语言学习题

填空选择AA creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.Adjacency pairs are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer toward what is referred to. Statesman is commending in sense while politician is derogatory.All metaphors are composed of two domains. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.Ambiguity refers to the linguistic phenomenon in which one linguistic phenomenon in which one linguistic expression allows ware than one understandings or interpretations.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs,Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A natural language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic community.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning. Associative meaning is actually an umbrella term. It is based on the associationist theory of psychology.Associative meaning refers to the meaning associated with the conceptual meaning, which can be further divided into following types:connotative meaning, social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning and collocative meaning.A speech act consists of three dimensions. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act. The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act. The act of bringing about an effect is known as perlocutionary act.BBackformation is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in affective meaning.Bilingualism exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in collocative meaning.British English and American English are regional varieties of the English language.British English, American English, Australian English, Indian English, etc. are all geographical dialects.CCategorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.Children all undergo babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech stages of language development. clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Conversion is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.Code-switching refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other in different situations or when talking about different topics.Creativity refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.DDerivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Dialectal synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.EEvery syllable has a(n) nucleus, which is usually a vowel.Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.FFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.Field is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communications.Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes affixes.GGradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.HHomonyms are words which have the same form, but different meaning.Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion, elephant are hyponyms of the word animal. Words like animal are called superordinates.Hyponymy is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock.IIn traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.In China, foreign language teaching is composed of activities on four levels, the first of which is educational planning.In holophrastic stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teaching a foreign language is developing learner’s Communicative competence.In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is derogatoy.In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a synonym to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the babbling stage, holophrastic stage, the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.J“John explained the theory” is a verbal process according to Halliday.KKrashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to nativist theories.LLanguage is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their synchronic solidarity.Language is a set (infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.MMinimal pairs can be exemplified by moon/noon.Mode is related to how we communicate, through speech or writing.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.Motivation is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.NNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.nativist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.PPlace deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech event.Pragmatics analysis is concerned with speaker meaning.RRegister is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user”.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”Referential theory holds that a linguistic sign derives its meaning from that which refers to.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to varieties according to use.SSemantics is defined as the study of meaning.Semantics refers to the analysis of meaning.Some schemas such as the container schema are static; others are dynamic.Sodium Chloride and salt, which denote the same substance, differ in Field of communication.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are systematic gaps.Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves. They are free morpheme when they are components of words.Specially, there are four maxims under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others. Based on this observation, Leech (1983) proposes the politeness principle.Synonyms of different registers are words similar in meaning but used in different spheres.Synonyms are words which have different form but similar meaning.Synonyms of different registers are words similar in meaning but used in different spheres. something in the reality.TTautology refers to a statement in which you unnecessarily say the same thing twice using different words, for example, “He sat alone by himself”Tenor depends on the relations between the participants.Turn-talking refers to having the right to speak by turns.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphora, and the initial expression called antecedent.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The fact that Eskimos has seven words for different types of snow but there is not a single word equivalent to snow supports the idea of linguistic relativism.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except nationality.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is verifiable.The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions.The intimate style is used between family members and very close friends.The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice (1975) as cooperative principle.The ideational function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.The ideational function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language. The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed cognitive motivation.The metalanguage, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach.The practice of error analysis is divided into identifying, describing and explaining.The pioneering investigation done by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test sociolects among different groups of speakers.The pioneering investigation done by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test sociolects among different groups of speakers.The standard variety is/are used most widely in a community.The structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.The sentence “The bachelor is unmarried” is it tautology.The sentence “My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.” is of the frozen styleThe study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.The term accent is used for less drastic difference which is restricted to variation in pronunciation.The term language acquisition refers to the natural process of children’ language development.The transference of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.The term language acquision refers to the natural process of children’s language development.There are two positions on the function of metaphors one is the classical view, the other is a cognitive .WWords and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC. are called time deixis.Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc. are complementary antonyms.判断(T)1. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.(T)2. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.(F) 1. Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.(T) 19. A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.(F)3. Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.(T)4. According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis. (T)5. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.(F)6. A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.(F)7. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.(T)8. Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.( F)9. Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.(F)10. All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.(T)11. An expression used by a s peaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.(F) 12. Chinese is an agglutinating language.(F)12. Componential analysis can be applied to the analysis of all lexicons.(F)13. Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.(F) 14. Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use. (F)15. Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.(F)16. Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.(F)17. Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.(F)18. Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons. (T)19.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.(T)20. Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.(T)21 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.(F)22. Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.(T)23. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion and dog are hyponyms of the world animal.(T)24. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.(F) 5. In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.(T) 8. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.(T) 14. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.(T) 20. Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.(T)25. Mental processes are processes of sensing.(F)26. Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.(F)27. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.(T)28. Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.(F)29. Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.(F)30. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.(T)31. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.(T)32. Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.(T)33. Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula. (T)34. Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.(T)35. One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.(T)36. Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.(F) 16. Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.(T)37. Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.( F)38. Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society. Language varies from region to region, from class to class. (F)39. Prototype refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.(F)40. Reference relates the sign to what it denotes in the word. Concept relates the sign to the mind.(F)41. Reflected meaning is the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it.(T)42. Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.(T)43. Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.(T)44. Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.(T)45. Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.(F) 10. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.(T) 11. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.(T) 15. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.(T) 17. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.(T)46. The theory of prototypes proposed by Eleanor Rosch, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership. (T)47. The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).(T)48. The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.(T)49. The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.(T)50. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.(T)51. There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.(F)52.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.(T)53. The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings (F)54. The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.(F)55. Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.(T)56. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.(T)57.V arieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.(F)58. When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.(F) 18. Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.●辨别词语的不同点1..choir/chorus: The two differ in register.2.enshroud/cover: The two are different in formality, the latter informal.3.pass away/die: The two are different in formality, the latter informal.4.mail/post: The two are dialectal synonyms.5.fetid/bad smell: The two are different in formality, the latter informal.6.beauty/siren: The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory.7.assassinate/murder: The two differ in collocation●There are three kinds of antonymy. By writing C, G, or R in the bank, indicate whether the pair iscomplementary, gradable, or reversal opposites：1.rich/poor G2. male/female C3. dead/alive C4. husband/wife R5. come/go R6. ascend/descend R●数据分析:1.What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance in each of the following dis courses?1)A: Are you doing anything tonight?B: Why are you asking?A: I thought we might watch a movie.B: Well, no, nothing particular. What do you want to see?Pre-invitation2)A: Do you have a rubber?B: Yes.A: May I use it?B: Here you are.Pre-request3)A: Do you know what I want to tell you about Mr. Smith?B: What?A: I saw him flirting with a lady at a party.B: Does his wife know that?A: Of course, she does. The lady is his wife.Pre-announcement2.What maxis of the cooperative principle do the following sentences flout and what are the implicatures?1)A: Macao’s in Spain, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London’s in America, I suppose.(Quality) The speaker is absolutely incorrect.2)A: Do you know the great writers of the 19th century?B: Oh yes, they are all dead.(Quantity) The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.3)A: How do you like the film?B: Well, the music is very nice.(Relation) The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.4)A: Is Don Regan, the White House chief of staff, a feudist?B: Don Regan, 66, is not a feudist, but he is not as well as his predecessor [James] Baker. Somehow, the adjective “ruthless” invariably arises when Regan discussed.(Manner) The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.3.Underline any deicitic expression in the following sentences and name the type:1)..I met an old friend of mine on the street last Sunday.I ,mine (person deixis); last Sunday (time deixis)2).The dog is fighting with a cat.3).The watch was made in Shanghai in 1968.In 1968 (time deixis)4).An iron is made of iron.5).These are books borrowed from my professor.These (discourse/text deixis)6).What will happen in the following chapter of the novel?in the following chapter (discourse/text deixis)4.What is the difference between the two then s in the following sentence and dialogue?1)You called at 9:00 last night? I was out then.2)--- The party starts at 6:00 Friday evening.--- Okay, I’ll be there then.Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking. Then in Sentence a) refers to the past time; then in Sentence b) the future time.5.Please change the direct speech into the indirect speech:John said, “I am planning to be here this evening.”What elements have to be shifted from the direct speech into the indirect speech, why?John said, “I am planning to be here this evening.”Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distalwith the shifting of the context.●Illustration with examples:1.Give examples to show the exclusive and inclusive uses of we.Exclusive use of we: (Students to the teacher) Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers (students), not including the hearer (teacher).Inclusive use of we: (Student A to Student B) Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer (Student A and Student B.2.Please distinguish let us from let’s with examples.Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive. They should correspond to different types of tag question: Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you?Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we?Let’s go to school, shall we?3.Make sentences with it to show the anaphoric and cataphoric uses of reference.Anaphoric reference: Mr. Smith sent me the book. I like it.Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it. My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.4.Give an example to show the three dimensions of a speech act.A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. If your teacher says, “I have run out of chalk” in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary (one of the students will go and get some chalk). 5.Give examples to show the distinction between direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.Direct speech act: Close the door, please. (An imperative performs the function of command.)Ind irect speech act: It’s cold here. (A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)6.Give an example to show insertion sequence.A: Can I go out now, daddy? (Q1)B: Have you finished your assignment? (Q2)A: Yes. (A2)B: Yes. (A1)The middle pair (Q2-A2) is an insertion sequence.7.Illustrate the distinction between preferred and dis-preferred second parts with examples.Dialogue with preferred second part:A: Can you help me?B: Sure.Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.A: Come over for some coffee later.B: Oh --- eh --- I’d love to --- but you see --- I --- I’m supposed to get this finished --- you know.Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.●Explain the following formula in your own words:Contextual EffectsRelevance =Processing EffortRelevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort. The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance. Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.●Identify the error in the following sentences and then tell whether it is an instance of overgeneralization,cross-association, interference, or simplification.1)Although he is a little girl, but she can speak fluent English. Interference2)I taked your umbrella by mistake. Overgeneralization3)He like playing football very much. Simplification4)Desert is a kind of sweet food. cross-association●What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?a).The dress is lovely, isn’t it?b).The material is nice.The maxim of agreement is observed. The implicature is that B doesn’t think the dress is lovely but B doesn’t want to contradict A.●Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.1.Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy MALEk, water, alcohol, oil LIQUID3.Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing SPORT4.Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy ABSTRACT5.Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar TREE6.Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack INSTRUMENT7.Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum FLOWER8.Walk, run, jump, hop, skip MOTION9.Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler STATIONERY10.Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy STATE●What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it?B: The material is nice.(Relation) The addressee does not think the dress is beautiful.●Each of the following words is a basic level term. Write its superordinate in the left blank and oneof its subordinate in the right blank.1.Furniture table dining table2.tree willow weeping willow3.pet cat Persian cat4.color blue navy blue5.Book dictionary thesaurus6.fine art painting oil painting7.worker driver bus driver8.Word verb link verb9.science chemistry organic chemistry10.beverage juice orange juice●The opposite of analytic is contradictory. A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its wordsalone is contradictory. Kings are female is an example. Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory. 1. My sister is a man. C 2. Witches are wicked S 3. My sister is an only child. C 4. The evening star isn’t the morning star . S 5. The evening star isn’t the evening star. C 6. Babies are adults. C 7. Babies can lift one ton. C 8. Puppies are human. C 9. My bachelor friends are all married. C 10. My bachelor friends are all lonely. S● Pig Latin is a common language game of English; but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the “language game” with different rules. Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 Dialect 2 Dialect 3 “eat” [itme] [ithe] [ite] “arc” [arkme] [arkhe] [arke] ⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect. Dialect 1:Suffix [me] to any vowel-initial word. Dialect 2:Suffix [he] to any vowel-initial word. Dialect 3:Suffix [e] to any vowel-initial word. ● Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them. 1. Girls are eager to please. 2. Girls are easy to please. The surface structures of the two sentences seem to be the same, but the grammatical relationships in the deep structures of the two sentences are quite different. In the first sentence Girls want very much to please others. whereas in the second sentence, Someone finds it easy to please girls. ● What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature? A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee? The maxim of relation is violated. The implicature is that B doesn ’t want to gossip about the hostess. ● What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1) Bring this here. 2) Take that there. Please give an explanation in English. (10 points) The two sentences are both wrong. “This,” “here,” “that,” and “there” are all deixis. “This” and “here” are proximal deixis, while “that” and “there” are distal deixis. “Bring” means to carry something to the speaker; “take” means to carry something away from the speaker. The deixis in both sentences contradict with the two verbs. The correct sentences should be: 1) Bring that here. 2) Take this there.。