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骨折概论(英文)

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骨折概论【84页】

骨折概论【84页】

组织修复
骨折固定 重要软组织的修复 创口引流
闭合创口
直接缝合 减张缝合或植皮术 延长闭合创口 皮瓣移植
术后联合应用广谱抗生素 及注射破伤风抗毒素
八 骨折延迟愈合、不愈合和 畸形愈合的处理
骨延迟愈合：骨折经过治疗，超过一般愈合所用的时 间，断端仍未出现骨连接。
X线片显示：骨折端骨痂少，轻度脱 钙，骨折线仍清晰，但无骨硬化表现
4.0kpa有手术指征
7.治疗
① 非手术治疗
a. 抬高患肢 b. 制动 c. 脱水（甘露醇）
② 手术治疗
根据有以下体征者应行减压术 a. 肢体明显肿胀与疼痛 b. 骨筋膜室张力大，压痛剧烈 c. 被动牵拉痛阳性 d. 测压大于4.0kpa
• 关节僵直（最常见）
晚 • 损伤性骨化
• 创伤性关节炎
期 • 缺血性骨坏死、肌挛缩
BO新概念
Palmar（1999）指出：“骨折的治疗必须着重于寻 求骨折稳固和软组织完整之间的一种平衡，特别是对 于严重粉碎的骨干骨折。过分追求骨折解剖学的重 建，其结果往往是既不能获得足以传到载荷的固定， 而且使原已损伤的组织血运遭到进一步破坏。” 不可错认为AO已被BO取代
功能锻炼
早期（1-2周） 肌肉收缩为主 中期（3-4周）锻炼肌肉 较多关节活动 后期（4-8周）全面锻炼 但不负重
骨折临床愈合标准
局部无压痛及纵向扣击痛 局部无反常活动 X线片显示骨折线模糊，有连续性骨痂通过骨折线 外固定解除后伤肢能满足以下要求：上肢向前平举 1kg达1分钟；下肢能不扶拐平地连续步行3分钟，并 不少于30步 连续观察2周，骨折处不变形
影响骨折愈合的因素
全身因素
➢ 年龄 ➢ 健康状况
局部因素
➢ 骨折类型和数量 ➢ 骨折部位的血供 ➢ 软组织损伤程度 ➢ 软组织嵌入 ➢ 感染

骨折概论(英文版本)陈芒芒课件

骨折概论(英文版本)陈芒芒课件

Factors Affecting Primary Bone Healing
Age, bone density, and the stability of the fracture site can influence primary bone healing. For instance, fractures in children heal faster than those in adults due to higher bone-forming activity.
Intramembranous Healing
This type of healing occurs in flat bones such as the skull and involves the direct formation of new bone tissue at the fracture site.
疲劳断裂通常发生在材料承受循环应力的环境中，如机械零件、桥梁等。在循环应力的作用下，材料内部的微裂纹逐渐扩展，最终导致断裂。疲劳断裂通常具有明显的疲劳辉纹和断口特征。
病理性断裂是由于材料内部存在缺陷或损伤，如裂纹、孔洞等，在外力作用下引发断裂。
病理性断裂通常与材料的制造、加工、使用环境等因素有关。例如，焊接过程中产生的裂纹、机械加工过程中产生的微裂纹等都可能导致病理性断裂。此外，腐蚀、高温等环境因素也可能导致材料内部损伤，引发断裂。
Endochondral Healing
This type of healing occurs in long bones and involves the formation of a cartilage intermediate before the final bone formation.

骨科常用医学英语

骨科常用医学英语

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇骨科 ORTHOPEDICS1、概论 INTRODUCTION*fracture n.骨折pathological fracture 病理骨折fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折close fracture 闭合骨折*comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折compressed fracture 压缩骨折shock n.休克*deformity n.畸形tenderness n.压痛swelling n.肿胀ecchymosis n.瘀斑obstacle n.功能障碍*bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤surrounding nerve 周围神经*fat embolism 脂肪栓塞bedsore n.褥疮arthroclisis n.关节僵硬ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩*traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎hematoma n.血肿*callus n.骨痂heal n.愈合*synovitis n.滑膜炎*ligament n.韧带*tendon n.肌腱* pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎*reduction n.复位*bone traction 骨牵引*osteoporosis n.骨质疏松2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨*humerus n.肱骨*rotation n.旋转supracondyle n.髁上blister n.水疱pulsate n.搏动thrombus n.血栓*cancellous n.松质骨*epiphysis n.骨骺*injury n.损伤*joint n.关节stability n.稳定ulna n.尺骨radius n.桡骨metacarpal bone 掌骨bone graft 植骨hemostasis 止血*periosteum n.骨膜tension n.张力adhesion n.粘连*skin grafting 植皮*arthrodesis n.关节融合extrusion n.挤压gangrene n.坏疽pallor n.苍白、灰白*amputation n.截肢plaster n.石膏paralysis n.瘫痪bandage n.绷带2、手外伤 HAND TRAUMAavulsion n.撕脱*dislocation n.脱位stiff adj.僵硬3、下肢骨折与关节损伤 FRACTURE OF LOWER EXTREMITIES AND ARTICULAR INJURYfemur n.股骨adduction n.内收separate v.分离cartilage n.软骨*synovialis n.滑膜*spinal column 脊柱5、脊柱及骨盆骨折 FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS column n.椎体cervical column 颈椎*lumber vertebra 腰椎sacrum n.骶椎sense n.感觉movement n.运动reflect v.反射*pelvis n.骨盆6、关节脱位 ARTICULAR DISLOCATIONcongenital dislocation 先天性脱位pathological dislocation 病理性脱位*osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎*total hip replacement 全髋置换术7、运动系统慢性损伤 CHRONIC STRAIN OF MOVEMENT SYSTEM strain n.劳损*cystis n.滑囊*stenosed tenosynovitis 狭窄性腱鞘炎*ganglion n.腱鞘囊肿degenerative adj.退行性变multiply v.增生abnormal sense 感觉异常8、腰腿痛和颈肩痛LUMBAGO AND SHOULDER PAINSstenosed column 椎管狭窄9、骨与关节化脓感染OSTEOARTICULAR PURULENT LNFECTION channel n.窦道drill hole 钻孔*drainage n.引流10、骨与关节结核 OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSISbone tuberculosis 骨结核spinal cord compression 脊髓压迫11、骨肿瘤BONE TUMORbone tumor 骨肿瘤*osteochondroma n.骨软骨瘤*osteosarcoma n.骨肉瘤chemotherapy n.化疗*synoviosarcoma n.滑膜肉瘤医学英语分科常用词汇人体解剖学 HUMAN ANATOMY之运动系统 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM 1、中轴骨 AXIAL BONES*bone n.骨*vertebrae n.椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎*sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎*sternum n.胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突*rib n.肋*thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULL*skull n.颅*frontal bone 额骨*parietal bone 顶骨*occipital bone 枕骨*temporal bone 颞骨*sphenoid bone 蝶骨*ethmoid bone 筛骨*mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨*maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲zygomatic bone 颧骨*coronal suture冠状缝*sagital suture 矢状缝*lambdoid suture 人字缝orbit n.眶cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES *clavicle n.锁骨*scapula n.肩胛骨*humerus n.肱骨*radius n.桡骨*ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨*hip bone 髋骨*ilium n.髂骨*ischium n.坐骨*pubis n.耻骨*femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨*tibia n.胫骨*fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节学 ARTHROLOGY*articulation n.关节*ligament n.韧带*flexion n.屈*extension n.伸*adduction n.收*medial rotation 旋内*lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前.supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转*vertebral column脊柱*thoracic cage 胸廓*intervertebral disc 椎间盘*temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节*shoulder joint 肩关节*elbow joint 肘关节*radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节*pelvis n.骨盆*hip joint 髋关节*knee joint 膝关节*ankle joint 踝关节5、肌肉系统 MUSCULATURE(1)肌学系统INTRODUCTION OF MUSCULATURE *muscle n.肌肉muscle belly 肌腹tendon n.肌腱aponeurosis n.腱膜*fascia n.筋膜*tendinous sheath 腱鞘（2）躯干肌TRUNK MUSCLEStrapezius n.斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae 竖脊肌*sternocleidomastoid adj.胸锁乳突的*scalenus n.斜角肌pectoralis major 胸大肌intercostales n.肋间肌*diaphragm n.膈（肌）*inguinal canal 腹股沟管*sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘（3）头肌 HEAD MUSCLESorbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌masseter n.咬肌*temporalis n.颞肌*deltoid n.三角肌*biceps brachii 肱二头肌*triceps brachii 肱三头肌*axillary fossa 腋窝（4）附肢肌 MUSCLES ATTACHED TO EXTREMITTES *gluteus maximus 臀大肌piriformis n.梨状肌*sartorius n.缝匠肌*quadriceps femoris 股四头肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌*femoral triangle 股三角popliteal fossa 腘窝医学英语分科常用词汇诊断学——骨关节系统OSTEOARTICULAR SYSTEM*Codman’striangle 骨膜三角，科德曼三角H-shaped vertebra,butterfly vertebra 蝴蝶椎Rugger-Jersay vertebra 夹心椎体Scheuermann’s disease 绍尔曼病Schmorl’s nodule 施莫尔结节Shenton’s line 沈通氏线apophysis n. 骺状突*arthrography n.关节造影basilar impression,basilarinvagination 颅底凹陷block vertebra 融合椎bone island 骨岛bursography n.泪囊造影compacta n.骨密度cortical porosity 皮质骨疏松症craniolacunia,luckenschadel n.颅骨陷窝*empty sella 空蝶鞍endosteal proliferation 骨内膜增生*epiphysis n.骨骺Intratrabecular resorption 骨小梁内吸收ivory vertebra 象牙椎marrow-packing disease 骨髓充填疾病massive osteolysis 大片骨溶解melopheostosis n.蜡油骨症ossification n.骨化osteopathia striata 纹骨症*osteopenia n.骨质减少osteopetrosis n.石骨症osteopoikilosis n.斑骨症pars interarticularis 椎弓峡部periosteal reaction 骨膜反应physis n.骨生长端*pseudofracture, Looser zone n.假骨折spina ventosa 骨气鼓spongiosa 骨疏松woven bone 编织骨*zone of provisional calcification 临时钙化带。

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇骨科 ORTHOPEDICS1、概论 INTRODUCTION*fracture n.骨折pathological fracture 病理骨折fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折close fracture 闭合骨折*comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折compressed fracture 压缩骨折shock n.休克*deformity n.畸形tenderness n.压痛swelling n.肿胀ecchymosis n.瘀斑obstacle n.功能障碍*bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤surrounding nerve 周围神经*fat embolism 脂肪栓塞bedsore n.褥疮arthroclisis n.关节僵硬ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩*traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎hematoma n.血肿*callus n.骨痂heal n.愈合*synovitis n.滑膜炎*ligament n.韧带*tendon n.肌腱* pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎*reduction n.复位*bone traction 骨牵引*osteoporosis n.骨质疏松2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨*humerus n.肱骨*rotation n.旋转supracondyle n.髁上blister n.水疱pulsate n.搏动thrombus n.血栓*cancellous n.松质骨*epiphysis n.骨骺*injury n.损伤*joint n.关节stability n.稳定ulna n.尺骨radius n.桡骨metacarpal bone 掌骨bone graft 植骨hemostasis 止血*periosteum n.骨膜tension n.张力adhesion n.粘连*skin grafting 植皮*arthrodesis n.关节融合extrusion n.挤压gangrene n.坏疽pallor n.苍白、灰白*amputation n.截肢plaster n.石膏paralysis n.瘫痪bandage n.绷带2、手外伤 HAND TRAUMAavulsion n.撕脱*dislocation n.脱位stiff adj.僵硬3、下肢骨折与关节损伤 FRACTURE OF LOWER EXTREMITIES AND ARTICULAR INJURYfemur n.股骨adduction n.内收separate v.分离cartilage n.软骨*synovialis n.滑膜*spinal column 脊柱5、脊柱及骨盆骨折 FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS column n.椎体cervical column 颈椎*lumber vertebra 腰椎sacrum n.骶椎sense n.感觉movement n.运动reflect v.反射*pelvis n.骨盆6、关节脱位 ARTICULAR DISLOCATIONcongenital dislocation 先天性脱位pathological dislocation 病理性脱位*osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎*total hip replacement 全髋置换术7、运动系统慢性损伤 CHRONIC STRAIN OF MOVEMENT SYSTEM strain n.劳损*cystis n.滑囊*stenosed tenosynovitis 狭窄性腱鞘炎*ganglion n.腱鞘囊肿degenerative adj.退行性变multiply v.增生abnormal sense 感觉异常8、腰腿痛和颈肩痛LUMBAGO AND SHOULDER PAINSstenosed column 椎管狭窄9、骨与关节化脓感染OSTEOARTICULAR PURULENT LNFECTION channel n.窦道drill hole 钻孔*drainage n.引流10、骨与关节结核 OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSISbone tuberculosis 骨结核spinal cord compression 脊髓压迫11、骨肿瘤BONE TUMORbone tumor 骨肿瘤*osteochondroma n.骨软骨瘤*osteosarcoma n.骨肉瘤chemotherapy n.化疗*synoviosarcoma n.滑膜肉瘤医学英语分科常用词汇人体解剖学 HUMAN ANATOMY之运动系统 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM 1、中轴骨 AXIAL BONES*bone n.骨*vertebrae n.椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎*sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎*sternum n.胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突*rib n.肋*thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULL*skull n.颅*frontal bone 额骨*parietal bone 顶骨*occipital bone 枕骨*temporal bone 颞骨*sphenoid bone 蝶骨*ethmoid bone 筛骨*mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨*maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲zygomatic bone 颧骨*coronal suture冠状缝*sagital suture 矢状缝*lambdoid suture 人字缝orbit n.眶cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES *clavicle n.锁骨*scapula n.肩胛骨*humerus n.肱骨*radius n.桡骨*ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨*hip bone 髋骨*ilium n.髂骨*ischium n.坐骨*pubis n.耻骨*femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨*tibia n.胫骨*fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节学 ARTHROLOGY*articulation n.关节*ligament n.韧带*flexion n.屈*extension n.伸*adduction n.收*medial rotation 旋内*lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前.supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转*vertebral column脊柱*thoracic cage 胸廓*intervertebral disc 椎间盘*temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节*shoulder joint 肩关节*elbow joint 肘关节*radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节*pelvis n.骨盆*hip joint 髋关节*knee joint 膝关节*ankle joint 踝关节5、肌肉系统 MUSCULATURE(1)肌学系统INTRODUCTION OF MUSCULATURE *muscle n.肌肉muscle belly 肌腹tendon n.肌腱aponeurosis n.腱膜*fascia n.筋膜*tendinous sheath 腱鞘（2）躯干肌TRUNK MUSCLEStrapezius n.斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae 竖脊肌*sternocleidomastoid adj.胸锁乳突的*scalenus n.斜角肌pectoralis major 胸大肌intercostales n.肋间肌*diaphragm n.膈（肌）*inguinal canal 腹股沟管*sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘（3）头肌 HEAD MUSCLESorbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌masseter n.咬肌*temporalis n.颞肌*deltoid n.三角肌*biceps brachii 肱二头肌*triceps brachii 肱三头肌*axillary fossa 腋窝（4）附肢肌 MUSCLES ATTACHED TO EXTREMITTES *gluteus maximus 臀大肌piriformis n.梨状肌*sartorius n.缝匠肌*quadriceps femoris 股四头肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌*femoral triangle 股三角popliteal fossa 腘窝医学英语分科常用词汇诊断学——骨关节系统OSTEOARTICULAR SYSTEM*Codman’striangle 骨膜三角，科德曼三角H-shaped vertebra,butterfly vertebra 蝴蝶椎Rugger-Jersay vertebra 夹心椎体Scheuermann’s disease 绍尔曼病Schmorl’s nodule 施莫尔结节Shenton’s line 沈通氏线apophysis n. 骺状突*arthrography n.关节造影basilar impression,basilarinvagination 颅底凹陷block vertebra 融合椎bone island 骨岛bursography n.泪囊造影compacta n.骨密度cortical porosity 皮质骨疏松症craniolacunia,luckenschadel n.颅骨陷窝*empty sella 空蝶鞍endosteal proliferation 骨内膜增生*epiphysis n.骨骺Intratrabecular resorption 骨小梁内吸收ivory vertebra 象牙椎marrow-packing disease 骨髓充填疾病massive osteolysis 大片骨溶解melopheostosis n.蜡油骨症ossification n.骨化osteopathia striata 纹骨症*osteopenia n.骨质减少osteopetrosis n.石骨症osteopoikilosis n.斑骨症pars interarticularis 椎弓峡部periosteal reaction 骨膜反应physis n.骨生长端*pseudofracture, Looser zone n.假骨折spina ventosa 骨气鼓spongiosa 骨疏松woven bone 编织骨*zone of provisional calcification 临时钙化带。

骨折概论(英版本)---陈芒芒

骨折概论(英版本)---陈芒芒
articular fractures----Anatomical reduction
四、fragment displacement
Relatement: force is big/small;,the direction /character of the
force 。 The weight of the distal body。 Pull force of the muscles。 Transfer/treatment is not proper.
三
6compression fracture ：compressed and deformed。
Occurs in spongy bone
。如spinal fracture
， calcaneal fracture 。 (right pic.)
三
7）depressed fracture： Skull bone。 8）Epiphyseal separation：
（blood vessel、surrounding nerve、spinal nerve cord injury）
• bonefascial compartment syndrome （Common in the calves and forearm ）
（二）later complication
• Hypostatic pneumonia
三、The influence of treatment
• repeatedly gimmick reset (outer membrane injury of soft tissue and bone) Cut
• open reduction (soft tissue, stripping bone outer membrane)

骨折概论(英文版本)陈芒芒课件

骨折概论(英文版本)陈芒芒课件
Childhood Growth
During childhood, bones continue to grow in length and width, reaching their maximum size in late adolescence.
Adult Bone Remodeling
In adults, bone undergoes a process of remodeling, where old bone is continuously replaced by new bone to maintain its strength and integrity.
Medullary Cavity
The central cavity within the bone, housing the marrow and blood vessels.
Functions of the Bone
01
Support and Protection
Bones provide structural support for the body, protecting
bone.
Muscle Spasm
The surrounding muscles may be contracted and
painful.
Imaging Tests
X-ray
The most common imaging test used to diagnose fractures, it produces images of the bones and can identify breaks or fractures.
CHAPTER
04
Symptoms and Signs of a Frame

骨折概论


热,但一般不超过38℃。开放性骨折,出现
高热时,应考虑感染的可能。
(二)局部表现
1. 骨折的一般表现 为局部疼痛、肿胀和功能障碍。
骨折时,骨髓、骨膜及周围组织血管破裂出血,在骨折处形成血肿,以及软
组织损伤所致水肿,使患肢肿胀,甚至出现张力性水疱和皮下瘀斑,
血红蛋白的分解,可呈紫色、青色或黄色。骨折局部出现剧烈疼痛,特别 是移动患肢时加剧,伴明显压痛。局部肿胀和疼痛使患肢活动受限,如
间接暴力
跌倒时以手掌撑地，暴力向上传导
间接暴力
伸直型桡骨下端骨折 Colles fracture
间接暴力
1.PA radiograph teral radiograph
Colles fracture
distal radius fracture
1. a comminuted intraarticular fracture of the distal radius with a proximal and ulnar shift of the carpus relative to the radius. 2. a distal fragments displaced and angled dorsally relative to the proximal fracture fragment.
间接暴力
伸直型肱骨髁上骨折(Extension type supracondylar fracture )
倒时以手掌撑地，暴力向上传导
间接暴力
股四头肌肌拉 力致髌骨骨折
骨胳疾病
Fibrous Dysplasia
骨纤维纤维性结构不良
牧羊杖样畸形
Shepherd
Crook Deformity With Pathological Fracture of Femur

骨折概论PPT

骨折识别与评估
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急救措施与止血方法
急救措施与止血方法
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外力作用
1. 骨折产生的外力类型：外力的种类多样，常见的有直接暴力、间接暴力和多方向暴力等。直接暴力是指外力直接作用于骨骼，如摔倒、撞击等；间接暴力是指外力通过肌肉、关节或韧带等传导到骨骼上，如跌落时用手支撑地面；多方向暴力是指外力来自不同方向的作用，常见于高速车祸或跌落。
2. 外力作用的受力部位：骨折的发生位置与外力作用的受力部位密切相关。根据外力作用的方向和角度，骨折可发生于被压迫部位、被拉伸部位、被扭曲部位或被弯曲部位。如腕部扭转骨折常见于跌倒时手部着地受力过度扭转；股骨粗隆上骨折多发生于车祸等强直接暴力。
运动过量
骨折概论：
运动过量是导致骨折的一个重要因素。
过度的运动可以给骨骼系统带来过大的负担，导致骨骼组织受损。
长时间、高强度的运动会加大骨骼受力，容易造成骨折。
运动过量常见于长跑、篮球、重量训练等高冲击力运动或长时间恶劣环境下的运动。
对于初学者而言，过度的热衷于某项运动可能会超过身体的承受能力，增加骨折风险。
3. 骨折的诊断和治疗：介绍常见的骨折诊断方法，如临床症状、X射线检查、CT扫描以及其他辅助检查。针对不同类型的骨折，讲解不同的治疗方法，如保守治疗、手术治疗、骨折复位和固定等。同时，强调在康复期间的理疗、功能锻炼和饮食营养的重要性。
骨折分级
骨折分级
1. 基础：骨折是骨骼断裂的损伤，通常根据骨折的严重程度和类型进行分级。分类骨折是医生评估损伤严重程度、制定治疗方案以及预测康临床表现与诊断
"骨折类型与分类系统"
分类1
Complications of fractures

骨折概论(英文版本)---陈芒芒

translate to the bone-than fracture. Violence indirect to the fracture part.(such as colle’s fracture) 。 myotility ：muscles attached the bone(patella fracture) 。 transverse process fracture.
3fatigue fracture ：
Long-term, repeated and minor external force. the stress accumulated. such as: the second and third metatarsal fractures because of long-distance march ;distal 1/3 part fibula
四、fragment displacement
Relatement: force is big/small;,the direction /character of the
force 。
The weight of the distal body。
Pull force of the muscles。 Transfer/treatment is not proper.
• traumatic arthritis
• arthroclisis
• ischemic contraction • ischemic necrosis • ischemic muscle
contracture
stardard of Clinical healing
• Local tenderness and longitudinal taps pain; • Abnormal activity • X-ray show:fracture line is obscure; callus • continuous observation for two weeks without deformation; • Without fixion,hold the upper limbs at least for 1min,1kg;walk for 3min,at least 30 steps for lower limbs.

【考研复试】骨科英文词汇

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇骨科ORTHOPEDICS1、概论INTRODUCTION*open fracture 开放骨折*fracture n.骨折pathological fracture 病理骨折fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折close fracture 闭合骨折*comminuted fracture 粉碎性骨折compressed fracture 压缩骨折shock 口.休克*deformity 口.畸形tenderness 口.压痛swelling n.肿胀ecchymosis 口.瘀斑obstacle n.功能障碍*bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection 口.感染spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤surrounding nerve 周围神经*fat embolism脂肪栓塞bedsore n.褥疮arthroclisis n.关节僵硬ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩*traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎hematoma n.血肿*callus n.骨痂heal n.愈合*synovitis n.滑膜炎*ligament n.韧带*tendon n.肌腱* pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎*reduction n.复位*bone traction 骨牵引*osteoporosis n.骨质疏松2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨*humerus 口.肱骨*rotation n.旋转supracondyle n.髁上blister n.水疱pulsate n.搏动thrombus 口.血栓*cancellous n.松质骨*epiphysis n.骨骺*injury n.损伤*joint n.关节stability 口.稳定ulna n.尺骨radius n.桡骨metacarpal bone 掌骨bone graft 植骨hemostasis 止血*periosteum 口.骨膜tension 口.张力adhesion n.粘连*skin grafting 植皮*arthrodesis n.关节融合extrusion n.挤压fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折gangrene 口.坏疽pallor n.苍白、灰白*amputation 口.截肢plaster n.石膏paralysis n.瘫痪bandage n.绷带2、手外伤HAND TRAUMAavulsion 口.撕脱"dislocation 口.脱位stiff adj.僵硬3、下肢骨折与关节损伤FRACTURE OF LOWER EXTREMITIES AND ARTICULAR INJURY femur 口.股骨adduction n.内收separate v.分离cartilage n.软骨*synovialis 口.滑膜*spinal column 脊柱5、脊柱及骨盆骨折FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS column 口.椎体cervical column 颈椎"lumber vertebra 腰椎sacrum 口.骶椎sense n.感觉movement n.运动reflect v.反射*pelvis n.骨盆6、关节脱位ARTICULAR DISLOCATIONcongenital dislocation 先天性脱位pathological dislocation 病理性脱位*osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎*total hip replacement 全髋置换术7、运动系统慢性损伤CHRONIC STRAIN OF MOVEMENT SYSTEM strain n.劳损*cystis n.滑囊*stenosed tenosynovitis 狭窄性腱鞘炎*ganglion n.腱鞘囊肿degenerative adj.退行性变multiply v.增生abnormal sense 感觉异常8、腰腿痛和颈肩痛LUMBAGO AND SHOULDER PAINSstenosed column 椎管狭窄9、骨与关节化脓感染OSTEOARTICULAR PURULENT LNFECTION channel 口.窦道drill hole 钻孑L*drainage n.弓|流10、骨与关节结核OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSISbone tuberculosis 骨结核spinal cord compression 脊髓压迫11、骨肿瘤BONE TUMORbone tumor骨肿瘤*osteochondroma n.骨软骨瘤*osteosarcoma n.骨肉瘤chemotherapy n.化疗*synoviosarcoma n.滑膜肉瘤医学英语分科常用词汇人体解剖学HUMAN ANATOMY之运动系统LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM1、中轴骨AXIAL BONES*bone 口.骨*vertebrae 口.椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎*sacrum 口.骶骨coccyx 尾骨atlas n.寰椎axis 口.枢椎*sternum 口.胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突*rib n.肋*thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULL*skull n.颅*frontal bone 额骨*parietal bone 顶骨*occipital bone 枕骨"temporal bone 颞骨*sphenoid bone 蝶骨"ethmoid bone 筛骨"mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer 口.犁骨*maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲zygomatic bone 颧骨"coronal suture 冠状缝*sagital suture 矢状缝"lambdoid suture 人字缝orbit n.眶cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES "clavicle n.锁骨"scapula n.肩胛骨"humerus 口.肱骨"radius 口.桡骨"ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨"hip bone 髋骨"ilium 口.骼骨"ischium 口.坐骨"pubis n.耻骨"femur 口.股骨patella n.髌骨*tibia n.胫骨*fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节学ARTHROLOGY"articulation n.关节*ligament n.韧带"flexion 口.屈"extension 口.伸"adduction 口.收"medial rotation 旋内"lateral rotation 旋外pronation n 旋前.supination 口.旋后circumduction n.环转"vertebral column 脊柱"thoracic cage 胸廓"intervertebral disc 椎间盘"temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节"shoulder joint 肩关节"elbow joint 肘关节"radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节"pelvis n.骨盆"hip joint髋关节"knee joint 膝关节"ankle joint 踝关节5、肌肉系统MUSCULATURE（1）肌学系统INTRODUCTION OF MUSCULATURE "muscle n.肌肉muscle belly 肌腹tendon n.肌腱aponeurosis 口.腱膜"fascia n.筋膜"tendinous sheath 腱鞘（2）躯干肌TRUNK MUSCLEStrapezius n.斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae 竖脊肌"sternocleidomastoid adj.胸锁乳突的"scalenus 口.斜角肌pectoralis major 胸大肌intercostales n.肋间肌"diaphragm n.膈（肌）*inguinal canal 腹股沟管*sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘(3)头肌HEAD MUSCLESorbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌masseter 口.咬肌*temporalis n.颞肌*deltoid n.三角肌*biceps brachii 肱二头肌*triceps brachii 肱三头肌*axillary fossa 腋窝(4)附肢肌MUSCLES ATTACHED TO EXTREMITIES *gluteus maximus 臀大肌piriformis n.梨状肌*sartorius n.缝匠肌*quadriceps femoris 股四头肌triceps surae小腿三头肌*femoral triangle 股三角popliteal fossa 月国窝医学英语分科常用词汇诊断学一一骨关节系统OSTEOARTICULAR SYSTEM*Codman, striangle骨膜三角，科德曼三角H-shaped vertebra,butterfly vertebra 蝴蝶椎Rugger-Jersay vertebra 夹心椎体Scheuermann' s disease 绍尔曼病Schmorl ’ s nodule施莫尔结节Shenton ’ s line 沈通氏线apophysis n.骺状突*arthrography n.关节造影basilar impression,basilarinvagination 颅底凹陷block vertebra 融合椎bone island 骨岛bursography n.泪囊造影compacta n.骨密度cortical porosity皮质骨疏松症craniolacunia,luckenschadel n.颅骨陷窝*empty sella 空蝶鞍endosteal proliferation 骨内膜增生*epiphysis n.骨骺Intratrabecular resorption 骨小梁内吸收ivory vertebra 象牙椎marrow-packing disease 骨髓充填疾病massive osteolysis 大片骨溶解melopheostosis n.蜡油骨症ossification 口.骨化osteopathia striata 纹骨症*osteopenia n.骨质减少osteopetrosis n.石骨症osteopoikilosis n.斑骨症pars interarticularis 椎弓峡部periosteal reaction 骨膜反应physis n.骨生长端*pseudofracture, Looser zone n.假骨折spina ventosa 骨气鼓spongiosa骨疏松woven bone编织骨*zone of provisional calcification 临时钙化带。

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• 2. Special Signs for Fracture:
• (1). Deformity(畸形): The contour of the limb is changed because of the displacement of fracture. (2). Abnormal movement: The site that normally can’t move can move or be moved.
Etiology of Fracture
• 1. Direct Violence: F The bone is broken immediately beneath the site of impact accompanied by the overlying soft tissue injury.
• ⑵ Fever: F For most fractured patients, their body temperatures are normal. F In the situation of large amount of bleeding, lower fever <38℃ or 38.5℃ because of absorption of the haematoma(血肿). F High fever for open fracture indicates an infection.
• ② Greenstick Fracture: Frequently seen in young children. Just like the broken greenstick of willow
• ⑵ Complete Fracture: F The continuity of bone is completely broken. F ① Transverse Fracture: The fracture line is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone. F ②Oblique Fracture: There is a certain angle between the fracture line and the longitudinal axis of the bone.
Normal Bone Consists of :
Cortical Bone（皮 质骨） Cancellous Bone（ 松质骨） Bone Marrow（骨 髓） Periosteum（骨膜 ） Blood Vessels
Definition of Fracture
The definition of fracture is a break in the continuity or intactness (完整 性) of bone.
X-ray Examination:
F
For the suspicious cases-avoid misdiagnosis. For the clinically diagnosed patients, to make sure the type and displacement of fracture for the purpose of treatment.
F
• ③ Spiral Fracture: The fracture line is spiral. F ④ Comminuted Fracture(粉碎骨折): The bone is broken into 3 or more fragments.
• ⑤ Impacted Fracture(嵌插骨折): The hard F cortical bone impacts into the soft F cancellous bone. F ⑥ Compression Fracture(压缩骨折): F A fracture with crushed bone tissue, seen F in cancellous bone.
Displacement of Fracture
• 1. Angulation Displacement.
F F
2. Lateral Displacement. 3. Shortening Displacement.
F
4. Separation Displacement.
F
5. Rotation Displacement.
• 4. Bone Disease: The normal structure and intensity of bone is destroyed by the disease and pathologic fracture happens under a hit with minor force. e.g. osteomyelitis-bone infection bone tumors or tumor-like diseases, either benign(良性) or malignant(
• ⑵ Unstable Fracture: The fracture ends are easy to displace(移位) before or after reduction(复位). e.g. oblique fracture, spiral fracture, comminuted fracture, transverse fracture of femur(股骨).
恶性).
Classifications 1. Dependent upon the intactness of the skin and mucous membrane ⑴ Closed Fracture: The skin or mucous membrane is intact and the fracture does not communicate with outside air.
Clinical Situation & X-ray Examination
F F
Clinical Situation 1. systemic symptoms: ⑴Shock: Because of bleeding due to pelvic(骨盆 ) fracture, femoral(股骨) fracture, multiple femoral( ) fracture, and open fracture, injury to the important organs. Because of severe pain that can irritate sympathetic nerve(交感神经).
• 2. Indirect Vioansmitted through the axis of the limb and the fracture occurs at a distance from the site of the impact.
• 2. Local Symptom and Signs: F (1). Common symptom: F Pain: Nerve endings in the periosteum and soft tissue are irritated by the haematoma and swelling. F Swelling: reaction of soft tissue to the damage. F Loss of function: Framework to support the limb is damaged; Pain. F Black and blue colour on the skin because of decomposition of hemoglobin.
• 3. Repeated Fatigue(疲劳 Force: 疲劳) 疲劳
Long-term repeated minor force, either direct or indirect, can result in fracture in some certain bones, e.g. the distal 1/3 0f fibula(腓骨), the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals(跖骨).
•
⑵ Open Fracture: The skin or mucous membrane is ruptured and the fracture communicates with outside air. including pubis(耻骨) fracture with bladder or urethral track rupture, coccyx(尾骨) fracture with rectum(直肠) rupture.
bladder rectum
urethral track
2. Dependent upon degree and shape of fracture. • ⑴ Incomplete Fracture: The continuity of bone is partially broken. • ① Fissured Fracture: Occurs on flat bones like scapula(肩胛骨) and skull(颅骨).
normal physis or growth-plate
• 3. Dependent upon the stability of the fractured ends. F ⑴ Stable Fracture: The fracture ends are not F easy to displace(移位) before or/and after F reduction(复位). F e.g. fissured fracture, greenstick, F transverse, impacted fracture etc.