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1.气候和气象（meteorology）专家日前称，受气候变化的影响，北半球（the northern hemisphere）温带(temperate)地区的人们过“白色圣诞”的机会在过去一个世纪中越来越少。
而且这个机会在2100年之前会进一步减少。
托下大雪的福，今年亚洲、欧洲和北美洲很多地区的人们能过一个“白色圣诞”了，但现实的状况是，全球平均气温自1900年以来上升了0.7摄氏度，并将于2100年前出现更大幅度的上升，这一事实预示了一个不可改变的趋势。
气象研究者们曾说过：“与50年前相比，踩着厚厚的积雪过圣诞的机会已经少了很多，到本世纪下半叶，这样的圣诞节就更稀罕了。
”The experts on climate and meteorology said that affected by climate change, people in temperate parts of the northern hemisphere have less and less chance of a “white Christmas” and the chance will further decrease/ diminish /reduce/drop/fall by 2100.The odds of a “white Christmas ” in temperate parts of the northern hemisphere have diminished in the last century due to climate change and will likely decline further by 2100 ,climate and meteorology experts said . With the help of/Owing to/Thanks to the heavy snow this year , the people in most areas of Asia ,Europe and North America can enjoy a white Christmas .However ,in fact ,the average temperate all over the world has increased by 0.7℃since1900 and a bigger rise is predicted/it may have a bigger rise by 2100,which suggests an unchangeable/inexorable trend . “compared with 50 years ago , the chance of spending with white snow has diminished largely and it will be even more rare until the latter half of the century “,the researchers on climate have been quoted as saying/some climate reseachers have been quoted as saying “The probability of heavy snow on the ground at Christmas is already much lower than it was 50 years ago but it will become an even greater rarity by the latter half of the century”.2. 路上只我一个人，背着手踱着。
BBC新闻讲解附字幕:埃及法院裁定剥夺娶以色列妻子者国籍(2010-06-8)第一部分：听力文本BBC News with Kathy Clugston.An Irish-owned ship that was trying to break through the Israeli blockade of Gaza has beendivert ed to the Port of Ashdod.Israeli forces who boarded it about30kilometres off the coast said they faced no resistance.The ship,the Rachel Corrie,was supposed to have been the7th in the flotilla which was stormed by Israeli forces on Monday when at least nine activists were killed. It’s now being searched by the Israeli police.There's been no communication with any of the pro-Palestinian campaigners on board.Andrew North reports from Ashdod.Eleven activists including a former Nobel Peace Prize winner and nine crew are being questioned. It’s not yet clear what will happen to them,but the expectation is they will eventually be released. The Israeli government will be relieved that it was able to stop this latest effort to break its blockade of Gaza peacefully and its people are firmly behind it,but it’s looking increasingly isolated worldwide,with even its American ally saying the blockade of Gaza is unsustainable.The Supreme Administrative Court in Egypt has upheld a ruling that Egyptian men married to Israelis should be stripped of their citizenship.The case is being viewed as a sign of the negative feeling against Israel in Egypt,with which it has had a peace treaty for more than30years.From Cairo,Yolande Knell reports.The judge in the Supreme Administrative Court said that the interior ministry must give the cabinet details of all Egyptian men married to Jewish Israelis and Arab Israelis.Each file will be considered separately,but steps can be taken to remove their Egyptian nationality and that of their children.The lawyer who brought the case said the offspring of such marriages should not be allowed to perform military service.He added that his aim was to protect young Egyptians and national security.The US Coast Guard official leading the operation to contain the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico says BP’s new operation is doing better than initial estimates.Admiral Thad Allen says at least a third of the oil leaking from the broken well has been captured in the past24hours.Madeleine Morris reports from New Orleans.Admiral Thad Allen says BP hopes to increase the amount it’s capturing over the next a few days, after the company has a better idea of the oil’s pressure and rate of flow.He had bad news though from Mississippi,Alabama and Florida-suddenly winds are pushing the slick towards the shoreline of those states whose beaches have untill now escaped the brunt of the oil.A new technique for treating breast cancer could in the future eliminate the need for weeks of radiotherapy.An international study trial published in the medical journal,the Lancet,suggests that giving one dose of radiotherapy inside the breast during surgery is just as effective at preventing cancer recurring as weeks of external radiotherapy.2000women across9countries took part in the study.World News from the BBC.Pakistan has announced it’s to increase defence spending by17%in the coming year,with analysts saying much of it will be used to combat Islamic militants.In his budget speech to parliament,the Finance Minister Abdul Hafeez Shaikh said the security forces who were prepared to lay down their lives should know they had the support of parliament.Defence spending will rise to more than$5billion a year from next month.The environmental organisation,the Blacksmith Institute,has warned that hundreds of Nigerian children could die from lead poisoning in the northern state of Zamfara,where residents have been digging illegally for gold.The warning comes a day after Nigerian officials confirmed that lead contamination had killed163people,mostly children,in the region this year.Jonny Hogg reports.The Blacksmith Institute has tested children in the affected villages.Its president,Richard Fuller, told the BBC that hundreds of them have such high levels of lead in their blood that they are likely to die in the near future.Health workers in the Nigerian government providing treatment to the victims and some parts of the affected villages have already been evacuate d.Mr Fuller says the poisoning occurred after women brought metal ore back to their houses to process into gold.A storm that's hit Oman over the past2days has killed16people and left4others missing. Tropical Cyclone Phet produced winds of more than150kilometres an hour,as well as heavy rain that knocked out power and communications in the east of the country and the capital Muscat.Oil exports also had to be suspended from Oman’s main port,but as the storm has since weakened, they’ve now resume d.The Italian tennis player Francesca Schiavone has become the first woman from her country to win a Grand Slam singles title.Schiavone won the French Open championship in Paris,defeating Samantha Stosur of Australia in straight sets6-4,7-6.BBC News.提示：文本转自普特听力论坛第二部分：参考翻译一艘试图冲破以色列对加沙地带封锁线的爱尔兰船只被转移到阿什杜德港口。
OilDeposits（油⽥）（DFS）题⽬：The GeoSurvComp geologic survey company is responsible for detecting underground oil deposits. GeoSurvCompworkswithonelargerectangularregionoflandatatime,andcreatesagridthatdivides the land into numerous square plots.It then analyzes each plot separately, using sensing equipment to determine whether or not the plot contains oil.A plot containing oil is called a pocket. If two pockets are adjacent, then they are part of the same oil deposit.Oil deposits can be quite large and may contain numerous pockets. Your job is to determine how many different oil deposits are contained in a grid.InputThe input file containsone or more grids. Each grid begins with a line containing m and n, the number of rows and columns in the grid, separated by a single space. If m = 0 it signals the end of the input; otherwise 1 ≤ m ≤ 100 and 1 ≤ n ≤ 100. Following this are m lines of n characters each (not counting the end-of-line characters). Each character corresponds to one plot, and is either ‘*’, representing the absence of oil, or ‘@’, representing an oil pocket. OutputFor each grid, output the number of distinct oil deposits. Two different pockets are part of the same oil deposit if they are adjacent horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. An oil deposit will not contain more than 100 pockets.Sample Input1 1*3 5*@*@***@***@*@*1 8@@****@*5 5****@*@@*@*@**@@@@*@@@**@0 0Sample Output0 1 2 2题意：和迷宫的输⼊差不多，‘*’是墙，‘@’是油⽥，以⼀个油⽥为中⼼，如果它的东南西北⼀个各个⾓落，⼀共⼋个⽅向也有油⽥的话，这些油⽥就算作⼀个油⽥。
⼀辆旅游巴⼠在菲律宾⾸都马尼拉遭遇劫持，车上8名⾹港游客遇难，其他7⼈正在医院接受治疗。
劫持者是⼀名携带突击步的被辞退的武装警察，在长达9⼩时的电视直播的围攻中被警⽅击毙。
⾹港特别⾏政区长官曾荫权(Donald Tsang)发表了讲话。
[注释] 1.disgruntle vt.使不⾼兴 2.tragic adj.悲剧的 例句：There was a tragic accident on the highway yesterday. 昨天公路上发⽣了⼀起很惨的事故。
3.textile n.纺织品,织物 例句：The designers have created a new textile. 设计⼈员创造了⼀种新织物。
4.rehabilitation n.复原 5.disclose v.揭露, 揭开 例句：She disclosed a secret. 她揭露了⼀个秘密。
He disclosed the box to us. 他揭开盒⼦给我们看。
6.grant vt.准许; 答应给予 例句：He refused to grant them long-term credits. 他拒绝给他们长期信贷。
7.injunction n.命令;强制令;禁⽌令 例句：The court has issued an injunction. 法院已发布⼀项强制令。
8.criticise vi.批评,吹⽑求疵,⾮难 9.renounce vt.声明放弃;宣布放弃 例句：Andrew renounced his claim to the property. 安德鲁放弃了财产的所有权。
10.fraudulent a.欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的 例句：The investigation has laid bare their fraudulent scheme. 这个调查把他们的骗局暴露⽆遗。
11.decompose vt.vi.腐烂 例句：Most animals decompose very quickly after death. ⼤多数动物死后很快腐烂。
挪威炼油厂将进行碳捕获与封存验证
章文（摘译）
【期刊名称】《石油炼制与化工》
【年(卷),期】2011(42)8
【摘要】虽然碳捕获技术尚未进行工业规模验证，但挪威政府、挪威国家石油公司（Statoil）、沙索公司和皇家荷兰壳牌公司组建的合资企业于2011年5月23日宣布，将通过在建的技术试验中心改变这一状况。
在Statoil位于卑尔根（Bergen）西北部的Mongstad炼油厂技术中心（TCM）的建设已完成70％的工作量。
【总页数】1页(P73-73)
【关键词】挪威国家石油公司;炼油厂;验证;捕获;封存;技术中心;碳;工业规模
【作者】章文（摘译）
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TE68
【相关文献】
1.世界最大的碳捕获与封存设施在挪威落成 [J],
2.碳捕获与封存立法规制研究——以鄂尔多斯碳捕获与封存项目的实证调研为视角[J], 俞金香
3.碳中和背景下碳捕获与封存技术纳入碳市场的立法经验及中国启示 [J], 潘晓滨
4.挪威启动世界最大碳捕获与封存示范项目 [J],
5.挪威Mongstad炼油厂将实施碳捕集与封存 [J], 钱伯章
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
航海英语 57期1.I t is generally not allowed to clean up an oil spill by using_________.A.suction equipmentB. A boomC. Chemical agentsD. Skimmers2.In very high latitudes, the most practical chart projection is the ______.A.gnomonicB.azimuthalmbert conormalD.Mercator3.A steep barometric gradient indicates________.A.light windsB. calmsC.precipitationD. Strong winds4.The vessel was drifted off from her_______due to strong wind.A.directionB. TrendC. TrackD. Course5.I have steerage way. It is said that_________.A.I have the amount of movement forward which the ship needs to be steered properlyB. I am out of controlC. I am not making way through the waterD. I am underway6.A common class of wire rope used for mooring is the 6×19 class. What does the "6" represent?A.Factor of safetyB.Number of wires per strandC.Number of wires in the coreD.Number of strands per wire rope7._________cargo means to check all cargo loaded into or discharged from a vessel.A.WeighingB.HandlingC.TallyingD.Examining8.The proper way to correct a mistake in the logbook is to _________.pletely black out the entry, rewrite, and initial the correctionB.Draw several lines through the entry, rewrite, and initial the correctionC.Erase the entry and rewriteD.Draw one line through the entry, rewrite, and initial the correction9.A fire hose with a nozzle attached must be connected to each hydrant except when exposed to heavy_________.A.Fire-main system is not chargedB.Vessel is in portC.Fire hose might be damaged by cargo operationsD.Fire pumps are used for purposes other than supplying water to the fire main10.The principal purpose of adjustment of the magnetic compass is to eliminate _________.A.VariationB.Deviationpass errorD.Earth's magnetic force11.The radar control used to reduce sea return at close ranges is the _________.A.Fast time constantB.Pulse length controlC.Gain controlD.Sensitivity time control12.The chief officer_________told the stevedores to stow the cargo lot by lot.A.plainlypletelyC.AbsolutelyD.Moderately13.What is a correct reply to a pilot's request, 'How's your heading?'A.Passing 50B.checkedC.eased to 10 rudderD.steady14.Neap tides occur ____.A.at the start of spring, when the sun is nearly over the equatorB.when the sun and moon are at approximately 90 to each other, as seen from the earthC.when the Sun , Moon, and Earth are nearly in line, regardless of alignment orderD.only when the Sun and Moon are on the same sides of the Earth and are nearly in line15.A rope made of a combination of wire and fiber is known as _________.ng layB.Spring layC.IndependentD.Preformed16.In the Northern hemisphere, if your vessel is in a hurricane's navigable semicircle it should be positioned and the wind from_________.A.starboard bow and heave to until the hurricane has passed.B.Port bow, hold course and make as much speed as possible until the hurricane ha passed.C.Starboard quarter, hold course and make as much speed possible.D.port quarter, maintain course and make as much speed possible.17.Deviation changes with a change in _________.A.LongitudetitudeC.HeadingD.Sea condition18.In coastal waters GPS positions should be checked by _________?A.visual observationsB.Visual and radar observationsC.Radar observationsD.Buoys and seamarks19.Which statement about a tunnel bow thruster is TRUE?A.It will allow you to hold a position when the current is from asternB.It can be used to slow the ship in addition to backing down.C.It is fully effective at speeds up to about six knotsD.It provides lateral control without affecting headway20.Navigational charts are_________frequent changes, the important ones of which are promulgated by Ad.A.Published withbined withC.Relative toD.Subject to21.What is the worse case consideration for the hull girder at sea?A.When a wave length is two times of that of the shipB.When the wave crest are fore and aftC.When a wave length between the crests is approximately equal to the length of the ship.D.If the wave crest is amidships.22.A vessel underway and fishing shall keep out of the way of a _________.A.Vessel not under commandB.Vessel sailingC.Power-driven vessel underwayD.Vessel engaged on pilotage duty23.The most frequent cause of fires aboard tankers is due to ________.A.Leaking of cargo pump glandsB.Spontaneous combustionC.Tobacco smokingD.Improper gas freeing24.A vessel has a strong wind on the port beam. This has the same effect on stability as_________.A.Reducing the freeboardB.Weight that is off-center to starboardC.Increasing the trimD.Increasing the draft25.Chart legends printed in capital letters show that the associated landmark is _________.A.A radio transmitterB.A government facility or stationC.InconspicuousD.Conspicuous26.What is NOT a requirement for testing the line throwing appliance on a vessel?A.An entry about the test must be made in the official log bookB.A regular service line should be used when testingC.The appliance should be tested every three monthsD.A regular projectile should be used when testing27.You are overtaking a vessel at night and you see a yellow light showing above the sternlight of the _________.A.pushing ahead or towing alongsideB.Underway and dredgingC.Towing asternD.A pilot vessel28.If a void occurs in the cargo hold, it is better to _________to control the broken stowage.A.Fill it with small piecesB.Cover it with large piecesC.Brace it with dunnageD.Leave it as it is29.On cargo booms, preventers are________A.Auxiliary guysB.Steel bandsC.Extra fair leadsD.Stops30.Forecastle deck is located in the ship's________.A.PortsideB.Starboard sideC.Bow stemD.stern31.What is meant by the term TOPPING THE BOOM?A.Lowering the boomB.Swinging the boom athwarshipsC.Spotting the boom over the deckD.Raising the boom32.If you shorten the scope of anchor cable, your anchor's holding power________.A.DecreasesB.IncreasesC.Remains the sameD.Has no relation to the scope33.It is dangerous for vessels without the use of radar ________ the estuary.A.To approachB.To closeC.To proceedD.To get34.If the electronic chart is part of an ECDIS, it must display the minimum data required by IMO/IHO to include all of the following except_______.A.HydrographyB.Regulatory boundariesC.Tidal currentsD.Aids to navigation35.What is a lighted safe water mark fitted with to aid in its identification?A.Red and white retroreflective materialB.A red and white octagonC.Square or triangular topmarksD.A spherical36.The end of the joint with the exterior threads is called the ________.A.StemB.PinC.BoxD.Stand37.Risk of collision is considered to exist if ________ .A . There is any doubt that a risk of collision existsB . A special circumstance situation is apparentC . Four vessels are nearbyD . A vessel has a steady bearing at a constant range.38.What benefit is a weather bulletin to a mariner?A.It is of little benefit since the weather changes frequently and rapidly .B.It allows the mariner to make long term weather forecastsC.It provides a legal reason to cancel a projected voyageD.It gives the mariner time to prepare for weather changes39.To treat a person suffering from heat exhaustion, you should________.A.Put him in a tub of ice waterB.Give him sops of cool waterC.Administer artificial respirationD.Cover him with a light cloth40.Radar makes it possible and much safer for us to sail ________ .A.In the open seaB.In boisterous weatherC.In riversD.In dense fog41.For small angles of inclination, if the KG were equal to the KM, then the vessel would have ________.A.negative stabilityB.Maximum stabilityC.Neutral stabilityD.Positive stability42.Which action should you take after sending a false distress alert on VHF?A.Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on CH16B.Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on CH22AC.Send a DSC cancellation message on CH70D.Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on CH1343.What is the correct speed input to an ARPA used for traffic surveillance?A.Speed from GPSB.Speed from DopplerC.Ground speedD.Speed through water44. A vessel is ___ when she is not at anchor, made fast to the shore, or aground.A.dead in the waterB.making wayC.a power driven vesselD.underway45.Damage to cargo caused by fumes or vapors from liquids, gases, or solids is known as ___.A.vaporizationB.taintingC.oxidationD.contamination46.A continuous sounding of a fog-signal apparatus indicates ___.A.the vessel is in distressB.the vessel has completed loading dangerous cargoC.the vessel is anchoredD.it is safe to pass47.In order to pay out or slack a mooring line which is under strain, you should ___.A.surge the lineB.slip the lineC.stopper the lineD.sluice the line48.According to SOLAS the breathing apparatus onboard shall have sufficient capacity for how manyminutes?A.30B.20C.45D.6049.Many of the soundings shown on the chart are derived from ___. Under reliance should not beplaced ___.A.correct and often very good surveysB.inadequate and often very old surveysC.adequate and present surveysplete and often very poor surveys50.you are on watch while entering port and the pilot has the conn. The pilot gives a steeringcommand. You should immediately ___.A.ask the pilot to repeat the command since the helmsman failed to hear it completelyB.repeat the pilot’s command and ensure that the helmsman repeats it completelyC.ignore the helmsman’s response as long as it was close to what the pilot orderedD.observe the helmsman’s wheel action to be sure that it complies with the pilot’s command51.The productivity of working shifts can be improves through a decrease of ___.A.gangsB.working hoursC.idle timeD.weight per set52.When a buoy is in position only during a certain period of the year, where may the dateswhen the buoy is in position be found?______A.Light listB.Notice to MarinersC.coast pilotD.on the chart53.Painting on ___ is prohibited because it will weaken its sensibility.A.hydrostatic release unitB.exterior of winchesC.hold laddersD.ship shell54.In good weather, you should deploy the sea anchor from the liferaft to ___.A.stay in the general locationB.keep the liferaft from capsizingC.navigate against the currentD.keep personnel from getting seasick55.A red triangular daymark marks ___.A.a prominent object of navigational interest that has no lateral significanceB.the centerline of a navigable channelC.an area of a channel where passing another vessel is permittedD.the starboard side of a channel56.___ is not contained in the NM Weekly.A.Supplement to Guide to Port EntryB.Amendments to Admiralty List of Radio SignalsC.Amendments to Admiralty List of Lights and Fog SignalsD.Amendments to Admiralty Sailing Directions57.A Doppler log in the bottom return mode indicates the ___.A.speed over the groundB.bottom characteristicsC.velocity of the currentD.depth of the current58.The first treatment given to a person overcome by benzene vapor should be to ___.A.flush their face with water for about 5 minutesB.remove their clothing and wrap them in blanketsC.stand them up and walk them aroundD.remove them to fresh air59.Which of the following is the most useful factor for predicting weather?A.The present reading of the barometerB.The difference in the barometric readings within the past 24 hoursC.The rate and direction of change od barometric readingsD.The previous reading of barometer60.When lowering a personnel net to pick up personnel from a boat, the personnel basket should be___.A.tied to the vessel with a tag lineB.lowered over open waterC.dropped in the waterD.tied to the rig with a tag line61.The word “breadth of a vessel” in International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea 1972 is___.A.the registered breadthB.the maximum breadthC.the breadth amidshipsD.the molded breadth62.The purpose of the inclining experiment on a ship is to determine the ___.A.maximum load lineB.position of the center of buoyancyC.position of the metacenterD.lightweight and lightweight center of gravity location63.Prior to burning of welding on a fuel tank on a ship, regulations require that an inspection bemandatorily required if this inspection is made by ___.A.the Master or person in charge of the shipB.a marine chemistC.the Officer in Charge, Marine InspectionD.the National Fire protection Association64.In towing, chocks are used to ___.A.stop off the towline while retrieving itB.secure the end of the towline on the tugC.protect the towline from chafingD.absorb shock loading on the towline65.What is the best method to overcome the effect of shadowing when attempting to place anINMARSAT-B?A.A small course change should workB.Select a CES that serves the INMARSAT satellite that will handle the callC.Turning on a compensators will work in all but extreme cases of shadowingD.Installing a shadow correction filter will compensate in fringe areas66.The ISM code is part of ___.A.MARPOLB.SOLASC.STCWD.High speed Craft Code67.The ship’s tanks most effective for trimming are the ___.A.settlersB.domesticsC.deepsD.peaks68.A device used ti tighten up remaining slack in wire rope when you are making up to a tow ininland water is a ___.A.steamboat ratchetB.tripping lineC.tripping bracketD.norman pin69.If your propeller is racing in rough weather, you should ___.A.decrease your engine speedB.stop your engine until the rough weather passesC.ignore itD.increase your engine speed70.If your passenger vessel is fitted with a loudspeaker system, it must be tested at least once ___.A.every tripB.a watch or once a trip, whichever is shorterC.every weekD.a day71.A large navigational buoy (LNB) is painted ___.A.redB.yellowC.with red and white vertical stripesD.with a distinct colour and pattern unique to each buoy72.Two well-developed high pressure areas may be separated by a ___.A.ridge of a low pressureB.valley of low pressureC.hill of low pressureD.trough of low pressure73.Watertight compartment are separated by ___.A.longitudinal bulkheadB.decks and bulkheadsC.dunnagesD.tween decks74.When reversing, the tidal stream will have a period with little or no effect. This is called the ___.A.RiseB.RangeC.SpringD.Slack75.Ships’masters are requested to ensure that, while te=heir vessels are calling at this port, alldischarging outlets are ___.A.kept half openedB.kept half closedC.openedD.blocked up76.When should navigator rely in the position of floating aids to navigation?A.During daylight onlyB.During calm weather onlyC.Only when fixed aids are not availableD.Only when inside a harbor77.A vessel fitted with twin screws is easier in ___ than a vessel wit single screw.A.turning maneuverB.regulating speedC.position fixingD.course setting78.What does the term TO NA VIGATE WITH CAUTION mean?A.To navigate completelyB.To navigate intentionallyC.To navigate carefullyD.To navigate intensely79.From ___ mariners can know the date of tide.A.the Cargo planB.the Sea PilotC.the Pilot ListD.the Tide Table80.During the voyage from Dalian to Singapore, my vessel ___ heavy damages to the deck fittingsowing to heavy seas.A.containedB.sustainedC.pertainedD.maintained81.Your oceangoing vessel is requires to have a waste management plan. This plan must be in writingand describe procedures for ___.A.disposing waste from marine sanitation devicesB.reducing the amount of shipboard wasteC.segregating the different types of shipboard wasteD.collecting and discharging garbage82.When anchoring, good practice requires 5 to 7 fathoms of chain for each fathom of depth. In deepwater, ___.A.the same ratioB.less chain for each fathom of depthC.more chain for each fathom of depthD.two anchors with the same ratio of chain83.How can vessel personnel detect the operation of a SART in its vicinity?A.The SART signal appears as a target which comes and goes; the effect of heavy swells on the chartB.A unique radar signal consisting of a blip code radiating outward from a SART’s position along itsline of bearingC.A unique of two tone alarm signal heard upon the automatic unmuting of the 2182 kHzradiotelephone automaticD.A unique two tone “warbling” signal heard on VHF-FM ch-7084.What is MOST important thing you should do before transmitting on a marine radio?A.Record the time in your radio logB.Monitor the channel to ensure that it is clearC.Press the push to talk button three timesD.Ask for permission85.Which davit type can be operated by one man?A.Sheath-screwB.RadialC.QuadrantalD.Gravity86.My gyro-compass ___ is two degrees eastA.mistakeB.troubleC.errorD.wrong87. When the bypass valve of a self-contained breathing device is opened, the air flows _____A.directly to the air supply bottleB.directly to the facepieceC. From the bottle into the atmosphereD.through the regulator88. In rough weather,when a ship is able to maneuver, it is best to launch a lifeboat ____.A. On the windward sideB. with the wind from asternC. with the wind dead aheadD. . with the wind阅读理解[关联题]Corrections to Sailing Directions are given in Section Ⅳ. Those in force at the end of the year are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners. A list of corrections in force is published in Section Ⅳof the Weekly Edition for the last week of each month.It is recommended that corrections be kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top. Thelist should be consulted when using the parent book to see if any corrections affecting the area under consideration are in force.It is not recommended that corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，but，if this is done，when a new supplement is received care must be taken to retain those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement，which may be several months before its receipt on board.89__ are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners.A. The Sailing DirectionsB. The corrections to Sailing DirectionsC. The effective corrections to Notices to MarinersD. The Weekly Edition90. The parent book is ___.A. The Sailing DirectionB. The corrections to Sailing Directions in forceC. the Annual Summary of Notices to MarinersD. the Weekly Edition91. It is recommended that corrections to the Sailing Directions be___.A. made by handB. consulted at the last week of each monthC. stuck in the parent book or current supplementD. kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top92. If the corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，___.A. when a new supplement is received，those corrections issued after the date of the new supplementmust be retainedB. the parent book must be consultedC. the current supplement must be consultedD. the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners must be used（关联题）oil-supply operation for ships shall not be conducted at the quay of Mizushima Works, unless and by the oil-supplier, is previously submitted to approved by the transportation Control Section.......from sunrise to an hour before sunset. In an exceptional case where it is necessary for some inevitable ...subject to a prior specific approval of the section, to which a due application shall be made stating the ...fences shall be installed in addition to other preventive measures. For the purpose of early detection of the spot operation.93.The oil-supply operation for ships can be done at the quay of Mizushima Works when________.A.The vessel gets oral permission from the master and oil-supplierB.A written from is signed by master and oil-supplier jointlyC.A written from which is signed by the master and oil-supplier is to be submitted to and approved by advanceD.The vessel gets written permission from the master and the oil-supplier94.Before the oil-supply operation begins________.A.Install oil fences as well as preventive measuresB.Take preventive measuresC.Take preventive measuresD.State reasonsE.Fit in oil fences only95.This paragraph is most likely extracted from________.A.Port of entryB.SOLASC.MarpolD.BLU code96.If we have to carry out the oil-supply at night, we shall________.A.Subject a prior specific approval to the Section concernedB.State inevitable reasons onlyC.Execute it if we feel it necessaryD.Get the approval of the Section beforehand by making a due application。
Jun.14·2020Russia declares emergency after Arctic oil spillPresident Vladimir Putin of Russia has declared a state of emergency in a region in northern Siberia after a huge oil spill turned a river crimson and threatened to inflict significant damage to the Arctic environment.More than20,000tons of diesel leaked into the Ambarnaya River near the city of Norilsk last Friday,after a fuel tank collapsed at a power plant.Norilsk Nickel,which owns the plant,said in a statement that thawing permafrost had caused one of the tank's pillars to collapse.The oil leaked more than7miles from the site. The accident is one of the biggest oil spills in modern Russian history,Aleksei Knizhnikov of the environmentalist group WWF Russia said.Putin said he had been angered that he had learned of the spill only on Sunday,and,after declaring the state of emergency on Wednesday,denounced company officials in a videoconference that was broadcast live."Why did government agencies only find out about this two days after the fact?"Putin said."Are we going to learn about emergency situations from social media?"Putin said he would ask investigators to look into the spill to make a clear assessment of how officials reacted to the accident.Norilsk Nickel,along with the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry, dispatched hundreds of personnel to clean up the mess.So far, Norilsk Nickel said,they had managed to gather up only around340 tons of the oil."The incident led to catastrophic consequences,and we will be seeing the repercussions for years to come,"Sergey Verkhovets, coordinator of Arctic projects for WWF Russia,said in a statement."We are talking about dead fish,polluted plumage of birds and poisoned animals."主编：Eein品控：Lala审核：PitaMarine Rescue Service/Handout via REUTERS完成学习2020年6月14日超2万吨柴油泄漏，北极圈河流变“红海”今日导读最近，邻国俄罗斯暴发了一场环境危机：在位于北极圈以北250英里的诺里尔斯克市（Norilsk），一家热电厂发生柴油泄漏事故，约有两万吨的柴油流入了附近河道及土壤；亚北极地区的河流表面，如今是肉眼可见的一片血色。
Oil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters: Approaches and AlgorithmsAnne H.S. Solberg 1, 2 and Camilla Brekke 1, 31 Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway2also at Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway 3 also at Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway Abstract. The combined use of satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and aircraft surveillance flights is a cost-effective way to monitor deliberate oil spills in large ocean areas and catch the polluters. SAR images enable covering large areas, but aircraft observations are needed to prosecute the polluter, and in certain cases to verify the oil spill. We discuss the limitations of satellite imaging of oil spills compared to aircraft monitoring. Automatic detection of oil spills has proven to be an interesting complement to manual detection. We present an overview of algorithms for automatic detection, and discuss their potential compared to manual inspection as part of an operational oil spill detection framework. Experimental results show that automatic algorithms can perform compa-oil spills, false alarm ratio, and they can also speed up the image analysis process compared to fully manual services.1. IntroductionMarine pollution arising from illegal oily discharges from ships represents a serious threat to the marine environment. Oil pollution caused by large accidents like the Prestige event in 2002 capture many headlines, but the majority of the oil pollution cases are caused by operational discharges from tankers. Observed oil spills commonly appear in connection with off-shore installations and correlate well with major shipping routes. A combi-nation of aircraft and satellite sensors are currently used to monitor large ocean areas to detect oil spills and catch the polluter. The inclusion of sat-spill surveillance and to cover larger areas.ellite surveillance allows the user to better target the aircrafts used for oil rable to manual detection, both in terms of accuracy in detecting verified 359V. Barale, M. Gade (eds.), Remote Sensing of the European Seas.© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008360 A.H.S. Solberg and C. Brekke2. Remote sensing sensors for oil spill detectionFor routine monitoring of illegal oil discharges from ships and offshore installations both aircraft sensors and satellite sensors can be used. Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to screen large ocean areas, while aircrafts are more suitable to be brought into action to identify the polluter, the extent, and the type of spill.2.1 Aircraft sensorsMost surveillance aircrafts used for oil pollution monitoring in Europe are equipped with a combination of sensors: Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR), infrared/ultraviolet (IR/UV), Laser Fluoro-Sensor (LFS), Micro-wave Radiometer (MWR). For an overview of aircraft sensors for oil spill detection, see (Goodman 1994; Trieschmann et al. 2003). SLAR is the main sensor for long-range detection of oil pollution on the sea surface. The SLAR is used to locate possible spill locations. Then the spill is ins-pected more closely using additional sensors and/or visual inspection. The sensor configuration used on board surveillance aircrafts varies from coun-try to country. An example is the German aerial surveillance, which lo-cates the oil spills by SLAR, IR/UV scanning is used to quantify the extent of the film, a MWR is used to quantify the thickness, and a LFS is used for oil type classification. The SLAR, IR, and LFS can operate at night. A number of different aircraft types are used for oil spill aerial surveillance. They differ in terms of endurance, cruising speed and SLAR sensor equip-ment resulting in different SLAR area coverage during one flight hour. One hour of airborne remote sensing over the sea at a speed of 335 km/h covers an area of 13400 km2 (Tufte et al. 2005).2.2 Satellite sensorsSAR is the main spaceborne remote sensing instrument for oil spill imag-ing, with all-weather and all-day operation capabilities, although it is not capable of oil spill thickness estimation and oil type recognition. The main limitation for spaceborne optical sensors is the need for daylight and cloud-free scenes, but they have a potential to discriminate between oil and algal blooms. A more detailed discussion of other satellite sensors for oil spill detection is given in (Brekke and Solberg 2005).SAR is particularly useful for searching large areas. Usually even small volumes of oil cover large areas and thus the need for very highOil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters 361spatial resolution in SAR images is not crucial. SAR has however some limitations, as a number of natural phenomena can produce similar dark objects in the SAR images (see Section 3).Currently, RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT ASAR are the two main SAR sensors used for oil spill detection. The best trade-off between spatial cov-erage and spatial resolution is achieved using RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR and ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath image modes. Table 1 describes the coverage and resolution of these sensors. The costs of satellite images are much lower than the costs of covering the same area by aircraft. The actual time that the satellite passes over a given location will vary with latitude, but the overflight will be fixed in time.ASAR products.RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR Narrow ENVISAT ASAR Wide SwathSpatial coverage per scene Spatial resolution per scene 300 km × 300 km 50 m × 50 m 400 km × 400 km 150 m × 150 mThe number of available RADARSAT-1 or ENVISAT ASAR images of a given area on a given date depends on the geographic latitude and the observation period. Daily coverage is possible in Northern Europe, and a coverage a couple of times a week is possible for all European waters.2.3 The advantages and limitations of satellite-based vs. aircraft monitoring are summarized in Table 2. In order to cover the same area as a RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR Narrow scene or an ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath scene with an aircraft, 6 or 12 flight hours, respectively, are needed. A limitation with the satellite monitoring is that the images are taken at fixed times of the day. The fate and persistence of oil in seawater are controlled by processes that vary considerably in space and time. The amount of oil spilled, its initial physical and chemical characteristics, and the prevailing climatic and sea conditions have great impact on the lifetime of an oil spill. A reasonable as-sumption might be that most illegal oil discharges are bilge oil, i.e. a mixture of several kinds of oils (fuel oil, hydraulic oil, etc.). For instance, in the Fin-nish surveillance area it is estimated that 1–5 percent of the detected slicks persists only some hours (Tufte et al. 2005). To cover oil spills occurring at Satellite vs. aircraft – advantages/limitationsTable 1. Coverage and resolution for selected RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT are thicker slicks that persist several days, and 95–99% are bilge oil that362 A.H.S. Solberg and C. Brekkeall times of the day, aerial surveillance can be used to supplement the fixed coverage times of the SAR satellites.Table 2. Advantages and drawbacks with SAR satellite and aerial surveillance. (Adapted from Tufte et al. 2005).Satellite SAR Aerial surveillance Advantages Advantages lance.aircraft operational efficiency.Flexible monitoring. Can be deployed at short notice. Can identify additional oil parameters. Limitations Limitations False targets can occur in analysis.Fixed monitoring schedule.Limited to certain wind conditions. High cost. Smaller spatial coverage. Limited to certain weather conditions.3. SAR imaging of oil spillsOil spills dampen the Bragg waves (wavelength of a few cm) on the ocean surface and reduce the radar backscatter coefficient. This results in dark regions or dark spots in a satellite SAR image. A part of the oil spill detec-tion problem is to distinguish oil spills from other natural phenomena that dampen the short waves and create dark patches on the surface. Natural dark patches are termed oil spills look-alikes. Oil spills include all oil re-lated surface films caused by oil spills from oilrigs, leaking pipelines, pass-ing vessels as well as bottom seepages, while look-alikes include natural films/slicks, grease ice, threshold wind speed areas, wind sheltering by land, rain cells, shear zones, internal waves etc.A service for oil spill detection based on SAR images must contain an oil spill detection step where the SAR images are analyzed, and dark re-gions that might be oil spills are identified. In this process, the factors that can be used to discriminate between an oil spill and a look-alike are impor-and provide larger damping to the surrounding sea than natural films (Hovland et al. 1994). A newly released oil spill will have reasonably sharp borders to the surrounding sea. As the weathering effects the spill, the borders can become more fuzzy. The shape will be altered by wind and current. Depending on the source of the outlet, certain shapes of the oil spills can be expected. Oil spills from moving ships are thin, linear ortant. Due to higher viscosity, oil spills tend to remain more concentrated High accuracy of oil spill detection. Can identify polluter. Large and well-defined spatial coverage.Less expensive than airborne surveil-Can be used to cue aircraft to improveOil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters 363 piecewise slicks, while oil spills from stationary sources can be wide and regular if a significant amount of oil is released in short time.Other types of pollution can also cause slicks that are visible in the SAR image Algae can also create dark patches in the SAR image very similar to oil spills. This is in particular a problem in the Baltic Sea, where a certain algae type that dampens the Bragg waves is common during the summer season. If additional information from e.g. ocean color sensors is available, it can be used to identify algae.The wind speed is also important for imaging of oil spills. With very low wind, no backscatter from the sea surface will be seen. Look-alikes are very frequently observed in low to moderate wind conditions (approxi-mately 3 to 7 m/s). As the wind speed increases, the expected number of look-alikes will be lower. For oil spills, the contrast between the spill and the surrounding sea will decrease with higher wind speeds. At high wind speeds (>10 m/s) only larger slicks with thicker oil will be visible. The up-per limit for observing oil in the SAR image is not known exactly. In an operational oil spill detection service at Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT) in Tromsø, Norway, an upper limit of 15 m/s is used.4. SAR oil spill detection: manual vs. automaticOil spills in a SAR image can be identified by manual inspection, or the image can first be screened by an automatic algorithm for oil spill detec-tion, followed by manual inspection of the suspect alarms only. Manual interpretation of e.g. a 400 km × 400 km ENVISAT ASAR image can be a complex and time consuming task because the image is so large that the operator can only view a small part of the scene at a time to be able to de-tect thin oil spills. Recent benchmarks (Indregard et al. 2004; Solberg et al. 2006) comparing automatic algorithms to manual detection shows that an automatic algorithm can be a valuable tool when a large number of images are to be inspected.4.1 Manual oil spill detectionA well-established operational service for oil spill detection is run at KSAT. Trained operators detect oil spills by inspecting the SAR images. In addition to the image, they can use external information about wind speed and direc-tion, oil rig/pipeline location, national territory borders and coast lines. After a possible oil spill has been detected, it is assigned confidence level low, medium or high based on a certain set of rules (Indregard et al. 2004).364 A.H.S. Solberg and C. Brekke4.2 Automatic approachesA literature review of automatic techniques for oil spill detection in SAR images can be found in Brekke and Solberg (2005 ). In this section we give a short update on the state-of-the-art in this field.Several of the published papers on oil spill algorithms for SAR images (e.g. Fiscella et al. 2000; Del Frate et al. 2000; Solberg et al. 1999, 2006) describe a methodology consisting of dark spot detection followed by fea-ture extraction and a classification step (see Figure 1).Fig. 1. A framework for oil spill detection algorithms.Segmentation techniquesAs oil spills are characterized by low backscattering levels, the use of thresholding for dark spot segmentation is commonly applied (see e.g. Keramitsoglou et al. 2006; Solberg et al. 1999; Brekke and Solberg 2005). As SAR images tend to become darker with increasing range and as local variations in the wind level and other meteorological and oceanic condi-tions occur, thresholding algorithms where the threshold is set adaptively based on local statistical estimates should be preferred.Dark spot feature extractionDiscrimination between oil spills and look-alikes are often based on a number of features computed for each suspicious dark spot on the sea sur-face (see e.g. Topouzelis et al. 2002; Solberg et al. 1999; Brekke and Sol-berg 2006; Del Frate et al. 2000; Fiscella et al. 2000).Good features are very important for the success of the following classi-fication step. Most of the features applied in the literature are covered by the following types:• the geometry and shape of the dark spot;The location of detected oil spills and their confidence level is then immediatelysent to the surveillance aircrafts.Oil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters 365 •the physical characteristics of the backscatter level of the dark spot and its surroundings;•the dark spot contextual features;•the texture features of both the dark spot and the surroundings.Slick classificationThe purpose of the classification step is to distinguish oil spills from look-alikes. How difficult the classification task is depends on the variability in the feature values for objects in the oil spill class relative to the difference between feature values for objects in the look-alike class. Effective methods for developing classifiers involve learning from example patterns (training). In statistical approaches, the classification decision is based on the probabil-ity and the cost of a certain decision (e.g. Solberg et al. 1999; Brekke and Solberg 2007; Brekke et al. 2007).Various classifiers have been applied to the oil spill detection problem (Fiscella et al. 2000; Nirchio et al. 2005; Del Frate et al. 2000; Keramitso-glou et al. 2006). All detection algorithms suffer from false alarms, and dark spots classified as oil spills may be confused with look-alikes (e.g. natural film and low wind areas). Applying external data to improve classification and assess the slick nature has been suggested. Girard-Ardhuin et al. (2005) combines characteristics of the detected dark spots from the SAR images and meteorological and oceanic data through a multi-sensor approach (in-cluding information about surface wind measurements, sea-surface tempera-ture, atmospheric fronts and clouds and chlorophyll).5. A benchmark study of oil spill detection approaches As part of the EC project Oceanides, a benchmark study comparing oil spill recognition approaches was performed. Manual oil spill detection based on SAR images was compared to semi-automatic and automatic ap-proaches. A joint satellite-airborne campaign was performed during 2003. The campaign covered the Finnish and German sectors of the Baltic Sea, in addition to the German sector of the North Sea. The campaign was or-ganized in such a way that a trained operator at KSAT (KSAT1) analyzed the SAR images, and reported possible oil spills to the Finnish and German pollution control authorities. They would check the positions and verify the slicks, and report additional slicks found by the aircraft. This was done for both ENVISAT and RADARSAT-1 images.366 A.H.S. Solberg and C. BrekkeCenter (NR) (Solberg et al. 2006) was used to analyze all images without knowing aircraft detections or KSAT results. Figure 2 shows examples of correctly classified oil spills, false alarms, and slicks detected only by aircraft.Examples of false alarms. The slick in the image on the left was verified as algae, while the clearly suspect dark spot in the right image could not be found when the aircraft inspectedthe position (possibly resolved).For benchmark comparisons, KSAT let another operator (KSAT2) inspect the same SAR images without knowing the aircraft detections or the automatic oil spill detection approach developed at Norwegian Computingresult of the previous inspection to study the inter-operator variance. The ESA/KSAT/NR.© Fig. 2. ENVISAT images with examples of oil spills and false alarms.Oil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters 367 The benchmark data set contained 27 ENVISAT images and 32 RADARSAT-1 images. The real-time inspection of the ENVISAT images at KSAT (KSAT1) detected 11 oil spills that were verified as oil spills by the aircraft. The repeated inspection by another operator, KSAT2, detected 8 of these verified slicks, the automatic algorithm (NR) also detected 8 of the verified slicks. For RADARSAT-1 data, there was 18 verified oil spills, KSAT2 found 15 of these, while the NR algorithm found 14.This demonstrates that the inter-operator variance was significant. KSAT has later taken measures to reduce this variability by increasing op-erator training and harmonising the interpretation process. The perform-ance of the NR algorithm is also almost comparable to KSAT2, so it can be a valuable alternative or supplement to manual inspection.It is also of interest to study additional slicks reported by the aircraft, but not detected from satellite image analysis. In general, these slicks involved a small amount of oil. For some of them, the time of aircraft pass was sev-eral hours after the satellite image acquisition, so the release could be new. For other cases, the satellite image was taken several hours after the air-craft pass, and a small amount of oil could very well be resolved during this time period.The number of false alarms, the number of slicks reported by satellite, but verified as not oil by the aircraft, was also studied. All false alarms are discussed in detail in (Indregard et al. 2004). Some linear slicks with good contrast were detected in the satellite image but verified as algae.The confidence levels that are associated with reported possible oil spills from KSAT can be used by the surveillance aircraft crew to prioritize which oil spill positions they will inspect first. Slicks that were assigned confidence level High had very low false alarm ratio, slicks that were assigned confi-dence Medium had reasonably low false alarm ratio, while slicks that were assigned confidence Low had relatively high false alarm ratio (again the de-tails can be found in (Indregard et al. 2004). However, the confidence as-signed by two different operators at KSAT varied. The automatic algorithm can also be used to compute confidence levels using a set of rules that simu-late the rules used by the operators at KSAT (see Solberg 2005 for how this is done). By comparing the confidence levels assigned by two KSAT opera-tors and NR’s automatic algorithm on a set of 22 selected oil spills, it was found that KSAT1 and KSAT2 assigned the same confidence for 7 out of 22 slicks, while the algorithm and KSAT1 agreed for 13 of 22 slicks, and had a confidence level difference of one (indicating e.g. High vs. Medium) for six additional slicks. What this indicates is that there is still some subjectivity involved in confidence assignment, and using an algorithm to get a “second opinion” to use in confidence assignment might be valuable.368 A.H.S. Solberg and C. BrekkeThe processing time for manual inspection at KSAT varied between 3 and 25 minutes for RADARSAT-1 images, with an average of 9 minutes. The automatic algorithm had an average processing time of 3 minutes. For ENVISAT images, the average time for manual inspection at KSAT was 10 minutes, while the automatic algorithm had an average processing time of 1.45 minutes.6. Discussion and conclusionsThe combined use of satellite-based SAR images and aircraft surveillance flights is a cost-effective way to monitor large areas and catch the pollut-ers. The coverage in terms of the number of weekly satellite passes of European waters is very good in Northern Europe and decent in the Medi-terranean.Oil spill detections from aircrafts and satellite images were compared in a benchmark study. In general, there were good agreement between aircraft detections and satellite-based detections when the time offset between the image acquisitions was low.Some information about oil spill statistics and hot spots exist, see e.g. (Bauna and Clayton 2004; Tufte et al. 2005). Hot spots coincide well with major shipping routes, pipelines, oil rigs etc. Tufte et al. (2005) discuss sampling requirements as guidelines for operational oil spill monitoring in European waters. They also summarize current monitoring efforts for many countries in Northern Europe, and their experience in using a com-bination of aerial- and satellite monitoring. The best approach for a spe-cific national authority depends on the size and shape of the area to be monitored, and other resources available. International cooperation with neighboring countries on planning satellite acquisitions and sharing costs is important.Many different techniques are proposed for automatic detection of oil spills. They often consist of three main parts: segmentation, feature extrac-tion and classification. However, there is still a challenge in reducing the number of false alarms, and automatically assigned confidence levels can be helpful in prioritizing the alarms. Interoperator variance in manual de-tection should be reduced by better training, or introducing the algorithm as a second information source. This applies to both detection and confi-dence assignment.Presently, one of the biggest challenges for operational oil spill de-tection services is obtaining sustainability in terms of data availability. SENTINEL-1 is a planned two-satellite system (C-band) to be operated asOil Spill Detection in Northern European Waters 369 a constellation for maximized coverage/repeat cycle. The first satellite will be launched in 2010 and the second some 12–15 months later (Attema 2005 ). RADARSAT-2 is a Canadian SAR satellite planned to be launc-hed in the summer of 2007. 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