经典六西格玛(6sigma)培训内部资料M_01_Meas.
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六西格玛入门培训资料什么是6西格玛是希腊文的字母,是用来衡量一个总数里标准误差的统计单位。
一般企业的瑕疵率大约是3到4个西格玛,以4西格玛而言,相当于每一百万个机去里,有6210次误差。
如果企业不断追求品质改进,达到6西格玛的程度,绩效就几近于完美地达成顾客要求,在一百万个机会里,只找得岀3.4个瑕庇。
6西格玛(6Sigma)是在九十年代中期开始从一种全面质量管理方法演变成为一个高度有效的企业流程设计、改善和优化技术,并提供了一系列同等地适用于设计、生产和服务的新产品开发工具。
继而与全球化、产品服务、电子商务等战略齐头并进,成为全世界上追求管理卓越性的企业最为重要的战略举措。
6西格玛逐步发展成为以顾客为主体来确定企业战略目标和产品开发设计的标尺,追求持续进步的一种质量管理哲学。
6西格玛的主要原则(一)在推动6西格玛时,企业要真正能够获得巨大成效,必须把6西格玛当成一种管理哲学。
这个哲学里'有六个重要主旨,每项主旨背后都有很多工具和方法来支持.6西格玛的主要原则(二)■真诚尖心顾客。
6西格玛把顾客放在第一位。
例如在衡量部门或员工绩效时,必须站在顾客的角度思考。
先了解顾客的需求是什么,再针对这些需求来设定企业目标,衡量绩效。
6西格玛的主要原则(三)■根据资料和事实管理。
近年来,虽然知识管理渐渐受到重视,但是大多数企业仍然根据意见和假设来作决策。
6西格玛的首要规则便是厘清,要评定绩效,究竟应该要做哪些衡量(measurement) 然后育运用资料和分析,了解公司表现距离目标有多少差距。
以流程为重。
无论是设计产品'或提升顾客满意'6 西格玛都把流程当作是通往成功的交通工具,是一种提供顾客价值与竞争优势的方法。
■主动管理°企业必须时常主动去做那些一般公司常忽略的事情,例如设定远大的目标,并不断检讨;设定明确的优先事项;强调防范而不是救火;常质疑「为什么要这么做」,而不是常说「我们都是这么做的。
Measure-测量阶段目录 1. Measure System Analysis 2. Capability Analysis 测量系统分析 Measurement System Analysis 测量系统分析能力分析 3. Process Mapping 过程图 4. Cause and Effect Analysis 失效模式与后果分析 6. M Phase Roadmap M阶段路径图 Introduction to Six Sigma 1 因果分析 5. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA The Importance of Measurement System 测量系统的意义Measurement System Analysis 测量系统分析方法 There are two types of measurements No two things are exactly the same, but even if they were, we would still get different values when we measure them. 没有两个东西是完全相同的, 但是即使是, 我们测量时仍然会得到不同的值。
The implementation of 6 Sigma requires the use of a treat a mount of data. The success of 6 Sigma depends a lot on the quality of the data. A great amount of data are needed for SPC, sample inspection/ test, reliability study, regression analysis and DOE. To obtain reliable data of good quality, we need to understand and analyze the measurement system that produces the data. 在6σ管理中,数据的应用是极其频繁和相当广泛的。
6σ方法的成败与效益,在很大程度上取决于所使用数据的质量。
无论是过程控制、抽样检验,可靠性,还是线性回归,试验设计等都要使用数据。
为了获得高质量的数据,需要对产生数据的测量系统有充分的了解和深入的分析。
测量内容有两种形式• Attributes 计数值 / 定性值– Data cannot be adequately described on a continuous scale 数据不能以连续的标尺描述– Pass / Fail, Good / Bad 通过/不通过,好/坏• Variables 计量值 / 定量值 Different approach will be used for each type of measurement 计数值和计量值必须用不同的方法处理– Data can be described on a continuous scale 数据可以用连续的标尺来描述 Introduction to Six Sigma 3 4 Introduction to Six Sigma Attribute Terminology 计数术语• Attribute Data : 计数型数据– Qualitative (go/no go data that can be counted for recording and analysis 可用作记录或分析的定性数据(通常为合格/不合格) Attribute Measurement System (AMS: 计数型测量系统– A measurement system that compares a product to a standard and accepts the product if it meets the standard. 将每一产品与标准对比,如果符合标准的要求则接受。
– Can be inspected by an inspection or by using a go/no go gauge 可由检验员或合格/不合格量规来实施检查 Screen:筛选– 100% inspectionusing an AMS 用计数测量系统百分百评价产品 Introduction to Six Sigma 6 Attribute Measurement Systems 计数型测量系统• • Introduction to Six Sigma 5 M01-1Attribute Terminology 计数术语• Screen Eff ectiveness: 筛选效率– The ability of the AMS to discriminate good from bad AMS 区分合格与不合格产品的能力 Customer Bias : 客户偏好– Screening criteria is too tight: Good product is being rejected 筛选标准太严格:合格产品被拒收 Producer Bias : 生产者偏好– Screening criteria is too loose: Defective product is being accepted 筛选标准太宽松:不合格产品被接收 The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• To understand if workers across all shifts, machines and lines use the same criteria to determine “pass” or “fail” 确定各班次、各机器、各流水线的检验员是否用同一标准区分合格与不合格• To quantify the ability of inspectors or gauges to repeat their inspection results and conclusions 量化测量者或测量仪器是否能正确重复检验结果的能力• • Introduction to Six Sigma 7 8 Introduction to Six Sigma The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• To understand the level of conformance to a standard 确定检验员/量仪符合标准的程度,包括:– The frequency where inspectors ship truly defective product (Producer Bias 检验员接受不合格产品的概率– The frequency where inspectors do not ship truly acceptable product (Customer Bias 检验员拒收合格产品的概率 Introduction to Six Sigma 9 The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• Identify the following: 识别以下各项– Training need (Individual(s or for all 培训需求 (个别或全部检验员–The lack of documented procedures or control plans 缺少程序或控制计划– Whether standards are clearly defined 标准没有清晰定明– Adjustment or correlation of gauges 量仪需要调整或进行相关对比 Introduction to Six Sigma 10 Points for Attribute Measurement Systems 计数测量系统应注意事项• Attribute data is normally generated from screening of product 计数值通常在筛选产品中产生• 100% product screening is conducted when the process is incapable of meeting the required acceptable level 100%产品筛选通常是在过程不能以高比例生产合格产品时, 实施• As a result, many borderline products (both good and defective may occur 因此,将生产大量的边界产品(合格或不合格产品 Introduction to Six Sigma 11 Points of Attention for AttributeMeasurement Systems 计数测量系统应注意事项• Variation exists in any measurement system, inspection and operational process. This will lead to the acceptance of truly defective products or rejection of truly acceptable products. 很多测量系统、检验和运作过程都存在变异,这导致大量合格产品的拒收或大量不合格产品的接受 As a result, we should focus on improving the process capability and not on improving the screening systems 因此我们应该将重点放在改进系统能力而非完善筛选系统Introduction to Six Sigma 12 M01-2The Methods for Conducting Attribute R&R 计数R&R方法 1 Select a minimum of 30 products from the process 从过程中选取至少30件产品 There will be products in the study where they are 在我们选出做分析的产品中应包括下列产品: - Defective 不良品 - Defect free 无缺陷产品 Marginal cases 边缘产品 The Methods for Conducting Attribute R&R 计数R&R方法 3 Let the inspectors, independently and in random order, inspect the products and determine whether they pass or fail. Repeat this process 让每位检验员独立以随机的次序检验这些产品并确定合格与否,重复。