第四章 知觉(Chapter iv perception)

知觉知觉的一般概念什么是知觉知觉是人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的事物整体属性的反映，是人脑对感觉信息的组织和解释的过程。

知觉与感觉的区别与联系感觉反映个别属性；知觉反映整体属性感觉是单一感觉器官活动的结果；知觉是各种感觉协同活动的结果感觉的产生依赖于客观事物的物理属性，相同的刺激会引起相同的感觉。

知觉不仅依赖于它的物理特性，还依赖于知觉者本身的特点，如个人的知识和经验，心理状态、个性特征。

都是对直接作用于感觉器官的事物的反映 ，客观事物作用于感官，感知觉才会产生，事物消失了感知觉也就消失了都属于对事物的感性认识，是人类认识世界的初级形式知觉以感觉作为基础，但它不是个别感觉信息的简单总和；知觉是按一定方式来整合个别的感觉信息，形成一定的结构，并根据个体的经验来解释由感觉提供的信息知觉中的自下而上和自上而下的加工自下而上的加工（刺激驱动或数据驱动加工）知觉的产生是基于大量的感觉信息，由刺激直接引起自上而下的加工（概念驱动加工）指知觉依赖于已经存在于人们头脑中的信息进行的加工知觉中，已有的非感觉信息越多，所需的感觉信息就越少，从而自上而下的加工就越占优势反之，非感觉信息越少，就只能更多依赖感觉信息，从而自下而上的加工占优势知觉的种类空间知觉、时间知觉和运动知觉视知觉、听知觉、嗅知觉以及触摸知觉等正确知觉和错误知觉阈上知觉和阈下知觉知觉的特性知觉的对象与背景人在知觉客观世界时，总是有选择地把少数事物当成知觉的对象，而把其他事物当成知觉的背景，以便更清晰地感知一定的事物与现象整体与部分的关系人的知觉系统具有把个别属性、个别部分综合成整体的能力对整体的知觉优于对个别成分的知觉理解在知觉中的作用理解帮助对象从背景中分出理解还有助于知觉的整体性理解还能产生知觉期待和预测知觉的恒常性当知觉的客观条件在一定范围内改变时，我们的知觉映像在相当程度上保持着它的稳定性形状、大小、明度、颜色形状恒常性：对物体形状的知觉不因它在网膜上投影的变化而变化大小恒常性： 对物体大小的知觉经验不因物体距离的远近所构成的网膜大小而所变化的现象。

第四章知觉（Fourth chapter perception）Professional and class counseling, grade 07, week, week 4, date 2007.10.29The fourth chapter of teaching topicTeaching objectives should be able to learn through this chapter:1. Understand the principles of graphic organization2, understand the clues of distance perception3, compare the clues of perception and sensation4. Describe the basic characteristics of perception5, evaluate perception theoryTeaching emphasis 1, perception concept2, the basic features of perception3 、 spatial perception, time perception and motion perceptionTeaching difficulty 1, perceptual theory2, aftereffectTeaching progress 4 weeks 4 hoursInstructional design, multimedia presentation, perceptual characteristicsHomework: master the basic concept of integrity, perception, perception, perception, selective perception subjective contour understanding, perceptual constancy, space perception, graphics, contour, binocular disparity, position perception, time perception, motion perception, motion perception, like really phenomenon, illusionFourth chapter perceptionThe first section is a general overview of perceptionFirst, what is perception?1., the definition of perception is the objective things directly acting on the senses, and generated in the mind of the overall understanding of things. People receive information about the outside world through their senses. These information, through the processing of the mind (Synthesis and interpretation), gives rise to a whole understanding of things. This is perception.2. the relationship between perception and sensation(1) both perception and sensation are produced by things directly acting on the sense organs, and belong to the perceptual forms of reality.(2) perception is based on feeling, but not a simple synthesisof individual sensory information. Perception is the integration of individual sensory information in a certain way, forming a structure, and interpreting sensory information according to individual experience. It is much more complicated than simply adding individual sensations.The act or process of perceiving as an activity or process that involves several interrelated functions: awareness, discrimination, and validation.Two, perceptual characteristics(1) perceptual selectivity1. meaning: people in the perception of the objective world, always select a few things as the object of perception, and other things as the background of perception, in order to more clearly perceive certain things and objects.2. significance: because of the selectivity of perception, a person can concentrate on the important aspects of a few important stimuli or stimuli, eliminating the interference of minor stimuli, and thus more effectively recognizing the outside world. Adapt to external environment.3., the factors affecting the choice of consciousness: (1) the subjective state of people (experience, needs, interests, tasks, stimuli, the significance of people, etc.). (2) the characteristics of stimuli (strength, contrast, spatial proximity, continuity, shape similarity, brightness, color, or similarity, proximity, etc.)(two) the integrity of perception1. meaning: the object of perception is composed of different parts, there are a variety of attributes and integrity of things, this object is still perceived as a unified whole. Our perception of individual parts depends on the integrity of things.In perceptual activity, people's perception of the whole can also be given priority to the perception of individual components. The temperature and this phenomenon is called "overall priority". We see things as they see the whole2. inspiration(1) the overall perception is an important aspect of the enthusiasm and initiative of perception, it not only depends on the stimulus, that stimulus space and time distribution, but also depends on the individual knowledge and experience.(2) the wholeness of perception enhances the ability of people to perceive things. Because of the integrity of perception, people sometimes neglect the characteristics of parts or details, which is because the whole perception inhibits the perception of individual components.(three) perceptual comprehension1. meaning: people in the process of perception, not passively put down characteristics of the object to registration, butknowledge of the past experience as the basis, and strive to make some explanation on the perception of the object, so it has a certain significance.2. meanings:(1) understand that the help object is separated from the background.(the big motor is broken.)(2) understanding also contributes to the wholeness of perception. People perceive what they understand and become familiar with as a whole; on the contrary, in the absence of understanding, the wholeness of perception is destroyed. (closure of Xiaolangdi Dam dam in the Yellow River!)(3) understanding can produce perception, expectation and prediction. (social... Yi. Chinese people... China)(four) constancy of perception1., when the objective condition of perception changes withina certain range, our perceptual image maintains its stability to a considerable extent.2. types of perceptual constancyWithin the visual range, the types of constancy are: shape constancy. Constancy of size. Lightness (visual brightness) constancy. Color constancy.Conditions affecting constancy of perception: perceptual constancy is influenced by various factors, in which visual cues play an important role.Visual cues refer to the information of objects, distances, directions and lighting conditions provided by various reference objects in the environment. This information is important for maintaining perceptual constancy. The effects of visual cues indicate that people's knowledge and experience have important implications for constancy.Second types of perceptionI. spatial perceptionSpatial perception is man's understanding of the spatial relationships of objects in the world. It includes shape perception, Ooko Chi, depth and distance perception, orientation perception, and spatial orientation.(1) shape perceptionShape perception is a reflection of the shape characteristics of an object, a whole perception of the contours and boundaries of an object.Shape is the most important attribute of all attributes of an object. The world is full of color and shape". If we want to understand the world, we must distinguish the shape of the object.Shape perception is the perceptual capacity shared by humans and animals. However, due to the role of labor and social life, human beings have the ability to shape special perception, such as the ability to identify text, the ability to distinguish between a variety of labor products and a variety of complex social expression. The formation of shape perception is the result of multiple perceptual activities.1. outline and graphicsA graph can be defined as an area in the field of view that is separated from the rest by visible contours. Thus, in a graph, the contour represents an interface between the figure and its background, which occurs when an immediate change in brightness or color occurs in the neighborhood of the field of view. The role of contours can be illustrated by PPT.The subjective contour, when there is no gradient change of the stimulus objectively, can be seen in a homogeneous view, which is called the subjective contour or the illusory contour.Some people think that the subjective contour shows a characteristic of the visual system; when the incomplete factors of vision. The visual system tends to put them together into a complete, simple and stable normal graphics. It is also argued that subjective contours are produced by lightness contrast.2. graphic organizationWhat parts of the field of vision are easily integrated into a graph? Since the early twentieth Century, psychologists have conducted a series of studies of the problem, presenting some of the following principles of graphic organization:(1) proximity. A near part of space; easy to form as a whole.(2) similarity. Similar components in a field of vision are easily formed into figures.(3) symmetry. In the field of view, symmetrical parts are easily formed into figure 6.(4) good continuity. Having good continuity; easily composed of figures.(5) common fate. They are randomly arranged small circles, and when some of them move or change in a common direction, they are treated as an English letter "M"".(6) closed. A closed line segment in a field of vision is easy to form a graph.(7) line orientation. See Figure 4, 17.(8) simplicity principle. A part having a simple structure; easily composed of figures.(two) depth perception and distance perceptionDistance perception and depth perception are more complex thanshape perception. Because it involves three-dimensional spatial perception,That involves not only the height and width of the object, but also the distance and depth of the object.So how do people perceive the distance and depth of objects? What factors provide clues about depth and distance? There are clues in psychology and near scientific research:1. muscle cues (physiological cues)(1) regulation. Refers to the shape of the lens (Qu Du) due to the distance change. For example, see near objects, the eyes of the lens curvature; the object moved into the distance, the eye lens curvature smaller. Change of lens curvature provides object distance information. The regulating action can only be performed within a small (1 m 2 m) range.(2) convergence. Convergence refers to change the distance with the eyes will be watching Los converge to the object. The object is near and convergent angle is large; the object is far away and the convergence angle is small. According to the angle of convergence, people can also get the distance information.2. monocular cues(1) object overlap. Mutual occlusion of objects is an important condition to judge the relationship between objects.(2) line perspective. The two parallel lines extending towardthe distance seem to be approaching.(3) air perspective. Distant objects appear blurry and near ones appear clear.(4) relative height. When the other conditions are the same, the higher the relative position of the two objects in the field of view, the more distant it appears.(5) texture gradient. Refers to the change in the projection size and projection density of the object on the retina in the visual field.(6) motion parallax and motion perspective. When the observer is moving relative to the object in the surrounding environment, the objects of different distance will vary in velocity and direction of motion.Motion parallax: because at different distances in the same time, different objects have different motion ranges on the retina. The object has a large angle of view, a large range of motion on the retina, a small angle of view from the distant object, and a small range of motion on the retina. Resulting in a different speed impression.Motion perspective: when the observer moves forward, the field of view also moves continuously. Nearby objects move at speeds up to zero, and distant objects flow at little speed. This phenomenon is called motion perspective.3. binocular cues -- binocular parallaxPeople perceive the distance and depth of objects, mainly rely on the clues provided by both eyes, called binocular parallax.Binocular disparity is of great significance to the perception of depth and distance, when objects fall at the corresponding site with video web, people see the single object; when the video falls in the corresponding position and non retinal difference, people will see the depth and distance; parallax, further increase, people will see double image.(three) size perception;How do we perceive the size of objects, or what factors affect the size perception?1. hypothesis of size distance invarianceWe know that the size of the projection of the retina is proportional to the size of the object, and inversely proportional to the distance. Represented by a formula as:A=A/DA refers to the size of the mesh, A refers to the size of the object, D refers to the distance between the object and the eye.Because the size of the mesh is related to the perceptual distance, one can't judge the size of the object merely according to the size of the image. When the distance is equal, the network is large, indicating that the object is large; thenet is small and the object is small. When the network is constant, the distance is large, indicating that the object is large and the distance is small, indicating that the object is small. In this way, when people perceive objects for large hours, they seem to solve the relationship between size and distance unconsciously, that is, object size = size of the retina * distance. This is the assumption that the size of a distance remains unchanged.The effect of familiarity of 2. objects on size perceptionIn everyday life, the size of many objects is familiar to people. When the distance of the object changes, the size of the projection of the retina changes, but the familiar size makes it possible for people to perceive the actual size of the object more accurately.3. size contrast of adjacent objectsThere are two objects of equal size. An object is surrounded by small objects, and an object is surrounded by larger objects,The perceived size of objects is not the same. In this case, the projection of the object on the retina is equal and the distance of observation is the same. The difference in size is due to the projection ratio of two or more of the two or more of the retina.4. body changes and size perceptionThe normal relationship between body posture and environmentis an important condition for maintaining size constancy. When the observer's body posture changes, the size, perception, constancy will be affected.(four) orientation (perception)Refers to the spatial relationship of objects, the position of the body's own spatial location perception.Orientation is the result of various sensory cooperative activities.Vision and hearing play a very important role in human orientation.1. visual orientation, orientation, visual orientation, must rely on a variety of subjective and objective reference. Such as the position of the sun and the magnetic field of the earth. It is a reference for people to judge the southeast and northwest.It is also important to use more specific directional indicators from the original reference in visual orientation. Visual orientation is not innate, but acquired.2. orientation of hearingThe human ear can determine the orientation of the source. There are several rules of human auditory orientation.(1) students who are from the left and right are easy todistinguish and never confuse each other.(2) the sounds in the middle section of the head are easily confused.(3) if the midpoint of the line of two ears is made a cone at the apex, then the sounds from each point of the cone are easily confused.Why can the human ear distinguish the direction of the sound source?People have two ears, they are on the left and right sides of the head, the middle 27.5 cm apart, so that the same sound source to two ears of different distances will produce two ear stimulation time difference, intensity difference and phase difference. This is the main clue to the sound orientation of the human ear.Two, time perception(1) what is "time perception"?1. defining the continuity and sequence of our perception of objective things and things is time perception (temporal, perception).2., time perception has four forms: (1) the discrimination of time (2) the confirmation of time (3) the estimation of duration (4) the prediction of time(two) the various bases of time perception; 1., according to the periodic phenomena in nature; 2., according to the periodic activities of organisms; 3., with the aid of time tools(three) various factors affecting time perception1. the nature of the sensory pathway. Hearing is the best, sense of touch is second, sight is worse.2. the quantity and nature of an event occurring within a given period of time. The more events occur in a given time, the more complex the events are, and people tend to estimate the time as short as possible. Contrary to memory.3. people's interests and emotions. When people are interested in themselves, they feel that time passes quickly and there is a lack of time estimation. On the contrary, when things are disgusting and indifferent, time passes slowly.Three, movement perception(1) what is movement perception?Motion characteristics of an object directly affect the human brain, known for people, that is, motion perception.Exercise perception is important to the adaptive behavior of animals and humans. The correct estimation of the motion and velocity of an object is also an important condition for human life and work.(two) the perception of true movementTrue motion is the continuous displacement of an object from one place to another at a given speed or acceleration. The resulting perception is real motion perception.Motion perception depends directly on the speed of object motion. The speed at which the object is moving is too slow, or the distance of the object displacement in a unit time is too small to make the human beings feel moving. The speed of object motion can also be represented by the angle of view of object motion in unit time, i.e. angular velocity (radian / sec). The minimum visual range (angular velocity) of the object motion in the unit time that can be perceived is the lower threshold of motion perception. Objects move so fast that they can only see diffuse scintillation over certain limits. The speed at which flashes are seen is called the upper threshold of motion perception.(three) quasi motion refers to the movement of objects between stationary objects in a certain time and space, or a continuous movement in the absence of a continuous displacement.The main form of motion is:1. move when two stimuli (spot, line, graphics or pictures) according to a certain space and time distance have been presented, we will see a continuous movement from one stimulus to another stimulus, this is the moving scene movement. Television, movies, advertisements, etc.2. the movement of an object causes the motion of a stationary object near it to produce an impression of motion, called evoked motion. In cloudy weather, at night, we see the moon moving, but the clouds don't move. Actually not.The 3. autonomic movement sees a stationary spot of light moving.4. motion after the gaze of moving objects, see other stationary object movement.Third perceptual phenomenaI. illusion1. definition: our perception can not correctly express the characteristics of external things, and there are a variety of distortions, this is the illusion.2. significance (1) the study of the causes of illusion helps to reveal the laws of people's normal perception of the objective world. (2) research on illusion is of practical significance. On the negative side, it helps to eliminate the adverse effects of delusions on human practice. On the positive side, we can make use of certain illusions to serve mankind.Two, the kind of illusion(1) illusion of sizeA person's perception of the size of a geometric figure or thelength of a line; a mistake for some reason; a size illusion.(1) Mueller Leijer illusion, also called arrow illusion (Fig.4 37a).(2) the pan illusion, also known as the track illusion (Figure 4 - 37B).(3) vertical horizontal illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37C).(4) Just Lo (Jastrow) illusion. Two curves with equal length. The one below is longer than the previous one (Figure 4, one, 37d).(5) Doll Bo Yev (Dolboef) illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37E).(6) moon illusion. The moon appears larger at the horizon (just rising), while at the zenith it is small.(two) illusion of shape and direction(1) Zorla (Zollner) illusion. Parallel lines are not parallel due to the influence of additional lines (Fig. 4, 39A).(2) the illusion of WundA. The two parallel lines, due to the influence of additional line segments, change the middle and widen both ends, and the line seems to be bent (Fig. 4, 39B).(3) Einstein (Ehrnstein) illusion. In many circular curves, the square sides are slightly curved (FIGS. 4, 39C).(4) Poggendorff (Poggendoff) illusion. The same straight line cut by two parallel lines that does not appear to be in a straight line (Figure 4, 39d).The fourth theory of perceptionFirst, experience hypothesis, Gestalt theory and psychophysical correspondence theoryTwo, bottom-up processing and top-down processing。

第四章知觉在实际生活中，我们不仅要认识事物的个别属性，而且要认识事物的整体。

我们对事物整体的认识就是知觉。

第一节知觉的概述一、什么是知觉（一）知觉的定义知觉是直接作用于感觉器官的事物的整体在脑中的反映，是人对感觉信息的组织和解释的过程。

当我们行走在林荫道上，不仅看到各种颜色，听到各种声音，闻到各种气味，而且认识到这是美丽的街心花园，那是汽车在行驶，人群川流不息，即在我们头脑中产生了花园、汽车、人群的整体形象。

这就是知觉。

知觉和感觉一样，都是刺激物直接作用于感觉器官而产生的，都是我们对现实的感性反映形式。

离开了刺激物对感觉器官的直接作用，既不能产生感觉，也不能产生知觉。

知觉是人对感觉信息的组织过程。

外部世界的大量刺激冲击我们的感官，我们倾向于有选择地输入信息，把感觉信息整合、组织起来，形成稳定、清晰的完整映象。

在日常生活中，我们很少意识到孤立的感觉，我们的头脑总是不断对感觉信息加以组织的。

例如，听觉刺激是一个复杂的序列，被我们知觉为言语，或流水声，或汽车声，即组织成有意义的声音。

对于其他感觉信息，我们也是将其组织成有意义的事物。

这种组织功能主要依靠于我们的过去经验。

刚果的俾格米（Pygmi）人居住在枝叶茂密的热带森林中。

人类学家特恩布尔（Turnbull，1961）曾描述过这些人及其生活方式。

有些俾格米人从来没有离开过森林，没有见过开阔的视野。

当特恩布尔带着一位名叫肯克的俾格米人第一次离开居住地大森林来到一片高原时，他看见远处的一群水牛时惊奇地问：“那些是什么虫子？”当告诉他是水牛时，他哈哈大笑，说不要说傻话。

尽管他不相信，但还是仔细凝视着，说“这是些什么水牛会这样小。

”当越走越近，这些“虫子”变得越来越大时，他感到不可理解，说这些不是真正的水牛。

知觉是人对感觉信息的解释过程。

在知觉一个客体时我们总是根据自己的经验把它归为某一类，说出它的名称或赋予它某种意义。

（二）知觉和感觉的关系感觉和知觉既有区别，又有联系。

第四章知觉（Fourthchapterperception）第四章知觉（Fourth chapter perception）Professional and class counseling, grade 07, week, week 4, date 2007.10.29 The fourth chapter of teaching topicTeaching objectives should be able to learn through this chapter:1. Understand the principles of graphic organization2, understand the clues of distance perception3, compare the clues of perception and sensation4. Describe the basic characteristics of perception5, evaluate perception theoryTeaching emphasis 1, perception concept2, the basic features of perception3 、spatial perception, time perception and motion perceptionTeaching difficulty 1, perceptual theory2, aftereffectTeaching progress 4 weeks 4 hoursInstructional design, multimedia presentation, perceptual characteristicsHomework: master the basic concept of integrity, perception, perception, perception, selective perception subjective contour understanding, perceptual constancy, space perception, graphics, contour, binocular disparity, position perception, time perception, motion perception, motion perception, like really phenomenon, illusionFourth chapter perceptionThe first section is a general overview of perceptionFirst, what is perception?1., the definition of perception is the objective things directly acting on the senses, and generated in the mind of the overall understanding of things. People receive information about the outside world through their senses. These information, through the processing of the mind (Synthesis and interpretation), gives rise to a whole understanding of things. This is perception.2. the relationship between perception and sensation(1) both perception and sensation are produced by things directly acting on the sense organs, and belong to the perceptual forms of reality.(2) perception is based on feeling, but not a simple synthesisof individual sensory information. Perception is the integration of individual sensory information in a certain way, forming a structure, and interpreting sensory information according to individual experience. It is much more complicated than simply adding individual sensations.The act or process of perceiving as an activity or process that involves several interrelated functions: awareness, discrimination, and validation.Two, perceptual characteristics(1) perceptual selectivity1. meaning: people in the perception of the objective world, always select a few things as the object of perception, and other things as the background of perception, in order to more clearly perceive certain things and objects.2. significance: because of the selectivity of perception, a person can concentrate on the important aspects of a few important stimuli or stimuli, eliminating the interference of minor stimuli, and thus more effectively recognizing the outside world. Adapt to external environment.3., the factors affecting the choice of consciousness: (1) the subjective state of people (experience, needs, interests, tasks, stimuli, the significance of people, etc.). (2) the characteristics of stimuli (strength, contrast, spatial proximity, continuity, shape similarity, brightness, color, or similarity, proximity, etc.) (two) the integrity of perception1. meaning: the object of perception is composed of different parts, there are a variety of attributes and integrity of things, this object is still perceived as a unified whole. Our perception of individual parts depends on the integrity of things.In perceptual activity, people's perception of the whole can also be given priority to the perception of individual components. The temperature and this phenomenon is called "overall priority". We see things as they see the whole2. inspiration(1) the overall perception is an important aspect of the enthusiasm and initiative of perception, it not only depends on the stimulus, that stimulus space and time distribution, but also depends on the individual knowledge and experience.(2) the wholeness of perception enhances the ability of people to perceive things. Because of the integrity of perception, people sometimes neglect the characteristics of parts or details, which is because the whole perception inhibits the perception of individual components.(three) perceptual comprehension1. meaning: people in the process of perception, not passively put down characteristics of the object to registration, butknowledge of the past experience as the basis, and strive to make some explanation on the perception of the object, so it hasa certain significance.2. meanings:(1) understand that the help object is separated from the background.(the big motor is broken.)(2) understanding also contributes to the wholeness of perception. People perceive what they understand and become familiar with as a whole; on the contrary, in the absence of understanding, the wholeness of perception is destroyed. (closure of Xiaolangdi Dam dam in the Yellow River!)(3) understanding can produce perception, expectation and prediction. (social... Yi. Chinese people... China)(four) constancy of perception1., when the objective condition of perception changes withina certain range, our perceptual image maintains its stability to a considerable extent.2. types of perceptual constancyWithin the visual range, the types of constancy are: shape constancy. Constancy of size. Lightness (visual brightness) constancy. Color constancy.Conditions affecting constancy of perception: perceptual constancy is influenced by various factors, in which visual cues play an important role.Visual cues refer to the information of objects, distances, directions and lighting conditions provided by various reference objects in the environment. This information is important for maintaining perceptual constancy. The effects of visual cues indicate that people's knowledge and experience have important implications for constancy.Second types of perceptionI. spatial perceptionSpatial perception is man's understanding of the spatial relationships of objects in the world. It includes shape perception, Ooko Chi, depth and distance perception, orientation perception, and spatial orientation.(1) shape perceptionShape perception is a reflection of the shape characteristics of an object, a whole perception of the contours and boundaries of an object.Shape is the most important attribute of all attributes of an object. The world is full of color and shape". If we want to understand the world, we must distinguish the shape of the object.Shape perception is the perceptual capacity shared by humans and animals. However, due to the role of labor and social life, human beings have the ability to shape special perception, such as the ability to identify text, the ability to distinguish between a variety of labor products and a variety of complex social expression. The formation of shape perception is the result of multiple perceptual activities.1. outline and graphicsA graph can be defined as an area in the field of view that is separated from the rest by visible contours. Thus, in a graph, the contour represents an interface between the figure and its background, which occurs when an immediate change in brightness or color occurs in the neighborhood of the field of view. The role of contours can be illustrated by PPT.The subjective contour, when there is no gradient change of the stimulus objectively, can be seen in a homogeneous view,which is called the subjective contour or the illusory contour.Some people think that the subjective contour shows a characteristic of the visual system; when the incomplete factors of vision. The visual system tends to put them together into a complete, simple and stable normal graphics. It is also argued that subjective contours are produced by lightness contrast.2. graphic organizationWhat parts of the field of vision are easily integrated into a graph? Since the early twentieth Century, psychologists have conducted a series of studies of the problem, presenting some of the following principles of graphic organization:(1) proximity. A near part of space; easy to form as a whole.(2) similarity. Similar components in a field of vision are easily formed into figures.(3) symmetry. In the field of view, symmetrical parts are easily formed into figure 6.(4) good continuity. Having good continuity; easily composed of figures.(5) common fate. They are randomly arranged small circles, and when some of them move or change in a common direction, they are treated as an English letter "M"".(6) closed. A closed line segment in a field of vision is easy to form a graph.(7) line orientation. See Figure 4, 17.(8) simplicity principle. A part having a simple structure; easily composed of figures.(two) depth perception and distance perceptionDistance perception and depth perception are more complex thanshape perception. Because it involves three-dimensionalspatial perception,That involves not only the height and width of the object, but also the distance and depth of the object.So how do people perceive the distance and depth of objects? What factors provide clues about depth and distance? There are clues in psychology and near scientific research:1. muscle cues (physiological cues)(1) regulation. Refers to the shape of the lens (Qu Du) due to the distance change. For example, see near objects, the eyes of the lens curvature; the object moved into the distance, the eye lens curvature smaller. Change of lens curvature provides object distance information. The regulating action can only be performed within a small (1 m 2 m) range.(2) convergence. Convergence refers to change the distance with the eyes will be watching Los converge to the object. The object is near and convergent angle is large; the object is far away and the convergence angle is small. According to the angle of convergence, people can also get the distance information.2. monocular cues(1) object overlap. Mutual occlusion of objects is an important condition to judge the relationship between objects.(2) line perspective. The two parallel lines extending towardthe distance seem to be approaching.(3) air perspective. Distant objects appear blurry and near ones appear clear.(4) relative height. When the other conditions are the same, the higher the relative position of the two objects in the field of view, the more distant it appears.(5) texture gradient. Refers to the change in the projection size and projection density of the object on the retina in the visualfield.(6) motion parallax and motion perspective. When the observer is moving relative to the object in the surrounding environment, the objects of different distance will vary in velocity and direction of motion.Motion parallax: because at different distances in the same time, different objects have different motion ranges on the retina. The object has a large angle of view, a large range of motion on the retina, a small angle of view from the distant object, and a small range of motion on the retina. Resulting in a different speed impression.Motion perspective: when the observer moves forward, the field of view also moves continuously. Nearby objects move at speeds up to zero, and distant objects flow at little speed. This phenomenon is called motion perspective.3. binocular cues -- binocular parallaxPeople perceive the distance and depth of objects, mainly rely on the clues provided by both eyes, called binocular parallax.Binocular disparity is of great significance to the perception of depth and distance, when objects fall at the corresponding site with video web, people see the single object; when the video falls in the corresponding position and non retinal difference, people will see the depth and distance; parallax, further increase, people will see double image.(three) size perception;How do we perceive the size of objects, or what factors affect the size perception?1. hypothesis of size distance invarianceWe know that the size of the projection of the retina is proportional to the size of the object, and inversely proportionalto the distance. Represented by a formula as:A=A/DA refers to the size of the mesh, A refers to the size of the object, D refers to the distance between the object and the eye.Because the size of the mesh is related to the perceptual distance, one can't judge the size of the object merely according to the size of the image. When the distance is equal, the network is large, indicating that the object is large; thenet is small and the object is small. When the network is constant, the distance is large, indicating that the object is large and the distance is small, indicating that the object is small. In this way, when people perceive objects for large hours, they seem to solve the relationship between size and distance unconsciously, that is, object size = size of the retina * distance. This is the assumption that the size of a distance remains unchanged.The effect of familiarity of 2. objects on size perceptionIn everyday life, the size of many objects is familiar to people. When the distance of the object changes, the size of the projection of the retina changes, but the familiar size makes it possible for people to perceive the actual size of the object more accurately.3. size contrast of adjacent objectsThere are two objects of equal size. An object is surrounded by small objects, and an object is surrounded by larger objects, The perceived size of objects is not the same. In this case, the projection of the object on the retina is equal and the distance of observation is the same. The difference in size is due to the projection ratio of two or more of the two or more of the retina.4. body changes and size perceptionThe normal relationship between body posture and environmentis an important condition for maintaining size constancy. When the observer's body posture changes, the size, perception, constancy will be affected.(four) orientation (perception)Refers to the spatial relationship of objects, the position of the body's own spatial location perception.Orientation is the result of various sensory cooperative activities.Vision and hearing play a very important role in human orientation.1. visual orientation, orientation, visual orientation, must rely on a variety of subjective and objective reference. Such as the position of the sun and the magnetic field of the earth. It is a reference for people to judge the southeast and northwest.It is also important to use more specific directional indicators from the original reference in visual orientation. Visual orientation is not innate, but acquired.2. orientation of hearingThe human ear can determine the orientation of the source. There are several rules of human auditory orientation.(1) students who are from the left and right are easy todistinguish and never confuse each other.(2) the sounds in the middle section of the head are easily confused.(3) if the midpoint of the line of two ears is made a cone at the apex, then the sounds from each point of the cone are easily confused.Why can the human ear distinguish the direction of thesound source?People have two ears, they are on the left and right sides of the head, the middle 27.5 cm apart, so that the same sound source to two ears of different distances will produce two ear stimulation time difference, intensity difference and phase difference. This is the main clue to the sound orientation of the human ear.Two, time perception(1) what is "time perception"?1. defining the continuity and sequence of our perception of objective things and things is time perception (temporal, perception).2., time perception has four forms: (1) the discrimination of time (2) the confirmation of time (3) the estimation of duration (4) the prediction of time(two) the various bases of time perception; 1., according to the periodic phenomena in nature; 2., according to the periodic activities of organisms; 3., with the aid of time tools(three) various factors affecting time perception1. the nature of the sensory pathway. Hearing is the best, sense of touch is second, sight is worse.2. the quantity and nature of an event occurring within a given period of time. The more events occur in a given time, the more complex the events are, and people tend to estimate the time as short as possible. Contrary to memory.3. people's interests and emotions. When people are interested in themselves, they feel that time passes quickly and there is a lack of time estimation. On the contrary, when things are disgusting and indifferent, time passes slowly.Three, movement perception(1) what is movement perception?Motion characteristics of an object directly affect the human brain, known for people, that is, motion perception.Exercise perception is important to the adaptive behavior of animals and humans. The correct estimation of the motion and velocity of an object is also an important condition for human life and work.(two) the perception of true movementTrue motion is the continuous displacement of an object from one place to another at a given speed or acceleration. The resulting perception is real motion perception.Motion perception depends directly on the speed of object motion. The speed at which the object is moving is too slow, or the distance of the object displacement in a unit time is too small to make the human beings feel moving. The speed of object motion can also be represented by the angle of view of object motion in unit time, i.e. angular velocity (radian / sec). The minimum visual range (angular velocity) of the object motion in the unit time that can be perceived is the lower threshold of motion perception. Objects move so fast that they can only see diffuse scintillation over certain limits. The speed at which flashes are seen is called the upper threshold of motion perception.(three) quasi motion refers to the movement of objects between stationary objects in a certain time and space, or a continuous movement in the absence of a continuous displacement.The main form of motion is:1. move when two stimuli (spot, line, graphics or pictures) according to a certain space and time distance have been presented, we will see a continuous movement from one stimulusto another stimulus, this is the moving scene movement. Television, movies, advertisements, etc.2. the movement of an object causes the motion of a stationary object near it to produce an impression of motion, called evoked motion. In cloudy weather, at night, we see the moon moving, but the clouds don't move. Actually not.The 3. autonomic movement sees a stationary spot of light moving.4. motion after the gaze of moving objects, see other stationary object movement.Third perceptual phenomenaI. illusion1. definition: our perception can not correctly express the characteristics of external things, and there are a variety of distortions, this is the illusion.2. significance (1) the study of the causes of illusion helps to reveal the laws of people's normal perception of the objective world. (2) research on illusion is of practical significance. On the negative side, it helps to eliminate the adverse effects of delusions on human practice. On the positive side, we can make use of certain illusions to serve mankind.Two, the kind of illusion(1) illusion of sizeA person's perception of the size of a geometric figure or thelength of a line; a mistake for some reason; a size illusion.(1) Mueller Leijer illusion, also called arrow illusion (Fig.4 37a).(2) the pan illusion, also known as the track illusion (Figure 4 - 37B).(3) vertical horizontal illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37C).(4) Just Lo (Jastrow) illusion. Two curves with equal length. The one below is longer than the previous one (Figure 4, one, 37d).(5) Doll Bo Yev (Dolboef) illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37E).(6) moon illusion. The moon appears larger at the horizon (just rising), while at the zenith it is small.(two) illusion of shape and direction(1) Zorla (Zollner) illusion. Parallel lines are not parallel due to the influence of additional lines (Fig. 4, 39A).(2) the illusion of WundA. The two parallel lines, due to the influence of additional line segments, change the middle and widen both ends, and the line seems to be bent (Fig. 4, 39B).(3) Einstein (Ehrnstein) illusion. In many circular curves, the square sides are slightly curved (FIGS. 4, 39C).(4) Poggendorff (Poggendoff) illusion. The same straight line cut by two parallel lines that does not appear to be in a straight line (Figure 4, 39d).The fourth theory of perceptionFirst, experience hypothesis, Gestalt theory and psychophysical correspondence theoryTwo, bottom-up processing and top-down processing。

第4章知觉1．什么是知觉?知觉的对象与背景的关系怎样?请列举日常生活现象说明对象与背景的关系。

答：（1）知觉知觉是客观事物直接作用于感官而在头脑中产生的对事物整体的认识。

知觉是在感觉的基础上产生的，是对感觉信息整合后的反映。

（2）知觉的对象和背景的关系①人对知觉对象与背景的反映效果是有区别的。

知觉对象的形象较为鲜明，轮廓较为清楚，结构也较为完整；作为知觉背景的事物形象则较为模糊不清，结构也不确定，似乎在知觉对象的后面。

②对象与背景可以相互转化。

当注意指向某种事物的时候，这种事物便成为知觉的对象，而其他事物便成为知觉的背景。

知觉对象与背景不是固定不变的，当注意从一个对象转向另一个对象时，原来的知觉对象就成为背景，而原来的背景便成为知觉的对象。

它们可以相互转换。

③对象与背景不仅可以互相转化，而且互相依赖。

人们知觉某一对象，不仅取决于对象本身的特点，而且受对象所处空间背景和时间背景的影响；在不同背景下，人们对同一对象的知觉可能是不同的。

因此，准确地讲，人们的知觉是由对象及其背景的相互关系来决定的。

（3）对象与背景的关系的举例在课堂上，教师的声音成为学生知觉的对象，而周围环境中的其他声音便成为知觉的背景。

然而，当学生被身旁两个同学的谈话吸引，转而去听他们的话，这时，教师的声音就变成学生知觉的背景了。

这说明了对象与背景可以相互转化。

如果教室内很安静，那么即使教师用很低的声音讲课，学生也能听清楚；相反，如果环境中的噪音很大，那么教师用相同强度的声音讲课，学生就听不清楚了。

这说明了对象与背景不仅互相转化，而且互相依赖。

2．用事实分析知觉中整体与部分的关系。

答：（1）整体与部分的关系主要体现在以下两方面：①知觉的整合作用离不开组成整体的各成分的特点。

从下图中的点子图上可以看出，尽管这些点子没有用线段联结起来，但仍能看到一个三角形和一个长方形，人们的知觉系统把视野中的个别成分综合成为一个有组织的整体结构。

点子的数量不同，空间分布情况不同，我们知觉到的几何形状也不同。