口腔专业英语考试重点(李树波)

专英重点一、Parapharyngeal 咽旁Septicemia 败血病Sialolithiasis 涎石病Periostitis 骨膜炎Sialoductitis 涎管炎Fracture 骨折Comminution 粉碎Hyperplasia 增生Reparative 修复性Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜Radiolucent X光透射Space 间隙Infection 感染Prosthesis义齿Oblique 倾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy 切片检查法Sialogram 涎管X线造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic 化脓性Mole 胎块Devoid 缺乏的Laceration 撕裂Hyperpyrexia高热Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位句子翻译1. I f proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.若药液注射剂,针头及技术准备妥当,在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现,但是,医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备;2. P ostoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine.患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛,可能为非正常情况,需特别仔细检查,其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起;3. A cute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: a periapical bpericemental cpericoronal急性牙槽脓肿,是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现;这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周;4. S alivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎,及其后遗的导管狭窄症;5. T he lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中,因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折;6. T he common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的;7. N early all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围,除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官;8. T he object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease.被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具;包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗;9. I t includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or theinsertion of retentive devices for dentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术10. The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线11. In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道;12. The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement.短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位;此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见二、anodyne镇痛剂apiciectomy 根尖切除术analgesic 止痛的adenocarcinoma 腺癌anastomosis 吻合alveolalgia 干槽症appliance 矫正器aggravate 加重恶化advious 迂回的apprehensive 敏捷的担心的ankylosis 关节僵直appliance 器具ameloblastoma 成釉细胞瘤advanced 晚期的bur 园头锉contraindication 禁忌症chisel 凿子cancellate 松的cellulites 蜂窝织炎condyle 棵突comminution 粉碎curettment 刮除术coronoid 冠状喙状crepitus 捻发音cripple使残废circumferential环绕周围的chondrosarooma 软骨肉瘤dermatitis 皮炎devitalization失活去生肌detritus腐质dammed up 阻塞的dilation 膨胀扩大deformity 畸形deviation 偏向diffuse 弥散的discoloration 再生dissection 解剖分析demonstrable 可论证的employ使用ethyl chloride 氯乙烷enhance 增强epinephrine 肾上腺素ecohymosis瘀斑extraction拔出erupt萌出elevator牙挺excision 切除effusion渗出exostosis外生骨疣edentulous无牙的extravasation外渗液enucleation摘除术eradicate根除消灭flap 办片fracture 骨折fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤fixation固定fibroma 纤维瘤ganglion 神经节glenoid 关节窝的hypodermic 皮下hyperthyroidism 甲抗hematoma 血肿hematogenous 血源性的hyoid 舌骨的hypertrophy 肥大hyperostosis骨肥厚hemangioma血管瘤instillation滴注inadvisable不妥当的infraorbital眶下的idiosyncrasy特异性质impacted 阻生的infratemporal 颞下的inward 向内的isotope 同位素jaundice 黄疸lessen 减少loop 环圈lime 石灰laceration 撕裂ligation 结扎lymphangioma淋巴管瘤lipoma脂肪瘤lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤lining 榇里medication 药疗法maxilla 上颌骨myxofibroma 粘液纤维瘤malposition 错位malposed异位的mallet 槌mental颏的morbidity发病率masseter嚼肌melanomaco黑瘤muoperiosteal 粘骨膜的muoperiosteum 粘骨膜myxoma黏液瘤myeloma骨髓瘤metastasize转移marsupialization造袋术neurasthenic 神经衰弱的neuralgia 神经痛neuroma 神经瘤nedule小节结notch 切迹nonmalignant 非恶性的ointment软膏opponent 对抗肌odontoma牙瘤orthodontic正牙的osseous骨的osteomyelitis骨髓炎osteoma骨瘤osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏死osteoid骨样的osteoclastoma 破骨细胞瘤ossify使骨硬化paralyze使麻痹瘫痪prolong延长pericementitis 牙周膜炎psychically精神上地periostitis骨膜炎pyemia脓毒症脓血症preanesthetic 前驱麻痹precipitate 促使加速premadicate术前用药pterygomandibular翼突下颌pterygoid翼状的palpation触诊periosteum 骨膜periosteal 骨膜的perineurium 神经束膜parapharyngeal咽旁的pathognomonic特殊病症的pyogenic 生脓的peripheral周围的periodontoclasia牙周溃疡pericoronal冠周的precox 早发的periosteumpapilloma 乳头瘤paranasal 鼻旁的retard 延迟retrieval取回restricted 受限制的retrozygomatic 颧骨后的regeneration再生rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤sheath 鞘succedaneous替代的spine刺脊柱symphysis 联合sinus窦sequestrum 死骨supernumerary 多余的salt盐sepsis 脓毒症败血症subcutaneous皮下的sialadenitis 涎腺炎sialoductitis涎管炎septicemia 败血症sialolithiasis 涎石形成sialography 涎管X线造影技术swallow 吞咽splint 夹板suprahyoid舌骨上的tuberosity结节粗隆trismus牙关紧闭traumatize 受外伤traumatism 创伤病traumatogenic创伤性的thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎temporal 颞的tendernoss触痛torus palatinus 腭隆凸transitonal转变的vicinity 附近邻近三、内科1、In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点;必须注意些微的组织变化,因为对诊断来说是有意义的;一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查;2、当患者出现牙龈炎时,最常见的表现为牙龈的水肿和增生When the patient suffers from gingivitis, the most common signs are edema and proliferation of the gingiva.3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的典型特征之一Ulceration of the sulcular epithelium is one of the typical signs of acute gingivitis.外科L91、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure, presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation, then that space should be surgically explored.然而,尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗,体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感,就需要外科手术的探查了;2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性症状缓解后,病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎;L101、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occurs that symptoms develop.许多涎石是无自觉症状的,只有当发生部分或是完全阻塞的时候症状才会发展;2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿,而造成的管腔狭窄;修复L131、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.再植术：再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内;这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝,且具有很高的成功率;2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth.移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝;3、The autotransplant a transplant from one place to another within the same mouth enjoys a high success rate often with indefinite survival, by vltue of prompt transfer of the tooth to its new ’s tooth is best performed when the root of the donor tooth is almost completely formed but its apices are still most commonly used donor tooth for autotransplantation to first and second molarsite is third allogenic tooth probably was the first transplanted human have been transplanted for tooth inserted may be an old reserved one which has been extracted for a long time, or it may be a freshly extracted tooth from another individual.自体移植物同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率,但常常不确定是否能存活;当供体牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好;最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨牙;外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植的人体器官;牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史;植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后保留下来的牙,或者是刚从另一个个体拔除的牙;4、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon.种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝生物替代品;能植入的材料可以分为四类,比如金属钛和钴铬合金、聚合物、陶瓷氧化铝、以及碳;5、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone. Compact bone transplants may be used in the form of solid pieces or in the form of chips.Cancellous bone is commonly used in the form of chips. The grafts may be taken from ribs or iliac crest.骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷;骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成;密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用;松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用;骨移植片可以从肋骨或髂嵴上获取L141、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离及正中关系;这种关系固定后转移到合架上;此外,还要纪录反常的关系及髁导斜度;再这次就诊中可选择出前牙;2、In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比;无论是由于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿,都无法对冠提供足够的支持,也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动所产生的咀嚼力;桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败;L161、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙;当采用卡环作为直接固位体时,他通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂;2、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴;3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.当卡环作为直接固位体使用时,作为它的一部分,必须有一个合支托;卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以阻止装置对基牙的颈向运动;4、The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂;每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位;.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的,通常被称为外形最高点;L171、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch.即刻义齿是现今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式;如前几章所述,这种形式与全口义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入;2、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题,可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持;这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供支持;3、It should be appreciated, however, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.然而,应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想结构;4、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体;如果可以获得这种支持,就不该放弃;除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的;5、A part from providing the possibility of increased support and retention for a denture, the presence of some modified teeth may also give to the denture wearer the advantages of alveolar ridge preservation and better intraoral discriminatory ability.除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的可能性,一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽嵴的优势和更好的口内辨别能力;6、The appear to be little doubt that if a denture is in contact with or attached to roots, the patient has a significantly increased ability to discriminate between the size of objects placed between the teeth and to sense direction and to control the amount of force applied to the denture and its supporting tissues. This ability is reduced markedly when the last tooth or root is removed from the dental arch.毫无疑问地,如果义齿接触或附着于牙根部,患者对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力会显着提高;当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时,这种能力会显着降低;四、Xerostomia 口干症matrix 基质Alveolalgia 干槽症contraindication 禁忌症Carbonhydrate 碳水化合物perikymate 采用柱横纹Pellicle 薄膜glycoprotein 醣蛋白Supragingival 龈上的subgingival 龈下的Niches 小生境sulcus 沟Odontoblast 成牙本质细胞fibroblast 成纤维细胞Mesenchymal 间质的ischaemia 缺血Granulation 肉芽hyperplastic 增生Calculus 牙石periodontitis 牙周炎Probing 探查Scaling 刮治术Curettage 刮治RAU 复发性溃疡性口炎Recurrent ulcerative stomatitisAnodyne 镇痛剂hematoma 血肿Preanesthetic 前驱麻醉paralyze 使麻痹Elevator 牙挺apicoectomy 根尖切除术Cellulitis 蜂窝组织炎periodontoclasia 牙周溃坏Pericoronal 牙冠周ecchymosis 皮下瘀血Subcutaneous 皮下的L9—L10Sepsis 脓毒症败血症sialadenitis 涎腺炎Septicemia 败血病sialoductitis 涎管炎Pterygomandibular 翼突下颌的sialolithiasis 涎石形成Parapharyngeal 咽旁的excision 切除Infratemporal 颞下的pyemia 脓血症Retrozygomatic 颧骨后的nodule 小结节Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎dammed-up 阻塞的Periostitis 骨膜炎dilation 膨胀扩张Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎hematogenous 血原性的Fistula 瘘管Osteoradionecrosis 放射性骨坏死L91、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure , presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation , then that space should be surgically explored.然而,尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗,体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感,就需要外科手术的探查了;2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided , the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性症状缓解后,牙齿的原病灶必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎;L101、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occur that symptoms develop.许多涎石并不是症状,只有当部分或是全部涎石变成阻塞物时候症状才会发展;2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.阻碍物是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿使的管腔狭窄;L13 — L14Prosthesis 义齿修复术impression 印膜Undercut 倒凹gingiva 牙龈Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜alginate 藻酸盐Retentive 固位的articulator 咬牙合架Hypertrophy 肥大bite rim 牙合堤Depressor 降肌hydrocolloid 水胶体Nasalis 鼻肌mastication 咀嚼Buccinatoris 颊肌L15Genioglossus 颏舌肌abutment 基牙Mentalis 颏肌bridge 桥Frenum 系带contraindicate 禁忌Frenectomy 系带切除术monocarious 单龋的Reposition 复位术polycarious 多龋的Ankylotomy 舌系带切除术complete veneer 全覆盖Ankyloglossia 舌系带短缩calcify 钙化Alveolectomy 牙槽缘切除术margin 边缘Exostosis 外生骨疣casting 铸件Malignancy 恶性肿瘤grindground 磨Autotransplant 自体移植物malpose 错位Polymer 聚合物malrelate 错牙合Silicon 硅invest 包埋Raphe 缝mesiodistally 近中远侧地Contour 外形buccolingually 颊舌地Creat 脊rotation 旋转Alar 翼etiology 病因学Prognathia 上颌前突esthetics 美学Cancollous 网状骨L16Iliac 查骨的connector 连街体Torus 隆凸porcelain 瓷料Clasp 卡环Resin 树脂leverage 杠杆作用occlusal rest 牙合支托L17Overlay 覆盖物implant 移植物Hybrid 混合的clench 咬紧Threshold 阈L131、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.再植是指牙因事故或曾经治疗故意移除重新插入牙槽;此再植体高度符合此槽以及有较高的成功率;2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth.移植为使用邻近的无用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上;自体移植同一个体的口腔中从这处转植到另外一处活络的生存力剧有高度的成功率,取决于牙移植的时机,自体移植牙的最佳时刻是供体牙根几乎完全形成,但根尖孔尚未闭合;最常使用自体移植牙为第三磨牙来替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙;异体牙移植大概是人类器官移植的开端,牙移植已经有数世纪的历史,被植入的可能是被以前拔出很久时间且存放的牙或是才刚从其它个体拔出的新鲜牙;3、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon.种植为植入人工牙到新的牙槽上;可使用的材料分为四类：金属、聚合物、陶瓷和碳;L141、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.第三次的诊疗主要是要获得正中关系和垂直关系的尺寸;这关系要修正以及转移到咬合架上;此外,非正中关系和髁导斜度也要确认;经过这次的疗程,就可以选牙排列前牙了;L151、Root Length of Abutment ：In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments. 理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比,当根的长度因天生关系或是再吸收使长度过短,是无法充分提供冠或固位体抵抗下颌骨发展的不同咀嚼力道;外力对牙槽脊的影响会使基牙损坏;L161、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and aretentive clasp arm.经典的局部可摘游离端义齿大致由以下部分组成：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不同的树脂牙或瓷牙,或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙;以卡环作为直接固位体者,通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂;2、The Base：The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个组成单元,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽脊;3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.卡环的固位端被放置于颈部倾斜倒凹区的需要的位置,并保持其固位,而合支托可以避免基牙上的装置的颈向移位元;4、The Retentive Arm：The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.固位臂：组成卡环的第三部分是十分重要的部分,这也是为什么要设计卡环固位体;卡环至少应有一个臂能产生对抗垂直方向位移的力;这通过把卡环固位端放置于牙齿直径最大处的颈方来实现,该处通常指“外形高点线”;L171、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch.预成义齿修复是目前义齿修复中较为广泛使用的方式;这种方式,与之前的章节中所描述的全口修复体的区别在于,它们可以在从上颌或下颌牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙体之后,很快制作和戴入;L181、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.对于拔出所有牙齿所产生的问题,有时可尝试借助不同类型的移植物,来提供义齿的支持,这种方法优于只使用粘骨膜进行支持;2、It should be appreciated, However, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.这种方法更应被选择,但是,自然牙的牙周膜是理想的适合对抗咬合压力给予支持的方式;3、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.自然牙的牙根因此也优于任何形式的人造植入体;如果可能使用这种自然支持,则不应该放弃这种方法,除非医生确定患者会对一副常规的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口义齿感到满意;五、04卷子Parapharyngeal 咽旁Radiolucent X光透射Scquestrum 腐骨死骨Sialogram 涎管X线造影片Septicemia 败血病Pyogenic 化脓性Sialolithiasis 涎石病Devoid 缺乏的Periostitis 骨膜炎Mole 胎块Sialoductitis 涎管炎Nonmalignant 良性的Fracture 骨折Giant 巨大Comminution 粉碎Hyperpyrexia 高热Self-reduce Hyperplasia 增生Laceration 撕裂Reparative 修复性Biopsy 切片检查法Prosthesis 义齿Infection 感染Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜Space 间隙Oblique 倾斜句子翻译1、If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.若药液注射剂,针头及技术准备妥当,在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现,但是,医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备;2、Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛,可能为非正常情况,需特别仔细检查,其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起;3、Acute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: a periapical bpericemental cpericoronal急性牙槽脓肿,是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现;这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周;4、Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎,及其后遗的导管狭窄症;5、The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中,因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折;6、The common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的;7、Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围,除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官;8、The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease.被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具;包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗;9、It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术10、The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线11、In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgicallyestablish adequate drainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道;12、The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement.短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位;此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见六、中翻英1、Conduction anesthesiaBlock anesthesia. When injected in the vicinity of a nerve trunk, an anesthetic solution penetrates by way of the perineurium into the central nerve substance, inhibiting its conducting function, and thus anesthetizing the entire peripheral areas supplied by the nerve. Conduction anesthesia is therefore ancathe ia produced by elimination of the conductivity of the nerve trunk. In inducing anesthesia in this manner, it is doubtful whether the needle often actually penetrates the nerve sheath. The injection is made in the region of the nerve and the solution then is absorbed through the perineurium.阻滞麻醉conduction anesthesia;当注射神经干trunk的邻近区域vicinity时,麻药通过神经荚膜穿透进入中央神经胞质central nerve substance,阻止inhibit其传导功能,从而麻醉由此神经支配的整个外周peripheral区域;所以阻滞麻醉通过减少神经干传导性而产生的麻醉效果;使用这种方式麻醉,不确定针头是否实际上时常穿过神经鞘sheath;注射在神经分布的区域内进行,然后药液通过神经鞘膜吸收;2、An impacted third molar may press against the crown of the second molar and cause decay of the tooth, or itself becomes the seat of caries around the point of contact. It may also cause pressure absorption of the root of the second molar. Exposure and devitalization of the pulp from these causes may give rise to neuralgia. Neuralgia may be caused in another way by pressure of the impacted tooth on the inferior dental nerve or its branches.阻生的第三磨牙会挤压第二磨牙的牙冠引起后者的龋坏,或其本身在接触周围产生龋坏;还可造成第二磨牙牙根的压迫吸收;由这些原因引起的牙髓的暴露和失活会造成神经痛;神经痛也可由阻生牙压迫相关牙神经或其分支造成;3、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性症状缓解后,病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎;4、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone.骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷;骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成;5、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴;英翻中1、Based on doth morphological and microbiological sequential analyses, a better understanding has been gained of the event involved in plaque formation, especially on clean supragingival enamel surfaces. For convenience of description these events can be considered as three phases:1initial colonization, 2rapid bacterial growth, and3remodeling. In actuality, though, these are progressive phases gradually changing and not sharply refined.基于型态学和微生物学的相继分析下,对于菌斑的形成可获得更好的了解,尤其是在清洁的龈上釉质表面;为了明确描述这个过程,可分为三部分：1.初期定植2.细菌快速生长3.重建,事实上这些过程是渐进的,且未被明确定义的;2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿,而造成的管腔狭窄;。

第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌 bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatineprocess前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly切牙管 incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionicplacode施万细胞 Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质 ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoicacid syndrome（RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel'scartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊 pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭 primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasalprocess主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白 ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretory odontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwingepithelial root sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞resting odontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctionalcomplex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassezepithelial rest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白 non-collagenousprotein NSPs内釉上皮层inner enamalepithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dentalepithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落 shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelial band罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblastic process，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforatingfiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiarydentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone,the zone of Weil，Weil层反应性牙本质reactiondentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubulardentin管周牙本质peritubulardentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20 matrixmetalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondarydentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber,最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamictheory磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostaticpotential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contourline of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobulardentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer ofnerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说directinnervation theory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendriticcells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases（kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质scleroticdentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer托姆斯突凹Tomesprocesses pit，TPP微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiated mesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellular intrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellular extrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular afibrillar cementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel 细胞牙骨质cellularcementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin 限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphophoryn；dentin phosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentin sialophosphoproteins牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cemental junction 牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growth factor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesion protein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinal complex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cemental junction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellular mixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiostealgroup牙间乳头interdentalpapilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingivaljunction牙龈上皮gingvalepithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-richprotein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-like protein颌下腺submandibulargland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelialcell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucouscell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolytic protein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctionalcomplex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-typesecretion乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sj?grensyndrome肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilicadenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitive pluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcified cartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibular join，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articular surface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia type II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentindysplasia type I白兰地型brandywineisolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacialhyperplasia成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia;supernumerary teeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluoride enamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcifiedtype过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cuspdeformity畸形舌侧窝lingual fossadeformity畸形中央尖central cuspdeformity结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突densevaginatus of anterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regionalodontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence ofdeciduous teeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidrotic ectodermaldysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石waterstreaming round bouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracyclinestained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranial dysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenitalsyphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天内萌出的牙形成不全型hypoplastictype雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1 dentinmatrix protein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein, DSP牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙内陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralized enamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesis imperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamel extension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditary opalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutansstreptococci; S. mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of thelesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytictheory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitic theory化学细菌学说chemico-bacterial theory坏死崩解层zone ofdestruction获得性薄膜acquiredpellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surfacecaries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说threeprimary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenictheory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone ofdemineralization唾液薄膜salivarypellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissurecaries细菌侵入层zone ofbacterial invasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversible pulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolar degeneration of theodontoblastic layer急性化脓性牙髓炎acutesupurative pulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closed pulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerative pulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronic hyperplastic pulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙内吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulpcalcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy of the pulp牙髓纤维性变pulpfibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external toothresorption转化生长因子transfergrowth factor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapicalgranuloma根尖周炎periapicalperiodontitis急性根尖周炎acuteperiapical periodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acutealveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoicacids慢性根尖脓肿chronicperiapical abscess慢性根尖周炎chronicperiapical periodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonicalveolar abscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensingosteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumornecrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleukins,IL白血病性龈增大gingivalenlargement associated withleukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitiswith leukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitis associated withendodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginalgingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期establishedlesion剥脱性龈病损desquamativelesion of gingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumaticocclusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquireddeformities and conditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitis as amanifestation of systemicdiseases放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-induced gingivallesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincentgingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroidesforsythus，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizing periodontal diseases基质金属蛋白酶matrix metalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroid hormone-influencedgingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing gingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusal trauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis慢性龈炎chronicgingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclast differentationfactor,ODF前列腺素E2prostglandinE2，PGE2侵袭性牙周炎aggressiveperiodontitis青春期龈炎pubertalgingivitis人类白细胞抗原humanleucocyte antigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancygingivitis始发期initial stage嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T.maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathic plasma-cellgingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathicgingival hyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin C deficeintgingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellularadhesion m olecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental plaque biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenital familialfibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuseatrophy of alveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dentalplaque-induced gingivaldisease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas gingivalis，牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Capno gingivalis牙龈乳头炎papillarygingivitis牙龈退缩gingivalrecession牙周变性periodontaldegeneration牙周病periodontaldisease牙周脓肿abcesses of theperiodontium牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influencedgingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditary gingivalfibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditarygingival hyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingivalcrevicular fluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft;Stillman'S cleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white foldeddisease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmedcell death大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythemamultiforme exsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthousstomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrent aphthous ulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitis mucosa necroticarecurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculation and liquefactionof hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersederythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenouserythroplakia皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclearantibody，ANA颗粒型红斑granularerythroplakia口腔 Kaposi肉瘤oralKaposi sarcoma口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oralnon-Hodgkin lymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairyleukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oralcandidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oralsubmucous fibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichenPlanus Pemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benignmigratory glossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benignmucous membrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoid lupus erythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areata exfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitis granulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingualpapillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticulardegeneration韦格内肉芽肿Wegenergranulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitisglandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞内的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benign lymphoadenosis ofmucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermaldendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt'slymphoma不确定细胞indeterminatecell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eatenappearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagicbone cyst穿凿性吸收tunnelingresorption or dissectingresorption穿凿样punched-outappearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bonecyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostotic bibrous dysplasia也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleatestromal cell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclear phagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmalbone cyst多发性骨髓瘤multiplemyeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostotic fibrous dysplasia也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignantosteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralized osteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cellrich lesion钙化骨mineralized bone孤立性骨囊肿solitarybone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitisossificans骨化性纤维瘤ossifyingfibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant celltumor of bone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal bone resorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginous exostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia of bone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitarymyeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acute suppurativeosteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondarycartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondaryhyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familial mulitilocular cysticdisease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familial fibrous dysplasia ofthe jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculous osteomyelitis ofjaws静止性骨腔static bonecavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giantosteoid osteoma巨细胞肉芽肿giant celllesions of the jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giantcell reparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhanscell disease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhanscell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cellhistiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhansgiant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwedisease良性成骨细胞瘤benignoseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitating dendriticcell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞folliculardendritic cell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré's chronicnonsuppurative sclerosingostitis Garre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronic osteomyelitis withproliferative periostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronic suppurativeosteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic focal sclerosingosteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic diffuse sclerosingosteomyelitis of jaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic sclerosingosteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglassappearance内生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressive osteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressive ossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenile ossifying fibroma 日光放射状(影像) sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatous inflammation 软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoid fobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilic granuloma树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullary plasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullarg Ewing sarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatal maxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifying fibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primary hyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compactosteoma致密性骨炎condensingostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreralchondroma周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giant cellgranuloma转化亢进high-turnoverstate棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症XhistiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylarhyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoidgranuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoidarthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoidnodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibular jointdisorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villousprojection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmented villonosdularsynovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive joint disease纤维素样变fibrinoidchange象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonicantigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotentialbicellular reserve cell theory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerative sialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤 sialoblastoma大细胞癌 large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmental anomalies of ducts导管内乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycysticparotid gland多能单储备细胞理论pluripotential unicellularreserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellulartheory多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphous low-gradeadenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphicadenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignantpleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignant lymphoepitheliallesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivarygland depression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤non-sebaceous lymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌 clearcell carcinoma, not otherwisespecified非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma not otherwisespecified，NOS分泌组份secretorycomponent副涎腺accessory salivarygland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicularadenoma; tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidase anti-proxidase,PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizing sialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immune deficiencysyndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤 Hodgkinlymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basalreserve cell theory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamous whorling基底细胞腺瘤basal celladenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎 acutepyogenic paratitis急性涎腺炎acutesialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cellcarcinoma结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤extranodal marginal zoneB-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bonycavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalic inclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidin peroxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benign lymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelial carcinoma淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis; mumps慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrent parotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of submandibular gland; Küttner瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤diffuse large B-cell lymphoma迷走涎腺aberrantsalivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌 cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤 cystadenoma内翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductal papilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌 sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceouslymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceousadenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto'sthyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidin biotin-peroxidasecomplex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillary cystadenomalymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillarycystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillarycystadenoma乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenomapapilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelialcarcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelial island上皮膜抗原epithelialmembrane antigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sj?gren'ssyndrome施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilicadenoma透明细胞癌clear cellcarcinoma透明细胞瘤clear celltumor未分化癌undifferentiatedcarcimma细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary glandvirus disease涎腺导管癌salivary ductcarcinoma涎腺导管结石salivaryduct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivaryduct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia ofsalivary gland涎腺发育异常developmentanomalies of salivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivaryglands涎腺结核tuberculosis ofsalivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary glandcyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling ofsalivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenitalabsence of salivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic ofsaIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤 haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoid carcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoid hyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptide antigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst 鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolarcyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cystof adults发育性根侧囊肿lateralperiodontal cyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossaltract cyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿orallymphoepithelial cyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canalcyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleftcyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucousextravasation cyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibular infected buccalcyst下颌正中囊肿medianmandibular cyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogenic cyst腺牙源性囊肿glandularodontogenic cyst新生儿牙板囊肿dentallamina cyst of the newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucusproducing odontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenic keratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogeniccyst炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatory collateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oralgastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿 gingival cyst ofinfants釉突 enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征naevoid basal cell carcinomasyndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucousretention cyst。

UNIT-1dental plaque 牙菌斑血链球菌轻链球菌变形链球菌aerobic 好氧的,氧气的；依靠氧气的anaerobic 没有空气而能生活得,厌氧的1.In contrast to mucosal surface,the surface of teeth are not constantlyrenewed by shedding of colonized epithelial cells.较之粘膜,牙面不能稳定地通过上皮脱落而更新;2. Selective manner in which bacteria attach to the tooth surface isthought to reflect the fact that bacteria on their surface contain a recognition system which enables components on the bacteria surface adhesions to blind to complementary molecules receptors in the pellicle.细菌附着与牙面的选择性方式反映了这一事实,即细菌表面具有识别系统,该系统能使细菌表面的附着器与获得性膜中的互补手提分子结合;UNIT-2ecology 生态学；个体生态学ecosystem 生态系统学mutanism 突变的血链球菌变形链球菌1.Colonization is a complex process, as it involves not only interactionbetween bacteria and their environment but aslo bacterial interactions. 定植是一个复杂的过程,它不仅包括细菌和环境间的相互作用,也包括细菌之间的相互作用;2.Tooth eruption has a major impact on the composition of oral is to beexpected, as teeth provide new types of surfaces and new microenvironments.牙齿的萌出对口腔菌群组成有重要影响;这是因为牙齿提供了一些新型的表面和新的微环境;UNIT-3saliva 唾液parotid 耳旁的；腮腺的lingual 舌的,语言的,舌侧的buccal 颊的,颊侧的labial 唇的,唇侧的palatine 腭的edentulous 无牙sulculus 小沟mastication 咀嚼chew 嚼,咀嚼temporomandibular joint TMJ颞下颌关节streptococci 链球菌fungus 复fungi 真菌,霉菌1.The salivary amylase activity of differenr individuals varies but a weakaction is compensated for by the strong action of pancreatic amylase in the duodenum.不同个体间唾液淀粉酶的活性不同,但是较弱的活性可由十二指肠中强活性的胰淀粉酶补偿;UNIT-4enamel 釉质dentinal tubules 牙骨质小管amelocemental junction 釉牙骨质界dentine 牙本质cementum 牙骨质odontoblast 成牙本质细胞alveolar bone 牙槽骨alveolar crest 牙槽嵴junctional epithelium 结合上皮1.The tooth bud undergoes peripheral proliferartion into the mesenchyme,leaving a central mensenchyme-filled depression, to form the tooth cap which consistants of the same components as the tooth bud.牙蕾的周边区上皮向外胚间充质中生长,基底部凹陷,状如帽子,凹陷内充满外胚间充质细胞,帽状期上皮与蕾状期相同;2.Dentine consists of mineralized tissue chiefly hydroxyapatite in whichmicroscopic tubules are found extending from the pulp to very close to, or even through, the amelodentinal junction.牙本质由矿化组织以羟基磷灰石为主构成,镜下见有小管自牙髓贯穿全层到达或穿过釉牙本质界;UNIT-5dentine permeability 牙本质渗透性remineralization再矿化groove窝沟slot 固定沟undercut retention 倒凹固位cariogenic 致龋的1.Fissure sealants, sa an effective way to prevent fissure caries, aresupported by many controlled clinical studies and should be used as a preventive measure in patients with moderate or high caries risk.许多临床对照研究证明窝沟封闭剂是一种有效的预防沟裂龋的方法,并作为预防性措施应用中度或者高度龋易感性的患者;UNIT-6percuss 叩诊,敲palpate 触诊lamina dura 硬板attrition 磨损abrasion 磨耗metamorphosis 变形pulpitis 牙髓炎microleakage 微渗漏pulp polyp 牙髓息肉matiscation 咀嚼fistula 瘘管abscess 脓肿osteosclerosis 骨硬化1.Rather,its purposes are to suggest in the broadest possibleinterpretation whether pulp os either healthy or unhealty and to help the clinical determine whether it should be removed, based on clinical experience.更确切地说,提出临床分类的目的是尽可能地解释牙髓是否健康,同时基于临床经验,以帮助医生决定牙髓是否需要摘除;2.For this reason only complete cleansing, shaping, and obturation ofthe root canal will eliminiate the source of the periapical disease and create a microenviroment in which these periapical lesion can remineralize.因此,只有彻底冲洗,预备和充填根管,才会杜绝根尖周疾病的来源,并创造一个能促进根尖周病损再矿化的微环境;UNIT7obturate 闭塞amalgam 汞合金gutta-percha 牙胶stopping 充填剂bleach 漂白rosin 松香irritant 刺激的However , it is only through a cognizant “problem-solving” approach to root canal treatment ,that quality assurance can be continually demonstrated in the obturation of the root canal system.但是,只有通过认知性的,以解决问题为中心的根管治疗方法才能自始自终地保证根管填充的质量;UNIT 8pulpotomy 牙髓切断术maxillary 上颌骨mandibular下颌骨radiolucent 射线透射的pulpectomy 牙髓摘除术dental floss 牙线periodontium 牙周组织hypodontia 牙发育不全dysplasia 发育异常1The specificity of induction reflects the particular combinations of signaling molecules their cognate cell surface receptors , various intracellular signal pathways , and a large number of transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression.诱导的特异性表现在信号分子、同源性细胞表面受体、各种细胞内信号路径及其调控基因表达的大量转录因子的特殊联合作用上;2In addition to changes in pulp size and shape with aging ,external stimuli also exert an effect . Caries , attrition , abrasion , erosion , impact trauma , and clinical procedure are some of the major irrritants that may cause formation of irritation dentin.牙髓的体积与形状除了随年龄变化之外,外界的刺激也对它产生影响;龋病,磨损,磨耗,腐蚀,创伤及临床操作是导致刺激性牙本质形成的主要因素;UNIT 9endodontic 牙髓学percussion 叩诊palpation 触诊probing 探诊pathosis 病态manifestation 临床表现medical history 病历,病史vital sign 生命体征chief complain 主诉pulp capping 盖髓metamorphosis 变态,变形,变质radiograph X射线照片cement 粘固粉recurrent caries 继发龋full-crown restoration 全冠修复orthodontic 牙科正畸的,正畸学temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节occlusal 咬合的sinus tract 窦道deciduous teeth 乳牙pulpless tooth 无髓牙premonition 预告,预感1A complete medical history should contain , as a baseline , the vital sighs ; give early warning of unsuspected general disease ; and define risks to the health of the staff as well as identify the risks of treatment to the patient.一份完整的病历应该包括作为基础的生命体征；对尚未被怀疑的全身性疾病提出早期警告；并且确定影响健康的危险因素以及者患接受治疗的危险因素;2The question , “What kind of treatment have you had” might elicit a history of pulp capping ,deep fillings with sedative bases , or indirect pulp caps.问题“你曾经接受过哪种治疗”可能提示盖髓史,深部安抚剂垫底的充填史或间接盖髓史;UNIT 10periodontitis 牙周炎the connective tissue 结缔组织loss of attachment 附着丧失Junctional epithelium 结合上皮Apical migration 根向移动periodontium 牙周组织尤指牙周膜gingiva 牙龈plaque 菌斑agressive periodontitis 侵袭性牙周炎refractory periodontitis 难治性牙周炎Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical parameters documented in a thorough periodontal assessment , as well as consideration of the age of onset , rapidity of progression , and extent /patten of alveolar bone loss.诊断是建立在彻底的牙周状况评估所获得的临床指标的基础上的,同时,还必须考虑发病的年龄,牙周病进展的速度以及牙槽骨吸收的程度和类型;UNIT 11dental caries 龋齿calculus 牙结石Malignant lesions恶性病损leukoplakia 白斑asymptomatic 无症状的premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及,乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多,都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因;UNIT12dental floss 牙线dentifrice 牙粉,牙膏Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术Root planning 根面平整术instrumentation 器械用法,器械操作法ecosystem 生态体系,生态系统Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of currentmechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.因而,尽管存活菌的总量大大减少,但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌,一方面是由于器械功效有限,另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织,或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上;UNIT-13contraindication 禁忌症indication 适应症pulp capping 盖髓zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油root furcation 根分叉UNIT-14Ameloblastoma----成釉细胞Curettage----刮除术Decompression----减压术Dentigerous cyst----含牙囊肿Epithelial cell rests of Malassez----上皮剩余Enucleation----剜除术Eruption cyst----萌出囊肿Incisive fossa----切牙窝Keratocyst----角化囊肿Nasoalveolar cyst----鼻牙槽囊肿Odontogenic cyst----牙源性囊肿Radiolucency----透射线性,密度减低性For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则; Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小;UNIT-15Condyle----髁突Meniscus----关节盘Ramus----下颌支Bruxism----磨牙症,夜间磨牙Synovitis----滑膜炎,关节膜炎The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.UNIT-16Epidemiologic----传染病学的,流行病学的Morphology----形态学Inheritance----遗传,继承Cartilage----软骨Intermaxillary fixationIMF----颌间固定UNIT-17Tenderness----触痛Palpation----触诊,扪诊Perforation---穿孔Anatomic----解剖的,解剖学上的Occlusal----上下齿咬合面的Hygiene----卫生,卫生学Occlusion----咬合When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折;UNIT-18Morbidity----发病,发病率Mandible----下颌骨Implant----种植体,移植Toxicity----毒性,毒力Protocol----科学实验报告,原始记录Fluoride----氟化物Prophylaxis----预防Premalignant----癌症前期的,恶性转化前的To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be ‘swung’ out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth..为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.UNIT-19Prosthesis----修复体,修复术Triangular----三角形的Convex----凸的,凸面的Embrasure----楔状隙,外展隙A direct retainer is any unit of a removable dental prosthesis that engages an abutment tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of the prosthesis away from basal seat tissues.直接固位体是可摘局部义齿的重要组成部分,主要是利用基牙来对抗修复体向基托的组织面下沉;They should be placed as far as possible from the distal extension base affording the best possible leverage against lifting of the distal extension base.对于远中游离端缺失的情况,间接固位体的位置应距游离端越远越好,可对抗游离端基托翘动所引起的杠杆作用;UNIT 20complete crown：全冠supragingival margins：龈上边缘subgingival margins：龈下边缘margin adaptation：边缘适合性undercut：倒凹in vitro：在试管中,在生物体外metal-ceramic alloy：金属烤瓷合金nickel-chromium alloy：镍铬合金fixed partial denturesFPD：固定部分义齿overcontoured：外形过凸Teeth require preparation to receive restorations, and these preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.牙体制备是为修复体创造出空间,必须遵循一些由具体标准界定的基本原则,从而有助于预测修复治疗的疗效;However, care must be taken that esthetic considerations are not pursued at the expense of a patient’s long-term oral health or functional efficiency.然而,美学的考虑不应损害病人远期口腔健康或以牺牲功能为代价;UNIT 21osseointegration：骨整合作用radiolucency：射线可透性,射线透射性trabeculation：小梁形成osteoporosis：骨质疏松症Thus, clinical integration of an implant is dependent on more than direct bone-to-implant contact, and other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the amount, location, and quality of the supporting bone structure, the soft connective tissues and the epithelium.因此,种植体的临床整合主要依赖于骨与种植体之间的直接接触,还有其他一些必须考虑的因素,如支持骨组织、软结缔组织以及粘膜的数量、位置和质量;More recently, resorbable coating have been developed that aim to improve the initial rate of bone healing against the implant surface, followed by resorption within a short time frame to allow establishment of a bone to metal contact.最近, 可吸收涂层已经被制造出来,其目的是为了加快种植体表面的最初愈合速度,随后,涂层在很短的时间内被吸收,以使骨与金属之间形成接触;UNIT 22overdenture：覆盖义齿preventive： n.预防方法；adj.预防的superstructure：上部结构edentulous：无牙的flange：边缘interproximal：零间隙的contour：n..外形The base must end at the survey line height of contour of the ridge becausefurther extension would allow the trapping of food in the undercut areas. 基托必须止于牙槽嵴观测线上,否则基托的进一步延伸到引起倒凹区的食物嵌塞; UNIT 23post：桩reinforcement：加强,加固stress distribution：应力分布fracture resistance：抗折能力prognosis：预后crown to root ratio：冠根比例wedging stress：楔力film thickness：粘结剂的厚度escape groove：溢出沟cementation：粘固Several studies have concluded that remaining tooth structure was a more significant concern for preventing fracture of the tooth and retention of restoration than was post design or use.一些研究表明剩余牙体组织在预防牙折合修复体的固位上比桩的设计和使用更重要;UNIT 24jaw relationship：咬合关系complete denture：全口义齿freeway space：息止合间隙occlusal vertical dimension：咬合垂直距离rest vertical dimension：息止合位的垂直距离condyle英 condylus拉：髁,髁状突retruded position：后退位ligament：韧带temporomandibular joint：颞下颌关节centric jaw relationship：中性颌关系permanent base：恒基托nasolabial groove：鼻唇沟occlusal plane：合平面midline：中线impression plaster：印模膏It is therefore of considerable importance in the construction of complete dentures to select a suitable degree of jaw separation at which the teeth will be in contact.因此,全口义齿修复的非常重要的一点是选择适当的上下颌开合度,这个开合度就是将来的咬合接触位;UNIT 25slot：托槽槽沟banding：粘结带环glass ionomer cement：玻璃离子粘固粉UNIT26cephalometry：头影测量术dentofacial deformity：牙颌面畸形orthopedic：矫形术informed consent：知情同意diastema：牙间隙intercanine width：尖牙间宽度supernumerary tooth：多生牙bimaxillary proclination：双颌前突retention：保持Previously the orthodontist chose the preferred treatment plan for the patient, and the patient or parent either accepted or rejected the plan, with little room for consideration of alternatives.以往是由正畸医生为病人确定治疗方案,病人或家长要么接受,要么拒绝该方案,而没有选择的余地;It can be defined broadly as the balance between the available space and the desired tooth movements.广义的支抗可定义为所提供的间隙与希望得到的牙齿移动之间的平衡关系;UNIT 27orthodontics：正畸学malocclusion：错合interception：干扰,阻断cross bite：反合overjet：覆盖openbite：开合anchorage loss：支抗丧失bruxism：夜磨牙Research has failed to demonstrate a significant association between malocclusion and caries, whereas diet and the use of fluoride toothpaste are correlated with caries experience.没有研究表明错合畸形与龋患之间存在显着关系,但饮食和氟化牙膏的使用于龋患间存在相关性;While it is accepted that dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion do have a negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of the individual, the impact of more minor occlusal problems is more variable and is modifiedby social and cultural factors.牙面畸形和错合畸形对人的心理健康和自信心有负面影响,这点已有共识；但在轻微的错合对心理所产生的影响方面却存在较大分歧,而且受社会和文化因素的影响;UNIT 28preventive dentistry：预防牙医学primary prevention：一级预防secondary prevention：二级预防tertiary prevention：三级预防incidence：发病率etiology：病因学periodontitis：牙周炎gingivitis：牙龈炎gingival：牙龈gingival sulcus：龈沟interproximal：邻面的occlusal：合面的calculus：结石Health is what we want to preserve, and is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”健康的定义不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱,而是身心健康、社会幸福的完美状态; UNIT 29fluoride：氟化物water fluoridation：饮水氟化anticariogenic：防龋的dentifrice：洁牙剂,牙膏demineralization：脱矿remineralization：再矿化pit and fissure sealants：窝沟封闭fossae：小窝,沟单数为fossadental health education：口腔健康教育caries activity test：龋活性试验UNIT 11dental caries 龋齿 calculus 牙结石Malignant lesions恶性病损 leukoplakia 白斑asymptomatic 无症状的 premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及,乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多,都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因;UNIT12dental floss 牙线 Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术dentifrice 牙粉,牙膏 Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术Root planning 根面平整术 instrumentation 器械用法,器械操作法ecosystem 生态体系,生态系统Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of current mechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.因而,尽管存活菌的总量大大减少,但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌,一方面是由于器械功效有限,另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织,或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上;UNIT-13contraindication 禁忌症 indication 适应症pulp capping 盖髓 zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油root furcation 根分叉UNIT-14Ameloblastoma----成釉细胞 Curettage----刮除术Decompression----减压术 Enucleation----剜除术Epithelial cell rests of Malassez----上皮剩余 Dentigerous cyst----含牙囊肿Incisive fossa----切牙窝 Eruption cyst----萌出囊肿Keratocyst----角化囊肿 Nasoalveolar cyst----鼻牙槽囊肿Odontogenic cyst----牙源性囊肿 Radiolucency----透射线性,密度减低性For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则; Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小;UNIT-15Condyle----髁突 Meniscus----关节盘 Ramus----下颌支Bruxism----磨牙症,夜间磨牙 Synovitis----滑膜炎,关节膜炎The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.UNIT-16Epidemiologic----传染病学的,流行病学的 Morphology----形态学Inheritance----遗传,继承 Cartilage----软骨 Intermaxillary fixationIMF----颌间固定UNIT-17Tenderness----触痛 Palpation----触诊,扪诊Perforation---穿孔 Anatomic----解剖的,解剖学上的Occlusal----上下齿咬合面的 Hygiene----卫生,卫生学Occlusion----咬合When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折;UNIT-18Morbidity----发病,发病率 Mandible----下颌骨Implant----种植体,移植 Toxicity----毒性,毒力Protocol----科学实验报告,原始记录 Fluoride----氟化物Prophylaxis----预防 Premalignant----癌症前期的,恶性转化前的To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be ‘swung’ out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth..为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.UNIT-19Prosthesis----修复体,修复术 Triangular----三角形的Convex----凸的,凸面的 Embrasure----楔状隙,外展隙A direct retainer is any unit of a removable dental prosthesis that engages an abutment tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of the prosthesis away from basal seat tissues.直接固位体是可摘局部义齿的重要组成部分,主要是利用基牙来对抗修复体向基托的组织面下沉;They should be placed as far as possible from the distal extension base affording the best possible leverage against lifting of the distal extension base.对于远中游离端缺失的情况,间接固位体的位置应距游离端越远越好,可对抗游离端基托翘动所引起的杠杆作用;UNIT 20complete crown：全冠 supragingival margins：龈上边缘margin adaptation：边缘适合性 subgingival margins：龈下边缘undercut：倒凹 metal-ceramic alloy：金属烤瓷合金in vitro：在试管中,在生物体外 nickel-chromium alloy：镍铬合金fixed partial denturesFPD：固定部分义齿 overcontoured：外形过凸Teeth require preparation to receive restorations, and these preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.牙体制备是为修复体创造出空间,必须遵循一些由具体标准界定的基本原则,从而有助于预测修复治疗的疗效;However, care must be taken that esthetic considerations are not pursued at the expense of a patient’s long-term oral health or functional efficiency.然而,美学的考虑不应损害病人远期口腔健康或以牺牲功能为代价;UNIT 21osseointegration：骨整合作用 radiolucency：射线可透性,射线透射性trabeculation：小梁形成 osteoporosis：骨质疏松症Thus, clinical integration of an implant is dependent on more than direct bone-to-implant contact, and other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the amount, location, and quality of the supporting bone structure,the soft connective tissues and the epithelium.因此,种植体的临床整合主要依赖于骨与种植体之间的直接接触,还有其他一些必须考虑的因素,如支持骨组织、软结缔组织以及粘膜的数量、位置和质量;More recently, resorbable coating have been developed that aim to improve the initial rate of bone healing against the implant surface, followed by resorption within a short time frame to allow establishment of a bone to metal contact.最近, 可吸收涂层已经被制造出来,其目的是为了加快种植体表面的最初愈合速度,随后,涂层在很短的时间内被吸收,以使骨与金属之间形成接触;UNIT 22overdenture：覆盖义齿 preventive： n.预防方法；adj.预防的superstructure：上部结构 edentulous：无牙的flange：边缘 interproximal：零间隙的contour：n..外形The base must end at the survey line height of contour of the ridge because further extension would allow the trapping of food in the undercut areas. 基托必须止于牙槽嵴观测线上,否则基托的进一步延伸到引起倒凹区的食物嵌塞; UNIT 23post：桩reinforcement：加强,加固 stress distribution：应力分布fracture resistance：抗折能力 prognosis：预后crown to root ratio：冠根比例 wedging stress：楔力film thickness：粘结剂的厚度 escape groove：溢出沟cementation：粘固Several studies have concluded that remaining tooth structure was a more significant concern for preventing fracture of the tooth and retention of restoration than was post design or use.一些研究表明剩余牙体组织在预防牙折合修复体的固位上比桩的设计和使用更重要;UNIT 24jaw relationship：咬合关系 complete denture：全口义齿freeway space：息止合间隙 occlusal vertical dimension：咬合垂直距离rest vertical dimension：息止合位的垂直距离 condyle英 condylus拉：髁,髁状突retruded position：后退位 ligament：韧带temporomandibular joint：颞下颌关节 centric jaw relationship：中性颌关系permanent base：恒基托 nasolabial groove：鼻唇沟occlusal plane：合平面 midline：中线impression plaster：印模膏It is therefore of considerable importance in the construction of complete dentures to select a suitable degree of jaw separation at which the teethwill be in contact.因此,全口义齿修复的非常重要的一点是选择适当的上下颌开合度,这个开合度就是将来的咬合接触位;UNIT 25slot：托槽槽沟 banding：粘结带环glass ionomer cement：玻璃离子粘固粉UNIT26cephalometry：头影测量术 dentofacial deformity：牙颌面畸形orthopedic：矫形术 informed consent：知情同意diastema：牙间隙 intercanine width：尖牙间宽度supernumerary tooth：多生牙 bimaxillary proclination：双颌前突retention：保持Previously the orthodontist chose the preferred treatment plan for the patient, and the patient or parent either accepted or rejected the plan, with little room for consideration of alternatives.以往是由正畸医生为病人确定治疗方案,病人或家长要么接受,要么拒绝该方案,而没有选择的余地;It can be defined broadly as the balance between the available space and the desired tooth movements.广义的支抗可定义为所提供的间隙与希望得到的牙齿移动之间的平衡关系;UNIT 27orthodontics：正畸学 malocclusion：错合interception：干扰,阻断 cross bite：反合overjet：覆盖 open bite：开合anchorage loss：支抗丧失 bruxism：夜磨牙Research has failed to demonstrate a significant association between malocclusion and caries, whereas diet and the use of fluoride toothpaste are correlated with caries experience.没有研究表明错合畸形与龋患之间存在显着关系,但饮食和氟化牙膏的使用于龋患间存在相关性;While it is accepted that dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion do have a negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of the individual, the impact of more minor occlusal problems is more variable and is modifiedby social and cultural factors.牙面畸形和错合畸形对人的心理健康和自信心有负面影响,这点已有共识；但在轻微的错合对心理所产生的影响方面却存在较大分歧,而且受社会和文化因素的影响;UNIT 28preventive dentistry：预防牙医学 primary prevention：一级预防incidence：发病率 secondary prevention：二级预防etiology：病因学 tertiary prevention：三级预防periodontitis：牙周炎 gingivitis：牙龈炎gingival：牙龈 gingival sulcus：龈沟interproximal：邻面的 occlusal：合面的calculus：结石Health is what we want to preserve, and is defined as “ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”健康的定义不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱,而是身心健康、社会幸福的完美状态; UNIT 29fluoride：氟化物water fluoridation：饮水氟化anticariogenic：防龋的dentifrice：洁牙剂,牙膏demineralization：脱矿remineralization：再矿化pit and fissure sealants：窝沟封闭fossae：小窝,沟单数为fossadental health education：口腔健康教育caries activity test：龋活性试验。

课堂听写句子：1.This tooth have three four root anals,each canal appears to be quite small and curved and therefore,it takes time to clean out each canal thoroughly这颗牙齿有三四个根管，每个根管小且弯曲因此完全清干净要一定的时间。

（课本P9页倒数第四段里）2.your gums are very inflamed,swollen,and bleeding.so I suggest\recommend that you need to see the hygienist to have your teeth and gums cleaned.你的牙龈有炎症，肿胀且流血。

因此，首先建议洁牙。

课本各章节：（下面各章节下划线加粗的标记词为课堂听预约Have a check-up检查Chew on咀嚼take some radiographs 拍X片the initial consultation fee初诊费book up 预定cancellation删除surgery 手术recommend 推荐牙科检查carry out 执行，实施go through 仔细阅读，审查proceed to 继续instrument 器械cavity （复数cavities）龋洞filling 充填物crown(+s)牙冠gum牙龈take a set of x-ray films 拍一套X线片in the upper right side 右上部位be hurt 疼痛on and off 断断续续dental surgery 牙科诊所molar 磨牙premolar前磨牙put a filling充填high blood pressure高血压under the care of a medical doctor在药师的监护下apart from 除了……之外=besideswisdom teeth=the third molar 智齿check on 核实the lower right side右下部位（边）general health 全身健康questionnaire问卷eruption .n.（牙）萌出erupte.vt.萌出swollen肿胀jaw 颌骨have a x-ray film=have the x-ray taken拍X光片premolar 前磨牙molar磨牙上前牙In the upper left side 上左边Affect the nerve 累及神经Hygienist 洁牙员Stain 染色、污渍Tartar 牙垢\牙结石Dental floss牙线Tooth-coloured material牙齿光固化材料Dental decay 龋病Root canal treatment 根管治疗Full crown 全冠Extensive treatment 广泛的治疗Eliminate the disease 消除疾病Back teeth 后牙Be restored 修复Denture 假牙Bridge 固定桥Implant 种植体Breakdown of the treatment 分期付款cleanse、clean 洁治麻醉Numbness .n.麻醉Paste 膏剂The gums go a bit numb 牙龈有点麻Have a quick rinse 漱口Cheek 颊Splash 飞溅Suck out 吸出来Silver amalgam 银汞合金Resin material 树脂材料Apply some pressure 施加些压力（去腐质时用到）Saliva 唾液Salivary ejector 吸唾器Suction tip吸头Close together on your back teeth 咬一咬后牙（调牙合时用到）Occlusion and articulation （牙合）与关节The biting surfaces 咬合面Sticky areas 易卡住的区域Sealing the tooth over with a plastic resin 用树脂来覆盖（封闭）牙齿Durable 耐用的Cavity preparation洞形制备牙龈缘Oral hygiene instructions 口腔卫生指导Tartar deposits 牙垢Ultrasonic scaler 超声洁治器Hand instrumentsPolish 抛光Inflam 发炎Inflammation 炎症Bleeding 流血Toot-hpaste 牙膏Fluoride 氟Dental floss 牙线Tricky 难用的Sore 酸痛Abrasive 研磨作用Tooth-paste containing fluoride含氟牙膏Upper left molar 上左磨牙Put a filling in the cavity 充填龋洞Painkillers 止痛药Numb up the tooth 麻醉牙齿Local anaesthetic injection 局部麻醉注射Rubber dam 橡皮障Taking some painkillers 吃些止痛药The nerve is expose 牙髓暴露A post and core 桩和核（桩核）In the region of 在….区域Fracture off （修复体等）断裂Denture 义齿Bridge固定桥Extract the tooth =pull out the tooth 拨牙Give(have) a local anaesthetic 局麻Lost appetite没有胃口Glucose 葡萄糖Boost your blood sugar 提高血糖Faint 虚脱Squeeze the socket 挤压牙槽窝Gauze pad 纱布愈合Prescribe 开处方Erupte 萌出Put to sleep 催眠Remove some bone 移动骨组织Suture 缝合Haemostasis 止血Drill 钻Upper central incisor上中切牙Permanent bridge 永久固定桥Permanent cement 永久粘接剂cementum 水门汀adjacent teeth 邻接牙Porcelain tooth 烤瓷牙Fuse onto熔接到…..上面Be cemented onto 粘接到….上Take some impressions 取印模Pour some plaster 灌注石膏Temporary crown临时冠Emergency 急诊Prepare 2 supporting teeth 备2个基牙Have a heavy bite 咬合重Rock 摇动Vibration 振动Ulcer 溃疡Rub against your gums 摩擦你的牙龈Jaw 下颌，颌，颚 Palate 腭Dental plaque 牙菌斑Pellicle formation 获得性薄膜 Gingival crevicular fluid GCF 龈沟液 Streptococcus mutans 变形链球菌 Secret 分泌 Saliva 唾液Salivary glands 唾液腺 Parotid gland 腮腺Submandibular gland 下颌下腺 Sublingual gland 舌下腺 Buffering action 缓冲作用 Inorganic phosphates 无机磷酸盐 Buffering capacity 缓冲功能 Inorganic 无机的Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐离子句子P33 第一段Saliva is secreted by the three major salivary glands ,the parotid gland , submandibular gland , and the sublingual ,and by the very numerous minor salivary glands classified as lingual glands (on the tongue), buccal and labial glands (in the cheeks and lips) , palatine glands (in the palate ), and glossopalatine glands ( on the glossopalatine folds).唾液是由三大主要唾液腺分泌的，包括腮腺，下颌下腺和舌下腺。

Unit 1牙齿为细菌的定殖和生长提供了理想的环境，相比较黏膜表面，牙齿表面不能稳定地通过被定殖上皮的脱落而不断更新。

此外，牙齿上的某些部位，例如邻面和牙合面的点隙裂沟，被保护得很好，免受口腔黏膜和食物的剪切力，并使细菌聚集，这些部位和龋病最初发现的部位是一致的。

但是，微生物定殖于牙齿，不仅仅是一个被动保留的问题，也需要细菌主动粘附于牙表面。

这其中的粘附机制很复杂，目前尚不清楚。

初期，在范德华引力及阴离子静电排斥力的（双重）的作用下，细菌非特异性地与牙面结合。

高度的表面疏水性可能有利于附着。

坚固的附着可能通过随后的特种的机械作用来实现。

Unit 2微生物的生态学，有关微生物和它们所处的环境之间的关系的研究是一个广泛的话题，它包括了基础的和实用的科学，控制这些关系的因素是普遍的，应用的非常多。

微生物和生态系的关系就像人类的嘴和海洋的关系或者牛的反刍。

到最近，生态学的观念和理论被运用于细菌在口腔中的生长，但生态学的某些方面已经在紧张的研究中，口腔微生物学家依赖于一些例子进行研究。

把生态学的观念运用到口腔细菌生态系中，使得微生物学家能解释在植物群和艾滋中的变化，以便理解一些像龋病之类的疾病。

龋病需要牙菌斑的参与和潜在的致病菌的出现。

在微生物的生态学中普遍使用的术语展示在表2-1中。

自然界中，大多数栖息地支持细菌植物群的存在，这对特殊的栖息地来说是与众不同的。

如果可能的话，很少会是一个栖息地被单一物种或有血缘的物种占据，大多数栖息地有或多或少的复杂的混合细菌，并且这些细菌能在环境中生存，因此，已发现的细菌，像一个栖息地中的植物群的组成成分，反映了当地的自然环境，并且环境中的变化将会在植物群的变化中被反映出来。

一般来说，更多简单的细菌的混合物是在极端的环境中被发现的，比如高温、强酸或营养不足。

不是很极端的环境条件的栖息地通常支持一个更复杂的植物群。

许多栖息地标志性的特征是一种或多种可能与液相有关联的表面的缺失。

鼻凹 nasal pit鼻板 nasal placode鼻腭管 naso-palatal canal鼻鳍 nasal fin侧腭突 lateral palatal process ，也称继发腭( second palate )，腭突( palatine shelf )第一鳃弓软骨 Meckel's cartilage 额鼻突frontonasal process 腭裂 cleft palate分叉舌 bifid tongue ，也称舌裂( cleft tongue ， split tongue )颌裂 cleft jaw继发腭 secondary palate颊咽膜 orapharyngeal membrane 甲状舌管 thyroglossal duct 界沟 sulcus terminalis 颈窦 cervical sinus 口凹 oral pit 口咽膜 orapharyngeal membrane 拉特克囊 Rathke's pouch ，也称神经颊囊( craniobuccal pouch )，颅颊囊( craniopharyngeal pouch )联合 merge 联合突 copula 面裂 facial cleft 模式发育 patterning 奇结节 tuberculum impar 前腭突 median palatine process 前脑单脑室畸形 Holoprosencephaly 切牙管incisive canal 球状突 globular process 融合 fuse 鳃弓 branchial arch 鳃沟 branchial groove 上颌突 maxillary process 舌盲孔foramen cecum神经节原基 ganglionic placode施万细胞 Schwann 细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质 ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征 retinoic acid syndrome (RAS,妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨 Meckel's cartilage嗅板 olfactory placode嗅窝 nasal pit咽囊 pharyngeal pouch 也称鳃囊原发腭 primary palate原口 stomadeum中鼻突 medial nasal process主动脉的 conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖 glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞 odontoblast成釉蛋白 ameloblastin成釉器 enamel organ成釉细胞 ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞 secretoryodontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘 Hertwing epithelialroot sheath基质小泡 matrix vesicle颈环 cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞 resting odontoblast蕾状期 bud stage连接复合体 junctional complex 马拉瑟上皮剩余 Malassez epithelial rest帽状期 cap stage萌出 eruption非胶原蛋白 non-collagenous protein 内釉上皮层 inner enamal epithelium 前成牙本质细胞 preodontoblast 前期牙本质 predentin缩余釉上皮 reduced dentalepithelium托姆斯突 Tomes processe脱落 shedding 交替外釉上皮层 outer enamal epithelium星网状层 stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头 dental papilla引导管 gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白 tuftelin釉结enamel k not釉龛enamelniche釉索enamel c ord釉质形成 amelogenesis原发性上皮带 primary epithelialband罩牙本质 mantle dentin中间层 stratum intermedium终棒 terminal web钟状期 bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白 vitronectin ，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞 fibroblast成牙本质细胞 odontoblast 成牙本质细胞突起 odontoblastic process ，也称 "Tomes'fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白 ameloblastin穿通纤维 perforating fiber蛋白酶 proteinases第一章口腔颌面部发育神经嵴 neural crest NSPs第三期牙本质 tertiary dentin 芮氏线 lines of Retzius ，釉质生长线修复性牙本质 reparative dentin多细胞层 cell-rich zone 沙比纤维 Sharpey's fiber ，穿通纤维牙本质 dentin乏细胞层 cell-free zone, the zone of 神经壁层 parietal layer of nerves ，牙本质磷蛋白 dentin phosphophoryn ；Weil ， Weil 层Raschkow 丛dentin phosphoproteins ， DPP反应性牙本质 reaction dentin 神经传导学说 direct innervation 牙本质生长线 von Ebner 1ine反转线 reversal line theory 牙本质涎蛋白 dentin sialoprotein ，非釉原蛋白 non-amelogenins 生长激素抑制素 somatostatin DSP缝隙连接 gap junction 生长线 incremental lines ，同芮氏线牙本质涎磷蛋白 dentin骨钙素 osteocalcin 施雷格线 Schreger line sialophosphoproteins骨连接素 osteonectin 树突状细胞 dendritic cells 牙本质小管 dentinal tubule骨桥蛋白 osteopontin 双糖链蛋白聚糖 biglycan 牙本质牙骨质界 dentino-cemental骨样牙本质 osteodentin 丝氨酸蛋白酶 serine proteinases junction固有牙髓 pulp proper （ kallikrein-4 ）牙骨质 cementum管间牙本质 intratubular dentin 死区 dead tract 牙骨质生长因子 cementum growth管周牙本质 peritubular dentin 髓核 pulp core factor核心蛋白聚糖 decorin 髓周牙本质 circumpulpal dentin 牙骨质粘附蛋白 cementum adhesion 横纹 cross striations 糖胺聚糖 glycosaminoglycans protein基质金属蛋白酶 20 matrix 透明层 hyaline layer 牙面平行线 perikymata ，也称釉面横纹metalloproteinases 20 ， MMP20 透明牙本质 sclerotic dentin 牙髓 dental pulp继发性牙本质 secondary dentin ，牙发透明牙本质 transparent dentin 牙髓牙本质复合体 pulpo-dentinal育完成之后形成的牙本质托姆斯颗粒层 Tomes' granular layer complex腱蛋白 tenascin 托姆斯突凹 Tomes processes pit ， TPP 牙釉质 enamel绞釉 gnarled enamel 微孔 micropore 牙釉质溶解蛋白 enamelysin紧密连接 tight junction 未分化间充质细胞 undifferentiated 牙釉质牙本质界 enamel-dentinal科尔夫纤维 Korff's fiber, 最先形成mesenchymal cell junction （ EDJ）的牙本质纤维无细胞固有纤维牙骨质 acellular 牙釉质牙骨质界 enamelo-cemental类牙骨质 cementoid intrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC junction流体动力学说 hydrodynamic theory 无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质 acellular 油炸圈样 appearance of doughnut磨损 abrasion, attrition extrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC 有细胞固有纤维牙骨质 cellular纳米球 nanospheres 无细胞无纤维牙骨质 acellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC耐龋潜能 cariostatic potential afibrillar cementum, AAC 有细胞混合性分层牙骨质 cellular脑啡肽 enkephalin 无细胞牙骨质 acellular cementum mixed stratified cementum, CMSC诺伊曼鞘 Neumann sheath 无釉柱牙釉质 rodless enamel 釉板 enamel lamellae欧文线 Owen line （加重的牙本质生长细胞牙骨质 cellular cementum 釉丛 enamel tufts线），也称 "contour line of Owen" 纤维粘连蛋白 fibronectin 釉丛蛋白 tuftelin前期牙本质 predentin 限制板 lamina limitans 釉蛋白 enamelin桥粒 desmosome 楔状缺损 wedge shaped defect 釉帽 enamel cap球间牙本质 interglobular dentin 新生线 neonatal line 釉面横纹 perikymata ，也称牙面平行线釉梭 enamel spindle釉小皮 enamel cuticle釉牙本质界 enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白 amelogenins釉柱 enamel rod釉柱鞘 enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质 primary dentin ，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原 tropocollagen灶性孔 focal hole, FH罩牙本质 mantle dentin中间连接 intermediate junction 中间牙骨质intermediate cementum 重塑 remodeling 转导学说 transduction theory组织细胞 histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维 oxytalan fibers弹力纤维 elastin fibers点彩 stippling凋亡 apoptosis附着龈 attached gingiva根尖组 apical group根间组 interradicular group固有牙槽骨 alveolar bone proper环行组 circular group结合上皮 junctional epithelium束骨 bundle bone水平组 horizontal group斜行组 oblique group牙槽骨 alveolar bone牙槽嵴组 alveolar crest group牙槽突 alveolar process牙槽龈组 alveologingival group牙骨膜组 dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头 interdental papilla牙龈 gingiva牙龈结合 dentogingival junction 牙龈上皮gingval epithelium 第六章涎腺半月板 demilune 胞吐 exocytosis 杯状细胞 goblet cell 储备细胞 reserve cell锇酸 osmic acid 分泌单位 secretoryunit 分泌管 secretory duct 富脯氨酸蛋白 proline-rich protein 富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein 干细胞 stem cell高血糖素样蛋白 glucogon-like protein颌下腺 submandibular gland 混合性腺泡 mixed acinus 肌动蛋白 actin 肌球蛋白 myosin 肌上皮细胞 myoepithelialcell 肌微丝 myofilament 浆液性腺泡serous acinus 浆粘液细胞 seromucouscell 晶样体 crystalloid 局浆分泌merocrine 抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolytic protein篮细胞 basket cell 连接复合体junctional complex 酶原颗粒zymogen granule 排泄管 excretoryduct 粘多糖 mucin 粘液性腺泡mucous acinus 全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion 乳铁蛋白lactoferrin 闰管 intercalated duct 腮腺 parotid gland腮腺导管 Stensen duct腮腺素 parotin舌下腺 sublingual gland舍格伦综合征 Sj?gren syndrome肾素 rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤 oncocytoma嗜酸细胞 oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤 oxiphilic adenoma唾液 saliva唾液腺 salivary gland味觉素 gustin纹管 striated duct涎液素 ptyatin腺泡 acinus小涎腺 minor salivary gland 原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞 primitive pluripotential salivaryduct cells致密小体 dense body组氨酸 histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带 cellularrich zone钙化软骨带 zone of calcifiedcartilage关节囊 capsule关节盘 disc滑膜 synovial membrane髁突 condyle颞下颌关节 temporo-mandibular joinTMJ纤维软骨带 fibrocartilaginous zone 纤维性关节表面带 fibrous articular surface第八章牙发育异常II 型牙本质结构不良 dentin dysplasia typeII ，冠部牙本质结构不良I 型牙本质结构不良 dentin dysplasiatype I 四环素牙 tetracycline stained teeth 遗传性乳光牙本质 hereditary白兰地型 brandywine isolate ，牙本质锁骨颅骨发育不全征 cleidocranial opalescent dentin形成缺陷的一种dysplasia ；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良阴影牙 ghost teeth ，区域性牙发育不斑釉 mottled enamel 胎生牙 natal teeth ，出生时即已萌出良半面过度增生 hemifacial hyperplasia 的牙鹰爪尖 talon cusp成熟不全型 hypomatuaration type 特纳牙 Turner's teeth ，与乳牙有关的釉珠 enamel pearl低磷酸酯酶症 hypophosphatasia 感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，远中磨牙 distomolar多生牙 hyperdontia; supernumerary 导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全早萌 premature eruptionteeth 弯曲牙 dilacerations 正中牙 mesiodens非氟性牙釉质浑浊症 non-fluoride 无牙 adontiaenamel opacities 先天性梅毒牙 congenital syphilis 第九章龋病氟牙症 dental fluorosis 小牙 microdontia 暗层 dark zone附加牙 supplemental teeth 新生牙 noenatal teeth ，出生后 30 天变形链球菌 mutans streptococci; S.副磨牙 paramolar 内萌出的牙mutans钙化不全型 hypocalcified type 形成不全型 hypoplastic type 表层 surface zone过早脱落 premature loss 雪帽型 snow-capped 病损体部 body of the lesion畸形舌侧尖 lingual cusp deformity 牙本质基质蛋白 1 dentin matrix 蛋白溶解－螯合学说畸形舌侧窝 lingual fossa deformity protein 1, DMP1 proteolysis-chelation theory畸形中央尖 central cusp deformity 牙本质结构不良 dentin dysplasia 蛋白溶解学说 proteolytic theory结合牙 concrescence 牙本质涎蛋白 dentin sialoprotein, 发酵乳杆菌 L. fermentus巨牙 macrodontia DSP 放线菌属 actinomyces壳状牙 shell-teeth 牙本质形成缺陷症 II 型干酪乳杆菌 L. casei矿化不全型 hypomineralized type dentinogenesis imperfecta type II 根龋 root caries牛牙症 taurodontism 牙变色 discoloration of teeth 化学寄生学说 chemico-parasitic前牙的牙外突 dens evaginatus of 牙骨质发育不全 hypocementosis theoryanterior teeth 牙骨质过度增生 hypercementosis 化学细菌学说 chemico-bacterial区域性牙发育不良 regional 牙内陷 dens invaginatus theoryodontodysplasia ，阴影牙牙釉质混浊症 enamel opacities 坏死崩解层 zone of destruction融合牙 fusion 牙釉质矿化不全 hypomineralized 获得性薄膜 acquired pellicle ，唾液乳牙滞留 persistence of deciduous enamel 薄膜teeth 牙釉质形成不全 enamel hypoplasia 急性龋 acute caries桑椹牙 mulberry molar 牙釉质形成缺陷症 amelogenesis 静止性龋 arrested caries少汗外胚层发育不良 hypohidrotic imperfecta 菌斑 bacterial plaqueectodermal dysplasia 牙釉质延伸 cervical enamel 慢性龋 chronic caries少牙 hypodontia extension 猛性龋 rampant caries双生牙 gemination 牙中牙 dens in dente 内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii水流围绕圆石 water streaming round 牙阻生 impaction of teeth 平滑面龋 smooth surface caries bouldings ，根部牙本质结构不良的表现延迟萌出 retarded eruption 轻链球菌 S. mitis乳杆菌属Lactobacilli 三联因素学说three primary factorsTNFdegeneration of the 急性化脓性牙髓炎pulpitis 急性浆液性牙髓炎pulpitis 急性牙髓炎可复性牙髓炎odontoblastic layer acute supurativeacute serousacute pulpitisreversible pulpitis periodontitis急性牙槽脓肿磷脂壁酸acute alveolar abscesslipoteichoic acids慢性闭锁性牙髓炎pulpitis 慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic closedchronic ulcerative慢性根尖脓肿abscess慢性根尖周炎periodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿abscess肽葡聚糖chronic periapicalchronic periapicalchonic alveolarpeplidoglyansnon-plaque-induced gingival lesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus ，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizingperiodontal diseases慢性增生性牙髓炎 chronichyperplastic pulpitistheory嗜酸乳杆菌 L. acidophilus酸原学说 acidogenic theory透明层 translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层 zone of demineralization 唾液薄膜salivary pellicle ，获得性薄膜窝沟龋 pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层 zone of bacterial invasion血链球菌 S. sanguis牙本质龋 dentin caries牙骨质龋 cementum caries牙釉质龋 enamel caries远缘链球菌 S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus逆行性牙髓炎 retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins ， PGs特发性吸收idiopathicresorption牙内吸收internal toothresorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死 necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩 reticular atrophy ofthe pulp牙髓纤维性变 pulp fibrosis 牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收 tooth resorption 牙外吸收external tooth resorption 转化生长因子 transfer growth第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素 interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大 gingival enlargementassociated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎 gingivitis withleukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎 periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎 marginal gingivitis变性 degeneration病损确立期 established lesion剥脱性龈病损 desquamative lesion ofgingival创伤 trauma创伤性咬合 traumatic occlusion蛋白酶 proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况第十章牙髓病白三烯 leukotrienes ， LTs 白细胞介素 interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎 irreversible pulpitis残髓炎 residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性 vacuolarfactor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎 cellulitis 根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma 根尖周炎periapical periodontitis 急性根尖周炎acute periapical developmental oracquired deformities and conditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎 periodontitis as amanifestation of systemic diseases放线共生放线杆菌 Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans ， Aa 非菌斑性牙龈病损metalloprotinases ，MMP hyperplasia 龈沟液gingival crevicular激素性龈炎 steroidhormone-influenced gingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎 acutenecrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizinggingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusal trauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis浆细胞龈炎 plasma cell gingivitis 胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶 metalloproteinases 进展期advanced lesion聚集 aggregation菌毛 fimbriae老年性萎缩 senile atrophy 硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase 慢性牙周炎 chronic periodontitis 慢性龈炎 chronic gingivitis 密螺旋体属 Treponema 破骨细胞分化因子osteoclastdifferentation factor,ODF前列腺素 E2 prostglandinE2 ， PGE2侵袭性牙周炎 aggressiveperiodontitis青春期龈炎 pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原 human leucocyte antigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎 pregnancy gingivitis始发期 initial stage嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体 T. maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎 fusospirochetalgingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎 idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生 idiopathic gingival透明质酸酶 hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白 mucin维生素 C 缺乏性龈炎 vitamin Cdeficeint gingivitis萎缩 atrophy细胞因子 cytokine细胞粘附分子 cellular adhesion molecules ， CAM细菌性生物膜 dental pla que biofilm 先天性家族性纤维瘤病 congenital familialfibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophyofalveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病 dental plaque-inducedgingival disease牙龈病 gingival diseases 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 Porphyromonas gingivalis ，牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap nogingivalis牙龈乳头炎 papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩 gingival recession 牙周变性periodontal degeneration 牙周病periodontal disease 牙周脓肿 abcessesof the periodontium牙周炎 periodontitis牙周症 periodontosis炎症 inflammation咬合创伤 occlusal trauma 药物性龈炎medication-influenced gingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病 hereditarygingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生 hereditary gingivalhyperplasia龈袋 gingival pocketfluid,GCF龈裂 gingival cleft; Stillman'Scleft龈增生 gingival hyperplasia营养不良 dystrophy营养不良性 dystrophic早老性萎缩 presenile atrophy早期病变 early lesion粘附 adhesion粘性放线菌 Actinomyces viscosus ， Av战壕口炎 trench mouth脂多糖 lipopolysaccharedes ， LPS中间密螺旋体中性多形核白细胞 polymorphonuclearleukocytes,PMN肿瘤 neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-a tumor necrosisfactor- a, TNF-a组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂 tissueinhibitors of metalloproteinase ， TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病 AIDS白斑 leukoplakia白塞综合征 Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣 white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌 candida albicans白色水肿 leukoedema白皱折病 white folded disease斑 macule扁平苔藓 lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡 programmed cell death大疱 bulla单纯性疱疹 herpes simplex地图舌 geographic tongue淀粉样变性 amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑 erythema multiforme lymphoma 天疱疮细胞 Tzanck cellexsudativum 口腔毛状白斑 oral hairy 网状变性 reticular degeneration非典型性 atypia leukoplakia , OHL 韦格内肉芽肿Wegenergranulomatosis非霍奇金淋巴瘤 non-Hodgkin lymphoma 口腔念珠菌病 oral candidiasis 萎缩 atrophy复发性阿弗他口炎 recurrent aphthous 口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucous 细胞凋亡 cell apoptosisstomatitis,RAS fibrosis 腺性唇炎 cheilitis glandularis复发性阿弗他溃疡 recurrent aphthous 溃疡 ulcer 肖曼小体 Schauann bodies ,多核巨细ulcer ， RAU 类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen Planus 胞内的包涵体复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎Pemphigoides,LPP 眼、口、生殖器三联综合征periadenitis mucosa necrotica 良性游走性舌炎 benign migratory oculo-oral-genital syndrome recurrens ， PMNR glossitis 增殖性红斑 erythroplasia过度不全角化 hyperparakeratosis 良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucous 粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benign过度角化 hyperkeratosis membrane pemphigoid lymphoadenosis of mucosa过度正角化 hyperorthokeratosis 硫黄素 T thioflavine T 周缘扩展现象 Nikolsky 征海绵形成 spongiosis 慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoid红斑 erythroplakia lupus erythematosus 第十四章颌骨疾病红色增殖性病变 erythroplastic 梅一罗综合征 Melkersson-Rosenthal 板层骨 lamellar bonelesion syndrome 表皮树突状细胞 dermal dendrocyte获得性免疫缺陷综合征 acquired 糜烂 erosion 伯基特淋巴瘤 Burkitt's lymphoma immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋念珠菌病 candidiasis 不确定细胞 indeterminate cell病疱 vesicle 成软骨细胞瘤 chondroblastoma基底细胞空泡性变及液化 vaculation 疱疹性口炎 herpetic stomatitis 虫蚀状 moth-eaten appearanceand liquefaction of hasal cell 气球变性 ballooning degeneration 出血性骨囊肿 hemorrhagic bone cyst棘层松解 acantholysis 桥粒芯胶粘蛋白 desmocollins 穿凿性吸收 tunneling resorption or棘层增生 acanthosis 桥粒芯糖蛋白 desmogleins dissecting resorption痂 crusts 丘疹 papule 穿凿样 punched-out appearance假膜 pseudomembra ne,伪膜区域剥脱性舌炎 glossitis areata 单纯性骨囊肿 simple bone cyst间杂型红斑 interspersed exfoliativa 单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostotic erythroplakia 人免疫缺陷病毒 human bibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构胶样小体 colloid body , Civatte 小体immunodeficiency virus , HIV 不良角化不良 dyskeratosis 肉芽肿性唇炎 cheilitis 单核基质细胞 mononucleate stromal结节病 sarcoidosis granulomatosa cell均质型红斑 homogenous erythroplakia 上皮萎缩 epithelial atrophy 单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclear皲裂 rhagade 上皮异常增生 epithelial dysplasia phagocyte system抗核抗体 antinuclear antibody , ANA 舌乳头炎 lingual papillitis 动脉瘤性骨囊肿 aneurysmal bone cyst 颗粒型红斑 granular erythroplakia 嗜碱性变性 basophilic degeneration 多发性骨髓瘤 multiple myeloma口腔 Kaposi 肉瘤 oral Kaposi sarcoma 噬黑色素细胞 melanophages 多发性软骨瘤病 multiple口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral non-Hodgkin 天疱疮 pemphigus chondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症 polyostotic 汉- 许- 克病Langerhans cell histiocytosis ，同郎格fibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease 汉斯细胞病( Langerhans cell disease )不良颌骨放线菌病 actinomycosis of jaws 朗汉斯巨细胞 Langhans giant cell恶性成骨细胞瘤 malignant 颌骨骨髓炎 osteomyelitis of jaws 勒-雪病 Letterer-Siwe disease osteoblastoma 颌骨结核 tuberculosis of jaws 良性成骨细胞瘤 benign oseoblastoma 腭隆突 torus palatinus 颌骨巨细胞病变 giant cell granuloma 淋巴结的交错突细胞 interdigitating放射性骨坏死 osteoradionecrosis 颌骨梅毒 syphilis of jaws dendritic cell非钙化骨样组织 unmineralized 弧立性骨髓瘤 solitary myeloma 硫磺颗粒 sulfur granuleosteoid 化牙骨质纤维瘤 cementifying fibroma 滤泡树枝状细胞 follicular dendritic富巨细胞性病变 giant cell rich 急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎 acute celllesion suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws 慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garr G s钙化骨 mineralized bone 继发软骨 secondary cartilage chronic nonsuppurative sclerosing孤立性骨囊肿 solitary bone cyst 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进 secondary ostitis Garre骨化性骨膜炎 periostitis ossificans hyperparathyroidism 慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronic 骨化性纤维瘤 ossifying fibroma 家族性颌骨多囊性病 familial osteomyelitis with proliferative骨巨细胞瘤 giant cell tumor of bone，mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws periostitisGCT 家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症 familial 慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronic骨壳 involucrum fibrous dysplasia of the jaws suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws骨瘤 osteoma 家族性巨颌症 cherubism 慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic 骨膜骨肉瘤 periosteal osteosarcoma 甲状旁腺功能亢进focal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws骨膜下骨吸收 subperiosteal bone Hyperparathyroidism 慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic resorption 假囊肿 pseudocyst diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of骨旁骨肉瘤 paraosteal osteosarcoma 间叶型软骨肉瘤 mesenchymal jaws骨肉瘤 osteosarcoma chondrosarcoma 慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic骨软骨瘤 osteochondroma 浆细胞瘤 plasmacytoma sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws骨软骨性外生骨疣结核性颌骨骨髓炎 tuberculous 磨砂玻璃样 groundglass appearance osteocartilaginous exostosis osteomyelitis of jaws 内生型软骨瘤 enchondroma骨髓瘤 myeloma 静止性骨腔 static bone cavity 破骨细胞瘤 osteoclastoma骨外骨肉瘤 extraosseous 巨大型骨样骨瘤 giant osteoid 侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressive osteosarcoma osteoma osteoblastoma骨外型软骨肉瘤 extraosseous 巨细胞肉芽肿 giant cell lesions of 侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressive chondrosarcoma the jaws ossifying fibroma骨纤维结构不良 fibrous dysplasia of 巨细胞修复性肉芽肿 giant cell 青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenilebone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症reparative granuloma ossifying fibroma骨小梁周围纤维化 peritrabecular 郎格汉斯细胞病 Langerhans cell 日光放射状（影像） sun-rayfibrosis disease ，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症肉芽肿性炎症 granulomatous骨样骨瘤 osteoid osteoma ( Langerhans cell histiocytosis ) inflammation海绵型骨瘤 cancellous osteoma 郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症软骨瘤 chondroma软骨颅 chondrocranium （染色体）三体 trisomy 艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病软骨肉瘤 chondrosarcoma 垂直裂 vertical cleft HIV-associated salivary gland disease 软骨粘液样纤维瘤 chondromyxoid 错颌 malocclusion 暗细胞 dark cellsfobroma 骨剥露 denudation 奥辛兰 Alcian blue上皮样细胞 epithelioid cell 骨关节病 osteoarthrosis 半多能双储备细胞理论嗜酸性肉芽肿 eosinophilic granuloma 骨关节炎 osteoarthritis,OA semipluripotential bicellular reserve 树突状细胞系统 dendritic cell 骨赘性唇状突出 osteophytic lipping cell theorysystem 滑膜软骨瘤病 synovial 伴淋巴间质的未分化癌死骨 sequestrum osteochondromatosis undifferentiated carcinoma with髓外浆细胞瘤 extramedullary 髁突增生 condylar hyperplasia lymphoid stromaplasmacyfoma 类风湿肉芽肿 rheumatoid granuloma 变性型涎腺肿大症 degenerative髓外性尤文肉瘤 extramedullarg Ewing 类风湿性关节炎 rheumatoid sialosissarcoma arthritis ， RA 波形丝蛋白 vimnentin图顿巨细胞 Touton giant cell 类风湿性小结 rheumatoid nodule 成涎细胞瘤 sialoblastoma外伤性骨囊肿 traumatic bone cyst 颞下颌关节紊乱病 temporomandibular 大细胞癌 large cell carcinoma外生骨疣 exostosis joint disorders 导管发育异常 developmental下颌隆突 torus mandibularis 切线裂 tangential cleft anomalies of ducts纤维 - 骨病变 fibro-osseous lesion 绒毛状突起 villous projection 导管内乳头状瘤 intraductal新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎 neonatal 色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎 pigmented papillomamaxillitis villonosdular synovitis 导管乳头状瘤 ductal papilloma牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤退行性关节病 degeneratitive joint 导管腺泡单位 ductoacinar unit cemento-ossifying fibroma disease 淀粉酶 amylase洋葱皮 onion-skin 纤维素样变 fibrinoid change 顶浆分泌 apocrine硬骨板 lamina dura 象牙化 eburnation （骨质）多动脉周围炎 polyarteritis原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进 primary 血管翳 pannus 多发性肌炎 polymyositis hyperparathyroidism 蚓状小体 vermiform bodies 多囊腮腺 polycystic parotid gland 致密型骨瘤 compact osteoma 游离小体 loose body 多能单储备细胞理论 pluripotential 致密性骨炎 condensing ostitis 原纤维化 fibrillation unicellular reserve cell theory中心型 central type 多细胞理论 multicellular theory周围型 peripheral type 第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤多形性低度恶性腺癌 polymorphous 周围型软骨瘤 peripreral chondroma PAS periodic acid schiff 的缩写， PAS low-grade adenocarcinoma周围性巨细胞肉芽肿 peripheral giant 反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊多形性腺瘤 pleomorphic adenoma cell granuloma 染色恶性多形性腺瘤 malignant转化亢进 high-turnover state 癌胚抗原 carcinoembryonic antigen ，pleomorphic adenoma棕色瘤 brown tumor CEA 恶性淋巴上皮病变 malignant组织细胞增生症 X histiocytosisX 癌在多形性腺瘤中 carcinoma ex lymphoepithelial lesionpleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma in 发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入第十五章颞下颌关节病pleomorphic adenoma evelopmental lingual salivary gland放射线损伤 radiant impair inclusion disease 亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体非皮脂淋巴腺瘤 non-sebaceous 口腔干燥症 xerostomiaavidin biotin-peroxidase complex, ABC lymphadenoma链亲和素过氧化物酶 streptavidin 人类免疫缺陷病毒 hunman 非特异性透明细胞癌 clear cell peroxidase,S-Pimmunodeficiency HIV carcinoma, not otherwise specified 链亲和素生物素复合物溶菌酶 lysozyme 非特异性腺癌 adenocarcinoma not streptavidin-biotin complex SABC 乳铁蛋白 lactoferrin ， LF otherwise specified ， NOS 良性淋巴上皮病变 benign 乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillary分泌组份 secretory component lymphoepithelial lesion cystadenoma lymphomatosum 副涎腺 accessory salivary gland 亮细胞 light cells乳头状囊腺癌 papillary 干燥综合征 sicca syndrome 淋巴上皮癌 lymphoepithelial cystadenocarcinoma管状腺瘤 canalicular adenoma; carcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤 papillary cystadenoma tubular adenoma淋巴上皮囊肿 lymphoepithelial cyst 乳头状涎腺瘤 sialadenoma 过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶 peroxidase 鳞状细胞癌 squamous cell carcinoma papilliferum anti-proxidase, PAP 流行性腮腺炎 epidemic parotitis; 上皮 - 肌上皮癌汗腺瘤 syringoma mumpsepithelio-myoepithelial carcinoma 合胞体 syncytium慢性复发性腮腺炎 chronic recurrent 上皮肌上皮岛 epi-myoepithelial 坏死性涎腺化生 necrotizing parotitisislandsialometaplasia 慢性涎腺炎 chronic sialadenitis 上皮膜抗原 epithelial membrane 混合瘤 mixed tumor慢性硬化性颌下腺炎 chronic antigen ， EMA获得性免疫缺陷综合征 acquired sclerosing sialadenitis of舍格伦综合征 Sj?gren's syndrome immune deficiency syndrome AIDS submandibular gland; K uttner 瘤 施墨试验 Schirmer test ，检查泪液分 霍奇金淋巴瘤 Hodgkin lymphoma 弥漫性大 B 细胞淋巴瘤 diffuse large 泌情况的一种试验肌上皮瘤 myoepithelioma B-cell lymphoma嗜酸细胞瘤 oncocytoma 基底储备细胞理论 basal reserve cell迷走涎腺 aberrant salivary glands 嗜酸性腺瘤 oxyphilic adenoma theory免疫球蛋白 A immunoglobulin A 透明细胞癌 clear cell carcinoma 基底鳞状的旋涡状 basisquamous 免疫细胞化学 immunocytochemistry 透明细胞瘤 clear cell tumorwhorling免疫组织化学 immunohistochemistry 未分化癌 undifferentiated carcimma 基底细胞腺瘤 basal cell adenoma 囊腺癌 cystadenocarcinoma 细胞角蛋白 cytokeratin 急性化脓性腮腺炎 acute pyogenic 囊腺瘤 cystadenoma 纤维连接蛋白 fibronectin paratitis内翻性乳头状瘤 inverted ductal涎石病 sialolithiasis急性涎腺炎 acute sialadenitis papilloma涎腺病毒病 salivary gland virus 挤压假象 crush artifact 皮脂淋巴腺癌 sebaceous disease甲状腺球蛋白 thyroglobulin lymphadenocarcinoma涎腺导管癌 salivary duct carcinoma 浆液细胞腺癌 serous cell carcinoma 皮脂淋巴腺瘤 sebaceous lymphadenoma 涎腺导管结石 salivary duct stone 结外边缘带 B 细胞淋巴瘤 extranodal 皮脂腺瘤 sebaceous adenoma 涎腺导管囊肿 salivary duct cyst marginal zone B-cell lymphoma 前淋巴瘤 prelymphoma 涎腺发育不全 aplasia of salivary 静止骨腔 static bony cavity桥本甲状腺炎 Hashimoto'sglanddepression巨细胞包涵体病 cytomegalic thyroiditi s涎腺发育异常 development anomalies of salivary gland涎腺放线菌病 actinomycosis of salivary glands涎腺结核 tuberculosis of salivarygland涎腺囊肿 salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大 degenerativeswelling of salivary gland涎腺先天性缺失 congenital absenceof salivary gland涎腺炎 sialadenitis涎腺异位 hetrotopic of saIivarygland涎腺症 sialadenosis腺癌 adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤 adenolymphoma; Warthin 瘤腺鳞癌 adenosquamous carcinoma 腺泡细胞癌 acinic cell carcinoma 腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma 小管 - 腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌 small cell carcinoma小叶状癌 lobular carcinoma血管瘤 haemangioma血型物质 blood group substances 粘液表皮样癌 mucoepidermoid carcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生 adenomatoid hyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体 lectin receptors 终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma 转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原 tissuce peptide antigen ，TPA鼻唇囊肿 nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿 nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿 nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿 residual cyst成人龈囊肿 gingival cyst of adults 发育性根侧囊肿 lateral periodontal cyst根尖囊肿 radicular cyst含牙囊肿 dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿 teratoid cyst 即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn 结节甲状舌管囊肿 thyroglossal tractcyst假性囊肿 pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿 cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿 oral lymphoepithelialcyst滤泡囊肿 follicular cyst锚纤维 anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿 eruption cyst皮样囊肿 dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发 epidermoid切牙管囊肿 incisive canal cyst切牙窝 incisive fossa 球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst 鳃裂囊肿 branchialcleft cyst 上皮斑 epithelial plaque 舌下囊肿ranula透明小体 Rushton body 外渗性粘液囊肿mucous extravasation cyst下颌感染性颊囊肿 mandibular infectedbuccal cyst下颌正中囊肿 median mandibular cyst 涎腺牙源性囊肿 sialo-odontogenic cystcyst新生儿牙板囊肿 dental lamina cyst of thenewborn牙旁囊肿 paradental cyst 牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿 odontogenic keratocyst牙源性囊肿 odontogenic cyst炎症性根侧囊肿 inflammatorycollateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿 heterotopic oralgastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿 gingival cyst of infants釉突 enamel spur粘液囊肿 mucocele 痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征 naevoid basal cellcarcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿 mucous retentioncyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤 mural ameloblastoma 标准或经典型骨内成釉细胞瘤 classic intraosseousameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤 cementoblastoma 成牙组织 dental formative tissue 成釉细胞瘤ameloblastoma 成釉细胞肉瘤 ameloblasticsarcoma 成釉细胞纤维瘤 ameloblasticfibroma 成釉细胞纤维肉瘤 ameloblaticfibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤 ameloblasticfibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤 ameloblastic第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿腺牙源性囊肿 glandular odontogenicfibrodentinsarcomafibrous histocytoma,MFH多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤 / 未分化高级别多 形性肉瘤 (pleomorphic malignant成釉细胞纤维 - 牙肉瘤 ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma丛状型 plexiform pattern 丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤 plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma 促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤 desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤 unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤 malignant ameloblastoma 反折线 reversal line 非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生 non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症 osseous dysplasias 混合性牙瘤 complex odontoma 基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤 basal cell ameloblastoma 棘皮瘤型 acanthomatous type 畸形 malformation极性倒置 reversed polarity 角化成釉细胞瘤 keratoameloblastoma 颗粒细胞型 granular cell type 良性成牙骨质细胞瘤 benign cementoblastoma 滤泡型 follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构 rosette-like structure 明显的玻璃样变 marked hyalinization 前成釉细胞 preameloblast 乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤 papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌 dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤 dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织 cementoid 牙瘤 odontoma牙源性癌 odontogenic carcinoma 牙源性癌肉瘤 odontogenic sarcoma 牙源性钙化囊肿 calcifying odontogenic cyst ,COC 牙源性钙化囊性瘤 calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤 calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor; Pindborg 瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤 keratocystic odontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor 牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant changeodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤 odontogenic sarcoma 牙源性透明细胞癌 clear cell odontogenic carcinoma 牙源性透明细胞瘤 clear cell odontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤 odontogenic fibroma 牙源性腺样瘤 adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤 odontogenic gingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌 odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤 odontogenic ghost cell tumor牙源性粘液瘤 odontogenic myxoma 牙源性肿瘤 odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤 classic ameloblastoma 影上皮细胞 ghost epithelial cell 原发性骨内癌 primary intraosseous carcinoma原发性骨内鳞状细胞癌 primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤 myxoma粘液纤维瘤 myxofibroma 真性牙骨质瘤 true cementoma 中心性巨细胞病变(肉芽肿) central giant cell lesion ( granuloma ) 周边型 peripheral ameloblastoma 周边性牙源性纤维瘤 peripheral odontogenicfibroma转移性(恶性)成釉细胞瘤 metastasizing ( malignant ) ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤 compound odontoma第十九章 口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤 和瘤样病变边缘不规则 border irregularity 不对称 asymmetry 车轮状 - 多形性 storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤 adult fibrosarcoma 成釉细胞癌 ameloblastic carcinoma 丛状血管瘤 tufted angioma 又称进展 性毛细血管瘤 (progressive capillaryhemangioma)、 Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤 ( angioblastoma ofNakagawa)动静脉性血管瘤 arteriovenous hemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症 polymorphic histocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤 malignant melanoma 恶性淋巴瘤 malignant lymphoma 恶性雀斑样痣 lentigo melanoma 恶性肉芽肿 malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤 malignant。

口腔相关英语知识点总结Oral health is an important aspect of overall well-being, and it is essential to have a good understanding of the various aspects of oral health in order to maintain a healthy mouth. In this article, we will discuss some key points related to oral health, including common dental problems, oral hygiene practices, and the importance of regular dental check-ups.1. Common Dental ProblemsThere are several common dental problems that people may experience, including:- Cavities: Cavities, also known as dental caries, are caused by the buildup of plaque on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and can lead to the erosion of tooth enamel. Cavities can cause pain and discomfort, and if left untreated, they can lead to more serious dental problems.- Gum disease: Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a condition that affects the gums and the supporting structures of the teeth. It is caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth, which can lead to inflammation and infection of the gums. If left untreated, gum disease can cause tooth loss and may even increase the risk of other health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes.- Tooth sensitivity: Tooth sensitivity is a common problem that occurs when the enamel on the teeth becomes worn down, exposing the underlying dentin. This can cause discomfort or pain when eating or drinking hot, cold, or sweet foods and beverages.- Bad breath: Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a common problem that can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods, and underlying health conditions. Maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can help to prevent bad breath.2. Oral Hygiene PracticesMaintaining good oral hygiene practices is essential for preventing dental problems and keeping the mouth healthy. Some key oral hygiene practices include:- Brushing: Brushing the teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste is important for removing plaque and bacteria from the teeth and gums. It is recommended to use a soft-bristled toothbrush and to brush in a circular motion to effectively clean all surfaces of the teeth.- Flossing: Flossing is an important part of oral hygiene, as it helps to remove food particles and plaque from between the teeth and along the gumline. It is recommended to floss at least once a day, using a gentle, back-and-forth motion to avoid injuring the gums.- Mouthwash: Using an antimicrobial mouthwash can help to reduce the buildup of plaque and bacteria in the mouth, as well as freshen breath. It is important to choose a mouthwash that is alcohol-free and to use it as directed by a dentist.- Regular dental check-ups: Regular visits to the dentist are essential for maintaining good oral health. A dentist can perform a thorough examination of the teeth and gums, clean the teeth, and provide guidance on proper oral hygiene practices.3. The Importance of Regular Dental Check-UpsRegular dental check-ups are important for maintaining oral health and preventing dental problems. During a dental check-up, a dentist can:- Conduct a thorough examination of the teeth and gums to check for signs of dental problems, such as cavities, gum disease, and oral cancer.- Clean the teeth to remove plaque and tartar buildup, which can help to prevent dental problems and keep the teeth and gums healthy.- Provide guidance on proper oral hygiene practices, including brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash, to help maintain good oral health.- Offer advice on diet and lifestyle factors that can affect oral health, such as the consumption of sugary foods and drinks and smoking.- Address any concerns or questions that the patient may have about their oral health and provide information on treatment options for dental problems.In conclusion, oral health is an important aspect of overall well-being, and it is essential to have a good understanding of the various aspects of oral health in order to maintain a healthy mouth. By being aware of common dental problems, practicing good oral hygiene, and attending regular dental check-ups, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent dental problems and keep their mouths healthy.。

口腔医学知识点英文Oral Health: A Guide to Dental KnowledgeIntroduction:In today's fast-paced world, oral health often takes a backseat in people's lives. However, maintaining good oral hygiene and understanding dental concepts is essential for overall well-being. In this article, we will explore some key dental topics and their relevant English terminologies.1. Tooth Anatomy:Understanding the structure of the tooth is crucial to comprehend dental issues. A tooth consists of the following parts:- Crown: The visible part of the tooth above the gumline.- Root: Lies beneath the gumline and anchors the tooth into the jawbone.- Enamel: The hard outermost layer that protects the tooth.- Dentin: A layer beneath the enamel, softer than enamel but harder than bone.- Pulp: The central part of the tooth, housing nerves and blood vessels.- Cementum: Covers the tooth root and helps attach it to the jawbone.- Periodontal Ligament: Connective tissue that connects the tooth to the surrounding bone.2. Common Dental Conditions:2.1 Tooth DecayTooth decay, also known as dental caries, occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that damage the tooth's enamel. Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups are crucial for preventing tooth decay.2.2 GingivitisGingivitis refers to inflammation of the gums, often caused by plaque buildup. Symptoms include swollen, red, and bleeding gums. Maintaining good oral hygiene and regular professional cleanings can help manage gingivitis.2.3 PeriodontitisWhen left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a severe gum infection. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and damage to the surrounding tissues and bone. Prompt treatment by a dental professional is vital to prevent further complications.3. Dental Procedures:3.1 Dental ProphylaxisDental prophylaxis, also known as teeth cleaning, involves the removal of plaque, tartar, and stains from the teeth. It helps prevent tooth decay and gum diseases, promoting overall oral health.3.2 Root Canal TreatmentRoot canal treatment becomes necessary when the tooth's pulp becomes infected or inflamed. During this procedure, the dentist removes the infected pulp, cleans the root canal, and seals it to prevent further infection. This helps retain the natural tooth, avoiding extraction.3.3 Dental ImplantsDental implants are artificial tooth roots used to replace missing or damaged teeth. They provide a stable foundation for prosthetic teeth, restoring both function and aesthetics.4. Oral Hygiene Practices:Maintaining good oral hygiene plays a vital role in preventing dental problems. Some key practices include:- Brushing teeth at least twice a day using a fluoride toothpaste.- Flossing daily to remove plaque and food debris from areas between the teeth.- Using mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen breath.- Regularly visiting a dentist for check-ups and professional cleanings.5. Malocclusion and Orthodontics:Malocclusion refers to misalignment of the teeth or jaws, often resulting in an improper bite. Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that focuses on correcting malocclusion through methods such as braces, aligners, or other dental appliances.Conclusion:Understanding oral health concepts and related English terminologies is crucial in today's globalized world. By being knowledgeable about tooth anatomy, dental conditions, procedures, oral hygiene practices, and orthodontics, individuals can take better care of their oral health. Regulardental check-ups, combined with proper oral hygiene practices, will help maintain healthy smiles and overall well-being.。

内科Lesson 1. Clinical Features Of Dental CariesTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand the characteristic features of dental cariesRecognize the characteristic features of root surface caries and occlusal caries.Be familiar macroscopic features and Surface features of the clinical ‘white spot’ lesionLanguage Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:dental caries n. 龋white spot lesion 白恶班损害facet-area n. 面，面区dental floss 牙线brown spot lesion棕褐色的，褐色班损害remineralization 再矿化interproximal a. 邻面perikymata n 釉面横纹discoloration n. 变色fissure caries 沟裂，沟裂龋focus n. 病灶groove-fossa system 窝沟系统Lesson 4 . Initial Endodontic Treatment ProblemsTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand symptoms, clinical signs, prognosis and treatment of reversible pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis, acute periapical inflammation.Recognize three categories of endodontic treatment problemsBe familiar with symptoms, clinical signs, prognosis and treatment of chronic periapical inflammation.Language Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:r eversible pulpitis 可复性牙髓炎analgesic n. 止痛药sequela n. 后遗症irreversible pulpitis 不可复性牙髓炎broach 髓针pulpotomy n. 牙髓切断术formocresol n. 甲醛甲酚ubperiosteal adj. 骨膜下的intraseptal adj. 间隔内的interligamentary adj. 韧带内的exudates 渗出物，渗出液radiolucency 射线透射性Lesson 5. Rationale and Application of Endodontic Therapy Teaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand root canal preparation, obturation of the root canal.Recognize surgical procedures.Be familiar with the definition of rationaleLanguage Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:rationale n 基本原理，理论基础sepsis n. 脓毒症apicoectomy n. 根尖切断术file n. 锉reamer n. 扩大针obturation 封闭gutta percha 牙胶root perforation根管穿孔curettage n. 刮除术root resection 根尖切除术hemisection n. 半切术Lesson 6. Nonsurgical Treatment for Endodontic Emergencies Teaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand the diagnosis for Endodontic EmergenciesRecognize the electric pulp test, thermal tests, percussion and palpationBe familiar with a philosophy of EndodonticsLanguage Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:chief complaint 主诉electric pulp test 牙髓电活力测试neuralgia n. 神经痛hydrodynamic theory 流体动力学说thermal test 温度诊percussion n. 叩诊palpation n. 扪诊periosteum n. 骨膜purulent adj. 化脓的Lesson7 . Examination of the PeriodontiumTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand concept , and concent of periodontal examination .the examinatin og the gingiva and periodontal pocketsRecognize How to determin the activity of periodontal diseaseBe familiar with the determination of the attachment lossLanguage Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinesecorrectly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentenceschosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writingin English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:Periodontium 牙周组织supragingival plaque 龈上菌斑stipple 点彩periodontal pocket 牙周袋supraybony 骨上的infrabony 骨下的bleeding on probing 探诊出血juvenile periodontitis 青少年牙周炎mucogingival junction 膜龈联合gingival sulcus 龈沟Notes1）give rise to 导致，造成2）.penetrate into 插入3）confuse with 把与混淆Lesson 8. Clinical Features of GingivitisTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:1Understand what changes will occur when gingiva was inflamed. How do you describe the manifestation of gingivitis. What are the color changes in the gingivitis.Recognize the reasons coused the changes of clinical features of gingivitisBe familiar with the classification of gingivitis,the definition of recessionLanguage Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:gingivitis 牙龈炎acute gingivitis 急性牙龈炎subacute gingivitis 亚急性牙龈炎recurrent gingivitis 复发性龈炎chronic gingivitis 慢性牙龈炎localized gingivitis 局限性牙龈炎generalized ginginvitis 广泛性牙龈炎marginal gingivitis 边缘性龈炎papillary gingivitis 龈乳头炎diffuse gingivitis 弥散性牙龈炎gingival bleeding 牙龈出血acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 急性坏死溃疡性龈炎herpetic gingivostomatitis 疱疹性龈口炎pigmentation 色素沉着edematous 水肿的recession 退缩Self-study:the eiology of the clinical changes of gingivitis.the histopathologic changes in gingival consistencyLesson 9. Supragingival Scaling TechniqueTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand.the characteristic of supragingival scaling and subgingival scaling.the instruments of supragingival scaling 、subgingival scaling and root planning.Recognize ultrasonic scaling techniqueBe familiar with how to ues the instrumants of the supragingival scaling and subgingival scaling,the evaluation of scaling and root planing.Language Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术root planing 根面平整sickle 镰形器curette 匙形器hoe 锄形器chisel 凿modified pen grasp 改良握笔式finger rest 支点overlapping 叠瓦式的Lesson 10. Aphthous ulcersTeaching hours: 2.By the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:Understand concept ,clinical feature and types of recurrent aphthous ulcersRecognize the synonyms , etiology, course and treatment principle of recurrent aphthous ulcers.Be familiar with the triggering factors ,the associated diseases, histopathology and laboratory diagnosis ,differential diagnosis of recurrent aphthous ulcers.Language Training:From language learning point of view, the student are required reading the text fluently, translating the text into Chinese correctly and vice versa, completing dictation of some sentences chosen from the text to exercise ability of comprehending and writing in English if the course time allowed.Terms should be taken into mind:Disease terms: aphthae(口疮，小溃疡), crohn’s disease(克罗恩病，局限性肠炎), herpangina(疱疹性咽峡炎), Behcet’s disease( 白塞氏病)，herpes simplex virus(单纯疱疹病毒)，sialometaplasia（涎腺化生），fixed drug eruption（固定性药疹），cold sore（感冒疮），lymphadenopathy（淋巴结病），dermatoses（皮肤病），canker sore 口腔溃疡，papule（丘疹）。

第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane 甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane 拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatine process前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly 切牙管incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionic placode施万细胞Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoic acid syndrome （RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel's cartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasal process主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretoryodontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwing epithelialroot sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞restingodontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctional complex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassez epithelialrest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白non-collagenousprotein NSPs釉上皮层inner enamal epithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dentalepithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelialband罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblasticprocess，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforating fiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiary dentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone, the zone ofWeil，Weil层反应性牙本质reaction dentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubular dentin管周牙本质peritubular dentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20 matrixmetalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondary dentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber, 最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamic theory 磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostatic potential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobular dentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer of nerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说direct innervation theory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendritic cells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases （kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质sclerotic dentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer 托姆斯突凹Tomes processes pit，TPP 微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiated mesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellular intrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellular extrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular afibrillar cementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel细胞牙骨质cellular cementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentinphosphophoryn；dentinphosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner 1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentinsialophosphoproteins牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cementaljunction牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growthfactor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesionprotein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinalcomplex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinaljunction（EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cementaljunction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellularintrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellularmixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinaljunction（EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头interdental papilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingival junction牙龈上皮gingval epithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-rich protein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein 干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-like protein颌下腺submandibular gland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelial cell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucous cell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolytic protein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctional complex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion 乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sj?gren syndrome 肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilic adenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitive pluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine 第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcifiedcartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibularjoin，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articularsurface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype I白兰地型brandywine isolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacial hyperplasia成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia; supernumeraryteeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluorideenamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcified type过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cusp deformity畸形舌侧窝lingual fossa deformity畸形中央尖central cusp deformity结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus ofanterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regionalodontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence of deciduousteeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidroticectodermal dysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石water streaming roundbouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracycline stained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranialdysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenital syphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天萌出的牙形成不全型hypoplastic type雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1 dentin matrixprotein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein,DSP牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralizedenamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesisimperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamelextension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditary opalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutans streptococci; S. mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of the lesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytic theory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitic theory化学细菌学说chemico-bacterial theory坏死崩解层zone of destruction获得性薄膜acquired pellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surface caries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说three primary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenic theory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone of demineralization唾液薄膜salivary pellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层zone of bacterialinvasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversible pulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolardegeneration of the odontoblastic layer急性化脓性牙髓炎acute supurativepulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serouspulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closedpulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerativepulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronichyperplastic pulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy of thepulp牙髓纤维性变pulp fibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external tooth resorption转化生长因子transfer growthfactor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma根尖周炎periapical periodontitis急性根尖周炎acute periapicalperiodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acute alveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoic acids慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapicalabscess慢性根尖周炎chronic periapicalperiodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonic alveolarabscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensing osteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大gingivalenlargement associated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitis withleukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginal gingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期established lesion剥脱性龈病损desquamative lesionof gingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumatic occlusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquired deformitiesand conditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitisas a manifestation of systemic diseases 放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-induced gingival lesions 非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus，Bf 共聚coaggregation骨袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizing periodontal diseases基质金属蛋白酶matrix metalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroidhormone-influenced gingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing gingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusal trauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis慢性龈炎chronic gingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclast differentation factor,ODF前列腺素E2 prostglandinE2，PGE2 侵袭性牙周炎aggressive periodontitis青春期龈炎pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancy gingivitis始发期initial stage嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T. maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathicplasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathic gingivalhyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin Cdeficeint gingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellular adhesion molecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental pla que biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenitalfamilial fibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophy ofalveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dentalplaque-induced gingival disease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonasgingivalis，P.g牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap nogingivalis牙龈乳头炎papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩gingival recession牙周变性periodontal degeneration牙周病periodontal disease牙周脓肿abcesses of theperiodontium牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influencedgingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditarygingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditary gingivalhyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingival crevicular fluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft; Stillman'S cleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体T.medium中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosisfactor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissueinhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white folded disease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmed celldeath大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythemamultiforme exsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkinlymphoma复发性阿弗他口炎recurrentaphthous stomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrentaphthous ulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitis mucosa necroticarecurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion 获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculation and liquefaction of hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersed erythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenous erythroplakia皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclear antibody，ANA 颗粒型红斑granular erythroplakia 口腔Kaposi肉瘤oral Kaposi sarcoma口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oralnon-Hodgkin lymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairy leukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oral candidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucous fibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen Planus Pemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benign migratory glossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucous membrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoid lupus erythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areataexfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒humanimmunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitisgranulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingual papillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticular degeneration韦格肉芽肿Wegenergranulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitis glandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benignlymphoadenosis of mucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermal dendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt's lymphoma不确定细胞indeterminate cell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eaten appearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagic bonecyst穿凿性吸收tunneling resorption ordissecting resorption穿凿样punched-out appearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bone cyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostoticbibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleate stromalcell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclearphagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmal bonecyst多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostoticfibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignantosteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralizedosteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cell rich lesion钙化骨mineralized bone孤立性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitis ossificans骨化性纤维瘤ossifying fibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor ofbone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal boneresorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraostealosteosarcoma骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginousexostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseousosteosarcoma骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseouschondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia ofbone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws 颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma 颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitary myeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acute suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondary cartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondary hyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculous osteomyelitis of jaws静止性骨腔static bone cavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giant osteoid osteoma巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions of the jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cell reparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhans cell disease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cell histiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhans giant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwe disease良性成骨细胞瘤benignoseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitatingdendritic cell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞follicular dendriticcell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré'schronic nonsuppurative sclerosingostitis Garre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronicosteomyelitis with proliferativeperiostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicfocal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicdiffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglass appearance生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressiveosteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressiveossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenileossifying fibroma日光放射状(影像) sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatousinflammation软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoidfobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilicgranuloma树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullaryplasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullargEwing sarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatalmaxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifying fibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primaryhyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compact osteoma致密性骨炎condensing ostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreral chondroma周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giantcell granuloma转化亢进high-turnover state棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症X histiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylar hyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoidgranuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoidarthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoid nodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibular joint disorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villous projection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmentedvillonosdular synovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive joint disease纤维素样变fibrinoid change象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS 反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease 暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotential bicellular reserve cell theory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerative sialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤sialoblastoma大细胞癌large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmental anomalies of ducts导管乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma 导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycystic parotid gland 多能单储备细胞理论pluripotential unicellular reserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellular theory多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphouslow-grade adenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphic adenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignantpleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignantlymphoepithelial lesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivary glanddepression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤non-sebaceouslymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌clear cellcarcinoma, not otherwise specified非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma nototherwise specified，NOS分泌组份secretory component副涎腺accessory salivary gland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicular adenoma;tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidaseanti-proxidase, PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizingsialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basal reserve celltheory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamouswhorling基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎acute pyogenicparatitis急性涎腺炎acute sialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cell carcinoma结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤extranodalmarginal zone B-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bony cavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalicinclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidinperoxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benignlymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelialcarcinoma淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cellcarcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis;mumps慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrentparotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronicsclerosing sialadenitis ofsubmandibular gland; Küttner瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma迷走涎腺aberrant salivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤cystadenoma翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductalpapilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌sebaceouslymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceouslymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceous adenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto'sthyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillary cystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma 乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenoma papilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelial carcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelial island上皮膜抗原epithelial membrane antigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sjögren's syndrome 施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma透明细胞瘤clear cell tumor未分化癌undifferentiated carcimma 细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary gland virus disease涎腺导管癌salivary duct carcinoma 涎腺导管结石salivary duct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia of salivary gland涎腺发育异常development anomalies of salivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivary glands涎腺结核tuberculosis of salivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling of salivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenital absence of salivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic of saIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cysticcarcinoma小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoidcarcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoidhyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizingpleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptideantigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of adults发育性根侧囊肿lateral periodontalcyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossal tract cyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿orallymphoepithelial cyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canal cyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleft cyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucousextravasation cyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibularinfected buccal cyst下颌正中囊肿median mandibularcyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogeniccyst腺牙源性囊肿glandularodontogenic cyst新生儿牙板囊肿dental lamina cyst ofthe newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenickeratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogenic cyst炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatorycollateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oralgastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿gingival cyst of infants釉突enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征naevoid basalcell carcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucous retentioncyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤mural ameloblastoma标准或经典型骨成釉细胞瘤classicintraosseous ameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤cementoblastoma成牙组织dental formative tissue成釉细胞瘤ameloblastoma成釉细胞肉瘤ameloblastic sarcoma 成釉细胞纤维瘤ameloblastic fibroma 成釉细胞纤维肉瘤ameloblatic fibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinsarcoma成釉细胞纤维-牙肉瘤ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma丛状型plexiform pattern丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤malignant ameloblastoma反折线reversal line非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症osseous dysplasias混合性牙瘤complex odontoma基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤basal cell ameloblastoma棘皮瘤型acanthomatous type畸形malformation极性倒置reversed polarity角化成釉细胞瘤keratoameloblastoma颗粒细胞型granular cell type良性成牙骨质细胞瘤benign cementoblastoma滤泡型follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构rosette-like structure 明显的玻璃样变marked hyalinization前成釉细胞preameloblast乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织cementoid牙瘤odontoma牙源性癌odontogenic carcinoma牙源性癌肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性钙化囊肿calcifyingodontogenic cyst ,COC牙源性钙化囊性瘤calcifying cysticodontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤calcifyingepithelial odontogenic tumor;Pindborg瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤keratocysticodontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant change inodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性透明细胞癌clear cellodontogenic carcinoma牙源性透明细胞瘤clear cellodontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤odontogenic fibroma牙源性腺样瘤adenomatoidodontogenic tumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤odontogenicgingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌odontogenic ghostcell carcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤odontogenic ghostcell tumor牙源性粘液瘤odontogenic myxoma牙源性肿瘤odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤classicameloblastoma影上皮细胞ghost epithelial cell原发性骨癌primary intraosseouscarcinoma原发性骨鳞状细胞癌primaryintraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤myxoma粘液纤维瘤myxofibroma真性牙骨质瘤true cementoma中心性巨细胞病变（肉芽肿）centralgiant cell lesion （granuloma）周边型peripheral ameloblastoma周边性牙源性纤维瘤peripheralodontogenic fibroma转移性（恶性）成釉细胞瘤metastasizing （malignant）ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤compound odontoma第十九章口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤和瘤样病变边缘不规则border irregularity不对称asymmetry车轮状-多形性storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤adult fibrosarcoma成釉细胞癌ameloblastic carcinoma丛状血管瘤tufted angioma 又称进展性毛细血管瘤(progressive capillaryhemangioma)、Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤（angioblastoma of Nakagawa）动静脉性血管瘤arteriovenoushemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症polymorphichistocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤malignant melanoma恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma恶性雀斑样痣lentigo melanoma恶性肉芽肿malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignantfibrous histocytoma,MFH （多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化高级别多形性肉瘤(pleomorphic malignantfibrous histiocytoma/undifferentiatedhigh grade pleomorphic sarcoma)；巨细胞型称为巨细胞恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴巨细胞的未分化多形性肉瘤（giant cellmalignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiatepleomorphic sarcoma with giant cell）；炎症型称为炎症性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴有明显炎症反应的未分化多形性肉瘤（inflammatory malignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiatepleomorphic sarcoma with prominentinflammation）；粘液型被归在纤维母细胞/肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤中,称为粘液纤维肉瘤。

口腔医学专业英语导言口腔医学是医学领域的一个重要分支，致力于研究和治疗口腔和颌面部的疾病。

与其他医学领域一样，口腔医学也有其专属的英语术语和专业用语。

掌握口腔医学专业英语对于从事相关研究或实践工作的人来说是至关重要的。

本文将介绍口腔医学领域中常见的英语单词和短语，以便读者更好地理解和运用口腔医学专业英语。

口腔解剖学1.Oral cavity - 口腔2.Palate - 腭3.Oropharynx - 口咽部4.Salivary glands - 唾液腺5.Teeth - 牙齿6.Tongue - 舌头7.Periodontium - 牙周组织8.Maxilla - 上颌骨9.Mandible - 下颌骨10.Temporomandibular joint - 颞下颌关节口腔病理学1.Dental caries - 龋齿2.Periodontal disease - 牙周疾病3.Oral cancer - 口腔癌4.Gingivitis - 牙龈炎5.Halitosis - 口臭6.Toothache - 牙疼7.Oral thrush - 口腔念珠菌病8.Dental abscess - 牙周脓肿9.Temporomandibular joint disorder - 颞下颌关节紊乱10.Cleft lip and palate - 唇腭裂口腔医学检查及诊断1.Oral examination - 口腔检查2.Radiograph - X光片3.Dental impression - 牙印4.Biopsy - 活检5.Oral hygiene - 口腔卫生6.Dental plaque - 牙菌斑7.Dental pulp - 牙髓8.Dental crown - 牙冠9.Dental filling - 牙齿修复10.Orthodontic braces - 正畸矫正器口腔医学治疗1.Dental extraction - 牙齿拔除2.Root canal treatment - 根管治疗3.Dental implant - 牙种植体4.Dental prosthesis - 牙齿修复体5.Dental bridge - 牙桥6.Scaling and root planing - 洗牙和根面光整7.Tooth whitening - 牙齿美白8.Dental anesthesia - 牙科麻醉9.Oral surgery - 口腔手术10.Orthodontic treatment - 正畸治疗结论口腔医学专业英语是口腔医学从业者必备的语言工具。

口腔医学专业英语口腔医学专业英语口腔医学作为一门重要的临床医学专业，其英语表达方式和术语也是十分丰富和独特的。

下面将从口腔医学专业所涉及的基础学科、临床学科、技术设备等方面，来介绍一些口腔医学专业英语。

一、基础学科1.牙齿名称英文中，人类的幼牙、恒牙分别为deciduous teeth、permanent teeth，其中还有以下的牙齿名称：central incisor 中切牙lateral incisor 侧切牙canine（cuspids）犬牙premolar bicuspids 前臼齿molar 颊齿2. 牙齿组成牙齿由牙冠和牙根组成，它们的英文分别是：crown 牙冠/牙冠部分root 牙根/牙根部分enamel 釉质dentin 牙本质pulp 髓质cementum 牙骨质3. 牙周病与牙周病相关的英文术语包括：gingivitis 牙龈炎periodontitis 牙周炎plaque 牙斑tartar 牙石scaling 洁牙二、临床学科1. 口腔外科口腔外科是口腔医学学科的一部分，涉及口腔疾病的手术治疗。

其相关英文术语包括：flap 掀瓣extraction 拔牙implant 种植maxillary 上颌的mandibular 下颌的2. 正畸学正畸学是口腔医学领域中解决牙齿、面部和颌骨的畸形和功能障碍的学科。

其相关英文术语包括：braces 牙套orthodontic wire 牙合板retainer 保持器clear aligners 透明矫正器3. 口腔医学影像口腔医学影像技术主要为口腔医师提供丰富的诊断信息。

其相关英文术语包括：digital radiography 数字化放射线技术panoramic X-ray 全景X光cone beam computed tomography 锥形束计算机断层扫描dental impression 牙印三、技术设备1. 智能牙刷智能牙刷在口腔保健方面逐渐成为一种趋势。

第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatine process前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly切牙管incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionic placode施万细胞Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoic acid syndrome （RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel's cartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasal process主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretory odontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwing epithelial root sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞resting odontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctional complex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassez epithelial rest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白non-collagenous proteinNSPs内釉上皮层inner enamal epithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dental epithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelial band罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblasticprocess，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforating fiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiary dentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone, the zone ofWeil，Weil层反应性牙本质reaction dentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubular dentin管周牙本质peritubular dentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20matrixmetalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondary dentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber, 最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamic theory磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostatic potential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobular dentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer of nerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说direct innervation theory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendritic cells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases（kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质sclerotic dentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer托姆斯突凹Tomes processes pit，TPP微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiatedmesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellularintrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellularextrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular afibrillarcementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel细胞牙骨质cellular cementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphophoryn；dentin phosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner 1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentinsialophosphoproteinsword.牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cemental junction牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growth factor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesion protein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinal complex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction（EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cemental junction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellular mixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头interdental papilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingival junction牙龈上皮gingval epithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-rich protein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-like protein颌下腺submandibular gland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelial cell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucous cell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolytic protein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctional complex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sj?gren syndrome肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilic adenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitivepluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcified cartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibular join，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articularsurface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype I白兰地型brandywine isolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacial hyperplasia成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia; supernumeraryteeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluorideenamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcified type过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cusp deformity畸形舌侧窝lingual fossa deformity畸形中央尖central cusp deformity结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus ofanterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regionalodontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence of deciduous teeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidroticectodermal dysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石water streaming roundbouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracycline stained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranialdysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenital syphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天内萌出的牙word.形成不全型hypoplastic type雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein, DSP 牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙内陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralized enamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesis imperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamel extension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditary opalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutans streptococci; S. mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of the lesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytic theory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitic theory 化学细菌学说chemico-bacterial theory 坏死崩解层zone of destruction获得性薄膜acquired pellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surface caries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说three primary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenic theory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone of demineralization唾液薄膜salivary pellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层zone of bacterial invasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversible pulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolardegeneration of the odontoblastic layer急性化脓性牙髓炎acute supurativepulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closedpulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerativepulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronic hyperplasticpulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙内吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy of thepulp牙髓纤维性变pulp fibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external tooth resorption转化生长因子transfer growth factor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma根尖周炎periapical periodontitis急性根尖周炎acute periapicalperiodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acute alveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoic acids慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapical abscess慢性根尖周炎chronic periapicalperiodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonic alveolar abscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensing osteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大gingival enlargementassociated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitis with leukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginal gingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期established lesion剥脱性龈病损desquamative lesion ofgingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumatic occlusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquired deformities andconditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitis asa manifestation of systemic diseases放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillusactinomycetem comitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-inducedgingival lesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizing periodontaldiseases基质金属蛋白酶matrixmetalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroid hormone-influencedgingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acutenecrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizinggingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusaltrauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familialfibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis慢性龈炎chronic gingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclastdifferentation factor,ODF前列腺素E2 prostglandinE2，PGE2侵袭性牙周炎aggressive periodontitis青春期龈炎pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原human leucocyteantigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancy gingivitis始发期initial stageword.嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T. maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathic gingival hyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin C deficeint gingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellular adhesion m olecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental pla que biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophy of alveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dental plaque-induced gingival disease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas gingivalis，P.g牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap no gingivalis 牙龈乳头炎papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩gingival recession牙周变性periodontal degeneration牙周病periodontal disease牙周脓肿abcesses of the periodontium 牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influenced gingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditary gingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditary gingival hyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingival crevicular fluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft; Stillman'S cleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av 战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体T.medium中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white folded disease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmed cell death大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythema multiformeexsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthousstomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrent aphthousulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitismucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculationand liquefaction of hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersed erythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenous erythroplakia皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclear antibody，ANA颗粒型红斑granular erythroplakia口腔Kaposi肉瘤oral Kaposi sarcoma口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral non-Hodgkinlymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairy leukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oral candidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucousfibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen PlanusPemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benign migratoryglossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucousmembrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoid lupuserythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthalsyndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areataexfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒humanimmunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitis granulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingual papillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticular degeneration韦格内肉芽肿Wegener granulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitis glandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞内的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benignlymphoadenosis of mucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermal dendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt's lymphoma不确定细胞indeterminate cell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eaten appearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagic bone cyst穿凿性吸收tunneling resorption ordissecting resorption穿凿样punched-out appearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bone cyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostoticbibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleate stromal cell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclearphagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmal bone cyst多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostoticfibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignantosteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralized osteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cell rich lesion钙化骨mineralized boneword.孤立性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitis ossificans骨化性纤维瘤ossifying fibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor of bone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal bone resorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginous exostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma 骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia of bone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitary myeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma 急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acute suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondary cartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondary hyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism 假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculous osteomyelitis of jaws静止性骨腔static bone cavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giant osteoid osteoma 巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions of the jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cell reparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhans cell disease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cell histiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhans giant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwe disease良性成骨细胞瘤benign oseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitatingdendritic cell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞follicular dendritic cell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré'schronic nonsuppurative sclerosing ostitisGarre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronicosteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicfocal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicdiffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglass appearance内生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressiveosteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressiveossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenile ossifyingfibroma日光放射状(影像)sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatousinflammation软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoidfobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilic granuloma树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullaryplasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullarg Ewingsarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatal maxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifyingfibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primaryhyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compact osteoma致密性骨炎condensing ostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreral chondroma周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giantcell granuloma转化亢进high-turnover state棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症X histiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylar hyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoid granuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoid arthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoid nodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibularjoint disorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villous projection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmentedvillonosdular synovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive jointdisease纤维素样变fibrinoid change象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma inpleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotential bicellular reserve celltheory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiatedcarcinoma with lymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerative sialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤sialoblastoma大细胞癌large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmental anomaliesof ducts导管内乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycystic parotid gland多能单储备细胞理论pluripotentialunicellular reserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellular theoryword.多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphic adenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignant pleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignant lymphoepithelial lesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivary gland depression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤non-sebaceous lymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified，NOS分泌组份secretory component副涎腺accessory salivary gland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicular adenoma; tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidase anti-proxidase, PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizing sialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basal reserve cell theory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamous whorling基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎acute pyogenic paratitis急性涎腺炎acute sialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cell carcinoma结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bony cavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalic inclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidin peroxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benign lymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelial carcinoma 淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis; mumps 慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrent parotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of submandibular gland; Küttner 瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤diffuse large B-celllymphoma迷走涎腺aberrant salivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤cystadenoma内翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductalpapilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌sebaceouslymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceous lymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceous adenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto's thyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillarycystadenoma lymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillarycystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenoma papilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelialcarcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelial island上皮膜抗原epithelial membraneantigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sjögren's syndrome施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma透明细胞瘤clear cell tumor未分化癌undifferentiated carcimma细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary gland virus disease涎腺导管癌salivary duct carcinoma涎腺导管结石salivary duct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia of salivary gland涎腺发育异常development anomalies ofsalivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivaryglands涎腺结核tuberculosis of salivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling ofsalivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenital absence ofsalivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic of saIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoidcarcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoidhyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizingpleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptide antigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of adults发育性根侧囊肿lateral periodontal cyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossal tract cyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿oral lymphoepithelialcyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canal cyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleft cyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucous extravasationcyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibular infectedbuccal cyst下颌正中囊肿median mandibular cyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogenic cyst腺牙源性囊肿glandular odontogeniccyst新生儿牙板囊肿dental lamina cyst ofthe newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenic keratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogenic cystword.炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatory collateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oral gastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿gingival cyst of infants釉突enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucous retention cyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤mural ameloblastoma标准或经典型骨内成釉细胞瘤classic intraosseous ameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤cementoblastoma成牙组织dental formative tissue成釉细胞瘤ameloblastoma成釉细胞肉瘤ameloblastic sarcoma成釉细胞纤维瘤ameloblastic fibroma成釉细胞纤维肉瘤ameloblatic fibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinsarcoma成釉细胞纤维-牙肉瘤ameloblasticfibro-odontosarcoma丛状型plexiform pattern丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤malignant ameloblastoma反折线reversal line非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症osseous dysplasias混合性牙瘤complex odontoma基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤basal cell ameloblastoma棘皮瘤型acanthomatous type畸形malformation极性倒置reversed polarity角化成釉细胞瘤keratoameloblastoma 颗粒细胞型granular cell type良性成牙骨质细胞瘤benign cementoblastoma滤泡型follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构rosette-like structure明显的玻璃样变marked hyalinization前成釉细胞preameloblast乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织cementoid牙瘤odontoma牙源性癌odontogenic carcinoma牙源性癌肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性钙化囊肿calcifying odontogeniccyst ,COC牙源性钙化囊性瘤calcifying cysticodontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤calcifying epithelialodontogenic tumor; Pindborg瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤keratocysticodontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant change inodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性透明细胞癌clear cellodontogenic carcinoma牙源性透明细胞瘤clear cellodontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤odontogenic fibroma牙源性腺样瘤adenomatoid odontogenictumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤odontogenicgingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌odontogenic ghost cellcarcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤odontogenic ghost celltumor牙源性粘液瘤odontogenic myxoma牙源性肿瘤odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤classic ameloblastoma影上皮细胞ghost epithelial cell原发性骨内癌primary intraosseouscarcinoma原发性骨内鳞状细胞癌primaryintraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤myxoma粘液纤维瘤myxofibroma真性牙骨质瘤true cementoma中心性巨细胞病变（肉芽肿）central giantcell lesion （granuloma）周边型peripheral ameloblastoma周边性牙源性纤维瘤peripheralodontogenic fibroma转移性（恶性）成釉细胞瘤metastasizing（malignant）ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤compound odontoma第十九章口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤和瘤样病变边缘不规则border irregularity不对称asymmetry车轮状-多形性storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤adult fibrosarcoma成釉细胞癌ameloblastic carcinoma丛状血管瘤tufted angioma又称进展性毛细血管瘤(progressive capillaryhemangioma)、Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤（angioblastoma of Nakagawa）动静脉性血管瘤arteriovenoushemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症polymorphichistocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤malignant melanoma恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma恶性雀斑样痣lentigo melanoma恶性肉芽肿malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignant fibroushistocytoma,MFH （多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化高级别多形性肉瘤(pleomorphic malignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiated high gradepleomorphic sarcoma)；巨细胞型称为巨细胞恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴巨细胞的未分化多形性肉瘤（giant cell malignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiate pleomorphicsarcoma with giant cell）；炎症型称为炎症性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴有明显炎症反应的未分化多形性肉瘤（inflammatorymalignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiate pleomorphicsarcoma with prominent inflammation）；粘液型被归在纤维母细胞/肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤中,称为粘液纤维肉瘤(myxofibrsarcoma)；血管瘤样型则归为分化不确定的肿瘤中，称为血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤（angiomatoidfibrous hisiocytoma））非霍奇金淋巴瘤non- Hodgkinlymphoma,NHL分叶状纤维瘤leaf-fibroma复合痣compound naevus汞纹amalgamtatoo海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma黑色素瘤melanoma黑色素胚前瘤menotic progonoma黑素细胞痣melanocytic naevus化脓性肉芽肿pyogenic granuloma霍奇金病Hodgkin disease,HD棘层松解性鳞状细胞癌acantholyticsquamous cell carcinoma也称腺样鳞状细胞癌（adenoid squamous cell carcinoma）基底样鳞状细胞癌basaloid squamouscell carcinoma尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum亦称性病性疣（venereal wart）或性病性湿疣（venereal condyloma）交界痣junctional naevus静脉性血管瘤vanous hemangioma结节性恶性黑色素瘤nodular malignantmelanoma巨细胞性龈瘤giant cell epulis局灶性上皮增生focal epithelialhyperplasia亦称Heck病（Heck disease）颗粒细胞肌母细胞瘤granular cellmyoblastoma颗粒细胞瘤granular cell tumor口腔转移性肿瘤metastatic tumors inthe oral tissues棱形小体angulate body淋巴管瘤lymphangioma淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病lymphomatoidgranulomatosis,LYG淋巴网状系统lymphoreticular system鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma鳞状细胞乳头状瘤squamous cellword.。

口腔专业英语大全Alveolar bone 牙槽骨carcinoma of maxillary sinus 上颌窦癌carcinoma of tongue 舌癌cellulitis of the floor of the mouth口底蜂窝织炎cementum 牙骨质dental arch 牙弓dental crown 牙冠dental defect 牙体缺损dental necrosis 牙坏死dental sac 牙囊dentin 牙本质enamel 牙釉质endodontics 牙体牙髓病学extraction 拔牙术fascial space infection 间隙感染fluoride 氟化物fracture of maxillary 上颌骨骨折gingiva 牙龈herpetic stomatitis 疱疹性口炎infraorbital space 眶下间隙jaw 颌骨leukoplakia 白斑lichen planus 扁平苔藓local anesthesia 局麻mucous cyst 粘液囊肿odontoclasis 牙折oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病oral hygiene 口腔卫生oral pathology 口腔病理学oral surgery 口腔外科orthodontics 正畸学osteomyelitis of the jaws 颌骨骨髓炎pediatric dentistry 口腔儿科学periodontal ligament 牙周韧带periodontal membrane 牙周膜periodontics 牙周病学prosthodontics 修复学pterygomandibular space 翼颌间隙public-health dentistry 口腔预防医学pulp 牙髓pulp exposure 牙髓暴露pulpectomy 牙骨摘除术pulpitis 牙髓炎pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎radiation osteomyelitis 放射性骨髓炎radicular syst 根端囊肿recurrent aphthae 复发性口疮root canal therapy 根管治疗root of tooth 牙根sublingual gland syst 舌下腺囊肿sublingual space 舌下间隙submasseteric space 嚼肌间隙submaxillary space 颌下间隙tartar 牙石temporomandibular joint 颞颌关节thrush 鹅口疮tooth replantation 牙再植术torsion of teeth 牙扭转alveolar abscess 牙槽脓肿ameloblastoma 造釉细胞瘤apical infection 根尖感染apical syst 根尖囊肿branchial cleft cyst 肋裂囊肿carcinoma of buccal mucosa 颊粘膜癌carcinoma of gingiva 牙龈癌carcinoma of lip 唇癌caries 龋齿circumvallate papillae 轮廓乳头crown fracture 冠折deciduous teeth 乳牙dental impaction 牙阻生dental plaque 菌斑dental root fracture 根折denticulus，denticle 髓石dentoalveolar abscess 牙槽脓肿drug-induced gingivitis 药物性龈炎epulis 龈瘤filiform papillae 丝状乳头fistula apicalis 根尖瘘管foliate papillae 叶状乳头fungiform papillae 菌状乳头gingival abscess 牙龈脓肿gingivitis 牙龈炎gingivitis in leukemia 白血病龈炎injury of teeth 牙损伤juvenile periodontitis 青少年牙周炎luxated tooth 牙脱位lymphoepithelial lesions 淋巴上皮病missing tooth 牙脱失mixed dentition 混合牙列mixed tumor of salivary gland 涎腺混合瘤mumps 流行性腮腺炎nevi 色素痣occlusion 咬合palate 腭paradontoma 牙周膜瘤parageusia 味觉异常paraglossa 舌肿paraglossia 舌下炎paralalia 出语障碍，构音倒错parotitis 腮腺炎periapical abscess 根尖脓肿periapical disease 根尖周病pericoronitis 冠周炎periodontitis 牙周炎permanent teeth 恒牙pulp horn 髓角root resorption 牙根吸收sebaceous cyst 皮脂囊肿sialolithiasis 涎石病sublinguitis 舌下腺炎thyroglossal tract cyst 甲状舌管囊肿tongue 舌tooth migration 牙移动tooth replacement 牙复位toothache 牙痛Lip 口唇symmetry 对称moisture 湿润度cyanosis 紫绀herpes 疱疹Mucosa 粘膜pigmentation 色素沉着ulceration 溃疡Gums 牙龈pyorrhea 齿龈脓漏bleeding 出血gingivitis 齿龈炎swelling of gums 齿龈肿胀papillary atrophy 乳头萎缩deviation 扁斜coating 舌苔edentulous 无齿的number present 牙齿数目hygiene poor or good 口腔卫生欠佳或良好false teeth 假牙missing teeth 失去的牙齿dental repair 修补牙齿bridgework 装桥术inlay 镶嵌,嵌体filling 充填Halitosis(fetor oris; foul or bad breath) 口臭。

第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌 bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatine process前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly切牙管 incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionic placode施万细胞 Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质 ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoic acid syndrome（RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel's cartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊 pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭 primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasal process主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白 ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretoryodontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwing epithelialroot sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞restingodontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctional complex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassez epithelialrest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白 non-collagenous proteinNSPs内釉上皮层inner enamal epithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dentalepithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落 shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelialband罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblasticprocess，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforating fiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiary dentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone, the zone of Weil，Weil层反应性牙本质reaction dentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubular dentin管周牙本质peritubular dentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20 matrix metalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondary dentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber, 最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamic theory磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostatic potential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobular dentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer of nerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说direct innervationtheory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendritic cells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases（kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质sclerotic dentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer托姆斯突凹Tomes processes pit，TPP微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiatedmesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellularintrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellularextrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellularafibrillar cementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel细胞牙骨质cellular cementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphophoryn；dentin phosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner 1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentinsialophosphoproteins牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cementaljunction牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growthfactor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesionprotein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinalcomplex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinaljunction（EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cementaljunction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellularintrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellularmixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum 重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers 弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头interdental papilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingival junction牙龈上皮gingval epithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-rich protein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-likeprotein颌下腺submandibular gland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelial cell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucous cell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolyticprotein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctional complex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sjgren syndrome肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilic adenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitivepluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcifiedcartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibular join，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articularsurface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype I白兰地型brandywine isolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacial hyperplasia 成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia; supernumerary teeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluoride enamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcified type过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cusp deformity 畸形舌侧窝lingual fossa deformity 畸形中央尖central cusp deformity 结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus of anterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regional odontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence of deciduous teeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石water streaming round bouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracycline stained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranialdysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenital syphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天内萌出的牙形成不全型hypoplastic type雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1 dentin matrixprotein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein,DSP牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙内陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralizedenamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesisimperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamelextension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditaryopalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutans streptococci; S.mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of the lesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytic theory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitictheory化学细菌学说chemico-bacterialtheory坏死崩解层zone of destruction获得性薄膜acquired pellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surface caries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说three primary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenic theory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone of demineralization唾液薄膜salivary pellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层zone of bacterial invasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversiblepulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolar degeneration of the odontoblastic layer 急性化脓性牙髓炎acute supurative pulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closed pulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerative pulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronichyperplastic pulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙内吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy ofthe pulp牙髓纤维性变pulp fibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external tooth resorption转化生长因子transfer growthfactor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma根尖周炎periapical periodontitis急性根尖周炎acute periapicalperiodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acute alveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoic acids慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapicalabscess慢性根尖周炎chronic periapicalperiodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonic alveolarabscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensing osteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大gingival enlargementassociated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitis withleukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginal gingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期established lesion剥脱性龈病损desquamative lesion ofgingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumatic occlusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquired deformitiesand conditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitisas a manifestation of systemic diseases放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillusactinomycetem comitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-induced gingival lesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizingperiodontal diseases基质金属蛋白酶matrixmetalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroidhormone-influenced gingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing gingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusal trauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis 胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis 慢性龈炎chronic gingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclast differentation factor,ODF前列腺素E2 prostglandinE2，PGE2 侵袭性牙周炎aggressive periodontitis青春期龈炎pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancy gingivitis 始发期initial stage嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T. maltophilum 梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathic gingival hyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin Cdeficeint gingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellular adhesion molecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental pla que biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenitalfamilial fibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophy ofalveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dentalplaque-induced gingival disease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonasgingivalis，牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap nogingivalis牙龈乳头炎papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩gingival recession牙周变性periodontal degeneration牙周病periodontal disease牙周脓肿abcesses of theperiodontium牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influencedgingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditarygingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditary gingivalhyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingival crevicularfluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft; Stillman'Scleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclearleukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosisfactor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissueinhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white folded disease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmed celldeath大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythema multiforme exsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma 复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthous stomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrent aphthous ulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculation and liquefaction of hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersed erythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenous erythroplakia 皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclear antibody，ANA 颗粒型红斑granular erythroplakia 口腔 Kaposi肉瘤oral Kaposi sarcoma 口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral non-Hodgkin lymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairyleukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oral candidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucousfibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen PlanusPemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benign migratoryglossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucousmembrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoidlupus erythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthalsyndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areataexfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒humanimmunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitisgranulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingual papillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticular degeneration韦格内肉芽肿Wegener granulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitis glandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞内的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benignlymphoadenosis of mucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermal dendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt's lymphoma不确定细胞indeterminate cell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eaten appearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagic bone cyst穿凿性吸收tunneling resorption ordissecting resorption穿凿样punched-out appearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bone cyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostoticbibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleate stromalcell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclearphagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmal bone cyst多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignant osteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralized osteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cell rich lesion钙化骨mineralized bone孤立性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitis ossificans 骨化性纤维瘤ossifying fibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor of bone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma 骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal bone resorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginous exostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia of bone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitary myeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acutesuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondary cartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondaryhyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familialmulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familialfibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymalchondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculousosteomyelitis of jaws静止性骨腔static bone cavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giant osteoidosteoma巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions ofthe jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cellreparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhans celldisease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cell histiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhans giant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwe disease良性成骨细胞瘤benign oseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitatingdendritic cell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞follicular dendriticcell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré'schronic nonsuppurative sclerosingostitis Garre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronicosteomyelitis with proliferativeperiostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicfocal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicdiffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis ofjaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglass appearance内生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressiveosteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressiveossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenileossifying fibroma日光放射状(影像) sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatousinflammation软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoid fobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilic granuloma 树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullary plasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullarg Ewing sarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatal maxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifying fibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primary hyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compact osteoma致密性骨炎condensing ostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreral chondroma 周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giant cell granuloma转化亢进high-turnover state棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症X histiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylar hyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoid granuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoidarthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoid nodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibularjoint disorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villous projection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmentedvillonosdular synovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive jointdisease纤维素样变fibrinoid change象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma inpleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotential bicellular reservecell theory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma withlymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerativesialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤 sialoblastoma大细胞癌 large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmentalanomalies of ducts导管内乳头状瘤intraductalpapilloma导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycystic parotid gland多能单储备细胞理论pluripotentialunicellular reserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellular theory多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphouslow-grade adenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphic adenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignantpleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignantlymphoepithelial lesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivary glanddepression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤 non-sebaceous lymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌 clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified，NOS分泌组份secretory component副涎腺accessory salivary gland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicular adenoma; tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidase anti-proxidase, PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizing sialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤 Hodgkin lymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basal reserve cell theory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamous whorling基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎 acute pyogenic paratitis急性涎腺炎acute sialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cell carcinoma 结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤 extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bony cavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalicinclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidinperoxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benignlymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌 lymphoepithelialcarcinoma淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis;mumps慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrentparotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronicsclerosing sialadenitis ofsubmandibular gland; Küttner瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤 diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma迷走涎腺aberrant salivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌 cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤 cystadenoma内翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductalpapilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌 sebaceouslymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceous lymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceous adenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto'sthyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidin biotin-peroxidase complex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillarycystadenoma lymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillarycystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenomapapilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelial carcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelialisland上皮膜抗原epithelial membraneantigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sjögren's syndrome施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma透明细胞瘤clear cell tumor未分化癌undifferentiated carcimma细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary gland virusdisease涎腺导管癌salivary duct carcinoma涎腺导管结石salivary duct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia of salivarygland涎腺发育异常development anomalies of salivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivary glands涎腺结核tuberculosis of salivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling of salivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenital absence of salivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic of saIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma 小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤 haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoid carcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoid hyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤 Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptide antigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of adults发育性根侧囊肿lateral periodontalcyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossal tractcyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿orallymphoepithelial cyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canal cyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleft cyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucous extravasationcyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibularinfected buccal cyst下颌正中囊肿median mandibular cyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogeniccyst腺牙源性囊肿glandular odontogeniccyst新生儿牙板囊肿dental lamina cyst ofthe newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenickeratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogenic cyst炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatorycollateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oralgastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿 gingival cyst of infants釉突 enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征 naevoid basalcell carcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucous retentioncyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤mural ameloblastoma标准或经典型骨内成釉细胞瘤classicintraosseous ameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤cementoblastoma成牙组织dental formative tissue成釉细胞瘤 ameloblastoma成釉细胞肉瘤 ameloblastic sarcoma成釉细胞纤维瘤 ameloblastic fibroma成釉细胞纤维肉瘤 ameloblaticfibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤ameloblasticfibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤 ameloblasticfibrodentinsarcoma成釉细胞纤维-牙肉瘤 ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma丛状型plexiform pattern丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤malignant ameloblastoma反折线reversal line非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症 osseous dysplasias混合性牙瘤complex odontoma基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤basal cell ameloblastoma棘皮瘤型acanthomatous type畸形malformation极性倒置reversed polarity角化成釉细胞瘤keratoameloblastoma 颗粒细胞型granular cell type良性成牙骨质细胞瘤benign cementoblastoma滤泡型follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构rosette-like structure 明显的玻璃样变marked hyalinization 前成釉细胞preameloblast乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织 cementoid牙瘤 odontoma牙源性癌 odontogenic carcinoma牙源性癌肉瘤 odontogenic sarcoma牙源性钙化囊肿 calcifyingodontogenic cyst ,COC牙源性钙化囊性瘤calcifyingcystic odontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤calcifyingepithelial odontogenic tumor; Pindborg瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤 keratocysticodontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant change inodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性透明细胞癌clear cellodontogenic carcinoma牙源性透明细胞瘤clear cellodontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤odontogenic fibroma牙源性腺样瘤adenomatoidodontogenic tumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤odontogenicgingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌odontogenic ghostcell carcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤odontogenic ghostcell tumor牙源性粘液瘤 odontogenic myxoma牙源性肿瘤 odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤 classicameloblastoma影上皮细胞 ghost epithelial cell原发性骨内癌primary intraosseouscarcinoma原发性骨内鳞状细胞癌 primaryintraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤myxoma粘液纤维瘤myxofibroma真性牙骨质瘤true cementoma中心性巨细胞病变（肉芽肿）centralgiant cell lesion （granuloma）周边型peripheral ameloblastoma周边性牙源性纤维瘤peripheralodontogenic fibroma转移性（恶性）成釉细胞瘤metastasizing （malignant）ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤compound odontoma第十九章口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤和瘤样病变边缘不规则border irregularity不对称asymmetry车轮状-多形性storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤adult fibrosarcoma成釉细胞癌 ameloblastic carcinoma丛状血管瘤tufted angioma 又称进展性毛细血管瘤(progressive capillaryhemangioma)、Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤（angioblastoma of Nakagawa）动静脉性血管瘤arteriovenoushemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症polymorphichistocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤malignant melanoma恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma恶性雀斑样痣lentigo melanoma恶性肉芽肿malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignantfibrous histocytoma,MFH （多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化高级别多形性肉瘤(pleomorphic malignant。

第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌 bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatine process前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly切牙管 incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionic placode施万细胞 Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质 ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoic acid syndrome（RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel's cartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊 pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭 primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasal process主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白 ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretoryodontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwing epithelialroot sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞restingodontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctional complex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassez epithelialrest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白 non-collagenous proteinNSPs内釉上皮层inner enamal epithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dentalepithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落 shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelialband罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblasticprocess，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforating fiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiary dentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone, the zone of Weil，Weil层反应性牙本质reaction dentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubular dentin管周牙本质peritubular dentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20matrix metalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondary dentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber, 最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamic theory磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostatic potential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobular dentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer of nerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说direct innervationtheory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendritic cells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases（kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质sclerotic dentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer托姆斯突凹Tomes processes pit，TPP微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiatedmesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellularintrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellularextrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellularafibrillar cementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel细胞牙骨质cellular cementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphophoryn；dentin phosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner 1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentinsialophosphoproteins牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cementaljunction牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growthfactor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesionprotein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinalcomplex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinaljunction（EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cementaljunction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellularintrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellularmixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum 重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers 弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头interdental papilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingival junction牙龈上皮gingval epithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-rich protein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-likeprotein颌下腺submandibular gland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelial cell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucous cell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolyticprotein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctional complex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sjgren syndrome肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilic adenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitivepluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcifiedcartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibular join，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articularsurface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype I白兰地型brandywine isolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacial hyperplasia 成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia; supernumerary teeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluoride enamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcified type过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cusp deformity 畸形舌侧窝lingual fossa deformity 畸形中央尖central cusp deformity 结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus of anterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regional odontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence of deciduous teeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石water streaming round bouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracycline stained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranialdysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenital syphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天内萌出的牙形成不全型hypoplastic type雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1dentin matrixprotein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein,DSP牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙内陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralizedenamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesisimperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamelextension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditaryopalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutans streptococci; S.mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of the lesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytic theory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitictheory化学细菌学说chemico-bacterialtheory坏死崩解层zone of destruction获得性薄膜acquired pellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surface caries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说three primary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenic theory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone of demineralization唾液薄膜salivary pellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层zone of bacterial invasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversible pulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolar degeneration of the odontoblastic layer 急性化脓性牙髓炎acute supurative pulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closed pulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerative pulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronichyperplastic pulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙内吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy ofthe pulp牙髓纤维性变pulp fibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external tooth resorption转化生长因子transfer growthfactor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma根尖周炎periapical periodontitis急性根尖周炎acute periapicalperiodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acute alveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoic acids慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapicalabscess慢性根尖周炎chronic periapicalperiodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonic alveolarabscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensing osteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大gingival enlargementassociated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitis withleukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginal gingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期established lesion剥脱性龈病损desquamative lesion ofgingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumatic occlusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquired deformitiesand conditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitisas a manifestation of systemic diseases放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillusactinomycetem comitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-induced gingival lesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizingperiodontal diseases基质金属蛋白酶matrixmetalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroid hormone-influenced gingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing gingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusal trauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis 胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis慢性龈炎chronic gingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclast differentation factor,ODF前列腺素E2 prostglandinE2，PGE2侵袭性牙周炎aggressive periodontitis青春期龈炎pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancy gingivitis始发期initial stage嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T. maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathic gingival hyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin Cdeficeint gingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellular adhesion molecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental pla que biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenitalfamilial fibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophy ofalveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dentalplaque-induced gingival disease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonasgingivalis，牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap nogingivalis牙龈乳头炎papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩gingival recession牙周变性periodontal degeneration牙周病periodontal disease牙周脓肿abcesses of theperiodontium牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influencedgingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditarygingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditary gingivalhyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingival crevicularfluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft; Stillman'Scleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclearleukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosisfactor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissueinhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white folded disease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmed celldeath大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythema multiforme exsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma 复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthous stomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrent aphthous ulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculation and liquefaction of hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersed erythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenous erythroplakia 皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclear antibody，ANA 颗粒型红斑granular erythroplakia 口腔 Kaposi肉瘤oral Kaposi sarcoma 口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral non-Hodgkin lymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairyleukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oral candidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucousfibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen PlanusPemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benign migratoryglossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucousmembrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoidlupus erythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthalsyndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areataexfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒humanimmunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitisgranulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingual papillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticular degeneration韦格内肉芽肿Wegener granulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitis glandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞内的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benignlymphoadenosis of mucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermal dendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt's lymphoma不确定细胞indeterminate cell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eaten appearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagic bone cyst穿凿性吸收tunneling resorption ordissecting resorption穿凿样punched-out appearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bone cyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostoticbibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleate stromalcell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclearphagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmal bone cyst多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignant osteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralized osteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cell rich lesion钙化骨mineralized bone孤立性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitis ossificans 骨化性纤维瘤ossifying fibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor of bone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma 骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal bone resorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginous exostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia of bone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitary myeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acutesuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondary cartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondaryhyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familialmulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familialfibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymalchondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculousosteomyelitis of jaws静止性骨腔static bone cavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giant osteoidosteoma巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions ofthe jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cellreparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhans celldisease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cell histiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhans giant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwe disease良性成骨细胞瘤benign oseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitatingdendritic cell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞follicular dendriticcell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré'schronic nonsuppurative sclerosingostitis Garre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronicosteomyelitis with proliferativeperiostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicfocal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicdiffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis ofjaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglass appearance内生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressiveosteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressiveossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenileossifying fibroma日光放射状(影像) sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatousinflammation软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoid fobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilic granuloma 树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullary plasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullarg Ewing sarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatal maxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifying fibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primary hyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compact osteoma致密性骨炎condensing ostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreral chondroma 周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giant cell granuloma转化亢进high-turnover state棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症X histiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylar hyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoid granuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoidarthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoid nodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibularjoint disorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villous projection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmentedvillonosdular synovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive jointdisease纤维素样变fibrinoid change象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma inpleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotential bicellular reservecell theory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma withlymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerativesialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤 sialoblastoma大细胞癌 large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmentalanomalies of ducts导管内乳头状瘤intraductalpapilloma导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycystic parotid gland多能单储备细胞理论pluripotentialunicellular reserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellular theory多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphouslow-grade adenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphic adenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignantpleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignantlymphoepithelial lesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivary glanddepression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤non-sebaceous lymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified 非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified，NOS分泌组份secretory component副涎腺accessory salivary gland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicular adenoma; tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidase anti-proxidase, PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizing sialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤 Hodgkin lymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basal reserve cell theory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamous whorling基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎acute pyogenic paratitis急性涎腺炎acute sialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cell carcinoma 结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤 extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bony cavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalicinclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidinperoxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benignlymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelialcarcinoma淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis;mumps慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrentparotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronicsclerosing sialadenitis ofsubmandibular gland; Küttner瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤 diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma迷走涎腺aberrant salivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌 cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤 cystadenoma内翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductalpapilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌sebaceouslymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceous lymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceous adenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto'sthyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidin biotin-peroxidase complex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillarycystadenoma lymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillarycystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenomapapilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelial carcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelialisland上皮膜抗原epithelial membraneantigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sjögren's syndrome施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma透明细胞瘤clear cell tumor未分化癌undifferentiated carcimma细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary gland virusdisease涎腺导管癌salivary duct carcinoma涎腺导管结石salivary duct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia of salivarygland涎腺发育异常development anomalies of salivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivary glands涎腺结核tuberculosis of salivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling of salivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenital absence of salivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic of saIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma 小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤 haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoid carcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoid hyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptide antigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of adults发育性根侧囊肿lateral periodontalcyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossal tractcyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿orallymphoepithelial cyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canal cyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleft cyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucous extravasationcyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibularinfected buccal cyst下颌正中囊肿median mandibular cyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogeniccyst腺牙源性囊肿glandular odontogeniccyst新生儿牙板囊肿dental lamina cyst ofthe newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenickeratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogenic cyst炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatorycollateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oralgastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿 gingival cyst of infants釉突 enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征 naevoid basalcell carcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucous retentioncyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤mural ameloblastoma标准或经典型骨内成釉细胞瘤classicintraosseous ameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤cementoblastoma成牙组织dental formative tissue成釉细胞瘤 ameloblastoma成釉细胞肉瘤 ameloblastic sarcoma成釉细胞纤维瘤 ameloblastic fibroma成釉细胞纤维肉瘤ameloblaticfibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤ameloblasticfibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤 ameloblasticfibrodentinsarcoma成釉细胞纤维-牙肉瘤ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma丛状型plexiform pattern丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤malignant ameloblastoma反折线reversal line非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症 osseous dysplasias混合性牙瘤complex odontoma基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤basal cell ameloblastoma棘皮瘤型acanthomatous type畸形malformation极性倒置reversed polarity角化成釉细胞瘤keratoameloblastoma 颗粒细胞型granular cell type良性成牙骨质细胞瘤benign cementoblastoma滤泡型follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构rosette-like structure 明显的玻璃样变marked hyalinization 前成釉细胞preameloblast乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织 cementoid牙瘤 odontoma牙源性癌 odontogenic carcinoma牙源性癌肉瘤 odontogenic sarcoma牙源性钙化囊肿calcifyingodontogenic cyst ,COC牙源性钙化囊性瘤calcifyingcystic odontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤calcifyingepithelial odontogenic tumor; Pindborg瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤keratocysticodontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant change inodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性透明细胞癌clear cellodontogenic carcinoma牙源性透明细胞瘤clear cellodontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤odontogenic fibroma牙源性腺样瘤adenomatoidodontogenic tumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤odontogenicgingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌odontogenic ghostcell carcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤odontogenic ghostcell tumor牙源性粘液瘤 odontogenic myxoma牙源性肿瘤 odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤classicameloblastoma影上皮细胞 ghost epithelial cell原发性骨内癌primary intraosseouscarcinoma原发性骨内鳞状细胞癌primaryintraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤myxoma粘液纤维瘤myxofibroma真性牙骨质瘤true cementoma中心性巨细胞病变（肉芽肿）centralgiant cell lesion （granuloma）周边型peripheral ameloblastoma周边性牙源性纤维瘤peripheralodontogenic fibroma转移性（恶性）成釉细胞瘤metastasizing （malignant）ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤compound odontoma第十九章口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤和瘤样病变边缘不规则border irregularity不对称asymmetry车轮状-多形性storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤adult fibrosarcoma成釉细胞癌 ameloblastic carcinoma丛状血管瘤tufted angioma 又称进展性毛细血管瘤(progressive capillaryhemangioma)、Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤（angioblastoma of Nakagawa）动静脉性血管瘤arteriovenoushemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症polymorphichistocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤malignant melanoma恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma恶性雀斑样痣lentigo melanoma恶性肉芽肿malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignantfibrous histocytoma,MFH （多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化高级别多形性肉瘤(pleomorphic malignant。

口腔专业英语考试一 英汉互译（20分）1牙槽骨牙槽骨2 local anesthesia 3 caries 4 根尖感染根尖感染5 gingivitis 6 pericoronitis 7 髓角髓角8颞颌关节颞颌关节9 leukoplakia 10骨结合骨结合11 fibroosseous integration 12 根管治疗根管治疗13菌斑菌斑14 drug-induced gingivitis 15咬合咬合16 osteomyelitis of the jaws 17 ameloblastoma 18 palpation 19汞合金汞合金20可复性牙髓炎可复性牙髓炎 二 阅读理解（40分）A Gay BiologistMolecular biologist Dean Hammer has blue eyes, light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes, spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health, and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly, matter-of-factly gay. What is it that makes Hammer who he is? What, for that matter, accounts for the talents and traits that make up anyone's personality? Hammer is not content merely to ask such questions; he is is trying trying trying to to to answer answer answer them them them as as as well. well. well. A A A pioneer pioneer pioneer in in in the the the field field field of of of molecular molecular molecular psychology, psychology, psychology, Hammer Hammer Hammer is is exploring exploring the the the role role role genes genes genes play play play in in in governing governing governing the the the very very very core core core of of of our our our individuality. individuality. individuality. To To To a a a remarkable remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay, thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions. That That work, work, work, which which which has has has appeared appeared appeared mostly mostly mostly in in in scientific scientific scientific journals, journals, journals, has has has been been been gathered gathered gathered into into into an an accessible and quite readable form in Hammer's creative new book, living with Our Genes. "You have have about about about as as as much much much choice choice choice in in in some some some aspect aspect aspect of of of your your your personality." personality." personality." Hammer Hammer Hammer and and and co-author co-author co-author Peter Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, "As you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet." Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by psychiatrists and psychologists, psychologists, who who who based based based their their their most most most compelling compelling compelling conclusions conclusions conclusions about about about the the the importance importance importance of of of genes genes genes on on studies of identical twins. For example, psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hammer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation.. Hammer Hammer switched switched switched to to to behavioral behavioral behavioral genetics genetics genetics from from from basic basic basic research, research, research, after after after receiving receiving receiving his his his doctorate doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize metabolize heavy heavy heavy metals metals metals like like like copper copper copper and and and zinc. zinc. zinc. As As As he he he was was was about about about to to to turn turn turn 40, 40, 40, however, however, however, Hammer Hammer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to. "Frankly, I was bored, "he remembers, "and ready for something new." Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject. "I'm gay," Hammer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity-and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research" 1. The first paragraph describes Hammer's ( ) A. looks, hobbies and character B. viewpoint on homosexuality C. unique life-style D. scientific research work 2. Hammer was a ( ) A. psychiatrist B. physiologist C. chemist D. biologist 3. What is Hammer doing now? ( ) A. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one's intelligence. B. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one's personality. C. He is writing a book entitled "Live with Our Genes." D. He is trying to answer some questions on a test paper. 4. What happened to Hammer's research interest? ( ) A. He turned to basic research. B. He sticked to basic research. C. He turned to behavioral genetics. D. He sticked to behavioral genetics. 5. 5. According According According to to to Hammer, Hammer, Hammer, what what what was was was one one one of of of the the the main main main reasons reasons reasons for for for him him him to to to choose choose choose homosexual homosexual behavior as his research subject? ( ) A. He is a gay and he wants to cure himself. B. He was curious about it as a scientist. C. He was curious about it like everyone else. D. It is a subject that can lead to political success. Silent and DeadlyTransient ischemic attacks （TIAS ）, or mini-strokes, result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain. Unlike full strokes, they present symptoms lasting anywhere from a few seconds seconds to to to 24 24 24 hours. hours. hours. Rarely Rarely Rarely do do do they they they cause cause cause permanent permanent permanent neurological neurological neurological damage, damage, damage, but but but they they they are are are often often precursors of a major stroke. "Our message is quite clear," says Dr. Robert Adams, professor of neurology at the Medical College of Georgia in August. "TIAS ，while less severe than strokes in the short term, are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury." Unfortunately, mini-strokes are greatly under diagnosed. A study conducted for the National Stroke Association indicates that 2.5% of all adults aged 18 or older （about 4.9 million people in the U. S. ）have experienced a confirmed TI A. An additional 1.2 million Americans over the age of of 45, 45, 45, the the the study study study showed, showed, showed, have have have most most most likely likely likely suffered suffered suffered a a a mini-stroke mini-stroke mini-stroke without without without realizing realizing realizing it. it. it. These These findings findings suggest suggest suggest that that that if if if the the the public public public knew knew knew how how how to to to spot spot spot the the the symptoms symptoms of of stroke, stroke, stroke, especially especially mini-strokes, and sought prompt medical treatment, thousands of lives could be saved and major disability could be avoided. The problem is that the symptoms of a mini-stroke are often subtle and passing. Nonetheless, there are signs you can look out for: *Numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body. *Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. *Confusion and difficulty speaking or understanding. *Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of coordination. *Severe headache with no known cause. Along with these symptoms, researchers have identified some key indicators that increase your your chances chances chances of of of having having having a a a full-blown full-blown full-blown stroke stroke stroke after after after a a a TIA: TIA: TIA: if if if you're you're you're over over over 60, 60, 60, have have have experienced experienced symptoms lasting longer than 10 minutes, feel weak and have a history of diabetes. As with many diseases, you can help yourself by changing your lifestyle. The first things you should do are quit smoking, limit your intake of alcohol to no more than a drink or two a day and increase your physical activity. Even those who suffer from high blood pressure or diabetes can improve their odds-and minimize complications if they do have a stroke-by keeping their illness under control. If you experience any of the symptoms, your first call should be to your doctor. It could be the call that saves your life. 6. Which of the following is NOT true of mini-strokes? ( ) A. The cause of them remains unidentified. B. They seldom cause permanent neurological damage. C. They symptoms of them are often passing. D. They are not unrelated to major strokes. 7. To prevent mini-strokes from turning into major strokes, it is important to ( ) A. saves thousands of lives. B. avoids major disability. C. seeks prompt medical treatment. D. prevents future injury. 8. The passage indicates that the symptoms of mini-strokes ( ) A. are always easy to spot. B. are frequently hard to recognize. C. usually last a couple of days. D. can by no means be avoided. 9. All of the following may be signs of mini-strokes EXCEPT for ( ) A. trouble seeing in one eye B. numbness in the face C. loss of coordination D. severe headache caused by external injury. 10. It can be inferred from the passage that mini-strokes are ( ) A. more dangerous than major strokes B. silent and deadly C. difficult to cure D. sure to lead to major strokes A New FindingBritish cancer researchers have found that childhood leukaemia is caused by an infection and clusters of cases around industrial sites are the result of population mixing that increases exposure. The research published in the British Journal of Cancer backs up a 1988 theory that some as yet unidentified unidentified infection infection infection caused caused caused leukaemia-not leukaemia-not leukaemia-not the the the environmental environmental environmental factors factors factors widely widely widely blamed blamed blamed for for for the the disease. "Childhood "Childhood leukaemia leukaemia leukaemia appears appears appears to to to be be be an an an unusual unusual unusual result result result of of of a a a common common common infection," infection," infection," said said said Sir Sir Richard Doll, an internationally-known cancer expert who first linked tobacco with lung cancer in 1950. "A virus is the most likely explanation. You would get an increased risk of it if you suddenly put a lot of people from large towns in a rural area, where you might have peopie who had not been been exposed exposed exposed to to to the the the infection." infection." infection." Doll Doll Doll was was was commenting commenting commenting on on on the the the new new new findings findings findings by by by researchers researchers researchers at at Newcastle University, which focused on a cluster of leukaemia cases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria in northern England. Scientists have been trying to establish why there was more leukaemia in children around the Sellafield area, but have failed to establish a link with radiation or pollution. The Newcastle University research by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker showed the cluster of cases could have been predicted because of the amount of population mixing going on in the area, as large numbers of con- struction workers and nuclear staff moved into into a a a rural rural rural setting. setting. setting. "Our "Our "Our study study study shows shows shows that that that population population population mixing mixing mixing can can can account account account for for for the, the, the, (Sellafield) (Sellafield) leukaemia cluster and that all children, whether their parents are incomers or locals, are at a higher risk if they are born in an area of high population mixing," Dickinson said in a statement issued by the Cancer Research Campaign, which publishes the British Journal of Cancer. Their Their paper paper paper adds adds adds crucial crucial crucial weight weight weight to to to the the the l988 l988 l988 theory theory theory put put put forward forward forward by by by Leo Leo Leo Kinlen, Kinlen, Kinlen, a a a cancer cancer epidemiologist at Oxford University, who said that exposure to a common unidentified infection through population mixing resulted in the disease. 11 Who first hinted at the possible cause of childhood leukaemia by infection? ( ) A Leo Kinlen. B Richard Doll. C Louise Parker. D Heather Dickinson 12 which statement can be supported by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker's new findings? ( ) A Radiation has contributed to the disease. B B Putting Putting Putting a a a lot lot lot of of of people people people from from from rural rural rural area area area in in in a a a large large large towns towns towns increases increases increases the the the risk risk risk of of of childhood childhood leukaemia C Population mixing is the most important reason for leukaemia cluster D Childhood leukaemia is caused by an unusual infection. 13 According to the passage, which of the following is true? ( ) A Most people believe childhood leukaemia is due to environmental factors. B Population mixing best explains the cause of childhood leukaemia. C Radiation has nothing to do with childhood leukaemia. D Children born in a large town are at higher risk of leukaemia. 14 Cancer Research Campaign is most possibly a ( ) A medical journal B research institute C private company D governmental agency 15 This passage is mainly about ( ) A the cluster of leukaemia eases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing part B the kind of infection that causes childhood leukaemia C the causes of childhood leukaemia D a new finding by British scientists Mobile Phone and DiseasesA study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said. But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec(魁北克), said more research was needed to determine the serious-ness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body. The The study study study at at at Finland's Finland's Finland's Radiation Radiation Radiation and and and Nuclear Nuclear Nuclear Safety Safety Safety Authority Authority Authority found found found that that that exposure exposure exposure to to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said. "We know that that there there there is is is some some some biological biological biological response. We response. We can can detect detect detect it it it with with with our our our very very very sensitive sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body," Leszczynski said. Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal journal Differentiation, Differentiation, Differentiation, raises raises raises new new new questions questions questions about about about whether whether whether mobile mobile mobile phone phone phone radiation radiation radiation can can can weaken weaken the brain's protective shield against harmful substances. The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could could weaken weaken weaken the the the functioning functioning functioning of of of the the the blood-brain blood-brain blood-brain barrier, barrier, barrier, which which which prevents prevents prevents potentially potentially potentially harmful harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream. Leszczynski said. The The study study study found found found that that that a a a protein protein protein called called called hsp27 hsp27 hsp27 linked linked linked to to to the the the functioning functioning functioning of of of the the the blood-brain blood-brain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable(能透过的), he said. "Increased "Increased protein protein protein activity activity activity might might might cause cause cause ceils ceils ceils to to to shrink-not shrink-not shrink-not the the the blood blood blood |vessels |vessels |vessels hut hut hut the the the cells cells themselves-and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass." he said. Leszezynski Leszezynski declined declined declined to to to speculate speculate speculate on on on what what what kind kind kind of of of health health health risks risks risks that that that could could could pose, pose, but but said said said a a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result. "These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort," he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer's disease. "Where the truth is do not know," he said. Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use. 16 According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect one's health? ( ) A A Mobile Mobile Mobile phone phone phone radiation radiation radiation can can can increase increase increase protein protein protein activities activities activities and and and such such such activities activities activities can can can make make make the the protective shield more permeable. B B Mobile Mobile Mobile phone phone phone radiation radiation radiation can can can shrink shrink shrink the the the blood blood blood vessels vessels vessels and and and prevent prevent prevent blood blood blood from from from flowing flowing smoothly. C Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it. D Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed. 17 What's the result of the French study? ( ) A The harm of mobile phone radiation is life-threatening. B Mobile phone may affect one's normal way of thinking. C Sleep disorders could result from mobile phone radiation. D A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation. 18 What kind of disease is not caused by the use of mobile phone? ( ) A Fatigue B Headache C Alzheimer's disease D Tuberculosis 19 According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone? ( ) A People will be forbidden to use mobile phone. B People dare not use mobile phone because of its radiation. C People will continue to use mobile phone. D There will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone. 20 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? ( ) A The research in Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect one's brain. B Mobile phone radiation can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cells. C Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink. D Leszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after 、his research. 三 翻译（20分）1 Gingival retraction is a way to detach free gingival from tooth surface and reveal the subgingival area area as as as a a a result. result. result. While While While it it it has has has been been been wildly wildly wildly used used used in in in many many many oral oral oral therapies therapies therapies to to to make make make them them them more more convenient and safer, it may damage our body in some ways. 2 龈乳头的缺失形成的“黑三角”常带来美学效果的缺憾。