第一讲 殖民地时代的美国 (1)

美国发展史之殖民时代“罗马非一日建成”这句名言正好可以用来形容美国的发展。

美国从一个殖民地到现在的超级大国，这一过程是十分不易的。

首先的困境就是如何摆脱殖民地这一身份。

大约在两万多年前，有一批来自亚洲的流浪者，经由北美到中南美洲，这些人就是印第安人美洲原住民画像的祖先。

当1492年哥伦布发现新大陆时，居住在美洲的印第安人，约有2，000万，其中有大约100万人住在现在的加拿大和美国中北部，其余绝大部分住在现在的墨西哥和美国南部。

大约1万年前，又有另一批亚洲人，移居到北美北部，这是后来的爱斯基摩人。

而最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人，他们是一群喜好冒险的捕鱼人，有人认为他们在1，000年前，曾到过北美东海岸. 殖民时期（1607～1753） 1607年，大约一百人的殖民团体来到了詹姆斯敦，并在此居住。

于是这成了英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地。

十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。

最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰苦的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。

1620年，他们乘“五月花号（Mayflower）”到北美并在船上制定《五月花号公约》。

该条约是美国历史上第一份政治性契约。

在11月21日于普利茅斯上岸，清教徒与41名自由的成年男人签署共同遵守《五月花号公约》。

内容为组织公民团体；拟订法规等。

奠定自治政府的基础。

在此以后陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区，其中大部分来自英国，也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家.于是从1607年到1733年，英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸（大西洋沿岸）建立了十三个殖民地。

由于一、英国移民移民北美是为了追求自由和财富，如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。

二、地方政府享受自治权。

三、殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利，培养了自治的意识和能力，所以他们相信社会契约中，政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。

在十八世纪中期，北美殖民地在经济上也开始寻求独立，减少对英国的依赖。

第一讲从殖民地到“超级大国”：美国的发展历程美国的奠基时代（1607－1775年）1．北美13个殖民地1607到1733年，英国在北美陆续建立了13个殖民地殖民地的社会结构：上层是以总督为首的大商人、大土地所有者或种植园奴隶主；中间是小土地所有者、小工厂主、技师和自耕农等；底层是白人契约奴和黑人奴隶美利坚民族的形成殖民地间经济的差异性促进了彼此商品的流通，逐渐形成了统一的市场。

经济的交往也促进了文化的交流，如哈佛学院。

最早具有民族意识的知识分子，如托马斯•杰斐逊、詹姆斯•麦迪逊、亚历山大•汉密尔顿等；英语逐渐成为他们的共同语言；共同的心理素质。

3．英国与北美殖民地矛盾的激化¨1773年茶叶税法，波士顿倾茶事件¨ 1774年3月始，英国政府接连颁布了5项高压法令(“不可容忍的法令Intolerable Acts”)。

二、美国的建立与初步繁荣（1776－1860年）1．美国独立革命（1775－1783年）The War of American Independence “列克星敦枪声Lexington”和独立战争的爆发(1775年4月19日) Someone fi red the “shot heard round the world”1775年5月10日召开的第二届大陆会议开始招募军队，华盛顿被任命为统一的美利坚军队的总司令托马斯•潘恩于 1776年1月10日发表《常识》Common Sense《独立宣言》与美国的建立1776年7月4日《独立宣言》Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776天赋人权和社会契约论social contract，认为人人生而平等，享有不可剥夺的“生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利”“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” 美国革命通过《独立宣言》以及由此导致的一系列立法，创造了一个全新的国家从邦联到联邦邦联制下的美国《邦联条例》 Article of Confederation (1777)谢斯起义 Rebel of Shays《1787年宪法》Constitution of the Unites States与联邦体制 Federal System的确立1787年5月25日至9月15日在费城召开制宪会议。

美国史——第一章殖民地时期本书业经马里兰大学美国历史教授基思﹒奥尔森作最新修订；原文在编写过程中曾得到乔治﹒华盛顿大学美国历史教授伍德﹒格雷博士和已故哥伦比亚大学历史教授理查德德﹒霍夫施塔特博士的协助，并由加利福尼亚州伯克利的D﹒史蒂文﹒恩兹利增补了最新内容.第一章殖民地时期天时地利，已造成一个最好的地方，给人居住。

约翰．史密斯弗吉尼亚殖民地创建人，一六O七年十七世纪初期，移民的大潮流，开始从欧洲流到北美。

在三个多世纪里，最初为数仅几百名的英格兰移民迁徙，逐渐变为干百万人势如潮水的大迁移。

他们在各种强大的动机的推动下，终于在这片一度荒芜的大陆上，建立了新的文明。

西班牙人在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美洲建立了兴旺的殖民地后很久，第一批英格兰移民才越过大西洋到达现在叫做美国的地方。

和早期涌到这个新世界的旅客一样，他们搭乘狭小拥挤的船只而来。

在六至十二个星期的旅程里，他们只能吃到很少的食物。

许多旅客在半路上就病死了；船只因经常遭受暴风雨的袭击而破烂不堪，有的竟沉没在茫茫的大海里。

那些疲乏的旅客，看到美洲海岸，真有如秆重负之感。

一个历史学家写道：「百里之外传来的气息，有如满园花木那样馥郁芳香。

」移民最初看到的新大陆是一片苍翠的密林。

当时，印第安人都住在林中，他们大多敌视外人，因此，移民一方面要应付艰苦的日常生活，另一方面又要提防印第安人的袭击。

但是，那一望无际的、沿着东海岸、从北向南延伸两千一百公里的原始大森林，将是座巨大的宝库，能提供充裕的粮食和燃料，还有盖房子、制家具、造船以及赚钱的出口货物的丰富原料。

英格兰人在美洲的第一个永久定居点是一六O七年在弗吉尼亚所建立起来的通商要塞詹姆斯敦。

这个地方盛产烟叶，可以源源不断地供应英格兰市场，所以，不久之后，经济就很繁荣」。

到了一六二O 年，英格兰妇女被招引前往弗吉尼亚结婚成家的时候，詹姆斯河一带，已建立起许多大种植园，人口也有上千人之多。

定居大西洋沿岸新大陆虽然得天独厚，资源丰富，但是，为了取得当时移民还不能制造的物品，与欧洲的贸易非常重要。

第一章从殖民地到“超级大国”：美国的发展历程一、美国的奠基时代（1607－1775年）1、北美印第安人和美国近代文明的兴起2、英属北美13个殖民地的建立16、17世纪欧洲列强在北美的探险和殖民1607到1733年，英国在北美陆续建立了13个殖民地1621年普利茅斯印第安人和移民们共同庆祝为期三天的第一个感恩节Thanksgiving Day（每年11月的第四个星期四）英属北美13个殖民地（1607－1733）弗吉尼亚Virginia 1607马萨诸塞Massachusetts 1620马里兰Maryland 1634康涅狄格Connecticut 1636罗德岛Rhode Island 1644卡罗来纳Carolina 1663（1711年分为南北两个）纽约New York 1664新泽西New Jersey 1664新罕布什尔New Hampshire 1679宾夕法尼亚Pennsylvania 1681特拉华Delaware 1703佐治亚Georgia 1733北美殖民地的社会结构：上层是以总督为首的大商人、大土地所有者或种植园奴隶主；中间是小土地所有者、小工厂主、技师和自耕农等；底层是白人契约奴和黑人奴隶各设总督和议会：总督代表宗主国利益；议会有颁布法律、征税和分配经费的权利，主要代表殖民地居民的利益。

3、利坚民族的形成殖民地间经济的差异性促进了彼此商品的流通，逐渐形成了统一的市场。

经济的交往也促进了文化的交流，如哈佛学院。

最早具有民族意识的知识分子，如托马斯·杰斐逊、詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿等；英语逐渐成为他们的共同语言；4、英国与北美殖民地矛盾的激化1764年食糖法Sugar Act1765年印花税法Stamp Act1773年茶叶税法，波士顿倾茶事件♦ 1774年3月始，英国政府接连颁布了5项高压法令(“不可容忍的法令Intolerable Acts”)。

殖民时期（17早期到18末）的美国时代背景1617年，英国与北美弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦建立第一个永久性殖民地。

当时因果在西班牙侵略的威胁下民族自豪感和民族主义膨胀起来，国内的新教军国主义政策和对伊莉莎白女王的崇拜。

政府未主张建立殖民帝国，建立殖民地的主要原因是商业需求、人口迅速增长、渴望宗教自由等。

1629年，一批清教徒简历了马萨诸塞州殖民地。

他们创建了一个高度宗教化、社会联系紧密、政治革新的社会，这种文化对后来发达的美国社会一直有深刻的影响。

1776-1783，独立战争持续八年，成立资产阶级民主共和国，美利坚合众国。

由于北美殖民地的增长，尤其是工业上，让英国政府产生危机感。

英国政府希望殖民地一直在政治经济上保持对母国的依赖，因此通过政治手段对殖民地进行统治，收取高税收，禁止他们在一会拥有发言权。

这样的统治使得北美各殖民地对英国不满。

文学特点主要描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。

另一类文学作品是清教作品，主要形式是日记、布道词、赞美诗、历史以及诗歌。

清教作家约翰科顿、罗杰威廉斯。

大部分的清教诗歌都十分沉闷。

安妮布拉德斯特利特和爱德华泰勒被列为诗歌大家。

美国革命和美国的独立时充满了英雄主义和美国革命的火药味，主要形式是报纸、传单和小册子。

代表人物托马斯杰弗逊、托马斯潘恩。

第一个美国抒情诗人兼记者菲利普弗瑞诺，还有促进美国文学发展的本杰明富兰克林。

术语解释美国请教主义American Puritanism16C在英国教会内进行的宗教改革。

在教会和皇权的双重压力下，清教的一个分支与17C三、四十年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。

清教徒遵循加尔文派于1619年多特宗教会议上制定的五点星条：无条件拣选；有限救赎；完全堕落；不可抗拒的恩典；圣徒的坚守。

殖民时期的美国Colonial America1492 哥伦布发现新大陆，17C早起大量欧洲移民涌入北美大陆。

1620年，五月花号停靠马萨诸塞，标志美洲第一个殖民地的建立，他们随后开始了开发殖民地的艰苦努力，与此同时，本土居民印第安人则遭受到了这些外来者的血腥镇压。

第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构：见笔记II. 知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in 1620. (In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.)5)The puritan migration began. (The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.)6)The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2. 名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant. They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regardedthemselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudes toward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be. "A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2) American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement.Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3) American Dream(美国梦):The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. (These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.)4) Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. Anotherthing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation（《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking. In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he saysthat his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work. The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Wi nthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）----- a Puritan poet The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style ofestablished European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan floc k. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world. For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world. When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw somethingmetaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as “To My Dear and Loving Husband” （《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,” however, denote the human side of her being clearly. Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband” for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）: The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet. In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6) Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritanoligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox” Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause o f Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing” requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7) John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal (1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,”and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system. He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets. His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as anencouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating. "These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason《(理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence （《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their ownimportance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) （菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a.He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b. He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle," for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;SStanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem, Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a. His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: An American Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first American novel.b. Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of his works are a good illustration.c. He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, its new life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers with areas of exploration different from European subjects. Brown believed that his novels were all about his country and histanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;people and that he employed new narrative techniques hitherto unheeded by his predecessors.d. Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was his description of his characters' inner world.e. His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799), Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solid evidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f. Brown began to explore the emotional world of his characters and found that man is not always controlled by reason and that sensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impact human thinking and emotional responses. He became aware that the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that art is a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses of the human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's works can be read as psychological novels. His protagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit the essential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. In his works, he represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people toenjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God. When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I. Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away toPhiladelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire[electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac, sayings like "Lost time is never found again,""A penny saved is a penny earned,""God help them that helpthemselves,""Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwisemanagement, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler. He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）. In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evilthat hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2) The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3) Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of the simplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the structure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4) A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans. General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1) American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.(2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.(3) In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.(4) The purpose of these writings was pragmatic.。

英国殖民地时期的美国权力与自由的斗争在18世纪的殖民地时期，美国殖民地的居民与英国政府之间爆发了一场关于权力与自由的斗争。

这场斗争最终导致了美国独立战争的爆发，并最终确立了美国的独立地位。

本文将探讨这场斗争的背景、主要事件以及对后世的影响。

背景在殖民地时期，美国地区的大部分地区都处于英国帝国的统治之下。

英国政府将殖民地视为经济的来源，并对殖民地实施了一系列的控制措施，如导航法、纳税政策等。

然而，殖民地的居民开始对这些控制措施感到不满，并逐渐形成了追求权力和自由的意识。

权力斗争的开端权力斗争的开端可以追溯到英国对殖民地实行的各种控制措施。

其中最著名的措施之一就是1765年通过的“印花法案”。

这一法案规定，所有印刷品（如报纸、公文等）都必须购买英国政府发行的印花纸进行印刷，而这一费用则由殖民地的居民承担。

这项法案引起了殖民地居民的愤怒，认为这是英国政府对其权力的滥用。

殖民地居民采取了抵制英国货物和抗议活动等措施来表达不满。

波士顿茶叶事件1773年，英国政府通过了一项法案，允许东印度公司将茶叶直接销售给美国殖民地，并允许该公司享有独家销售权。

这一举措引发了波士顿茶叶事件。

1773年12月16日晚，一群愤怒的美国殖民地抵制者——“波士顿人”，潜入波士顿港的三艘英国货船上，将342箱茶叶投入海中，以示抗议。

康科德战役1775年4月19日，英国军队试图缴获在康科德集结的美国殖民地军火库，以遏制他们的武装抵抗。

当英国军队行进到列克星敦的时候，数百名美国殖民地民兵青年阻止了他们。

这场战役被视为美国独立战争的第一战役，也标志着美国正式对抗英国殖民政府的立场。

美国独立宣言1776年7月4日，美国独立宣言庄严宣布美国独立，正式结束了与英国的殖民地统治。

独立宣言强调了人民拥有不可剥夺的权利和自由，批判了英国政府的压迫和虐待。

这份宣言对后世产生了深远影响，成为了现代民主思想的重要里程碑。

权力与自由的胜利美国独立战争的胜利最终确立了美国的独立地位，尽管这场战争造成了巨大的破坏和牺牲，但它也为后世树立了一个典范：人民对权力的追求与捍卫自由的意志是不可抑制的。

美国经济发展史美国作为世界上最大的经济体之一，其经济发展史可以追溯到17世纪的殖民地时期。

从那时起，美国经济经历了许多起伏，创造了许多独特的经济模式和发展路径。

本文将从殖民地时期开始，探讨美国经济的发展历程。

一、殖民地时期（17世纪-18世纪）在殖民地时期，美洲大陆上的英国殖民地经历了初期的艰难开拓和发展。

最早的殖民地主要依靠农业、渔业和皮毛贸易为主要经济来源。

农业生产主要以种植粮食和出口可可、烟草为主，而渔业和皮毛贸易则是殖民地经济的支柱产业。

殖民地时期的经济结构基本上是农业为主导，初期殖民地社会的经济发展比较落后，主要依赖英国供给的生产资料和市场；同时，殖民地还受到贸易限制政策的影响，只能与英国进行贸易往来。

然而，随着殖民地人口的增长和生产力的提高，殖民地经济逐渐开始脱离英国的控制，形成了自己的经济发展模式。

二、独立时期及西部扩张（18世纪末-19世纪初）美国独立后，经济逐渐从传统的农业模式向以制造业为主的工业模式转变。

这一时期，美国大部分地区开始进行西部扩张，大量国内移民和探险家涌入西部地区，开垦土地，开展农业生产。

而在东部地区，由于工业革命的推动，美国开始兴起了一些制造业中心，如纽约、费城和波士顿等城市，这些城市的出现促使了工业的发展和城市化进程的加快。

制造业的发展使得美国开始从原始的农业经济国逐渐转型为以工业为主导的经济体。

三、南北战争及重建时期（19世纪中期-19世纪末）19世纪中期，美国爆发了南北战争，这场战争对美国经济产生了深远的影响。

战后，南部的农业经济受到了严重破坏，而北部的制造业却得以快速恢复和发展。

随着铁路建设的进一步推进和技术创新的引进，美国经济取得了巨大的发展。

重建时期是美国工业化进程的重要阶段，也是美国崛起为世界经济大国的契机。

此时，美国制造业开始大规模发展，钢铁、石油、化工等行业日益壮大，带动了美国经济的蓬勃发展。

四、大萧条及二战时期（20世纪20年代-20世纪40年代）20世纪20年代初，美国经济达到了一个高峰，但随后爆发了世界性的经济危机，即大萧条。