21世纪大学英语读写教程4第四单元课文中英对照

21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料Unit41.在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。

“你应该使他们的成绩高于平均水平，”有人这样对她说，而到了期末果真如此----成绩超出了平均水平。

In a study of educational techniques, a teacher was told that her new class were all gifted children. "You should get above-average results from them," she was advised, and by the end of the term she was getting just that, better than average work.2.这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并不超常。

他们只是一群水平中等，智商一般的学生。

对这位老师所说的这些孩子的潜力是假的。

The remarkable thing about it all was that in reality the class was not unusual. They were just an average group of students with IQs within the normal range. The teacher had been deceived about their potential.3.这项研究揭示了关于教学和孩子的诸多问题的诸多答案，但它留下的未予回答的问题更多。

它十分清晰表明的一点是，当孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。

This study uncovered many answers to many questions about teaching and children, but it left even more questions unanswered. One point it did make with unusual clarity is that a child will usually live up to a teacher's expectations when the child believes those expectations are honest.4.一个未予回答的问题是：老师以什么方式让学生们知道自己是特殊学生的，是能够取得优异成绩的呢？她没有对他们明说，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第四册）课后翻译第一篇：21世纪大学实用英语综合教程(第四册)课后翻译Unit 41、I have decided not to go to the interview because the job advertisement has made it clear that only a college graduate is eligible for the post.2、She makes her son practice the piano every day.It seems that she has set her heart on making a pianist of her son.3、When I was a child, I enjoyed doing errands for my mother.I could keep the small change.4、His excellent performance spoke to every member of the audience.No one made any sound throughout it.5、When I finally got around to visiting him in hospital, it was too late.6、Since he is so stubborn, I don’t intend to talk him into considering our suggestion, either.Unit 51、As a result of a downsizing initiative and a major bank merger, my usually well-ordered life became fraught with changes.2、Although I am a rather reticent individual by nature, I made the most of the oral presentations in class.And soon my confidence level soared.3、Much to the amazement of his friends and relatives, the young man gave up his secure future, stepped out his comfort zone and rejoined the “rat race”4、No matter what life throws our way, having a positive attitude makes room for the future.5、Of course, having a fulfilling career is a personal goal I long to achieve.However, working towards materialistic things and personal glorification has never been my first priority.6、Having lost his job, he returned to college and ended1up acquiring a diploma.Unit 61、The new agreement is based on the original United Nations proposal.2、I’ll take this English test even if it takes weeks or months of preparation.3、Inorder to sell anybody anything in five minutes or less, you have to find common ground on which you and your client can stand together.4、Yes, you must work harder in your studies.But it does not mean that you have to sacrifice your health for better grades.5、We’re not here to talk about what divides us.We’re here to find the things that bind us together.6、In some cases you have to stoop to conquer.But does it mean that you have to sacrifice your integrity? Certainly not.Unit 71、While attending Columbia, Liming became good friends with Wang Ying, a twenty-year-old girl from Hong Kong.Encouraged by his instruc tor, John decided to make medicine his life’s career.2、Less than a month after he came to McGill University, Dr.Johnson submitted to the president a detailed plan for setting up a new laboratory in the biology department.3、After receiving the urgent cablegram from his former instructor, Dr.Drew immediately set to work and organized the “Blood for Britain” campaign.4、At the beginning of the following year, thousands of American soldiers were killed or injured on the battlefield.5、In a series of experiments, Dr.Drew discovered that plasma could be given to any patient regardless of blood type.第二篇：大学英语综合教程第四册 uint1 课文翻译上帝显灵罗布·博尔医生正渴望吃上一顿热乎乎的火鸡晚餐和苹果馅饼。

Unit 1There are many paths to greatness. Some people go down in history for their 1)_ influential _political 有许多道路的伟大。

有些人在历史上有影响力的政治领导。

leadership. Other are remembered for spectacular scientific 2)__ breakthroughs _ for composing great 其他的都记得壮观的科学突破创作伟大的交响乐，symphonies, or writing 3)__ brilliant __ poetry. But whatever path they take, great people seem to 4)__ share __ a 或书写辉煌的诗。

但无论他们采取的路径，伟大的人似乎有few common characteristics. They are relentlessly 5)__ optimistic __ and persistent; they have both intellectual 一些共同的特点。

他们乐观不懈和持续的；他们的知识技能skills and the ability to work well with other people; and they love their work. In fact, 6)_ for _ these people, work 和工作的能力，以及与其他人，他们热爱自己的工作。

事实上，is more like an obsession than a job. Of course, many of the questions about greatness 7)__ remain __, 对于这些人来说，工作更像是一个痴迷于工作。

当然，许多问题仍然没有答案的伟大。

21世纪大学生读写教程第四册Reading Aloud汉英+课后翻译Unit 1If great achievers share anything,said Simonton,it is an unrelenting drive to succeed.”There‟s a tendency to think they are endowed with something super-normal,”he explained.”But what comes out of the research i s that ther are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.It‟s a difference in degree.Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.”He cited Winston Churchill,Britain‟s prime minister during World WarⅡ,as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up.Thrust into office when his country‟s morale was at its lowest,Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,”We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender.”西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

大学英语基础课程《高级综合英语》《21世纪大学新英语视听说教程4》Unit 4Learning ObjectivesIn this unit, students are going to watch and listen to some news reports, news stories and interviews. Through doing a series of tasks, they will➢grasp the main ideas of the passages about genders;➢identify the detailed information from the passages / video clips;➢get to know some differences between men and womenTeaching PlanPart 1 Lead-inTask 1Scan the following statements about differences between men and women. Apart from these physical differences, do you know any other differences between men and women?Task 2The average height for men is 1. 71 m while women are on average 12 cmshorter.The average male weighs 78 kilos which is 13 kilos heavier than the averagefemale.Women have less body water (52% for the average woman vs. 61% for theaverage man).A man’s brain measures 87. 4 cubic inches, while a woman’s brain measures 76.8 cubic inches.Women are 3 times more likely to suffer from migraines(偏头痛) compared withmen.Look at the following picture, first describe it and then answer the questions below.1) What do you think of the roles of men and women?2) Can you think of any ways in which Chinese culture affects gender roles?Part 2 Watching & ListeningSection ADirections: In this section, you are going to listen to a dialogue “ Can Men Handle Alcohol Better Than Women”(1’32” ). Read the following words aloud first and then finish the tasks below.Task 1Listen to the dialogue and some questions are asked about it. Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given below.1. How many drinks did Yael order according to the dialogue?A) Three. B) Four. C) Five. D) Six.2. What is Yaël’s height?A) Five feet. B) Six feet.C) 5. 6 feet. D) 5. 8 feet.3. Why do women tend to get intoxicated faster than men?A) Because women seldom drink alcohol.B) Because women don’t like the taste of alcohol.C) Because women tend to have more fat.D) Because women are not as strong as men.Task 2Listen to the dialogue again, focusing on the specific information, and then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.1. Don didn’t suggest Yael for another drink.2. Yael is taller than most men, and she believes that she can drink as much as men of her size.3. According to studies men are more likely to suffer worse hangovers.4. Yael will order a pitcher of water instead of alcohol.Task 3Listen to the dialogue the third time and then fill in the blanks.With about 1) more water in their bodies than women, men can drink more alcohol than women before becoming 2) . In fact, studies show that women suffer worse 3) than men too. Men tend to experience more 4) and 5) as a result of drinking, but overall, women suffer more, including dehydration, 6 ) , headaches, and nausea. With every drink, women are reaching higher degrees of intoxication than their male 7) and thus it makes sense that they’re reaching higher degrees of hangover too. More research is needed though to 8) for certain why women‘s hangovers are worse.Part 3 Speaking PracticeDirections: In this section, you are going to watch an interview “When Wives Make More”(2’09”). Read the following words and phrases aloud first and then do the tasks below.Task 1Watch the interview and then answer the following questions by filling the blanks.1. According to the video, why are both husband and wife uncomfortable when the wife earns more than the husband?Men are uncomfortable because they think money is power which symbolize , while women are uncomfortable because they feel ________ for leaving the households, going out, out-earning their husbands, and depriving him of .2. Except money, what else does Saltz think can make both husband and wife feel those masculineand feminine roles?Things like time , organization and and so on.Task 2 Pair WorkWatch the video clip again. After watching, discuss the following questions with your partner1. Do “househusbands” exist in our countr y? Can men nurture children as well as women can?Would you ever want this kind of family with husband being at home while wife being out working?2. From your point of view, what are the essential qualities of being an ideal wife or an idealhusband?Task 3 Group DebateIn the last 30 years, the status of women has changed dramatically in our society, with more and more women working as mayors, managers, and professors. Meanwhile, the role of women in the family has also changed, with most wives going out and even some earning more than their husbands. Is the changing role of women good for the family and society?The class is divided into two sides. Students in Side A hold positive attitude while students in Side B opposite attitude.Part 4 Listening TestSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. A) Violin and Piano.B) Guitar and Violin.C) Saxophone and Guitar.D) Drum and trumpet.2. A) To find out whether they take music lessons in their spare time.B) To find out whether they can name four different musical instruments.C) To find out whether they enjoy playing musical instruments in school.D) To find out whether they differ in their preference for musical instruments.3. A) Because they find them too hard to play.B) Because they think it silly to play them.C) Because they find it not challenging enough to play them.D) Because they consider it important to be different from girls.4. A) Children who have private music tutors.B) Children who are 8 or older.C) Children who are between 5 and 7.D) Children who are well-educated.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 8 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 9 to 11 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.It is research that is guaranteed to delight men — and annoy the women in their lives.A controversial new study has 1) that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concl uded that men’s IQs are almost four points higher than women’s.2) researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a fury by suggesting intelligence is influenced by 3) , says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the 4) . He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to 5) intelligence, rather than discrimination or lack of opportunity. The University of Western Ontario psychologist reached his conclusion after carefully examining the results of university 6) tests taken by 100,000 students aged 17 and 18 of both sexes. A focus on factors such as the ability to quickly grasp a7) concept, verbal reasoning skills and creativity —some of the key ingredients of intelligence —8) the male teenager had IQs that were an average of 3. 63 points higher. The average person has an IQ of around 100The findings, 9), overturn a 100 year consensus that men and women average the same in general mental ability. 10). But Prof Rushton, who was born in Bournemouth and obtained his doctorate in social psychology from the London School of Economics, argues that 11).。

Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don’t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showed that enjoying one’s work is the best form of motivation. Vocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency2.proficiency 3.emergency 4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequency Structure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don’t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they are brought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I’m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. Hedoesn’t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn.Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

读写教程第四册Unit4课文详解21世纪大学英语导语：大学的压力不比高考时候的压力少，因为要面对更多的东西，下面是一篇关于大学压力的英语课文，欢迎大家学习。

College PressuresWilliam ZinsserI am master of Branford College at Yale. I live on the campus and know the students well. (We have 485 of them.) I listen to their hopes and fears — and also to their stereo music and their piercing cries in the dead of night ("Does anybody care?"). They come to me to ask how to get through the rest of their lives.Mainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don't want to hear such news. They want a map — right now — that they can follow directly to career security, financial security, social security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.What I wish for all students is some release from the grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as educational as victory and is not the end of the world.My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, worshipped in our media —the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive —and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It's easy to look around for bad guys — to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no bad guys, only victims.Today it is not unusual for a student, even one who works part time at college and full time during the summer, to have accumulated $5,000 in loans after four years —loans that the student must start to repay within one year after graduation (and incidentally, not all these loans are low-interest, as many non-students believe). Encouraged at the commencement ceremony to go forth into the world, students are already behind as they go forth. How can they not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? Women at Yale are under even more pressure than men to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society hasn't yet caught up with this fact.Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined. I see students taking premedical courses with joyless determination. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know them in other corners of their life as cheerful people."Do you want to go to medical school?" I ask them."I guess so," they say, without conviction, or, "Not really.""Then why are you going?""My parents want me to be a doctor. They're paying all thismoney and..."Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin from the very start of freshman year. "I had a freshman student I'll call Linda," one instructor told me, "who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time.I couldn't tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda."The story is almost funny —except that it's not. It's a symptom of all the pressures put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they could sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the rattling of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: "Will I get everything done?"Probably they won't. They will get sick. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.I've painted too grim a portrait of today's students, making them seem too solemn. That's only half of their story; the other half is that these students are nice people, and easy to like. They're quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They're more considerate of one another than any student generation I've ever known. If I've described them primarily as driven creatures who largely ignore the joyful side of life, it's because that's where the problem is —not only at Yale but throughout American education. It's why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and sogoal-obsessed at such an early age.I tell students that there is no one "right" way to get ahead —that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell them that change is healthy and that people don't have to fit into pre-arranged slots. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. I invite heads of companies, editors of magazines, politicians, Broadway producers, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians — a mixed bag of achievers.I ask them to say a few words about how they got started. The students always assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. But in fact, most of them got where they are by a circuitous route, after many side trips. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not preplanned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to lead them down some unforeseen trail.New Wordscampusn. the grounds of a university, college or school; a university 大学校园，学校校园;大学piercinga. (of voices, sounds, etc.) very sharp, esp. in an unpleasant way (声音等)尖厉的，刺耳的piercevi. make a hole in or through (sth.) with a sharp point 刺穿，戳穿presumablyad. it may be supposed; probably 假定;可能* presumev. believe sth. to be true without direct proof but with some feeling of being certain; suppose (没有根据地)相信;推测graven. the place where a dead person is buried 坟墓a. serious or solemn in manner; (of a situation) serious and worrying 严肃的，庄严的;(形势)严重的gravityn. 1. 严肃，庄严;严重2. 重力;地心引力gripn. a firm hold; control 紧握;控制vt. 1. take a very tight hold (of) 握紧，紧握2. take hold of the attention or feelings of 吸引;引起* segmentn. a part of sth. 部分preparationn. arrangement for a future event 准备wealthya. rich 富有的glorifyvt. praise highly 颂扬，赞颂gloryn. great fame, honor, and admiration 光荣;荣誉potenta. powerful, strong, forceful or effective 强有力的;有权势的;有效力的self-inducedcaused or brought about by oneself 自己导致的* inducevt. lead or cause (sb.) to do sth.; persuade or influence (sb.) to do sth. 导致;劝使，诱导* incidentallyad. by the way 顺便说一句commencementn. 1. (AmE) a ceremony at which university or college students are given their degrees or diplomas (美)毕业典礼;学位授予典礼2. beginning of sth. 开始commencev. begin; start 开始;着手ceremonyn. 典礼，仪式commencement ceremony(AmE) a college or university graduation ceremony (美)毕业典礼reckoningn. settlement of an account or a bill; (fig.) punishment 结帐;(喻)算帐，惩罚reckonvt. 1. calculate; add up (an amount, cost, etc.) 计算;算出(数量、费用等)2. consider, regard 认为，把…看作day of reckoning(a Biblical reference) the time when one must eventually be punished for what one has done wrong (源自《圣经》)清算日，最后审判日equipvt. prepare (sb.) for dealing with a particular situation byproviding necessary tools, education, etc.; suply (sb./ sth. with what is needed for a particular purpose) (智力、体力上)使有准备;配备，装备inevitablyad. 不可必免地;必然发生地inevitablea. which cannot be avoided or prevented from happening; certain to happen 不可避免的;必然发生的intertwineda. joined tightly together; very closely connected 互相缠结的，缠绕在一起的premedicala. preparing for the study of medicine 医学预科的* dentistn. a doctor trained to take care of people's teeth 牙医cheerfula. in good spirit; causing a happy feeling 兴高采烈的;使人愉快的convictionn. a firm opinion or belief 深信，确信;把握roommaten. 住在同室的人，室友typewritern. 打字机* bugvt. 1. (AmE) (infml) trouble (sb.) continually (美俚)烦扰，纠缠2. (infml) fit with a secret listening apparatus (口)在…装x听器n. (AmE) a tiny insect, esp. one that causes damage; (infml) a fault or difficulty (美)虫子;(口)故障;毛病consideratea. careful not to hurt or trouble others; thoughtful 考虑周到的;替人着想的fearfula. afraid, anxious 惧怕的，忧虑的`goal-obsesseda. extremely eager to realize one's goals 一心要实现目标的pre-arrangeda. planned or prepared in advance 预先准备好的arrangevt. 1. plan in advance; prepare 安排，准备2. set in good or pleasing order 整理;排列* slotn. 1. a place or position in a schedule, list or series (口)(在机构、名单、程序等中的)位置，职位2. a narrow opening in a tool or machine 狭长孔;狭槽informallyad. 非正式地;不拘礼节地economistn. an expert in economics 经济学家a mixed baga group of people or things of different kinds and different qualities (人或物的)混合体;大杂烩circuitousa. indirect 迂回的，绕行的circuitn. 1. 环行;环行道2. 电路;线路circulara. 1. 环行的，圆形的2. 循环的trailn. a path, often through a forest or across rough ground (荒野中的)小径，小道Phrases and Expressionsin the dead of nightin the quietest part of the night 夜深人静之时get throughcomplete successfully; manage to live through (a difficult experience or period of time) 完成;消磨，度过(时间)right nowimmediately; at this moment 立刻，马上in itselfconsidered as a complete thing or experience, without thinking of effects, consequences, etc. 本身，实质上in the presence of sb.in the place where sb. is; with sb. there 在某人面前，当着某人的面work onaffect; influence 对…起作用;影响go forth (into)set out 出发under pressureinfluenced by need or necessity; suffering stress 被催逼;在压力下put together(used after a noun or nouns referring to a group of people or things) combined; in total 合在一起bug out(AmE sl.) become mentally unbalanced (美俚)烦恼，困惑be considerate of/to/toward sb.pay attention to sb. 's needs, wishes, or feelings 替某人着想，体贴某人be fearful ofbe afraid of 惧怕be bound forintending to go to; going to 准备到…去;开往fit intobe the right size or shape for; be suitable for 与…相符，与…相适应all alongall the time; from the beginning 一直，始终;从一开始就conceive ofthink of 构想出;设想Proper NamesWilliam Zinsser威廉·津瑟(男子名)Branford College布兰福德学院(美国耶鲁大学寄宿制学院之一)Yale(美国)耶鲁大学Linda琳达(女子名)Barbara巴巴拉(女子名)Broadway百老汇大街(美国纽约市的一条大街，为戏院、夜总会等娱乐场所的集中地)【读写教程第四册Unit4课文详解（21世纪大学英语）】。

21世纪大学英语4 课文翻译完型填空及句子翻译Unit1A谁是伟大的？迈克尔?赖恩阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦小时候在学校里的成绩很糟糕，老师们都认为他迟钝。

拿破仑?波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中尉中的一几乎没有受过正规教育的乔治?华盛顿，十几岁时不是受训当兵而是受训做土地测量员。

尽管他们的起步平淡无奇，但是每个人后来都为自己在历史上赢得了一席之地。

是什么使得他们变得伟大呢？是他们生来就具备一些特殊的东西？还是他们的伟大与时机掌握、献身精神和也许是一种坚定的个性更为有关？几十年来，科学家们一直在问这样的问题。

在过去几年里，他们已经发现了证据，这些证据有助于解释为什么有些人出类拔萃，而另外的人——也许同样很有才华——却被甩在了后面。

他们的发现可能对我们所有的人都有启示。

谁是伟大的？伟人的定义取决于如何衡量成功。

但标准还是有一些的。

“对人类文明作出永久性贡献的人是伟大的，”基思?西蒙顿院长说。

他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名心理学教授，1994年出版的《伟大：谁创造历史，以及为什么》一书的作者。

但他又提醒说：“有时侯伟人并没有被载入史册。

许多女性取得了巨大成就，或者颇具影响力，但却没有得到承认。

”在这本书的写作中，西蒙顿把有关伟大人物的历史知识和遗传学、精神病学及社会科学领域的最新发现融合在了一起。

他所聚焦的伟人包括获得过诺贝尔奖、领导过伟大的国家或赢得过战争、谱写过流芳百世的交响乐或在科学、哲学、政治学或艺术上引起过革命性巨变的男性和女性。

虽然他没有一个公式来解释某些人怎样或为什么出类拔萃（其中涉及的因素太多了），但他却提出了一些共同的特点。

一种“永不屈服”的态度。

西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

“人们往往认为他们天生具有一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。

“但研究结果表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。

有的只是程度上的差异而已。

伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。