吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解-查尔斯

第10单元查尔斯•狄更斯10.1复习笔记Charles Dickens(1812-1870)(查尔斯•狄更斯)1.Life(生平)Charles Dickens was born into a clerk family in Portmouth,Hampshire in1812. When he was11,his father was put to a debtor’s prison,so he was forced to work ten hours a day in a warehouse.At fifteen,he began to work as a lawyer’s office boy and read at the British Museum in his spare time.The suffering of his childhood has provided writing materials for his works.In1833,his first book,Sketches by Boz, was published.In the same year,he got married and meanwhile was writing The Pickwick Papers,which helped Dickens rise to fame at25.His industry was tremendous and his energy inexhaustible.He wrote novels,autobiographies,travel books,wrote and performed plays,edited periodicals,and administered charitable organizations.After the separation from his wife,he began to give public readings from his works to increase income,which further undermined his health.In1870, while working on The Mystery of Edwin Drood at his country house,he suffered a stroke of apoplexy and died a day later.After a simple funeral according to his wish, he was buried in Westminster Abbey.查尔斯·狄更斯1812年出生于朴茨茅斯的一个小职员家庭。

第10章丹尼尔•笛福10.1复习笔记I.Background Knowledge(背景知识)(1)After the“Glorious Revolution”,England became a constitutional monarchy and power passedfrom the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers.The power struggle between the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories at times dominated the literature of the age.(2)The Industrial Revolution started and transformed the socioeconomic texture of Britain,intensifying the contradictions between the rich and the poor.(3)The rapid development of social life including the popularity of public coffee-houses andprivate clubs was typical of all English cities.(4)The Enlightenment started in the18th century,which fought against feudalism,emphasizedreason,and believed in human beings’innate kindness.（1）1688年光荣革命后，英国从此成为君主立宪制国家，权力由国王转向议会和内阁大臣。

两党之间的争权夺势不时主导着18世纪文学。

（2）工业革命兴起，彻底改变了英国的社会经济结构，加剧了贫富矛盾。

吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》笔记和考研真题详解-第7章浪漫主义时期【圣才出品】第7章浪漫主义时期7.1 复习笔记I. Background Knowledge（背景知识）At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. The co-authored book Lyrical Ballads published in 1798 by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge marked the beginning of romanticism, while the death of Walter Scott in 1832 declared the ending of it.18世纪末19世纪初，在英国⼯业⾰命和法国⼤⾰命的影响下，浪漫主义成为⼀种新的⽂学思潮应运⽽⽣。

1798年华兹华斯和柯勒律治共同编写的《抒情歌谣集》标志浪漫主义时期的开始，1832年沃尔特·司各特的去世则宣告浪漫主义时期的结束。

II. Literary Features of the Eighteenth Century（⼗⼋世纪⽂学特征）1. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to thespiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works.2. Romantic poets are generally divided into two groups: the elder generation, or the escapist romanticists (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who also known as Lake Poets), and the younger generation, or the active romanticists (Byran, Shelley and Keats). The elder generation reflected the merry of old England. Frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns, they were turning to nature for protection. The younger generation expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of a future society free from oppression and exploitation.3. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey andHunt.4. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novelscombined a romance atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism.1. 浪漫主义时期是诗歌复兴时期。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-乔纳森第11章乔纳森?斯威夫特11.1复习笔记Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)(乔纳森·斯威夫特)1.Life(生平)Jonathan Swift was a satirist,essayist,political pamphleteer,poet and cleric.He was born of poor English parents in Dublin.At Dublin University,he detested the curriculum,reading only what appealed to his own nature.After graduation,he worked for a distant relative,Sir William Temple,a statesman and diplomat.He spent ten best years of his life in Moor Park,where he read and studied widely.Well aware of his literary superiority and unbearable of his being looked down upon,Swift left his patron,entered the Church of England,and later settled in a little church in Ireland.Then he gradually developed his satiric talent,gave up his church to enter the strife of party politics.He became a dictator in the literature /doc/b02148420.html,ter he became the Dean of St.Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin,where he stayed with the Irish in their fight for improving their lot.Swift had been afflicted from his earliest youth with a brain disease which caused him intense pain.Finally his disease ended in madness,and after suffering great pain,he died in utter misery in1745.In his will,he bequeathed all his property to the building of a madhouse in Dublin.It is now still there,called“Dr.Swift’s Madhouse”.乔纳森·斯威夫特是一位讽刺作家、散文家、政治宣传者，诗人和圣职人员。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-阿尔弗雷德第31章阿尔弗雷德?丁尼生31.1复习笔记Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)(阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生)1.Life(生平)Alfred Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age,was born in1809at Somersby Rectory,Lincolnshire,the fourth son of an Anglican clergyman.In1827he went to Cambridge.He and his brother published Poems by Two Brothers,which attracted the attention of“apostles”,a group of undergraduate literary club led by Arthur Henry Hallam,who later became Tennyson’s closest friend.His Poems in1842won T ennyson first critical success.In1850, with the publication of In Memoriam,which is a tribute to Hallam,he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Then he finally could afford to marry Emily Sellwood, whom he had loved since1836.He remained in this position until he died at83years old,longer than any other before or after him.In1884,Tennyson was awarded a baronetcy by Queen Victoria,who greatly admired his work and his poetic genius.He was laid to rest at Westminster Abbey.England built a monument in his honor.阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生是维多利亚时期最重要的诗人。

第15章哥尔德史密斯15.1复习笔记Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)(奥里弗·哥尔德斯密斯)1.Life(生平)Oliver Goldsmith was born in Ireland,the son of a poor Anglican curate.He was early disfigured by smallpox and grew up with ugly face and ungraceful figure.In his early years,he was apparently stupid and idle.However,in1749,Goldsmith graduated from Trinity College in Dublin with a BA ter he was trained for medicine,but eventually drifted to be a hack writer for Monthly Review.Goldsmith was one of the most versatile authors,who became an accomplished essayist,poet,novelist,and playwright.奥利弗·哥尔德史密斯出生于爱尔兰，是一个贫困的英国国教乡村牧师之子。

他早年因得天花而残疾，面部丑陋，身形笨拙。

小时候他显然十分愚笨无用。

然而，1749年他从都柏林三一学院毕业，获得文学学士学位。

后来他又接受医学教育，但最终转行做了《每月评论》的雇佣写手。

哥尔德史密斯多才多艺，是颇有建树的散文家，诗人，小说家和剧作家。

2.Major Works(主要作品)The Citizen of the World(1762)《世界公民》The Traveller(1764)《旅游人》The Vicar of Wakefield(1766)《威克菲尔德牧师传》The Good-Natured Man(1768)《好心人》The Deserted Village(1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer(1773)《屈身求爱》3.Selected Work(选读作品)◆The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师传》thick and fast.The vicar loses his fortune and they have to move to a new place under the patronage of a certain squire Thornhill.Thornhill,being an immoral ruffian,seduces Olivia and then deserts her.The vicar himself is thrown into prison for debt to Thornhill.Sophia,the vicar’s second daughter,is forcibly carried off in a carriage by an unknown villain.By this time,Mr. Burchell,one of the vicar’s acquaintances,who appears to be a broken-down gentleman,saves Sophia.He makes it known to the Primrose family that he is squire Thornhill’s uncle.The squire’s villainy is exposed in front of his uncle.All now ends happily.Sir William marries Sophia.Olivia is found out and the squire is made to marry her.The vicar’s fortune is restored to him.故事由好心的乡村牧师普里姆罗斯本人讲述。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-约翰·弥尔顿【圣才出品】第8章约翰·弥尔顿8.1复习笔记John Milton(1608-1674)(约翰·弥尔顿)1.Life(生平)John Milton was born into a pious wealthy Puritan family.He was greatly influenced by his father who loved books and had a private teacher for him.About12years old,Milton was sent to a famous boy’s school in London called St Paul’s;at15,he went to Cambridge University where he was said to be the finest scholar.Abandoning the thought of being a clergyman of the English Church,he retired to his father’s country house at Horton,writing poetry and studying hard. Later he traveled France,Switzerland and Italy where he heard that people’s struggle against the king might lead to war.After he returned to London,he wrote pamphlets opposing the monarchy and advocating people’s liberty.The commonwealth government gave Milton the important office of Secretary for Foreign Tongues.He worked hard and finally became blind.During the Restoration,he was thrown in prison and released by CharlesⅡ.He died on November8,1674surrounded by a few devoted friends.弥尔顿出生在富裕、虔诚的清教徒家庭。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-理查德第16章理查德?布林斯利?谢里丹16.1复习笔记I.18th Century Drama(18世纪戏剧)The English drama of the18th century does not reach the same high level as its novel.One of the main reasons is that the Licensing Act of1737,which drove Fielding out of the theatre, restricted the freedom of expression by dramatists.But playwrights in this period showed great interest in Shakespeare,so did the criticism and editions.Only Goldsmith and Sheridan produced works that are of high literary value and still retain their interest upon the stage.18世纪英国戏剧没有取得与小说一样的成就。

主要原因之一便是1737年通过的戏剧审查法案，这一法案将菲尔丁赶出戏剧领域，同时也限制了剧作家的言论自由。

但是这一时期的演员、评论和选集对莎士比亚的作品表现出极大的兴趣。

只有哥尔德史密斯和谢里丹的剧作有较高的文学价值，至今仍被搬上舞台。

II.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)(理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹)1.Life(生平)Richard Brinsley Sheridan,the son of Thomas Sheridan(an Irish actor and author),was a dramatist and politician.He was educated at Harrow.After his elopement in1773with Elizabeth, the daughter of a composer,Sheridan began writing for the theater and in1776became a part owner and director of the Drury Lane Theatre.In1780Sheridan went in for politics and became a Whig M.P.In1787,he made a great speech of impeachment of Warren Hastings,the first governor general of India.His newtheatre was opened in1794,but destroyed by fire in1809.He was arrested for debt in1813and in his last years suffered from brain disease.He died in1816 and was buried with a great pomp in Westminster Abbey.His plays are generally considered as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹是爱尔兰演员和作者托马斯·谢里丹之子，是一名戏剧家和政治家。

第35章约翰·高尔斯华绥35.1复习笔记John Galsworthy(1867-1933)(约翰·高尔斯华绥)1.Life(生平)John Galsworthy was a prolific novelist,playwright and renowned social activist.He was born in a well-to-do bourgeois family.He was educated at Harrow and studied law at the University of Oxford and was called to the bar in1890,but practiced only for a short time.He traveled widely and at the age of twenty-eight began to write,at first for his own amusement.In 1905Galsworthy married the divorced wife of his cousin.His first stories were published under the pseudonym John Sinjohn and later were withdrawn.As a novelist Galsworthy is chiefly known for his The Forsyte Saga.Galsworthy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in1932“for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.”约翰·高尔斯华绥是一位多产的小说家、剧作家和著名社会活动家。