洲的某些文化传统的基础上,在美国文化的土壤中成长起来的。
美国早期描写黑人文化的小说可谓凤毛麟角,罗伊尔·泰勒(1757 — 1826)的《阿尔及尔俘虏》是其中一部,它也是美国最早的“流浪汉小说”之一。
19世纪,经过黑人领袖道格拉斯和杜波依斯的提倡和参与,黑人文学有了很大的发展。
第一次世界大战期间,美国黑人纷纷移居城市,文化程度普遍提高,民族自尊心与自信心大大争强,以全国最大的黑人聚居区纽约哈莱姆区为中心,开展了黑人文艺复兴运动,也叫新黑人运动。
它以振兴美国黑人文化为主要任务,他们大力推崇黑人本民族的优秀文化,“新黑人”(The New Negro)的形象开始出现在美国文坛。
作为一种集体的文学想象活动,黑人小说为美国文学开创了新的视野,创作出一大批具有美国特色兼有非洲情调的小说,为美国小说的本土化贡献了应有的力量。
二、多元文化下的美国黑人文学美国黑人文学是在美国多元文化的人文环境中发展繁荣的。
始于1964年的黑人文艺运动是美国黑人历史上一次新的文艺复兴,是美国黑色权利运动(Black Power Movement)的具体体现,其规模和影响超过了20年代的“哈莱姆文艺复兴”。
这一运动是为了改变黑人在美国的处境和地位,所以很多黑人文学艺术家的创作是要改变黑人在文学艺术中的形象,反映黑人的新精神。
由于黑人作家心目中的读者主要是黑人,因此他们更加刻意开拓种族的文化、历史和群体传统,强调黑人文学艺术的独特性,“黑人性”(Blackness)。
强调黑人文化的灵魂和传统,寻求黑人文化的自主性l 1 J。
“黑人性”即黑人种族意识,成为衡量美国黑人文学的本体论。
七八十年代美国黑人文学(“非裔美国文学”)开始发生变化,许多作家致力于挖掘种族神话传说中的深层文化内涵,采用拉美魔幻现实主义手法描绘现代人对民族古老文化的理解,并注重对艺术技巧和民族心理文化积淀的探索。
美国黑人对美国文学的影响-毕业论文AbstractAmerica has long been known as a nation of immigration, and vast majority of its population is immigrants or descendants of immigrants coming from all over the world. The Blacks form the largest ethnic minority in the US, representing about 12% of the nation’s total population. For a long time, African-Americans gain recognitions in American society. American literature has changed greatly since the immigration of African-Americans. African-American literature makes American literature become more various and colorful. In the process of its development, African-American literature formed its own literary tradition, character and style, which makes it a very important and particular part of American literature. African-American literary has not only moved from margin to the center of literary study, but also has been canonized in the circle of American literary. With the appearance of a number of excellent works, African-American literature has gradually become one of the main streams of the American literature. The study of African-American literature can help us not only understand the details of the literature, but also the development of African-American literature. In this essay, the author will discuss the changes of American literature and the effects of African-Americans on American literature. The main purpose of this essay is analysis the impact of American culture from African Americans and raise realizations of African-Americans attribution to American culture.Keywords: African American, American literature, impacts, American culture摘要美国长期以来被称为移民国家,它人口中的绝大部分都是来自世界各地的移民者和移民者的后代。
美国戏剧概说美国戏剧的历史较短。
从殖民地时代起到19世纪初,戏剧在成就上远逊于同时期的散文、诗歌和小说。
直到20世纪初,才渐趋成熟,在两次世界大战之间赶上了世界水平而进入黄金时代殖民地时代的戏剧戏剧等文艺活动由于受清教主义的束缚和教会的敌视而被视为一种―罪恶‖,尽管如此,17和18世纪仍然出现个别欧洲移民创作的剧本,例如,W.达尔贝(William Darby) 1665年写的《裸者和幼兽》(Ye Bare and Ye Cubb)是迄今已知的第一出北美戏剧,但已失传18世纪的戏剧•American subjects began to be treated seriously. The first tragedy is The Contrast(1787) by Royal Tyler. It is considered ―typical American play‖ about American soldiers.19世纪的戏剧–poetical plays, esp in the first half of a group of playwrights–after civil war: realism, melodrama情节剧, emotional incidents (domestic melodrama), with simple plots•The latter half of the 19th century was a time of great change for the American theater. It was atime of tremendous growth in population in America, especially in cities on the East Coast. Americans had more leisure time and better standards of living, and they looked to the theater to provide entertainment. As the population of the country grew rapidly, the number of theaters in large and mid-size cities grew as well. From the 1850s until the turn of the century, thousands of new theaters were built•The 1828 election of Andrew Jackson as President of the United States fueled the spirit ofnationalism that had been growing in the country. Hallmarks of the nationalistic movement were patriotism, optimism, and idealism, and these values were reflected in the American theater. Romanticism, the dominant aesthetic mode in writing and the arts in Europe, was embraced in America theater as well but was blended with nationalistic overtones, producing more democratic and populist themes•Another aspect of the prosperity of this era was the growth of businesses serving the theater industry. Especially in New York City, there was tremendous growth of businesses such as dramatic agencies, costume shops, theater suppliers, photography studios, trade newspapers, boarding houses公寓and hotels, and restaurants catering to the theater trade20世纪的戏剧separation from the old tradition•1920s: ―Little Theatre Movement‖ began after 1912, Washington Square Players华盛顿广场剧团, Provincetown普罗温斯顿剧团Players (New York City, Greenage Village). They are freed from the conventional theatre and can be as experimental as they like.As the new medium of cinema was beginning to replace theatre as a source of large-scale spectacle, the Little Theatre Movement developed in the United States around 1912. In several large cities, beginning with Chicago, Boston, Seattle and Detroit companies formed to produce more intimate, noncommercial, and reform-minded致力改革的entertainments•1930s: Eugene O‘Ne il, Clifford Odets•Post-war: second climax of American drama, Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman•60s: Theatre of the Absurd, Edward AlbeeEugene O’Neil尤金·奥尼尔(1888-1953)作品•Bound East for Cardiff《东航卡迪夫》•Beyond the Horizon《天边外》•The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》•The Hairy Ape《毛猿》•Desire under the Elms《榆树下》•The Iceman Cometh《卖冰的人来了》•Long Day‘s Journey into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》point of view•His purpose is to get the root of human desires and frustrations.人的欲望和挫败的根源•He showed most characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives, some through love, some through religion, some through revenge, all met disappointment.•The characters seem to share O‘Neil‘s perplexities of human nature人性的困惑. As a result of his tragic and nihilistic虚无主义view of life, his works, in general, indicated chaos混乱andhopelessness无望.The Hairy Ape•《毛猿》(1922)是作者在完成《安娜·克里斯蒂》(Anna Christie)的同时又创作的一部兼有现实主义、表现主义和象征主义的戏剧•主人公扬克(Yank)是一艘远洋轮船上的司炉,以身强力壮得到同伴的敬畏而自豪,但遭到旅客中一个有钱的女人的侮辱,便到去寻找他的生活地位,最后只好与动物园的一只大猩猩结交朋友,结果却死在它的大力拥抱之中。
美国黑人文学中的成长小说研究王国琼一、引言在璀璨的美国文学史上,反映青少年成长主题的小说即成长小说,一直以来就有着特殊地位,不仅作品数量众多,而且完全形成了一个独立的体系或者类型。
所谓成长小说,就是以探讨人物成长过程或成长经历为主题的小说,通常是通过对一个或几个青少年成长历程的叙述,揭示其心理变化和思想逐渐走向成熟的过程,具有较强的教育意义和励志性质,其核心界定在于指出主人公从对成人世界的无知状态逐渐进入有知状态。
美国成长小说的繁荣是与美国的文化传统分不开的。
作为一个较为年轻的国度,美国一直崇尚青年文化,把青少年视为国家的未来,对其成长问题极为重视,因此诞生了以赫曼·麦尔维尔(Herman Melville,1819—1891)、马克·吐温(Mark Twain,1835—1910)为首的成长小说作家以及他们脍炙人口的作品《白鲸》(Moby Dick,1851)、《汤姆·索亚历险记》(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,1876)等。
在这些前辈的引领下,伴随着民权运动爆发带来的族裔地位提升,族裔成长小说也快速发展起来。
在族裔成长小说创作中,又以黑人文学的成就最为突出,这也是美国多元文化发展的一个重要特征。
本文主要采取历史分析和文本分析相结合的研究方法就成长小说在美国黑人文学中的兴起、繁盛进行梳理式研究。
二、成长小说在美国黑人文学中的兴起美国黑人文学的诞生与发展实际上是美国黑人争取权利和自我拯救意识觉醒的结果,因此可以说,黑人文学的出现是黑人群体不断成长的一个意识形态反映。
美国著名黑人学者杜波依斯(Du Bois,1868—1963)早在1903年就通过作品《黑人的灵魂》(The Souls of Black Folk)说:“美国黑人的历史是抗争的历史。
”总的来说,美国黑人渴望获得具有“自我意识的人”的地位,渴望把他双重的自我融入更好更真的自我,不愿失去真正的自我。
美国黑人女性主义文学批评研究一、本文概述《美国黑人女性主义文学批评研究》旨在深入探讨和分析美国黑人女性主义文学批评的演变、主要理论观点及其对文学作品和社会文化的影响。
本文将从历史背景、理论框架、批评实践等多个维度,全面梳理和解读美国黑人女性主义文学批评的发展历程和核心思想。
通过对代表性黑人女性作家的作品及其批评理论的分析,揭示黑人女性主义文学批评如何挑战和重塑传统文学批评的范式,以及它如何为黑人女性作家提供发声和表达自我身份的平台。
本文还将探讨美国黑人女性主义文学批评如何与其他社会运动和文化潮流相互交织,共同推动美国文学和文化的多元发展。
通过这一研究,我们期望能够更深入地理解黑人女性主义文学批评的理论价值和实践意义,以及它在推动美国文学和文化进步方面所发挥的重要作用。
二、美国黑人女性主义文学批评的理论基础美国黑人女性主义文学批评的理论基础根植于两个主要流派:黑人文学批评和女性主义文学批评。
这两种流派在各自的领域内,都致力于揭示和批判那些导致边缘化和压迫的社会结构和意识形态。
当它们交织在一起,便形成了美国黑人女性主义文学批评,一个独特且多元的视角,用以审视和分析文学作品中的种族、性别和阶级问题。
黑人文学批评,源于对非洲裔美国人在美国社会中遭受的种族歧视和排斥的反抗。
它强调对黑人经验和历史的关注,并试图通过文学来揭示和批判那些导致黑人被边缘化和剥夺权力的社会结构。
黑人文学批评家们常常运用“黑人美学”这一概念,来强调黑人文化和艺术的独特性和价值,以及它们对主流文化的挑战和颠覆。
女性主义文学批评,则着重于揭示和批判文学作品中对女性的刻板印象和性别歧视。
它强调对女性经验和视角的关注,并试图通过文学来揭示那些导致女性被边缘化和剥夺权力的社会结构和意识形态。
女性主义文学批评家们常常运用“女性书写”这一概念,来强调女性作家的创作风格和主题,以及它们对主流文学传统的挑战和创新。
美国黑人女性主义文学批评,则是黑人文学批评和女性主义文学批评的有机结合。
Black American LiteratureThe Black American Literature can also called African-American literature, is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉)and Olaudah Equiano(阿罗德·爱克伊诺), reaching early high points with slave narratives of the nineteenth century. The Harlem Renaissance(哈莱姆文艺复兴)of the 1920s was a time of flowering of literature and the arts. Writers of African-American literature have been recognized by the highest awards, including the Nobel Prize to Toni Morrison(托尼·莫里森). Among the themes and issues explored in this literature are the role of African Americans within the larger American society, African-American culture, racism, slavery, and equality. African-American writing has tended to incorporate oral forms, such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues and rap.As African Americans' place in American society has changed over the centuries, so, has the focus of African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, the literature primarily consisted of memoirs by people who had escaped from slavery; the genre of slave narratives included accounts of life under slavery and the path of justice and redemption(救赎)to freedom. At the turn of the 20th century, non-fiction works by authors such as W. E. B. Du Bois(杜波依斯William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)and Booker T. Washington(布克·华盛顿)debated whether to confront or appease racist attitudes in the United States. During the American Civil Rights movement, authors such as Richard Wright(理查德·怀特)and Gwendolyn Brooks(格温多琳·布鲁克斯)wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Today, African-American literature has become accepted as an integral part of American literature, with books such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley(亚历克斯·哈利), The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker(艾丽斯· 沃克), which won the Pulitzer Prize(普利策奖); and Beloved by Toni Morrison achieving both best-selling and award-winning status.In broad terms, African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States. It is highly varied. African-American literature has generally focused on the role of African Americans within the larger American society and what it means to be an American. As Princeton University(普林斯顿大学)professor Albert J. Raboteau has said, all African-American study "speaks to the deeper meaning of the African-American presence in this nation. This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all." African-American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in the United States, along with further themes such as African-American culture, racism, religion, slavery, a sense of home,and more.Characteristics and themesAfrican-American literature has been created within the larger realm(领域) of post-colonial literature (后殖民文学), although scholars distinguish between the two, saying that "African American literature differs from most post-colonial literature in that it is written by members of a minority community who reside within a nation of vast wealth and economic power."African-American oral culture is rich in poetry, including spirituals, gospel music(福音音乐), blues and rap. This oral poetry also appears in the African-American tradition of Christian sermons, which make use of deliberate repetition, cadence(节奏)and alliteration. African-American literature—especially written poetry, but also prose—has a strong tradition of incorporating all of these forms of oral poetry. These characteristics do not occur in all works by African-American writers.Some scholars resist using Western literary theory to analyze African-American literature. As the Harvard literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr.(小亨利‧路易斯‧盖茨)said, "My desire has been to allow the black tradition to speak for itself about its nature and various functions, rather than to read it, or analyze it, in terms of literary theories borrowed whole from other traditions, appropriated from without." One trope common to African-American literature is Signification. Gates claims that signifying ―is a trope in which are subsumed several other rhetorical tropes(修辞比喻), including metaphor, metonymy(转喻), synecdoche (提喻), and irony, and also hyperbole(夸张法)an litotes(曲言法), and metalepsis(进一步转喻法).‖ Signification also refers to the way in which African-American ―authors read and critique other African American texts in an act of rhetorical self-definition‖HistoryEarly African American literatureAfrican American history predates the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African-American literature has similarly deep roots.Lucy Terry(路西特里)is the author of the oldest known piece of African-American literature: "Bars Fight". Although written in 1746, the poem was not published until 1855, when it was included in Josiah Holland's History of Western Massachusetts(马萨诸塞州).The poet Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉) (1753–84) published her book Poems on Various Subjects in 1773, three years before American independence. Born in Senegal(塞内加尔), Wheatley was captured and sold into slavery at the age of seven. Brought to America, she was owned by a Boston merchant. By the time she was sixteen, she had mastered her new language of English. Her poetry was praised by many of the leading figures of the American Revolution, including George Washington, who thanked her for a poem written in his honor. Some whites found it hard to believe that a Black woman could write such refinedpoetry. Wheatley had to defend herself in court to prove that she had written her work. Some critics cite Wheatley's successful defense as the first recognition of African-American literature.Phillis Wheatley William Wells Brow Our NigAnother early African-American author was Jupiter Hammon (1711–1806). Hammon, considered the first published Black writer in America, published his poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries" as a broadside in early 1761. In 1778 he wrote an ode to Phillis Wheatley, in which he discussed their shared humanity and common bonds. In 1786, Hammon gave his "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York". Writing at the age of 76 after a lifetime of slavery, Hammon said, "If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall find nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves." He also promoted the idea of a gradual emancipation(释放)as a way to end slavery. Hammon is thought to have been a slave until his death. His speech was later reprinted by several abolitionist groups(废奴组织).William Wells Brown (1814–84) and Victor Séjour (1817–74) produced the earliest works of fiction by African-American writers. Séjour was born free in New Orleans(新奥尔良)and moved to France at the age of 19. There he published his short story "Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto"黑白混血儿) in 1837. It is the first known fiction by an African American, but as it was written in French and published in a French journal, it had apparently no influence on later American literature. Séjour never returned to African-American themes in his subsequent works. Brown, on the other hand, was a prominent abolitionist, lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian in the United States. Born into slavery in the South, Brown escaped to the North, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer. Brown wrote Clotel; or, The President's Daughter (1853), considered to be the first novel written by an African American. It was based on the persistent rumor that president Thomas Jefferson had fathered a daughter with his slave Sally Hemings(塞利·海明斯). The novel was first published in England.The first African-American novel published in the United States was Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859). It expressed the difficulties of lives of northern free Blacks.。
Langston Hughes1.LifeGeneral idea: James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance.Life experience:Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents divorced when he was a small child, and his father moved to Mexico. He was raised by his grandmother until he was thirteen, when he moved to Lincoln, Illinois, to live with his mother and her husband, before the family eventually settled in Cleveland, Ohio. It was in Lincoln, Illinois, that Hughes began writing poetry. Following graduation, he spent a year in Mexico and a year at Columbia University. During these years, he held odd jobs as an assistant cook, launderer, and a busboy, and travelled to Africa and Europe working as a seaman. In November 1924, he moved to Washington, D.C. Hughes's first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1926. He finished his college education at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania three years later. Langston Hughes died of complications from prostate cancer in May 22, 1967, in New York.2.Works(1) Poetry collections∙The Weary Blues, Knopf, 1926∙Fine Clothes to the Jew, Knopf, 1927∙The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931∙Dear Lovely Death, 1931∙The Dream Keeper and Other Poems, Knopf, 1932∙Scottsboro Limited: Four Poems and a Play, Golden Stair Press, N.Y., 1932∙Let America Be America Again, 1938∙Shakespeare in Harlem, Knopf, 1942∙Freedom's Plow, 1943∙Fields of Wonder, Knopf, 1947∙One-Way Ticket, 1949∙Montage of a Dream Deferred, Holt, 1951∙Selected Poems of Langston Hughes, 1958∙Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, Hill & Wang, 1961∙The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967∙The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, 1994(2) Novels and short story collections∙Not Without Laughter. Knopf, 1930∙The Ways of White Folks. Knopf, 1934∙Simple Speaks His Mind. 1950∙Laughing to Keep from Crying, Holt, 1952∙Simple Takes a Wife. 1953∙Sweet Flypaper of Life, photographs by Roy DeCarava. 1955∙Tambourines to Glory 1958∙The Best of Simple. 1961∙Simple's Uncle Sam. 1965∙Something in Common and Other Stories. Hill & Wang, 1963∙Short Stories of Langston Hughes. Hill & Wang, 1996(3) Non-fiction books∙The Big Sea. New York: Knopf, 1940∙Famous American Negroes. 1954∙I Wonder as I Wander. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956∙ A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, with Milton Meltzer.1956∙Famous Negro Heroes of America. 1958∙Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962(4) Major plays∙Mule Bone, with Zora Neale Hurston. 1931∙Mulatto. 1935 (renamed The Barrier, an opera, in 1950)∙Troubled Island, with William Grant Still. 1936∙Little Ham. 1936∙Emperor of Haiti. 1936∙Don't You Want to be Free? 1938∙Street Scene, contributed lyrics. 1947∙Tambourines to glory. 1956∙Simply Heavenly. 1957∙Black Nativity. 1961∙Five Plays by Langston Hughes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963.∙Jericho-Jim Crow. 1964(5) Books for children∙Popo and Fifina, with Arna Bontemps. 1932∙The First Book of the Negroes. 1952∙The First Book of Jazz. 1954∙Marian Anderson: Famous Concert Singer. with Steven C. Tracy 1954∙The First Book of Rhythms. 1954∙The First Book of the West Indies. 1956∙First Book of Africa. 1964∙Black Misery. Illustrated by Arouni. 1969, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 1994.3.Sample:The Negro Speaks of Rivers(1)The Negro Speaks of RiversI've known rivers:I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turned all golden in the sunset.I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.(2) Analysis: “The 1920s were the years of Manhattan’s black Renaissance. . . .White people began to come to Harlem in droves. Forseveral years they packed the expensive Cotton Club on Lenox Avenue. But I was never there, because the Cotton Club was a Jim Crow club for gangsters and monied whites. They were not cordial to Negro patronage, unless you were a celebrity like Bojangles. So Harlem Negroes did not like the Cotton Club and never appreciated its Jim Crow policy in the very heart of their dark community. Nor did ordinary Negroes like the growing influx of whites toward Harlem after sundown, flooding the little cabarets and bars where formerly only colored people laughed and sang, and where now the strangers were given the best ringside tables to sit and stare at the Negro customers—like amusing animals in a zoo.(3) His style: Unlike other notable black poets of the period, Hughes refused to differentiate between his personal experience and the common experience of black America, he wanted to tell the stories of his people in ways that reflected their actual culture, including both their suffering and their love of music, laughter and language itself.He would also use humor, loneliness, and despair, to imitate the sound of blues and jazz music with words.4. Conclusion(1) Hughes famously wrote about the period that "the negro was in vogue" which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue".(2) In his memory, his residence at 20 East 127th Street in Harlem, New Y ork City, has been given landmark status by the New Y ork City Preservation Commission, and East 127th Street has been renamed "Langston Hughes Place."(3) Hughes is also known for his engagement with the world of jazz and the influence it had on his writing, as in "Montage of a Dream Deferred." His life and work were enormously important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.。