英美概况之英国

Part One Old and Middle English Lite ratureI.Define the terms1.Old English pe riod(Ang lo-Saxon period):From the invasion of Celtic England by Germantribes(the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes)in the first half of the 5th c entury to the c onquest of England in 1066 by Norman Frenc h.2.Allite ration: The repetition of a speec h sound (consonants) in a sequenc e of nearby w ords.3.Couplet: A pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length and the same in rhythm and rhyme.4.Me te r: The recurrenc e of a prominent feature in the seq uenc e of speec h-sounds of a language.5.Foot: The c ombination of a strong stress and the assoc iated w eak stress or stresses w hic h makeup the rec urrent metric unit of a line. There are four standards feet:Iambic—an unstressed syllab le follow ed by a stressed syllab le.Anapestic—tw o unstressed syllables follow ed by a stressed syllable.Troc haic—a stressed syllable follow ed by an unstressed syllab le.Dac tylic—a stressed syllab le follow ed by tw o unstressed syllab les.6.Ballad: The narrative folk song that tells a story, w hic h originates and is c ommunic ated orallymainly among illiterates.7.Middle English Pe riod: Betw een the Norman c onquest in 1066 and about 1500, w hen thestandard literary language had bec ome “modern English”.II.Fill in the blanks1.Choose the best answ er Critic s tend to divide Chauc er‟s literary c areer into three periods: theFre nch period, the Italian period and the English period.2.Chauc er employed the heroic c ouplet in w riting his greatest work The Canterbury tales.3.The framew ork in The Canterbury Tales is a pilgrimage.4.When Chauc er died on the 25th of October 1400, he w as the first to be buried in WestminsterAbbe y.5.The 15th c entury has traditiona lly been described as the barren age in English literature.6.Poetry c an be c lassified as narrative or lyric. Narrative poems stress actions, and lyric s stresssongs.III.Multip le c hoic e1.Beowulf is a ___ poem, describ ing an all-round pic ture of the tribal soc iety.A. paganB. ChristainC. romanticD. lyric2.Chauc er w as onc e influenc ed by Italian literature. His major w ork during this period is__.A. Troilus and Crise ydeB.The Romaunt of the RoseC. The Legend of Good Women C. The Canterbury Tales3.Chauc er‟s active c areer provides him not only w ith know ledge but also experienc es, w hic hacc ounted for the w ide range of his writings. The follow ings are all his c areer EXCEPT__.A. legislator and ambassadorB. sold ier and offic e-holderC. busine ss man and churchmanD. justic e and knight4.Chauc er‟s narrative poem ___ is based on Bocc acc io‟s poem “Filostrato”.A. The legend of Good WomenB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Book of the DuchessD. Troilus and Crise yde5.The w ork that presented, for the first time in English literature, a c omprehensive realistic pic tureof the medieval Eng lish soc iety and created a w hole gallery of viv id c harac ters from all w alks of life is most like ly___.A.William Langland‟s Piers the PlowmanB.Ge offre y Chauce r’s The Cante rbury TalesC.John Gow er‟s Conf essio AmantisD.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightIV.Summarize Chauc er‟s literary c areer and the representative w orks of each period.His literary c areer is usually div ided into three periods: the Frenc h period, the Italian period and the English period.The Frenc h period refers to the period of Frenc h influenc e (1359-1372). During the period Chauc er wrote his earliest w orks: The Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a Frenc h poem and his first important origina l w ork: The Book of the Duchess.The Italian period refers to the period of Italian Influenc e(1372-1386), espec ially of Dante and Boc aac io. During this period, he main ly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines: The House of Fame, Troilus and Crisyede, The Legend of Good Women.The English period is his mature period, during w hich time his ma sterpiec e The Canterbury w as produc ed in w hic h the heroic c ouplet w as used.V.Answ er the question acc ording to the follow ing passageWhen April w ith its sw eet-smelling showersHas pierc ed the drought of Marc h to the root,And bathed every vein (of the plants) in suc h liquidBy w hic h pow er the flow er is created;When the West Wind also w ith its sw eet breath,In every w ood and fie ld has breathed life intoThe tender new leaves, and the young sunHas run half its course in Ar ies,And small fow ls make melody,Those that sleep all the night w ith open eyes(So Nature inc ites them in their hearts),Then folk long to go on pilgrimages,And professional pilgrims to seek foreign shores,To distant shrines, known in various lands;And spec ia lly from every shire's endOf England to Canterbury they travel,To seek the holy blessed martyr,Who helped them w hen they w ere sic k.Questions:1.What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales?2.How does the author emphasize the transit ion from nature to div inity?ment on Chauc er‟s contribution of rhymed stanzas.Answ ers:1. This part is a superb expression of a double view of the Canterbury pilgrimage. The first 11 linesare a c hant of w elc ome to the spring w ith its harmonious marriage betw een heaven and earth which produc es vegetations, pric ks fouls and stirs the heart of man w ith e renew ing pow er of nature. Thus, the pilgrimage is an event in the c alendar of nature, an aspec t of springtime surge of human energy w hic h w akens man‟s love of nature. But spring is also the season of Easter and is allegoric ally regarded as the time of the Redemption through the sac rific e of Jesus Christ w ith its connotations of relig ious rebirth w hic h w akens man‟s love of God. Therefore, the pilgrimage is also an event in the c alendar of div inity, an aspec t of religious piety w hich draws pilgrims to holy plac es.2. The transition from nature to div inity is emphasized by c ontrast betw een the physic al vitalitywhich c onditions the pilgrimage and the spiritua l sic kness whic h occ asions th e pilgrimage. As well as by paralle lism betw een the renew al pow er of nature and the restorative pow er of supernature.3. He introduc ed various rhymed stanzas to English poetry to replac e the Old English alliterativeverse. He first introduc ed into English oc tasyllabic couplet and then the heroic c ouplet..VI.What is the func tion of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?The General Prologue is usually regarded as the greatest portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely c omposed of a series of sketc hes differing w idely in length and method, and blending the indiv idual and the typic al in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a viv id c ollec tion of c harac ter sketc hes, but also to reveal the author‟s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materia ls engaged in a c ommon endeavor, to set the tone for the story telling--- one of jollity w hich acc ords w ith the tone of the w hole w ork: that of grateful acc eptanc e of life, to make c lear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and to introduc e the pilgrims and the time and occ asion of the pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and soc ia l groups. Eac h of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vivid ly in the prologue. Ranging in status from a knight to a humble plow man, the pilgrims are a microc osm of 14t h c entury English soc iety. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connec tion betw een the tales and the Prologue, both c ompleting each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.Part Two English Lite rature in the Renaissance PeriodI.Define the te rms1.Re naissance:The name is commonly applied to the period of European his tory follow ing theMiddle Ages. It began in Italy in the late 14t h c entury and c ontinued both in Italy and other countries of w estern Europe, through the 15t h and 16t h c entury. In this period, the European arts of painting, sc ulpture, arc hitec ture, and lit erature reac hed an eminenc e not exc eeded in any age. The development c ame to England in the 16t h c entury. It is also desc ribed as the rebirth of the modern world out of the ashes of the Dark Ages, as the disc overy of man, the era of the emergenc e ofindiv idualism in life, thought, religion and art.2.Elizabe than age: The period of the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). This w as a time of rapiddevelopment in English c ommerc e, maritime pow er, and nationalist feeling. It w as a great age of English literature (gr eatest in drama).3.Drama: The form of composition designed for performanc e in the theater, in w hic h ac tors take theroles of the c haracters, perform the indic ated ac tion, and utter the written dialogue. In poetic drama, the dialogue is w ritten in blank vers e.4.Jacabe an age: The reign of James I (in Latin, “Jacobus”)(1603-1625), w hich follow ed that ofQueen Elizabeth. The period in prose w ritings of Bac on, John Donne‟s sermons, King James‟s translat ion of the Bib le. It w as also the time of Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies and tragic omedies.5.Sonnet: A lyric al poem c onsisting of a sing le stanza of 14 iambic pentameter lines linked by a nintric ate rhyme sc heme. There are tw o patterns: (1) the Italian or Petrarc han sonnet that falls into two main parts: an oc tave rhyming abbaabba follow ed by a sestet rhyming c dec de or c dcc dc. (2) the Shakespearean sonnet that falls into three quatrains and a c onc luding couplet: abab cdc d efef gg. There w as one notable variant c alled the Spenserian sonnet in w hic h each quatrain is l inked to the next by a c ontinu ing rhyme: abab bc bc cdcd ee.6.Essay: Any short composition in prose to disc uss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us toacc ept a thesis on any subjec t, or simply entertain.7.Soliloquy: The ac t of talking to oneself, wh ether silent ly or aloud. In drama it refers to the ac t of acharac ter alone on the stage that utters his or her thoughts aloud.e dy: A fic tional w ork in w hic h the materia ls are selec ted and managed primarily to interestand amuse the readers or audienc es.9.Trage dy: Literary or dramatic representations of serious actions whic h eventuate in a disastrousconc lusion fro the protagonist.10.Tragicome dy: Literary or dramatic representation of serious ac tion w hic h threatens a tragicdisaster to the protagonist, yet, by an abrupt reversal of c irc umstanc e, turns out happily.11.Caroline age: The reign of Charles I(in Latin, “Caroline”)( 1625-1649). This w as the time of theEnglish Civil War fought betw een the supporters of the king (know n as Cavaliers) and the supporters of the Parliament (know n as Roundheads). John Milton began his writ ing during the period.II.Fill in the blanks1.The sec ond period of English Renaissanc e is also c alled the Elizabethan period or the age ofShakespeare.2.Shakespeare‟s plays have been tradit ionally div ided into four c ategories acc ording to dramatic type:histories, come die s, tragedies and romance s.3.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “the poets‟ poe t” bec ause of his considerable influenc e onlater poets.4.Spenser‟s Amoretti is a series of 88 sonnets i n w hic h he links eac h quatrain to the next by acontinu ing rhyme: abab bc bc cdc d ee. This form is usually c alled Spe nse rian sonne ts.5.Christophe r Marlowe is c onsidered the first great English dramatist and the most importantElizabethan playwright before Shakespeare.6.Shakespeare‟s 154 sonnets fall into tw o series: one series are addressed to W. H, a young man, andthe other addressed to a dark lady.7.The writings of Franc is Bacon main ly fall into three c ategories: philosophical,literary andprofessional.8. A Shakespearean sonnet is c omposed of three quatrains and a c onc luding couplet.III.Choose the best answ er1.In the English Renaissanc e period, sc holars began to emphasize the c apac ities of the human mindand the ac hievements of human culture. The most important intellec tual movement w as___.A. the ReformationB. geographic al explorationsC. humanismD. the Italian reviva l2.Which of the follow ing plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare‟s great tragedies?A. OthelloB. MacbethC. Rom eo and JulietD. Hamlet3.Which of the follow ing plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare‟s great c omedies?A. Henry VB. The Merchant of VeniceC. A Midsummer Night’s DreamD. The Winter’s Tale4.Which of the follow ing poetic forms is the princ ip le form of Shakespeare‟s drama?A. lyricB. sonnetC. blank ve rseD. quatrain5.Ben Jonson‟s poetic line “not of an age, but for all time” w as dedic ated to___.A. Spenser B Marlow e C. Chauc er D. Shakespe are6.____ is the most c ommon foot in English poetry?A. iamb B anapest C. troc hee D. dac tyl7.“Some books are to be tasted, others to be sw allow ed, and some few to be c hew ed and digested” isoen of the epigrams found in___.A. Bacons’“Of Studies”B. Thomas More‟s UtopiaC. Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s ProgressD. Field ing‟s Tom Jones8.In Shakespeare‟s The Merc hant of V en ic e, Antonio c ould not pay back the money be borrow edfrom Shyloc k bec ause___.A. his money w as all invested in the new ly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise w ent bankruptC. Bassanio w as able to pay his ow n debtD. His ships had all bee n lost9.Which of the follow ing statements best illustrate the theme of Shakespeare‟s Sonnet 18?A. The speaker eulogizes the pow er of nature.B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.C. The spe ake r praise s the po we r of artistic cre ation.D. The speaker meditates on man‟s salvation.10.The sentenc e “Shall I c ompare thee to a summer‟s day?”is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare‟s ___.A. c omediesB. tragediesC. sonne tsD. historiesIV.How many periods does Shakespeare‟s dramatic c areer fall into?Roughly four periods: (1) the early histories of the 1590s; (2)the romantic c omedies around theturn of the c entury, roughly from 1594-1600; (3) the great tragedies of the early 1600s, from 1600 to 1608; (4) the romanc es of the 1610s.V.What are the unique features of Shakespeare‟s sonnets?Two features: (1) the princ iple person addressed by the poet is not a w oman but a young ma n anda mysterious dark lady. (2) the struc ture of three quatrains and a c onc luding c ouplet is typic allyShakespearean.VI.In Hamlet‟s soliloquy “to be, or not to be”, there are these w ords: “and the native hue of resolution / Is sic klied o‟er w ith the pale c ast of thought.”What does the “native hue of resolution”mean? What does the “pale c ast of thought”stand for? What idea do the tw o lines express?The “native hue of resolution”means the natural color of resolution; The “pale c ast of thought”stands for Hamlet‟s anxiety and melanc holy; In these lines, the ruddy c olor is assoc iated w ith the sad temperament and the pale look of melanc holy. They express hamlet‟s anxiety and hesitation before he takes the firm resolution to revenge at the c ritic al moment.Part Three English Literature in the 17th CenturyI.Define the following te rms1.Ele gy: Poems that lament the loss of something or someone, or loss or death more generally.2.Assonance: The repetition of identic al or sim ilar vow els in a sequenc e of nearby words.3.Stanza: A grouping of the verse lines in a poem set off by a spac e in the printed text. Stanzas aremarked by a rec urrent pattern of rhyme and are also uniform in the number and length of the component lines.4.Hype rbole: Bold overstatement, or the extravag ant exaggeration of fac t or possib ility.5.Conce it: metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt paralle l betw een tw o apparentlydissimilar things or feelings.6.Pastoral: Conventional poem expressing an urban poet‟s nostalg ic image of the peac e andsimplic ity of the life of shepherds and other rural folk in an idea lized natural world.7.Epithalamion: Poem w ritten to c elebrate a marriage.8.Me taphysical poetry: Poem that deals w ith philosophic al or spiritua l matters. It is generallylim ited to works w ritten by a group of 17t h c entury poets suc h as John Donne.II.Fill in the blanks1.The poems of John Donne belong to tw o c ategories: the youthful love lyrics and the later sacre dve rse.2.John Donne is the founder of the school of me taphysical poe try. His w orks are c harac terized bymystic ism in c ontent and fantastic ality in form.3.Bec ause of the succ ess of Paradise Lost, John Milton produc ed in 1671 another epic, ParadiseRe gaine d.4.John Milton‟s Paradise Lost opens w ith the description of a meeting among the fallen angels, andends w ith the departure of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eve.5.The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period w as John Dryden, poet, critic,and playw right.6.Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from th e Old Te stame nt.III.Choose the best answe r.1.In John Milton‟s Paradise Lost,Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree ofKnow ledge of ___.A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. faith and BetrayalD. Sense and Sensibility2.“To w age by forc e or guile eternal w ar / irrec onc ilab le to our grand Foe.”By w hat means w ereSatan and his follow ers to w age this w ar against God?A.By planting a tree of know ledge in the Garden of Eden.B.By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man‟s life.C.By removing man and w oman created by God.D.By corrupting man and woman cre ate d by God.3.“Areopagitic a” is John Milton‟s best-know n___.A. proseB. epicC. novelD. dramaIV.Give supporting reasons for the statement: Samson in Samson Agonistes is John Milton the author himself.Samson Agonistes is a poetic al drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It deals w ith the story of Samson from the “Book of Judges”in the Old Testament. Samson is an athlete of the Israelites. He stands as the c hampion fighting for the freedom of his c ountry. But he is betrayed by his w ife Dalilah and blinded by his enemies the Philistines. Led into the temple to make them sport, he wreaks his vengeanc e upon his enemies by pulling dow n the temple upon them and upon himself in a c ommon ruin.There is muc h in c ommon betw een Samson and John Milton. Like Samson, Milton had also been embittered by an unw ise marriage, persec uted by his enemies, and suffered from blindness. And yet he w as unc onquerable.Samson‟s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agoniz ing longing for sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph all strongly suggest Milton‟s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his ow n life. Therefore Samson in the drama is Milton himself in life.V.Ana lyze the c harac ter of Satan in John Milton‟s Paradise Lost.Satan, a c onquered and banished giant, remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. It is he , passing the guarded gates, makes man revolt against God.Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. When he gets to the Garden of Eden, he believes w hy Adam and Eve should not taste the fruit of the Tree of Know ledge.Though defeated, Satan prevails, sinc e he has w on from God a third part of his angels. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder w hic h hits upon his head leaves his heart invinc ible.Though feebler in forc e, he remains superior in nobility, sinc e he prefers independenc e to happy servility. He w elc omes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy.Part Four 18th Century LiteratureI.Define the follow ing terms.Three unities: The unity of ac tion (all the ac tion of the w ork must occ ur w ithin one c ontinuanc e plot w ithout extraneous subplot), the unity of time(all the action of the w ork must occ ur w ithin 24 hours, or one w hole day), and the unity of plac e( all the action of the work must occ ur in one plac e or c ity) Satire: A literary art of dimin ishing a subject by making it ridic ulous and ev oking tow ards it attitudes of amusement, c ontempt, sc orn or indignation.(Gulliv er’s Trav el s is a typic al example of show ing satire tow ards the entire human rac e)Picaresque nove l:A basic ally realistic and often satiric w ork of fic tion c hronic ling the c are er of an engaging, low er-c lass rogue-hero, w ho takes to the road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the c ompany of a sidekic k. (Tom Jones, Don Quixote, Adv entures of Huckleberry Finn) Gothic nove l: Also Gothic novel. Story of terror and suspense, usually et in a gloomy old c astle or monastery.Grave yard school of poe try: A group of 18th c entury English poet w ho emphasized subjec tivity, mystery, and melanc holy. Death, mortality(immortality)and gloom w ere frequent subjec ts or elements o f their meditative poems, w hic h ere set in graveyards.( Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churc hyards”) Ne oclassicism: A style of literature, w hose members looked to the great c lassic al writers for inspiration and guidanc e. They believed that literature s hould both instruc t and delight, and the proper subject of art w as humanity. Neoc lassic ism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balanc e, restraint, dec orum, order, serenity, realism and form, an appeal to the intellec t rather than emotion.(John Dryden, Alexand er Pope, Samuel Johnson)II.Fill in the blanks1.Thomas Gray‟s “Ele gy Writte n in a Country Churchyards” is taken as a model of sentimentalpoetry, esp. the graveyard sc hool.2.In Je rusale m,William Blake expounded his theory of imag ination, asserting that the wor ld ofimagination is the world of eternity.3.“ Till a‟ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the roac ks melt w i‟ the sun:I w ill luve thee still, my dear,While the sands of life shall run”The above lines are taken from the famous poem “My Luve’s Like a Re d, Re d, Rose”.4.Friday is a charac ter in the novel Robinson Crusoe.5.Henry Fielding is c alled the Father of the English Novels.6.The 18th c entury is know n as the age of enlightenment or the age of re ason.7.In Gulliv er’s Trav els, Yahoos are the c reatures living in Houyhnynms.III.Choose the best answ er.1.Of all the 18t h c entury novelists, ___ w as the first to set out in theory and prac tic e, to w ritespec ia lly a “c omic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its struc ture and style.A. Danie l DefoeB. Samuel Ric hardsonC. He nry Fie ldingD. Oliver Goldsmith2.___- is the author of the first English dic tionary by an Englishman,-- Dic tionary of the EnglishLanguage, w hic h has become the foundation of all subsequent English dic tionary.A. Samue l JohnsonB. Laurenc e SterneC. Oliver GoldsmithD. Samuel Ric hardson3.Modern English novel arose in the ____ c entury.A. 16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th4.In William Blake‟s poetry, the father (and any in w hom he saw the image of the father suc h asGod, priest, and king) w as usually a figure of____.A. benevolenc eB. admirationC. loveD. tyranny5.____ w as a progressive intellec tual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18t h c entury.A. The Renaissanc eB. Puritan MovementC. Romantic Moveme ntD. The Enlightenment6.Which of the follow ing plac e does Gulliver visit first in Gulliv er’s Trav els?A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. LaputaD. Houyhnhnms7.Which of the follow ing is NOT true about Robinson Crusoe?A.It is written in the autobiographic al form.B.It is a re cord of Defoe’s own expe riences.C.Robinson spends 28 years of isolated life on the island.D.It is set in the middle of the 17th c entury.8.In the 18t h c entury, ____ found its expression c hiefly in poetry, espec ia lly th at of William Blakeand Robert Burns.A. neoc lassic ismB. realismC. sentimentalismD. pre-romanticism9.Many of Burn s‟ songs deal w ith friendship.____ has long bec ome a universal parting-song of allthe English speaking countries.A. A Red, Red RoseB. Auld Lang SyneC. My Heart‟s in the High landsD. John Anderson, My Jo10.The rise and grow th of _____ is the most prominent ac hievement of the 18th c entury Englishliterature, whic h has given the w orld suc h w riters as Danie l Defoe, Jonat han Sw ift, and Henry Field ing.A. neoc lassic al poetryB. re alistic novelC. sentimental novelD. Gothic novelment on William Blake‟s Songs of Innocenc e and Songs of Experience.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innoc ent w orld, though not w ithout its evils and sufferings. Using a language w hic h even babies c an learn by heart, Blake expresses his delight in the sun, the hills, the streams, the insec ts and the flow ers, in the innoc enc e of the c hild and of the lamb. Here everything seems to be in harmony.Songs of Experience pains a different w orld, a w orld of misery, poverty, disease, war, and repression w ith a melanc holy tone. The poet‟s eyes are opened to the evils and vic es of the w orld.A number of poems are pervaded w ith the atmosphere of intense sorrow and sadness, espec ia llyfor c hildren.A number of poems in Songs of Innocence are either rew ritten or revised in Songs of Experience,w ith the result that the joyful atmosphere or the harmonious ending is in eac h c ase c hanged into a bitter mood or a sad story. For example, the two “The Chimney Sw eepers”.V.What does Robert Burns‟ poetry mainly deal w ith?1.The themes of love and friendship.2.Scottish life, espec ially the rural life of the Scottish peasants.(“My Heart‟s in the High lands”)3.Attitudes tow ards politic al liberty and soc ial equality, espec ia lly those under the influenc e of theFrenc h Revolution.( “For A‟ That and A‟ That”).4.Satiric al verse, exposing the hypocrisy of the ric h, the bigotry of the churc h and other evils.VI.Why is Defoe‟s Robinson Crusoe regarded as one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel?Crusoe‟s stories are all real c onc erns of its author‟s time: people in their struggle to overc ome the natural or soc ia l environment. The no vel has a very strong verisimilitude. To c onvinc e the reader of the truth of his story, Defoe adopts the autobiographic al form and makes full use of his long trained journalistic skill by describ ing things in great detail and by using spec ific time and spac e.VII.Ana lyze Gulliv er’s Trav els to illustrate the use of satire in it.It is a satire on the w hole English soc iety of the early 18th c entury, touc hing upon the politic al, relig ious, legal, military, sc ientific, philosophic al as w ell as literary institution s, about almost every aspec t of the soc iety. It brings to light the w ic kedness of the then English soc iety, w ith its tyranny, its polit ic al intrigues and c orruption, its aggressive w ars and colon ialism etc.For example, in Chapter four, Gulliver is in a c o untry w here horses are possessed of reason, and are the governing c lass, while Yahoos, though in the shape of men, are brute beast w ith suc h vic es as stealing and lying. This part involves the ruthless moral exposure of humanity and the bitter satire of th e English soc iety.Part FiveRomantic LiteratureI.Define the follow ing termsRomanticism:Literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th c entury. It c an be seen as a rejec tion of the c onc epts of order, c alm, harmony, balanc e, idea lization and rationality. It w as also a reac tion against the Enlightenment. The romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans. They emphasized the indiv idual, the subjec tive, the irrationa l, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transc endental. They also show ed interest in the medieval, exotic, primit ive, and the nationalistic. English literary romantic ism began from the public ation of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Walter Scot in 1832.Ode: A lyric poem in the form of a lengthy c eremonious address to a person or abstrac t entity, alw ays serious and elevated in tone. It aims at praising and glorifying an individua l, c ommemorating an event, or desc ribing nature intellec tually rath er than emotionally.Byronic hero: A stereotyped c harac ter c reated by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud,。