英语口腔训练

英语口语模仿1.自我口腔训练在自学英语的过程中，很多同学的发音是通过一遍又一遍地模仿磁带练出来的，这个过程比较辛苦，需要灵敏的听觉和超强的模仿能力才能够模仿得唯妙唯肖，而为了练发音，可能会用坏好几台复读机。

练发音的目的是为了先把自己的嘴巴打通，使口腔肌肉和发音器官适应英语的发音，经历完这个过程不代表你遇到外国人就能够流利地沟通，因为讲一口流利的英语不单单只是嘴皮子灵活或背很多单词和句子就能搞定的，但这个过程至关重要。

2.自我训练标准首先，要把每一个单词的发音都发准确，要认真地模仿一些慢速而且简单的材料，目前市面上的慢速英语读物很多，自己要耐着性子认真模仿发音，这个过程比较艰苦，但是不经历这个过程，以后积累的单词、句子和文章说出来就一错再错，最后讲出来的英语只有自己听得懂。

如果你觉得自己没有什么模仿天赋，或者自己怎么练都练不好，或者发现自己的发音真的无药可救，那么说实话，别人也帮不上忙，纠正发音是很浪费时间的，就算当时发音纠正股哟了，过了3分钟，不标准的发音再次会被打回原形。

接下来，在确定对单词发音已经准确的前提下，开始模仿大量句子和文章，在模仿过程中练好英语的语调intonation, 中文的发音和语调是一致的，我们四个调把发音钉死了，所以单字读好了，句子也能读得好。

但是英文不一样，一个单词的发音发好了还不止，单词放到句子中还需要变调，叫做语调。

那么如何选择、使用和定义口语练习标准：1. 如何选择口语书籍既然是口语书籍，肯定不能少的就是有mp3录音的书籍，还有书本涵盖的是你想学习的那个行业的英语口语。

提醒一下：不要买那些美国街头口语类的书籍，因为你学了也没地方用，只能自娱自乐或忽悠时用用。

2. 如何学习自己选择的口语书首先，看书中有多少音频文件，先拿两三个放到自己的mp3播放器里;然后，先不要看书，把这两三段mp3音频好好利用时间听个几十遍，一段也就几分钟，所以不会花你很长时间，在听的过程中尝试跟读模仿(声明：即使你不知道什么意思也可以模仿跟读，因为婴儿就是这么模仿父母讲话的)，看自己能听懂多少，能跟读多少内容;接下来，你带着你听不懂的疑问去翻开书看看自己到底哪里听不懂，我相信你第一个反应肯定是“哦!原来是这个单词，怎么我听不出来呢” 这样带着疑问去看书会比单调地背有意思多了;最后，看着书本跟着录音模仿跟读。

英语朗读的技巧和方法英语朗读是提高英语口语能力的重要途径之一。

要想在英语朗读中表达得准确、流利，不仅需要锻炼口腔肌肉的灵活性，增强口语表达的自信，还需要掌握一些有效的技巧和方法。

本篇文章将介绍一些提高英语朗读技巧的有效方法，希望对学习者有所帮助。

一、正确发音1. 学习音标：学习国际音标是掌握正确发音的基础，要多听多读，熟悉英语中的各个音标及其发音规则。

2. 注重连读和重音：英语中的连读和重音是语调的重要组成部分，对朗读的流利性和准确性都有一定影响。

要学会正确理解和运用连读和重音。

二、语音语调1. 规范的语速：语速过快或过慢都会影响朗读的效果，要在适当的速度上进行练习，使语速自然而流畅。

2. 模仿母语者：尽量模仿母语者的语音语调，多听多练，培养自己的语感。

三、语气表达1. 注重语境理解：朗读时要注重理解句子的意思和语境，通过完整理解句子来表达正确的语气。

2. 制造合适的语气：通过控制语速、音调等来表达不同的语气，如疑问、感叹、肯定等。

四、节奏和韵律1. 合理掌握停顿：朗读时要注意句子中的停顿，根据语义和语法，合理划分句子，适时停顿。

2. 控制语调变化：合理运用声调的上升、下降以及连读等方式，表达语句的节奏感和情感。

五、注重练习1. 多读多练：通过朗读英文文章、对话等来熟悉英语的语音、语调和语气。

2. 训练口腔肌肉：通过吐字训练和绕口令等方式来锻炼口腔的肌肉灵活性，提高发音准确度。

六、注重听力训练1. 反复听录音：多听英语录音，尤其是母语者的朗读录音，通过听力训练来提高自己的语音感知能力。

2. 抓住重点：在听录音时，特别关注重点词汇和句子，加深对英语语音的印象。

七、积极参与英语口语活动1. 参加英语角或口语训练班：积极参与英语口语活动，和其他人进行口语交流，提高口语表达的自信和流利度。

2. 视频学习：利用现代科技手段，观看英语影片、英语新闻等，通过模仿演员的语音语调，提高自己的英语朗读能力。

八、勇于纠错1. 听从他人建议：在朗读过程中，可以请教老师或朋友对自己朗读的发音、语气等进行指导和纠正。

口腔科常用英语口语1. Show me which one it is 告诉我是那颗牙2. Let me e_amine your mouth. I can see you have two bad teeth. One of them doesnt seem so bad. I think it can be filled. But the other one should be taken out. We will do it right now. 让我给你检查一下。

我发现你有两只坏牙。

其中一只蛀的不厉害，可以补。

但另外一只必须拔掉。

马上就可以拔掉它。

3. No. We will give you an injection to keep you from feeling anything e_cept numbness. Dont move while I give you the injection, Do you feel numbness in the area now 不痛。

我们要给你打麻药使你只感到麻木，此外无任何感觉。

注射时你别动。

现在患部感觉到麻木吗4. Thats good. It is the time to take it out. 那很好。

现在可以拔牙了。

5. Bite on the cotton ball for half an hour and dont suck. 咬紧棉球半个小时，不要吸吮。

6. Keeping from eating or drinking for two hours, and then taken only soft food. 2小时不要吃东西或喝水，以后只可以吃软食。

7. Do not spit out your saliva because it will cause bleeding. 你不要把唾液吐出来，因为这样会引起出血。

8. Here are two tablets. Take one when you feel any pain. e back to see me if there is a lot of bleeding. 这里有两片药。

【导语】提⾼英语⼝语需要养成⼤胆开⼝、认真听的习惯，还要给⾃⼰创造⼀个良好的学习环境以及养成快速阅读的能⼒。

不管是学习什么语⾔，都要求能够达到流畅的听、说、读、写的⽔平，英语的学习也不例外。

以下是⽆忧考整理的英语⼝语练习⽅法，欢迎阅读！1.英语⼝语练习⽅法 1、养成⼤胆开⼝的习惯 ⾸先要做的是消除⼼理障碍，⼤声说出来。

我们都知道，任何语⾔都是先有声⾳，再有⽂字的，如果发⾳不准确，别⼈就听不懂，所以想要学好英语，⼀定要⼤胆地开⼝说、开⼝读。

2、养成认真听的习惯 说的习惯是在听的基础上养成的。

听说结合可以快速地将单词和句⼦的⾳、形、义结合在记忆中。

学习⾳标，要注意观察⽼师的⼝型动作，然后⾃⼰学习，反复练习。

学习单词时，听⽼师朗读或跟着磁带朗读，尽量准确流利地发⾳。

不要⽤汉语来标记单词的谐⾳，这样记忆单词的效果不⼤。

3、创造良好的学习环境 试着去英语⾓和别⼈交流。

这样不但可以练习⼝语，还可以交流英语学习经验，开拓视野，提⾼英语学习兴趣。

如果找不到同学或者参加英语⾓的机会⾮常少，那么你可以利⽤其他⽅法来继续练习英语⼝语。

例如⼝语作⽂和5分钟强化训练法。

找好⼀个题⽬作⼀分钟的⼝语表达，同时将其录⾳。

4、经常速读 频繁快速的阅读，⼀⽅⾯可以锻炼⾃⼰的⼝腔肌⾁，提⾼灵活程度，另⼀⽅⾯也有助于掌握语感，使⾃⼰讲出⼀⼝流利的英语。

但快速阅读并不是⼀种孤⽴的能⼒，它必须基于⼀定的基础知识，⼀定的词汇和基本的语法，以及⼀些重要的阅读技巧。

2.英语⼝语练习⽅法 1、练习⽅法之演讲 练习⼝语的⽅法就是做英⽂演讲。

我们⽣活在⼏乎可以称得上是纯中⽂的环境，平时并没有练习英语⼝语的条件和机会，所以，⼤家需要多参加⼀些可以锻炼⾃⼰⼝语能⼒的活动，⽐如英⽂演讲⽐赛。

⼤部分演讲活动都是在⾼压条件下进⾏的，即使已经提前组织好了语⾔，也可能出现遗忘或是记错的情况，不过这种练习⽅法也是最锻炼⼈的。

2、练习⽅法之词汇量检测 英语单词是英语的基础，如果我们在演讲中只能⽤最简单的词汇来组织语⾔，那么会显得我们的整个演讲内容不够⾼级，甚⾄不够地道，很难得到较⾼的评价。

英语口腔后部发声训练方法你知道哪些唱歌的基本要领?那么你知道口腔后部发声法是什么?下面是店铺!小编我和你们一起去了解一下相关的资料吧，希望能帮助到你们!口腔后部发声法的基本知识对于我之前提到的‘口腔后部发声法’，很多朋友都表示感兴趣。

看我之前文章的朋友，应该记得，我是先自己看电视慢慢领悟出来。

还有一点我还没提过，那是，我在国外教学生汉语拼音时，外国学生发汉语拼音的特点是：一，声音浑厚低沉二，声音主要是在口腔后部形成，因为他们的语言都是使用口腔后部发声。

我自己概括是，他们好像是用嗓子眼说话。

那天，我教汉语拼音：d, t, n, l, g, k, h, 他们总发成英语的d, t, n, l, g, k, h。

我就模仿他们的声音念拼音，并告诉他们，那是英语，不是汉语拼音。

之后，我自己感受拼音的发音方法和发音部位后，突然的冒出一句：舌头整体往口腔前部移一点(其实是劲使在舌头前部)，再发声，这样出来的声音就像汉语拼音了，结果，学生试着这样发声，声音效果确实像汉语拼音了。

下课后，我突然感觉茅塞顿开。

那么，说英语，要是把舌头整体往口腔后移(劲使在舌头后部)，是不是出来的声音也就像欧美人的声音了。

就这样，才有了我看电视发现“口腔后部发声法“的那一幕。

大家最最关心的是怎么练。

其实，我也是摸着石头过河的感觉。

因为这是舌头在起重要的作用。

那么，我先跟大家打打比方吧，然后，大家想想，自己慢慢感受，试着去练习。

大家都知道，感冒的时候，说话声音低沉，沙哑，那时候，你说出来的英语肯定比你正常时候好听。

说汉语，就像是音乐里中国的民族唱法，说英语，就像是美声唱法。

民歌，声音又尖又高，声音从舌尖和嘴唇那部位出来的;而美声，则是浑厚，从口腔后部和喉部出来的声音。

现在，我想让大家试一试：您现在试用一下民族和美声的唱法唱“啊---------”，感受一下是不是声音明显的不同，舌头的位置也是放在不同的位置!(我自己概括:舌头往后移了，这也是大家很迷惑的地方，都觉得舌头怎么能后移呢，哈哈哈。

英语口音纠正技巧英语口音是学习者在学习英语过程中面临的一个重要挑战。

随着全球化的发展，掌握纯正的英语口音变得越来越重要。

本文将介绍一些有效的英语口音纠正技巧，帮助学习者提高口语表达能力和英语听力理解。

一、重视音标学习音标学习是纠正英语口音的基础。

通过学习国际音标，学习者可以正确地发音并区分英语中的不同音素。

音标学习应该是系统和有计划的，学习者可以通过参加音标课程或使用专业的音标学习教材来提高自己的发音准确性。

二、模仿标准发音模仿标准发音是纠正英语口音的有效方法之一。

学习者可以选择一位发音纯正的英语母语人士，如英美人士，在日常生活中多听、多模仿他们的发音。

可以借助英语原版电影、英语新闻等资源进行听力训练，并尝试模仿其中的发音和语调。

三、注重口腔肌肉训练口腔肌肉的锻炼对于改善发音准确性和流利度非常重要。

学习者可以进行一些口腔肌肉训练，如练习舌头的灵活性和嘴唇的韵律感。

此外，使用一些特定的练习方法，如反复快速朗读绕口令、发音运动等，可以加强口腔肌肉的控制和力量，从而提高口语表达的清晰度。

四、注意语调和节奏语调和节奏也是英语口音纠正的关键。

学习者应该注意正确的语调和节奏模式，避免将母语的语调和习惯带入英语中。

可以通过模仿原生英语的语调和节奏，比如短语强调、句子的升调和降调等，来提高口语表达的自然度和流利度。

五、积极参与口语练习积极参与口语练习是提高口语表达能力的关键。

学习者可以参加语言交换活动、口语角等，与他人用英语进行日常对话练习。

此外，利用各种线上线下的口语学习资源，如口语练习应用、在线英语课程等，提高自己的口语表达能力和纠正口音。

六、持之以恒纠正英语口音是一个需要长期坚持的过程。

学习者应该保持积极的学习态度，坚持口语训练，并不断反思和改进自己的发音问题。

只有持之以恒地学习和练习，才能逐渐改善口音，提高口语水平。

结语：通过重视音标学习、模仿标准发音、注重口腔肌肉训练、注意语调和节奏、积极参与口语练习以及持之以恒，学习者可以纠正英语口音，提高口语表达能力和英语听力理解。

口齿训练方法范文1. 发音练习：合理的发音是清晰有效沟通的基础。

可以通过朗读单词、短句、段落等不同长度和内容的材料，重点训练辅音、元音和复合音的发音。

比如，通过重复练习“th”音，可以使得英语中的“th”音更加准确。

2.语速练习：适当的语速与韵律感可以使得语言更加生动和易于理解。

可以通过朗读句子或篇章时，控制自己的语速和停顿，并注意每个音节的节奏感。

同时，也可以听一些优秀的演讲者或广播员，学习他们的韵律感和语速控制。

3.语调练习：语调在口齿表达中起着重要的作用，它既能够表达情感，又能够改变句子的意思。

可以通过情感表达练习，如高兴、愤怒、悲伤等，来练习正确的语调。

4.音调练习：音调是指音高的变化，它直接影响到话语的整体声音。

可以通过音阶练习，如唱歌或念诗，来提高音调的准确性和灵活性。

5.牙舌肌力练习：牙舌肌力对于清晰发音至关重要。

可以通过一些舌头运动练习，如舌头转圈、上下运动等，来增强牙舌肌力。

6.口型练习：舌头、嘴唇和牙齿等口型的正确运用可以使得发音更加准确和清晰。

可以通过一些发音器械，如发音练习扳子，来训练口部的协调性和灵活性。

7.口齿协调练习：有些人口齿不清可能是因为智力障碍、口腔肌肉的异常等原因，需要进行针对性的协调练习。

可以通过模仿和跟读一些简单口齿较清晰的材料来训练口腔协调性。

8.听力训练：良好的听力对于说话和发音非常重要。

可以通过听英文新闻、英语电视剧、外教课程等提高自己的听力水平。

同时，也可以尝试借助录音机或手机，录下自己的朗读并反复听，找出错误和改正。

9.口语练习：积极参与口语练习是提高口齿表达能力不可或缺的一部分。

可以加入英语角、参与口语交流班，与他人进行对话和互动。

10.自我反馈和评估：每次练习完以后，可以录下自己的表达，然后自我反馈和评估各方面的问题，思考如何进一步改进。

总之，口齿训练需要综合运用不同的方法和技巧，通过持续的练习和努力，逐步提高口齿表达的能力。

不仅需要反复操练和练习，还需要有耐心和坚持。

1.(A) is the space contains the pulp.A. Pulp cavityB. pulp hornC. pulp chamberD. pulp canal2.The ( B) consists of 8 incisors,4canines,8 premolars, and 12 molars.A .milk teeth B. permanent dentitions C. primary dentitions D. deciduous dentitions3.(A)are frequently extracted for othodontics purposes.A. Fist premolarsB. Second premolarsC. First molarsD. Second molars4.The openings of the (B )ducts are on the inner sides of the cheeks, opposite the second upper molar teeth.A. submandibularB. parotidC. sublingualD. platal5.The ( C) membrane surrounding the necks of the teeth is the gingiva or gum.A .mucosa B. mucus C. mucous D. mucosal6.irst molar usually has five __A___,three buccal and two lingual.A. cuspsB. cariesC. rootsD.dentition7.Root concavities are located on the mesial and distal surfaces of the mesial root; they are especially prominent on the first molar because this root usually has two _______B____.A. pulp cavitiesB. pulp canalsC. pulp chambersD. pulp horns8.The greater part of the tooth consists of ____C___.A. pulpB. enamelC. dentineD.cementum9.Doctor: Sit in the chair please. Lean your head back __D_____ the chair now. What’s the trouble?Patient: I have an awful toothache.A.onB. toC.inD. against10.Enamel consists of rods or prisms in an interprismatic substance that is slightly less _____A _______ than the rods themselves.A. mineralizedB. wearedC.demineralizedD.polished11. To fill these __A____ –to say nothing of extracting teeth, periodontal and prosthodontic treatment and straightening – the average American would need six hours of a dentist’s time.A. cavitiesB. holeC. dentinD. pulp12. The_____B_____ processes within the dentinal tubules degenerate, and the empty tubule becomes plugged with calcium salts and forms a harder dentin..A. orthodonticB. odontoblasticC. periodonticD. endodontic13. The typical histological picture of acute ____D____ (hyperemia, exudate, polymorphonuclear leukocytes) is almost always associated with that chronic pulpitis (lymphocytes, plasma cells etc.).A. infectionB. traumaC. tuberculosisD. inflammation14. In the case of active ____A__ a of the pulp, where there are as yet no pus – filled vacuoles or pronounced edema, other mechanisms are at work.A. hyperemiaB. disintegrationC. abscessD. inflammation15. Traumatic effects on the tooth or alveolus sometimes are beyond repair. Many teeth in the line of ____B___ fracture are removed to treat the fractured bone.A. headB. jawC. boneD. mouth16. With the increasing demand for aesthetic dentistry, there has been an increased interest in the use of resin-based composites for (A ) restorations.A. anteriorB. inferiorC. posteriorD. superior17. The one which is universally recognized is Angle`s classification which is based on arch relationship in the ( D ) plane.A. axialB. coronalC. crossD. sagittal18. There are fixed type and ( D ) type appliance for straightening the teeth.A. activityB. functionC. movementD. removable19. Physical violence and ( A ) accidents lead the list in a municipal hospital for the fracture of the mandible.A. automobileB. bikeC. carD. motor20. After extraction, don`t rinse for 24 hours as it may disturb the blood ( A ).A. clotB. dollopC. loafD. lump阅读理解TEXT1The Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic TreatmentBenefitsThe orthodontic treatment that has been suggested for you may have overall benefits in the appearance of your face and teeth and in maintaining good oral health.Well aligned teeth are easier to keep clean and many patients will find their self esteem is enhanced by an attractive smile and dental appearance.It is important to appreciate that not all these benefits may be appropriate to every individual patient. These is also great variation in each individual’s response to treatment and this can, on occasions, affect the final result.RiskAs with any form of treatment there are some risks associated with orthodontic treatment. While every effort is taken to minimize these risks, you, the patient, can help to minimize them by following treatment advice carefully and fully.1. Tooth decay and enamel damageTooth decay and enamel damage can occur if sugary or acid foods are eaten and tooth brushing is not maintained at a high standard. This damage can occur at any time but is more likely when fixed appliances are attached to the teeth.2. Root resorptionOrthodontic tooth movement involves light pressure being placed on the teeth and roots. In some patients changes such as root shortening may occur. The causes of this are not well understood and it is not always possible to identify susceptible patients in advance. In the majority of cases where this occurs there are so significant consequences.3. HeadgearIf not worn correctly, headgear may cause injury. It is imperative that the written instructions are necessary when using a headgear appliance.4. Joint discomfortSome individuals may experience jaw joint discomfort during orthodontic treatment. This is usually a transitory phase and indeed such symptoms also occur in patients who are not wearing orthodontic appliances.5. Post–treatment changesThroughout life the position of teeth alters regardless of orthodontic treatment.Some aspects of orthodontic treatment are particularly prone to post–treatment changes.Following fixed appliance treatment retainers will need to be worn. There are other changes, particularly the degree of crowding of the lower incisors, that may progressively alter throughout life.6. Medical historyGeneral medical pro blems may influence an individual’s response to orthodontic treatment. It is important to inform your orthodontist of any changes in your medical health.Instructions for Patients Wearing Fixed AppliancesYou are now wearing a fixed appliance. You must take great care it.You must:1.Clean your teeth with a brush, immediately after every meal and before going to bed. If yourteeth are not kept clean damage will occur.2.Avoid eating hard foods (such as crusty bread), and sticky food(such as toffee and nougat).3.Since it will be necessary to use a toothbrush after eating, most patients find it best to avoidsnacks taken between main meals.4.Contact the orthodontist if the appliance hurts, becomes loose, or if any part however small isbroken.5.Continue with your routine dental visits.Initially there will be some difficulty in eating and speaking but this will soon pass.You may experience some discomfort for a few hours following the placement of new archwires. This may be eased with a mild analgesicQuestion:1. The orthodontic treatment may have good effect on a person except (C)A. maintaining good oral healthB. improving a person’s face appearanceC. ensuring every individual patient to have the same attractive smileD. making teeth easier to keep clean2. What would doctors advise on the procedure of orthodontic treatment? (B)A. Eat sugary or acid foods and maintain tooth brushing at a high standard.B. Conform the instructions when using a headgear appliance.C. Be scared by root resorption and joint discomfort.D. Wear retainers irregularly after fixed appliance treatment.3. When will the tooth decay and enamel damage happen? (C)A. only when eaten too many sugary or acid foodsB. when tooth brushing maintained at a high standardC. the damage can occur at any timeD. especially when flexible appliance are attached to the teeth4. What kind of food can you eat when you are now wearing a fixed appliance? (D)A. crusty breadB. toffeeC. nougatD. orange5. Which of the following statement in not true? (B)A. Clean your teeth immediately after you have a meal.B. You can repair it by yourself when the appliance is broken.C. You should avoid eating hard food.D. Contact your dentist if the appliance becomes loose.TEXT 2So far we have discussed mostly about the dental profession and society. Now we will look at dentistry as a possible profession for you.Can you answer "yes" to the five questions below? If so, you have passed a simple, but very important, test --a sort of entrance requirement for dental school.Are you skillful with your hands?Do you like to work with people?Is your health good?Does science interest you?Would six years of college be alright with you?Let us look at the first four questions right nowClever Hands. To even get into dental school, you must pass a test of "manual dexterit". A dentist must use his hands skillfully in very small spaces, and use them with controlled strength and gentleness.If you are very good at precise, detailed work with your hands --and like such work -- but cannot answer "yes" to the other questions.Working With People. Many people choose dentistry because they do not like to work for other people, but want to be their own boss. Working with people is, of course, something quite different. Dentists work with people under very difficult conditions every day. They need patience to put up with a patient's needless worries. They need calm to match his anxiety. Dentists must also have sympathy -- or at least a sympathetic manner -- like a physician's "bedside manner".Suppose you do not like taking all these pains with people. You could still enter dentistry if you chose a proper specialty. For instance, oral surgeons and oral pathologists have very little contact with patients. Dental teachers need to communicate with people, but in a much more relaxed way. If you are solitaryminded, you could be a research scientist.Good Health. Dentists stand on their feet a lot. They often work in awkward positions. They need a lot of stamina. Robust general health is a prime requirement for dentistry.Dentists need particularly good eyesight. This does not mean that you cannot wear glasses. With or without glasses, you have to identify some very small changes and very tiny structures in some corners that are difficult to see.The Scientific Mind. Do you like the science courses you have had in school? Do you enjoy the science columns and features in the news magazines?Good grades in all your subjects are important. They show that you have two qualities that you may get into dental field. Those qualities are intelligence and persistence.1. what would be the best title for the text? CA. A Test for CollegeB. Features for College StudentsC. Is Dentistry for YouD. The Benefits of Good Healthy and Skillfull Hands2. It is indicated in paragraph 2 that___. DA. the five questions are a test of every dental schoolB. if you say "yes' to the five questions you will be a dentistC. if you say "yes' to the five questions, you will get an entrance for a dental school that you wantD. the five questions are a simple ,but very important test for students who want to go to dental school3 dentists don’t have to possess _____ BA skillful handsB pass all the testsC good healthD group spirit4 which one is wrong according to the text? AA I wear glasses so I can’t be a dentistB dentistry is related to scienceC to be a dentist need intelligence and persistenceD not all people is suitable to be a dentist5 The word “stamina” is closest in meaning to ______. Bknowledge B endurance C characteristics D muscle翻译The pulp. The pulp consists of loose connective tissue and carries the blood, lymphatic and nerve supply to the tooth. Where it meets the dentine ,the surface of the pulp is covered by a layer of odontoblasts. These are columnar cells with oval nuclei, and each cell has a process that lies within a corresponding tubule in the dentine. Immediately internal to the odontoblast layer there is a narrow cell-free zone.Dentine. Physically and chemically dentine is very similar to bone, consisting of 30 percent organic material. As in bone ,the organic fraction consists of collagen fibrils embedded in a mucopolysaccharide cementing substance, and the inorganic fraction consists mainly of calcium phosphates in the form of apatite crystals. Unlike bone ,however, dentine contains no cell bodies but only cell processes, those of the odontoblasts ,in the dentinal tubule .The dentinal tubules are 2to3 um diameter and each runs through the whole thickness of the dentine from the cell body of the odontoblast to the surface of The dentine. There are cross-communications between the tubules, containing anastomosing branches of the odontoblast processes. Where calcification is incomplete, the separate globules can be seen, with the uncalcified or hypocalcified ground substance in between them. Such areas are referred to as interglobular dentine.Enamel. Mature enamel can be studied only in ground sections unless special methods are employed, since it is completely removed by routine histological decalcification. The inorganic material is an apatite and small organic fraction is mainly of keratinous nature. Enamel consists of rods or prisms in an interprismatic substance that is slightly less mineralized than the rods themselves. Each rod runs from the enamel-dentine junction through the whole thickness of the enamel to its surface, following a slightly wavy course. The rods have a “fish-scale” appearance in cross-section, with an average diameter of 4 um.牙髓。

李阳疯狂英语独创的英语学习方法多年来影响了上亿的英语学习者，无数的事实证明，这些方法用时少，见效快，易操作，绝对是帮你在短时间内提高英语的好方法！这些方法让原本难记易忘的英语单词变得活泼可爱；原版枯燥无味的语法变得有章可循；原本沉闷的英语学习变得生动有趣！世界上没有攻不破的难关，关键是我们能否找到公关的钥匙！一、口语中心论学语言就是学习说！口语就是一切！语言是用来交流的，而交流大部分时候是通过嘴巴来完成的！学习英语也是这样，想学好英语，你就必须动口！而不是动眼、动耳、动手！学英语就是大声说！会说就会听，会说就会读，会说就会写，会说就会译，一个“说”字解决一切！二、句子中心论学英语最重要的不是“单词量”和“语法量”，而是“句子量”！人和人交往的最基本单位是句子！在句子中掌握的发音才是地道的发音，在句子中掌握的单词是有生命力的单词，在句子中掌握的语法才是有用的语法！1个标准脱口而出是检验英语学习是否有效的唯一标准！看懂是骗人的！听懂是骗人的！只有说出来才是自己的！能否脱口而出是检验是否学有所成的唯一标准！警惕自欺欺人的无谓牺牲和虚假进步！不达到脱口而出誓不罢休！3大方法一口气训练法：这个方法主要是训练你说英语的底气和速度，做法很简单，你只需要深呼吸，然后在一口气里尽量多读就可以了！三最口腔肌肉训练法：游泳是游出来的！钢琴是弹出来的！英语是说出来的！英语不是分析出来的！英语不是做选择题做出来的！学习英语就是训练口腔肌肉，使之轻松地发出陌生的外国声音，练就成灵活的国际肌肉；学习外语就是苦练脱口而出！只有这样才是真正地拥有语言！李阳疯狂英语独创的“三最”口腔肌肉训练法将复杂、冷酷的外语学习变成了简单刺激的游戏！五大发音秘诀一、长元音和双元音饱满鬼鬼祟祟的英文就是由于鬼鬼祟祟的双元音造成的！只要把元音发饱满，你的英文会立刻变得悦耳动听。

1、I enjoy losing face!（我热爱丢脸.）2、Great minds think alike.（英雄所见略同。

学好英语的十大方法学好英语的十大方法第一焦点：句子就是一切!句子就是财富!克立兹提倡的英语学习单位是句子，句子简单明确，容易掌握，并马上可以用于交流!感觉棒极了!味道好极了!可悲的现实：从初中学英语到如今，辛辛苦苦学习了上百课精读，但结局如何?大家心里最清楚：学精读、分析^p 课文的时候清清楚楚,充满成就感，好象是学到了很多知识、很多单词、很多语法、很多“语言点”，但在实际应用的时候却模模糊糊，似是而非，几乎说不出几个正确的句子!几乎全部还给了课本!强烈的呼吁：学习精读的时候，一定要把课文中实用的句子总结出来，并脱口而出!这才是真正的学习语言!冲天的信心：学习英语没有什么了不起!你的征服对象不过是一句话，最多也就是一、两条语法，十来个单词!任何人都可以学好英语!疯狂的成就：从小学四年级开场学英文，假如每天脱口而出五句话，到上初中时，就已经可以脱口而出五千五百多句话，举一反三就可以拥有近两万个实用句子，两万笔英语财富，早已达成自由交流的境界!一个初一学生的英语才能将远远超过一个大学生，因为绝大多数苦读十年的人只会说：My English is poor!1、 A: How are you doing?(最地道的打招呼用语)B'm doing great.2、 I hope you're enjoying your stay here.3、 You have my word.(向你保证)4、 I think exactly the same way.5、 Tell me all about your troubles.6、 It is never too late to learn.7、 Nothing down, nothing up.8、 To get ahead(出人头地)you'll have to work long hours and take short vacations.(多流汗，少享受)9、 No sweet without sweat.10、 He who makes no mistakes, makes nothing(不犯错，将一事无成)11、 I've heard so much about you(久仰大名!)12、 He's been out of a job for months.(他已经失业好几个月了。

疯狂英语口语速成句子处理十步骤Ten steps to Tackle a Sentence!1．首先搞懂每个单词的意思。

一定不能偷懒！学一句算一句，多花点时间是值得的！2．然后，给每个单词注音标。

3．接着开始疯狂嘴巴操练。

首先注意五大发音要点（1）双元音、长元音饱满；（2）短元音收小腹，短促有力；（3）连读；（4）省略；（5）咬舌头。

切记不要乱喊乱叫！4．三最口腔肌肉训练：最大声，最快速，最清晰。

5．一口气：一口气之内重复尽可能多遍。

训练底气，气势压人！6．反复地、自然地说出优雅的、摸模糊糊的英文。

达成英美人士的境界！7．想象语言环境。

想象在什么情况下，这个句子可以卖弄出去。

8．举一反三，融会贯通。

9．纸条漫天飞，环境随身带。

把操练完的句子抄写在纸条上，随身携带！10．疯狂卖弄。

到处找机会疯狂卖弄，不断加深印象！第一个月：疯狂开始这个部分，我们为每个句子注了美国KK音标请拿出全部的热情，用我们的句子处理十步骤把以下的句子老老实实彻底掌握！什么叫“掌握”？绝对不是简单的背诵，我们的要求是：脱口而出！这是是否掌握句子的最高也是唯一的标准！马上开始吧！1. Absolutely.（用于答话）是这样；当然是；正是如此；绝对如此。

本辑超级重点Top American Movie Lines!最常用经典美国电影台词Absolutely! 当然了；绝对；绝对没问题；没错；太对了！【疯狂双语注释】A strong affirmation.表示一种强烈的肯定语气。

【疯狂解说】在口语中常用于回答对方，表示肯定的意思，相当于“yes”，但语气更强烈。

即“就是那么回事”“真是这样”等。

Kim's Note: Absolutely is such a useful word for many reasons. It shows confidence, it can answer a question in one word, and like any strong and powerful word, it makes you instantly sound like a native speaker!In fact, the word absolutely has become overused in America. Manypeople say it automatically without thinking. Everything they hear is answered by the same word "Absolutely".【李阳疯狂英语“三最”记录为：14秒】有许多的理由可以证明“absolutely”是一个非常有用的词。

说话咬字吐字训练方法
1.练习口腔肌肉，提高口语表达能力。

2.阅读文学书籍或新闻报道，模仿其中的语调、语速和语音语调。

3.利用普通话评测软件，对自己的发音进行评测，寻找需要加强的部分。

4. 练习口吐清晰地说出单词，如"red lorry, yellow lorry"等。

5.听力训练，聆听英语演讲或录音，尤其是那些口齿清晰的演讲者。

6.参加雅思英语口语班，向专业的老师请教和进行实战练习。

7.善于录音，记录自己的口语表达并回放给自己听，发现问题并改进。

8.随时利用口语机会交流，对自己的表达能力进行反复练习。

9.在朗读英语时，注意简化辅音和元音的组合技巧。

10.学习口腔肌肉放松技巧，例如张口大笑、伸舌头、嚼口香糖等。

第一步：寻找英语后腔发音的规律第五节：后口腔发音方法所发出的声音有五大特点第一大特点：低沉。

指说话的声音偏低，一般来说，人说话的声音越靠近喉咙里面，喉咙越打开，声音就越低越粗。

人说话的声音越高越尖，声音就越靠近口腔外边，英语用的是后部发声方法，用力和声音都靠近口腔里边，发出的声音较低，这是因为口腔后部发声时，使得整个喉咙随声带一起振动，振动体加大，发出的声音频率便较低。

用汉语说话时，口腔后部一般用力小，随声带一起振动的部分较少，振动体减小发出的声音频率便偏高，声音偏尖。

通过观察，不难发现：说英语的外国人多是又低又粗的低嗓门儿，连女性都如此，“男低音”、“女低音”很普遍；说汉语的中国人（包括大多数亚洲地区的人）一般说话的声音偏高、偏尖。

英语是用低嗓门说出来的，要学会用低沉的声音说英语，不扯着嗓子用尖尖的声音说英语，用尖尖的声音说话就会把声音移到了口腔的前部，就不是后部发声方法了。

刚开始用低沉的嗓音说英语或许会感觉非常不自然，这不要紧，练习一段时间后，你的嗓子就会发出这种声音，说英语时就会自动地切换到这种声音。

这就好比有的人会唱流行歌曲又会唱美声歌曲一样，唱不同的曲子用不同的声音。

第二大特点：响亮。

英语发音虽然偏低，但声音的响度却不减，力量敢较强，即频率虽低振幅大，声音的功率大，传的远。

特别是美语发音，声音十分洪亮，在嘈杂的环境中也可明显地听清楚。

后部发声方法在发声原理上类似于美声唱法，发音时，口腔内壁绷紧变硬，对声音的吸收少，音拢得紧，收得住，发音时用得上劲，因此声音响亮。

但要注意：英音比美音的响亮程度要弱得多。

第三大特点：硬度。

指发出的声音坚强有力，有硬度，有穿透力，是一种推不倒压不垮的声音。

发音起来很硬朗，这就是后口腔发音用力较大的结果。

第四大特点：内含。

指发音时声音有力地含在口腔后部，不外跑分散，好像发出的声音不是往口腔的外面走，而是要往里面走，从喉腔返回到体内。

第五大特点：粘度。

指发音时声音粘长，音和音之间粘连成一体，过渡有节奏，没有很重的爆破音。

口腔英语试题一、选择题（Choose the best answer.）What is the term for the hard, calcified tissue that covers the crown of a tooth?A. EnamelB. DentinC. CementumD. PulpWhich of the following is NOT a type of periodontal disease?A. GingivitisB. PeriodontitisC. Tooth decayD. AbscessWhat is the main function of saliva in the mouth?A. Digestion of foodB. LubricationC. Protection against bacteriaD. All of the aboveWhich instrument is commonly used for scaling teeth to remove plaque and tartar?A. Dental drillB. ScalerC. ProbeD. MirrorWhat is the most common cause of tooth decay?A. BacteriaB. SugarC. AcidD. Genetic factors二、填空题（Fill in the blanks.）The _______ is the soft tissue inside a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves.Brushing your teeth at least _______ times a day with fluoride toothpaste helps prevent tooth decay._______ is a common periodontal disease that affects the gums.Saliva contains enzymes that help _______ carbohydrates in the mouth.Regular dental check-ups and professional _______ are important for maintaining good oral health.三、简答题（Short answer questions.）Describe the importance of flossing in addition to brushing your teeth.Explain the role of fluoride in preventing tooth decay.What are the symptoms of gingivitis?How does a dentist typically treat a cavity?Discuss the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene throughout life.答案及解析选择题解析1.【答案】A【解析】Enamel（牙釉质）是覆盖牙齿冠部的坚硬钙化组织。

如何练好英语口语学习英语是很多成功人士的生活必须品，不仅仅对他们而言是如此，想跟上国际发展步伐的当代青年也在为止奋斗！不管你什么语言，都要记住一个宗旨：学语言就是学习说！主要关键就是口语的练习！我们都应该明确语言是用来交流的，一般的交流方式是通过嘴巴表达的，是通过说来完成的，所以一定要大胆开口说！学习英语一定要把英语发音弄清楚，下面是五大发音秘诀：因为文化之间存在很大的差异，所以发音是中国人学习英语的最突出的问题！很多人会面临这样的情况，对英语的了解很深入。

但是发音问题带来很大遗憾，因此他们虽然满腹经纶，却无法正确的用英语表达出自己的思想！对于发音的练习疯狂英语李阳老师用五句话就概括了英语发音的主要秘诀，将复杂的事物转化成简单，一般人都能很快掌握。

这五大秘诀就是：1.长元音拉长、双元音饱满；2.短元音短促有力、干净利落、同时注意收小腹；3.连读；4.略读；5.咬舌头。

其次，我们一起来看看一口气训练法：仔细观察的话不难发现我们中国人说英语和美国人讲英语发音和口型都是不一样的，其中美国人说英语底气十足，而中国人讲英语只是运用嘴巴，口语气势相当单薄！怎么能够做到美国人说话的底气十足呢？李阳疯狂英语"一口气训练法"就可以助你改善气势单薄的状况！其中练习的具体步骤为：首先深吸一口气，在说英语的时候对于一句话要求在一口气内尽量多读！一篇文章尽可能用最少口气读完！这样的方法不仅可以增强你说英语的底气，还能让你学会用胸腔、口腔和喉腔共同发音！对于语言的学习，因为我们语言发音的不同所以口腔运动也不同，对于英语口语练习我们要求口腔肌肉训练法：学习英语我们的口腔要适应英语发音，所以学习英语也就是训练口腔肌肉！因为英语不是老师教出来的，英语是靠嘴巴说出来的！在外在环境不允许的情况下，只有经过自身疯狂训练，这样你的口腔肌肉才能适应轻松地发出外国声音。

我们可以采取李阳疯狂英语独创"三最口腔肌肉训练法"：在练习英语的时候，要"最大声、最清晰、最快速"！学习英语的过程要把脑力劳动变成了体力劳动！要想学英语拥有完美口语要记住，最重要的不是"单词量"和"语法量"，而是"句子量"！我们在交往中用到的是句子不是单词和语法的单一拼接！其中对句子的掌握，发音正确才是地道的英语。

Unit 1 Greetings问候1.Dialogue张先生与格林先生是一对忘年交。

一天，他们在路上相遇了，看来他们好久没有见面了，他们彼此问候着对方的情况，并相约下周一起吃饭。

从这篇对话中，我们可以学到熟识的朋友之间应该怎么问候。

A: Good morning. Mr. Green.早安。

格林先生。

B: Good morning. Mr. Zhang.早安。

张先生。

A: How's everything going?近来好吗？B: Really fine. Thank you. And how is your wife?很好。

谢谢。

你太太好吗？A: She felt a bit off color, but she's much better now. Thank you.她觉得有点不舒服,但是现在好多了。

谢谢你。

B: Well. I'm glad to hear that.嗯。

我很高兴听你那么说。

A: And how is everyone at your house?你的家人都好吗？B: Quite well. Thank you. I'm meeting my wife and son for lunch at 12 o clock. Would you care to join us? John really missed you.很好。

谢谢你。

我12点要跟我太太和儿子会面吃午饭,要不要一道去？约翰很想念你。

A: Oh, me too. I'd love too, but I'm afraid I can't, I already have a lunch engagement. How's John?哦，我也很想念他。

我很乐意一道去,不过恐怕不行,我午餐已经有约了。

约翰最近如何？B: He's fine.他很好。

Just do itIf you put off things for too long, they can easily become uncontrolable. The longer you wait to tackle a problem, the more difficult it becomes. Don't waste time thinking about how difficult something is. Just take the advice in this passage. Many people put up until tomorrow what they can do today. They always look for excuses to pose upon doing something. In the end, it never gets done. If we leave things undone, we will eventually worried. This will cause unnecessary stress. Therefore, if you have this bad habit, it's best to get rid of it and do things as soon as possible.Just askIf you don't understand, don't hesitate to ask. Some Chinese seem to feel that it is impolite to ask questions even when they don't quite understand. However, it's much better to say that you don't understand than to pretend you understand and answer very vagely. When you don't understand, or have a clock what was said, you may ask by saying any of the following.I beg your pardon? I am not clear on what you said.I am afraid I don't understand you. Would you mind saying it again?I am sorry I don't follow you. Could you repeat that?I didn't get it.You'll improve your understanding and the speaker will be happy to make his point again.Speak outExpressing opinions is one example of culture difference between east and west. Westerner express their opinions freely. They feel that it is natural for people that have different ideas and don't mind hearing you that differ from their own. You may express frankly what you think or feel. Of course, you shouldn't be rude in your manner of speech. Statements such as " You are wrong", "You are mistaken", "You don't know", etc are exactly bad. But it is preferable to soft your tone. You might say, " I don't think you are right", "I am fraid you are mistake", or "You don't seem to understand".Time fliesMany people value their time more than anything else in the world. Once time is gone, it can never be replaced. This makes time more valuable than money. Time is precious. Nobody can afford to waste time. Once time has gone by, it will never return. You can never turn the clock back. Time passes very quickly. People say time flies. Time and tide wait for no man.We should therefore make the best use of our time. If you can manage your time well, you will have a successful life. Try using all of your spare time to practise english crazily. Even a few minutes practise while waiting for the bus can be valuable learning time.Imformal callsSome friends are just like family,there is no need to make a formal arrangment for a visit,except the very close friends and relatives.Making unexpected calls should be avoided as much as possible.The unexpected guest is welcomed,but whether the welcome is sincere or given out of a kindness is another matter.Pratically everyone has his own plans as to how to spend his time,and it is often perplexing if not an annoying to be abliged to change one's plans by unexpected visiters.when someone invites you to drop by anytime, they really mean to call first to make sure the time is convenient.Be politeGood manners are so important in today's society. A little effort of being polite to everyone you meet can have great rewards. Of course there are other reasons for being polite as well. Everyone should be polite. Polite people show good manners. Moreover, they are popular. On the other hand, rude people are looked down upon. Rudeness shows poor education. Therefore, why not be polite? A simple "Please", "Thank you" or " You are welcome" can make a big difference. If someone says dirty words all the time, it shows that something is wrong with his mouth. You'd better persuade him to watch his mouth.table mannersThere are many differences in table manners in different cultures. It is really worth your time to learn about how to behave while eating in other countries. Now your table manners will show your international qualifications. Don't make noises with your mouth. Close your mouth when eating. People make mouth noises because they eat without closing their mouths. When you drink your soup, don't sip it but swollow it all in one mouth full. Don't talk when your mouth full. If someone talks to you, wait untill your mouth is empty before answering.RestaurantsWhat is considered polite in one country is sometimes considered rude in another. In other words, sometimes you should slip (sound of slip) and sometimes you shouldn't. Learning about culture differences while you learn English is the fastest way. To brought your knowledge of the world and become more successful. When eating, the Japanese and some Chinese are in a habit of slipping (sound of slipping) their food. By doing so they show their host how much they like the food. Westerner find eating soup this way most unpleasant. They also consider picking one's teeth and putting on make-up on the table nonoes. And when it comes to tipping, they just leave some money on the table. The ammount is up to you, but it is usually 15 to20 percent of the cheque.BusinessBusiness cards are less important in American culture than they are in Asian culture. Knowing the right way to handle business cards is a useful skill where will you are. Requesting someone's business card is a staight forward process. You need only say," Do you have a business card?" or " May I have your business card?" When you want to present your own card you can say," Here is my card. Feel free to call me if you have any other questions." Or you might say," Please sent the information to the address. I look forward to hearing from you soon." It's not polite to directly refuse a request of someone for your business card. Instead you can say," Sorry, but I am afraid I am all out at the moment." or " I forgot to bring them with me." When you do receive a card, say " Thank you." and exam it briefly before putting it away.Solutions to trade imbalanceWorld trade is an important topic today. The World Trade Organization has focused international attention on global trade issues,especially in China. Today,trade imbalance between the United States and our country is becoming worse. We cannot leave this problem unattended,because the United States is the most important trade partner. I'd like to make a couple of proposals to improve the whole situation. First,we need to do more public relations activities to promote understanding, because some of their criticisms are based on misconceptions about our country. We have to communicate with them more by sending lobbyists,producing more movies,publishing more books,and so on. Second,we have to make an effort to encourage American companies to do business in our country. We should revise our protectionist practices in trade,and promote free trade and competition. At any rate,our country and the United States need each other,and we have to maintain communication to understand each other.Japanese textbooksThe question of the history textbook is not just an issue between China and Japan. Rather it is an issue between Japan and all the Asian countries and people throughout Asia. If the past history of aggression started by Japanese militarists is denied and if the historical facts are distorted, it will not only hurt the feelings of the Chinese people,but also those of people throughout Asia. I don't think this is an issue that should be regarded as interference in Japan's internal affairs. Rather,this is a serious issue that will have a bearing on whether or not the people of Japan and of other Asian countries,including China,can develop a friendly relationship from generation to generation. So it is also in the interest of Japan to have this problem solved.The Urgent need of English in chinaEnglish may be the most important factor in deciding which countries are leaders in the future. The language of the most advanced management and technology is undoubtedly English. Being able to absorb this information is really the key to the new centrury. In the 21st centrury, we increasingly have to deal with other countries. We can' t go there and speak our own language, because nobody is going to learn it in order to understand us. Our Asian rival, India, has surged ahead of other developing countries in information technology, because of its superior English skills. Unless we are able to master English, we will not be able to get our population to use IT and take advantage of the new economy. There is an urgent need to have a workforce which is proficient in the language, in view of the information technology onslaught。