中英手势语在非言语交际中的比较英语专业 大学毕业设计

中美肢体语言差异英语作文(中英文版)Title: Differences in Body Language between China and the United StatesBody language plays a significant role in communication, often conveying messages more effectively than words themselves.However, body language can vary greatly across different cultures.This essay aims to explore the differences in body language between China and the United States.In China, body language is often subtle and reserved.Handshakes are the most common form of greeting, especially in formal settings.When shaking hands, Chinese people tend to be more gentle and brief compared to their American counterparts.Bowing is also a common way to show respect, particularly when meeting someone of higher status.Direct eye contact can be seen as respectful and a sign of active listening, yet it is also important to avoid constant staring, which may be perceived as intrusive.In contrast, American body language is generally more expressive and open.Handshakes are common, but they tend to be firmer and more lingering.Americans often use hand gestures to emphasize their points during conversations.Eye contact is crucial, as it signifies honesty and engagement.In fact, avoiding eye contact in the United States maysuggest that a person is untruthful or disinterested.Personal space is another area where differences are evident.In China, people are accustomed to being in closer proximity to one another, and therefore, they may invade personal space without realizing it.Americans, on the other hand, value their personal space and may feel uncomfortable if someone stands too close.Body language during conversations also varies between the two cultures.In China, nodding and indirect head movements are common ways to show agreement or understanding.Silence is not necessarily seen as awkward and can be a sign of contemplation.In the United States, however, people tend to be more verbose and may view long periods of silence as a sign of discomfort or disinterest.In conclusion, the differences in body language between China and the United States reflect the cultural nuances of each society.Understanding these variations can help individuals communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings when interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds.标题：中美肢体语言差异肢体语言在交流中起着重要的作用，它往往比言语本身更能有效地传达信息。

The Comparison of Different Body Languages between American and ChinaWritten by Weng Pei Ji(2010212747)From College of Law,Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsJune 2012Outline1. Introduction2. Classifications of body language2.1 facial expression and eye language2.2 gestures2.3 Postures3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American culture3.1 facial expressions3.2 Sign language3.3 Postures4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American culture4.1 Eye language and facial expressions4. 2 gestures4. 3 Postures5. ConclusionReference摘要：交流不是只有口语，还可以通过肢体语言。

肢体语言也可以表达情感，交流思想和交换信息。

然而，在过去很久时间里，人们只注重口语的重要性而忽略了肢体语言和它的独一性。

本文致力于中美肢体语言的对比，来减少交流中的麻烦，进行更有效的交际。

Abstract : The communication between people can not only through the spoken language, but also through the body language. As spoken language, body language can express feelings, exchange ideas and communicate informations. However, in a long past time, people only pay attention to the importance of the spoken language, and ignore body language and it’s unique cultural connotation. This paper focus on the comparison of different and similar body language between China and American so that people can reduce the communication obstacles and promote efficient communication.Keywords :body language , cultural difference , China , American, communications1. IntroductionBody language is a means to use the body movements or actions to replace or assist the sound, oral language, or other means of communication to communicate with others. A nd through people’s body language we can get some information about their own culture. Psychologists believed that the information delivered by a person’s appearance and actions is much more than t hat of a person’s words.Albert Mebrabian, after a long-time study, concluded that body language can help verbal-express achieve more effective communication. Body language can reveal people’s hidden mind and emotion, Bird Whistell who is the leader in study of body language in the west. He believes that among all means of expressing emotion and attitude, more than sixty percent is finished by facial expression, gestures, postures.2. Classifications of body languagePsychologists believe that body language includes the following aspects:2.1 facial expression and eye languageThe face has been called an ”organ of emotion”. Compare with words, facial expression is a natural way to reveal person’s emotion. The face is the most simple and important broadcaster of emotion. For example , Eye behavior is an important part of facial expression. People often say that eyes are the window of soul, because eyes can give us a lot of real information. We can know whether people like us or not from the way they look at us .And through one’s eyes we can know whether the pay attention to our topics or not.2.2 gesturesEverybody uses their hands to communicate with other people .People can convey ideas, information and message by using the movement and style of hands and fingers. What’s most directly, we use our thumb to praise other and use our middle finger to despise someone. When expressing doubt or helplessness, westerners like to shrug their shoulders and spread out hands, but Chinese people only wave their hands simply.2.3 PosturesPosture can give others many messages. which is a matter of how people sit, stand, walk and move. From people’s posture, we can conclude something.For instance, when we see a person doesn’t stand up and tall, we say the person is not energetic, competent and unconfident. On the other hand, we can conclude that a person is not concentrated in what they are discussing if he standing lazily, and so on.3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American cultureFirst ,we discuss the similarities of body language in china andAmerica .For instance:3.1 facial expressions(1) Knit one's brows said he is unhappy ,you shouldn’t talk to him too long.(2) Shrugged his nose means he don't like what he see or what you do. Gnash his teeth means he is angry or make up his mind.3.2 Sign language(1) The signal “V” means “victory” .When someone succeed or overcomesome difficulties , someone usually do this gesture.(2) “OK” means “consent”. we often use it to show our positive ideas. And when someone don’t like your idea ,he just shaking his head and say “No”.3.3 Postures(1) When a man meet another man ,they generally shake hands to express their friendly.(2) Waved hands means goodbye,Shrug one’s shoulders means negative, uninteresting. we use it to show that we don’t know when asked by others in our daily life.4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American cultureDon’t understand body languages from different culture will bring about a lot of misunderstanding and conflicts. Therefore, it is of great importance for us to understand the body language in intercultural communication. For instance:4.1 Eye language and facial expressionsAmerican people have an old proverb: Never trust a person who can't look you in the eyes. While the Chinese people in conversation, the two sides are not necessarily time to time to look at each other, some people have also deliberately avoided continued eye contact to show humility, obedience or respect. This may be one of the reasons that the American people in China think Chinese are not warm and friendly; but also explain why the American people like to talk face to face, and the Chinese people tend to have a heart-to-heart talk. It is a habit of American people that the two sides look ateach other while they are talking, but they hate staring, because in their view this is a very rude behavior. American people find that they are as statues of rare animal camel being looked up and down, and the stare at them makes them feel very angry. However, to gaze at people in China, sometimes means only a curiosity and surprise, not rude.4. 2 gesturesThe implication of gestures is diversity, especially in cultural differences. Here we will take some gestures for example.(1) American people with the thumb and index finger to form a circle, means “OK”, but in China the “O”gesture is often used to represent the “zero”.(2) Indicate the number “3”, the Chinese people have thumb and index finger form a circle fingertips phase, the other three fingers stretched open; the American people straight index finger, middle finger and ring finger, little finger to thumb catch.(3) The “V” gesture, In America, it means victory but not the number. In China, sometimes, people think that this gesture means the number “2”.(4) American require a lift, the gesture is thumb-up when facing a coming traffic; in China, facing a vehicle, riders stretch one arm to the side, palm forward, make a “stop” gesture, or holding the right hand or both hands, say hello to the driver.4. 3 Postures(1) In intercultural communication, the presentation of posture also reflects the differences between Chinese and American, such as, according tothe Chinese tradition, the seated person is the dominator, so the young generations always give up their seat to the old. However, in America, it is quite opposite. Western culture emphasizes the “Ladies first”, so it is a courtesy that Ms. seated before the men pulled out a chair obligation to help them, and this is also a cultured, civilized performance.(2) Moreover, in the classroom, the Chinese teacher questions, students usually stand up and answer the questions; in the U.S., students generally sit to answer the United States teachers.(3) American people stood stamping their feet, means impatient; Chinese stomping, shows angry, angry, frustrated, and regret.(4) American people are standing and walking with the posture of athletes and military, standing up tall, swaggering, big strides forward; in the eyes of Americans, Chinese with standard posture of scholars and civilians.5. ConclusionFrom the above, we have studied the differences and similarities of body language used by Chinese and American. We can see that body language cannot be separated from culture. In intercultural communication, we not only pay attention to the verbal language study, but also emphasize the study of body language. Body language is the signal and tool of human communication and human being has the same ancestors, so In order to make a successful intercultural communication, we should know the body language of different cultures.Reference1.张爱琳，（2010），《跨文化交际》，重庆大学出版社；2.陈邦玲,(2004)，非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用，安徽农业大学学报；3.贾玉新，(1997)，跨文化交际学.上海外语教育出版社；4.刘慧，(2008)，身体语言的魅力。

【关键字】学校中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：跨文化交流中的肢体语言姓名：00000班级、学号：系(部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：开题时间：完成时间：31 日目录课题跨文化交流中的肢体语言一、课题(论文)提纲三、参照文献Body language in intercultural communication0000摘要:肢体语言是文化交流的一部分。

肢体语言，众所周知，是指能够传递某种特定信息的面部表情、手势语,以及其他身体部位动作。

像动作，脸部表情，眼神交流等等。

用肢体语言来表达感情几乎是人类的本能。

因为它简单方便，所以被广泛的运用于生活中。

除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。

在进行跨文化交流时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。

本文比较了不同文化的肢体语言的差别并简单阐述了肢体语言，以便于我们更好的提升沟通技巧和理解能力。

AbstractBody language is a part of intercultural communication. Body language, as is universally known, means elements in nonverbal communication produced by body. Such as movement, facial expressions, eye contact and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is a instincts of human itself. It is widely used in reality life Because of its simple、fast、directly. except some admittedly body languages, different cultures have different body languages. When you process an intercultural communication, the same body language form probably shows different meaning. This article intends to compare the difference of body language with different culture，present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it wellKeywords:body language;interculturcommunication;applicationIntroduction:Intercultural communication , means the interaction between people from different background.In nowadays, economy globlization trends becoming obvious day by day, intercultural communication is no longer a rare thing to us. With the fast development and popularity of the internet,it is very convenient for people to carry on intercultural communication. A basic content of intercultural communication is body communication, if the message can not handle well, misunderstanding will caused in intercultural communication sometimes. Therefore, when you carry on intercultural communication, you should understand some common body language in international communication.The necessity and importance of language in intercultural communicationBody language plays a significant role which complete language in intercultural communication. Why do language have such a essential effects on communication？Because sometimes, body language be able to express meaning or contents more profound than verbal language，they can express what the verbal language cannot express directly.People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contact, shrugging and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is ainstincts of human itself. It is widely used in dai ly life Because it i s simple,fast,directly.Like all of other nonverbal communication behaviors, body language serves a variety of purposes. Body language sometime repeats or takes place of verbal communication with the use of gestures. Moreover, body language can regulate social interaction, and finally it conveys our attitude toward ourselves and toward others in communication. In addition, it express information masterly and leave a better imagine space on others.As an unique way of communication, body language plays an irreplaceable role in people's munication is mainly depend on verbal language or written word, but as a matter of fact, body language is regard as a widely method to express emotion, attitude or advice. And have affect on communication deeply.According to the relevant statistics, the percentage of body language communication is about 65% in social occasion. A psychologist give up a formula:Transmit of information= 7%language+38%voice+55%body languageAlthough the aboved data need a further discussion, while it is more emphasis on the role of body language in interpersonal communication. Non-verbal action, majority is unconsciously reveal, and it often reflects his real feelings. It is more easier for people to disguise words when using language, In the process of communication, meanwhile, the non-verbal behavior is not so easy to conceal. As Freud said “understanding people's deep psychological idea, language is not reliable, the body languages are more true than human’s emotion and desires.”In the process of information communication, not only the expression and movement appears with the disseminator’s verbal language, but also the recipients are receiving information while showing a series of expressions. It is an important feedback, it is a recipient psychological feedback, it is more important than the language.2.The classification of body language2.1Facial expression languageExpression refers to the person's facial expressions. How many people's facial expressions it is, I’m afraid it is impossible to work out, there are some common facial expressions like:"happiness, anger, sadness and joy, others such as fear, disappointment,it is called as changing. No wonder Roman Rolland said, “facial expressions is the language which nurturedcenturies and thousands of times more complex than the mouth talking. ”The eyes are the windows of the soul, eye contact is the main source of confidence in nonverbal communication. Besides, we convey ideas by eyes,the eyebrow and mouth movements also can not be ignored.2.2 Hand languageThe use of hand and arm movements, is the most powerful method to convey his ideas in body language.In a general sense, we have to use hand gestures to help strengthen the ideas or describe things. Therefore, it is used everywhere. Even in a social situation. Gesture language is the most important part of the body language, is the most important silent language, is the most useful language. No matter the past, now and the future, its still an indispensable tool of people contacts. In the different nationality or ethnic groups, the meaning of same kind of sign language expression may be roughly the same or similar, also may be quite the opposite. The following are several common sign language:V-gesture: It has become Esperanto for long time, and it is come from the because the V word in English on behalf of Victory, so V express the joy and sense of victory to people. When you use this gesture, you need turn your finger’s back to your face. It is said that this gesture become popular after the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill use during the Second World War in English-speaking countries. Be careful when using this gesture, you must put palm out, otherwise, means stigma, neglect to other.OK gesture: There is no doubt that it is also a Esperanto which composed of english letters O and K, its means no problem, everything is ready , also shows i’m fine, all right, thank you for your attention.However, in the south of , OK gesture means that something he disapproved is not worth mentioning.In the Middle East and , this gesture symbolizes holes, which have a clear meaning of homosexuality. If in the bar and other public places, someone show you this gesture is probably looking for a partner, and do not return a thumb gestures, you also do not think he told you OK,so you are politely return a ok.In addition, leg movements can also reveal personal potential consciousness.At a meeting, a staff suddenly received a call from his wife who said that her mother had acar accident and went to the hospital, asked him to the hospital immediately. After the call, of course, he was very anxious and want to ask for leave. But at that time, his manager is giving a speech and hate to be interrupted. If his action left a bad impression on the manager, it will directly affect his promotion prospects. He was quitely worried, but can not take any action, so he frequently look at the door, and also turn his toes towards the door. At this moment, the manager just find his movement and ask the reason, then let him leave immediately.2.3 Poseture languageBody language includes human’s standing posture, walking posture and sit, squat, stoop, sleep and so on.Psychologists have pointed out that a man’s legs are close together when he standing,it generally make a stable and reliable impression on people, and it will also left a difficult communication impression ;while a man stand with his legs apart, his legs have a little toe out of people, then it gives a bold, aggressive proactive attitude to people;A mans legs close together, one after another, which reflects he has ambitious targets, haste temper but very brave and full of adventurous spirit; There is also a kind of person, when he stand focus on one foot, the other foots toes touch the ground behind gravity legs, these people would mostly like to change, willing to face challenge. Of course, standing posture not entirely representative of a person, because well-trained professionals could change body posture, but it at least can make it clear that standing posture is an important language, it has the ability to convey his ideas.Person's walking posture can express a variety of feelings, such as pleasure,frustration,passion, or lazy, slack and so on. psychologists found that: the person whose pace is large and elastic, their hands swinging force, are usually more self-confident, optimistic, objectives; walking pace inertia and variable of the speed ,that kind of person are more hesitant, pessimistic, insight view; People who like to dominate others usually like walk a high kick backwards ;When a women walking , the higher her arm swing, the more t she is energetic; On the contrary, women who walked less by arm swinging, most of them are in the thoughts confusion or frustration.What the“ real” secret of the Body Language exhibited is that all verbal languages can not cover. In the process of intercultural communication, especially those regarding the interests and rights of negotiation, consultation, communication. experienced people who able to master“secretBody language”, often through analyse other's instantaneous exposed body movements or posture, grasp each other's mood swings, real inner intentions quickly.and thereby get the initiative and advantage position. So familiar with “Secret Body Language”as important as English proficiency, even more important.2.The factors influence body language in intercultural communication .Because of different nationalities in which the ecological, physical, social and religious environment is different, each language environment have given rise to a different language habits, socio-cultural, folklore and customs of various contextual factors, and therefore in different cultures, the meaning of body language is not exactly the same, all ethnic groups of communication have different non-discursive way.The probable reasons that cause these diofference are as follow：3.1Different sense of valueIt should be recognized that the values of Eastern and Western cultures have lot of difference, due to the acceleration of world economic globlization process, the international cultural exchanges and cooperation become more frequent.The cultural mutual penetration of different levels in different countries and regions is more obvious, but some deep-rooted values of each are unique. For example, the United States as the representative of Western culture, in terms of value mainly showed as utility, efficiency, emphasize individualism and privacy, have a strong sense of competition and adventure spirit.Besides, westerners havent thoughts of hierarchy, humble, and expensive, cheapdistinction.Of course, many Westerners, is also have double standard in the values. Such as privacy, some U.S. companies prevail to steal employee's privacy, the company let security person look up the file folders, notebooks, open the phone calls, browsing phone automatically record card, or even open the computer, copy file on hard drive when the employees are go outside.Therefore, in the process of intercultural communication, both sides want to achieve understanding and respect, we must first understand and respect each other's values.3.2 Different customsIn the human experience and belief, custom play the dominant role, therefore, there is an old saying“when you in rome, do as romans do”.And if we Chinese people visit others,the host usually offer tea or drinks for guest, the guests will repeatedly refuse and say “no”, or “don't bother”even if the guest is very thirsty, extremely desire to drink tea. While most of the foreigners, often require host if they can offer something to drink, or the host ask guests what would they like to drink, guests is very delight to tell the host what to drink. And there are lot of things sounds like a joke, but that is the true. A Chinese meet his foreign friends outside,then he askl “Mr, have you eaten”? Then, say goodbye to the foreigner, m ove forward .H owever,the foreigners think Chinese friend treat him a dinner today. Another thing, but also because of the customs of the gap, and raises the below jokes.A foreigner visit his Chinese friend’s home, according western manners, foreign friends praised host “Your wife is beautiful” According to Chinese custom, the host hurriedly reply “where , where”? foreign friends think the host ask him which party is beautiful ? He added “everywhere”.3.3 Language hibitsChinese people usually tend to explain the reason fisrt, and then get down to the business, on the other way around, westerners, such as Americans answer the phone, introduce themselves first“this is xx company, can I help you?” when the Other party explain clearly whom he want speak to ,then ask: may I know who is this ? But we often “hey, who is this? Or who do you speak to”?4 . Understand and use body language correctlyA Chinese man talks to an American or Canadian woman, is it impolite to look at each other?In various cultural background , whether nod head means “yes”, shock head means “no”?4.1 Correctly understand different meaning of different body languageIt is necessary to understand that body languages have different meaning in the same situation, and the same body language have diffrent meaning in the diffrent occasion.It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How to interpret body language, it depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can help each other to understand meaning clearly or strengthen the meaning of what we express.For example, shaking head at sometimes does not absolutely means disapproval, also it is possible means “unbelievable” or “do nothing” or even a think highly of praise --- “fantastic”. For example, when you see a football player shoot a ball into the goal, you probably will shake you heads to praise. Similarly, in the process of interaction, we must correctly identify the meaning of each other’s same sortof action, which is very important.Due to body language behavior is often comparatively obscure, you have to identify each other's true colors through this hazy “veil”, without a certain social experience and sometimes its not really easy to distinguish. For example you ask someone to help, the other can say “OK” or “no” to you, but some people often can not express in his face resolutely “do it or not”, it is a subtle meaning.4.2 Understand the meaning of others’eye contacts correctlyIt is necessary to understand the meaning of each other's eyes, but also learn how to use eye contact to communicate.A personal eye expression plays an important role in interpersonal communication. The eye contact foremost serve as enhancing human interaction, For speakers, its better for them to control, regulate themselves. Warning , points out other's role so that they could adjust their conversation or manner timely. For listening people, different eye contacts can tell other whether you listen or not, or absent-minded. You can also look at each others to encourage them to go on, indicate others end the conversation.The way of using eyes contact is different in differentcountries and communities. Westerners, Americans, the Israelis, when they are talking to someone, their eye contacts is relatively strong, so both sides take the measure that they through the information launch of eyes contacts, enhancing the penetration power of the audio language. Asians, their eye contact are more softer,and they would not look others intently as westerners. But generally speaking, when you are talking with others, the scope of eye contacts activities should be natural circulate at each other's eyes, head, shoulder, take soft spots policy.4.3 Correct application of gesture and posture languageIn social occasions, or when dealing with people, we need to learn how to correctly use gestures and posture to convey your feelings and hopes to each others, at the same time, you should understand other's gestures and posture message.In the cultural exchanges, there are lots of common sign languages.A mans hands twisted tightly, it shows that he is nervous; rubbing his hands that shows he is eager; his hands spread out, that means there is no reservation; cover his mouth with hand, shows surprise.And then, due to different cultural backgrounds, the same gesture would have a totally different meaning, for example,the American put the palm inside means peace or victory, but in the United Kingdom it might convey the opposite message. ConclusionBody language is a important method of human communication,its connotation is also different with the difference of cultural inviroment, life style,thinking habbits. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, we should learn and understand the meaning of body language in different countries and regions, by using it properly to reduce conflict, improve communication quality, only the two sides will master a variety of body language communication forms of different meanings, place them in the appropriate cultural context so that achieve communicative purposes.参考文献：[1]许静.非语言交际的跨文化差异与外语教学[A].上海外语出版社,2005[2]顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1997.[3]贾雨新.跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语出版社，1997[4]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。

中美肢体语言毕业论文随着科学技术的迅猛发展，整个世界已逐渐成为一个地球村，世界各国间的交流也成为一个不可逆转的趋势。

学习一个国家的文化就不可忽视对它的非语言交际的研究。

仅用本国的文化框架来解释他国的文化是行不通的，忽视这一点，就可能导致冲突和误解。

而肢体语言作为语言交际的重要补充在非语言交际中有着口头语言无法替代的作用，是表达一个人内心世界的无声而真实的语言。

它能够影响人们的交流，反映人们的思想。

但由于不同民族文化已经根深蒂固，不容易接受与自己的习惯相反的信号。

以下是中美肢体语言毕业论文，欢迎阅读。

随着全球经济的发展和国际交流，世界已经成为一个“地球村”。

人们随时都会面对来自其他文化的朋友。

在人们的交流沟通过程中，文字语言并不是表达我们的想法和感受唯一的方式，肢体语言同样重要，两者相辅相成才能达到交流的预期效果。

然而，不同的文化造就了不同肢体沟通方式，不同的人也用不同的手势传达自己的表情。

中国和美国作为世界大国，在世界政治和经济舞台上扮演着重要角色，两国之间的交往频率一直处于上升中，学习肢体语言的不同与共同规则，将会有助于中美国两国之间进行更好的沟通与合作，有利于世界的和平与国际经济的健康发展。

1 中美肢体语言的差异1.1 距离来自不同文化背景的人在两个人交流时距离的问题上有着不同的看法。

它不仅显示了两个人之间的交际关系和心理状态，但也反映出民族文化特点。

中国人和美国人在该问题上的观点存在明显的差异。

有时你感觉对的行为，可能完全冒犯了对方的文化。

在研究过程中笔者发现，相比于中国人，美国人会保持更大的互动距离。

通过反复观察和细致的对比研究和阅读文献，正如所说，在美国社会与商业关系中有四种距离——亲密、私人、社会和公众。

对于亲密的距离（0—45cm），一般出现在人们最私人的关系和活动中，如亲戚、亲密的朋友、情人和夫妻。

私人距离保持在45—120cm，是最常见的普通朋友和熟人。

他们互相认识，但没有特殊关系。

中英手势语在非言语交际中的比较英语专业毕业论文题目 A Comparison of Chinese andEnglish Body Languagesin the Non-verbal Communication中英手势语在非言语交际中的比较A COMPARISON OF CHINESE AND ENGLISH BODYLANGUAGES IN THE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONTHESISSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements forThe degree of Bachelor of ArtsIn Hunan University of Arts and Science摘要非语言交际和语言交际同等重要，非语言交际包括图像性符号，眼神，服装，手势等等。

在我们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，有时候比语言更有说服力，但不同国家和地区，由于传统文化和风俗习惯的不同，手势也会不同，同一种手势所表达的意思可能有很大的差异。

所以在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景下，就会产生不解或误解，从而使交际失败。

从跨文化交际的目的出发，为了避免这些不必要的麻烦的产生，比较不同文化背景下手势语的异同，论述手势语在非语言交际中的重要性，研究的目的其实是能够更好地理解和运用它，因此，掌握人类基本的非语言交际的技巧有利于我们更好地交流。

关键词:手势语;非言语;差异;重要性iAbstractNonverbal communication and language communication are equally important, nonverbal communication, including sex symbol image, eyes, clothing, gestures, and so on. Plays in our daily lives an important role, and sometimes speak louder than words, but different countries and regions, due to different cultural traditions and customs, the gesture will be different, with a gesture to express the meaning may have big difference. Therefore, cross-cultural communication, communication if the parties can not enter the same cultural background, will have puzzled or misunderstanding, so that the communication failure. The purpose of cross-cultural communication from starting, in order to avoid unnecessary trouble generation, comparing similarities and differences between sign language under different cultural backgrounds, discusses the importance of sign language in non-verbal communication, the purpose of the study is to better understand the fact and use it, therefore, to grasp basic human nonverbal communication skills will help us communicate better.Key words: body language; non-verbal; difference; importanceiiContents摘要 ..................................................................... .. (i)Abstract ............................................................... .. (ii)Introduction ........................................................... .................................... 1 Chapter 1The history of body language studies and its future trends 21.1 The definition of the bodylanguage (2)1.2 The history of bodylanguage (2)1.3 The future trends of the bodylanguage .......................................... 2 Chapter 2 The importance and necessity of studying the bodylanguage ........................................................... (3)2.1The importance of learning the bodylanguage (3)2.2The necessity of learning the bodylanguage (3)Chapter 3 Common use of the body language in the non-verbalcommunication ...................................................... (4)3.1 The representation of 1-10gesture (4)3.2 Handcount .................................................................. .. (4)3.3 Common use ofgesture ................................................................ .. 4 Chapter 4The function of the non-verbal communication and relation with verbalcommunication .......................................................... .. (5)Conclusion ............................................................. (6)Bibliography ........................................................... .. (7)AcknowledgementsIntroduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1B.A.Thesis Chapter 1 The history of body language studies and its future trendsChapter 1The history of body language studies and its future trends1.1 The definition of the body language1.2 The history of body language1.3 The future trends of the body language2B.A.Thesis Chapter 2 The importance and necessity of studying the body languageChapter 2The importance and necessity of studying the body language2.1The importance of learning the body language2.2The necessity of learning the body language3B.A.Thesis Chapter 3 Common use of the body language in the non-verbal communicationChapter 3Common use of the body language in the non-verbalcommunication3.1 The representation of 1-10 gesture3.2 Hand count3.3 Common use of gesture4B.A.Thesis Chapter 4The function of the non-verbal communication and relation withverbal communicationChapter 4The function of the non-verbal communication and relationwith verbal communication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5B.A.Thesis ConclusionConclusion6BibliographyAcknowledgementsI have eternal gratitude to Xu Xiaoqiu, my tutor, for her inestimable help and valuable instruction, and to Professor Li, for his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation.I am greatly indebted to Professor Li, for his allowing me to have access to his books pertinent to this dissertation.I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.。

中国英国手势差异英语作文In the intricate tapestry of nonverbal communication, gestures play a pivotal role, often conveying messages and emotions that words alone cannot express. The differences between Chinese and British gestures, however, can be asvast as the cultures themselves, reflecting distinct values, traditions, and social norms. This essay delves into the disparities in gesture usage between these two cultures, exploring the underlying reasons for these variations and their impact on cross-cultural communication.In China, gestures are often used to emphasize speechor to add a layer of emotional expression. For instance, nodding the head is a common gesture of agreement, but in China, it is often accompanied by a smile or a verbal affirmation to convey sincerity. By contrast, in Britain, nodding the head is often a unilateral action, with less emphasis on additional expressions of agreement. This difference reflects the Chinese tendency towards a more collective, harmonious communication style versus theBritish preference for a more direct, individualistic approach.Another significant difference lies in the use of hand gestures. In China, raised hands or waving motions are often used to indicate a greeting or farewell, with the palms facing towards the recipient. This gesture is interpreted as a sign of respect and warmth. In contrast,in Britain, raised hands or waving motions are more likely to have the palms facing downwards, which can beinterpreted as a more casual or even dismissive gesture. This difference highlights the varying degrees of formality and respect expected in social interactions between the two cultures.Finger pointing is another gesture that exhibits significant disparities. In China, pointing directly at someone with an index finger is considered disrespectful and aggressive, often avoided in favor of more subtle gestures or verbal cues. By contrast, in Britain, finger pointing is a more common and acceptable form of gesturing, often used to emphasize a point or draw attention. This contrast reflects the Chinese emphasis on harmony and indirect communication versus the British preference for directness and clarity.The reasons for these differences can be traced back to the historical, social, and cultural backgrounds of the two nations. China, with its long history of Confucianism and collectivism, values harmony and respect for authority, reflected in its more subdued and indirect gesture usage. Britain, on the other hand, with its historical roots in individualism and the Protestant work ethic, tends towards a more direct and pragmatic approach to communication, reflected in its手势使用。

毕业设计（论文）题目：中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究A Constructive Study of Politeness in ChineseAnd English Culture学生姓名：蔡美玲学号：0807060128专业班级：B08英语（国际商务）1班指导教师：唐红梅学院：外国语学院2012年4 月中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究摘要语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。

它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。

随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越重要。

在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。

本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。

通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语，避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。

同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。

最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。

关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESEAND ENGLISH CULTUREABSTRACTLanguage Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the people's social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony,and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students' comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture;Contents1. Introduction (1)2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English (1)2.1 Politeness Principles of English (1)2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theory (1)2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle (2)2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle (2)2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese (3)3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness (5)3.1 Terms of Address (5)3.2 Humility Language and Formal L anguage (5)3.3 Terms of Privacy (6)3.4 Terms of Greeting (6)3.5 Terms of Thanks (7)3.6 Terms of Goodbye (8)3.7 Terms of Invitation (8)3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture (8)3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on T able (8)3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on T able (9)4. Reasons for the different & countermeasures (9)4.1 Reasons for the Difference (9)4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity (10)4.1.2 Philosophy D ifferences (10)4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and V alue (10)4.2 Countermeasures (11)4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching (11)4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication (11)5. Conclusion (13)References (14)1.Introduction“As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”[1]Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.2.Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and EnglishPoliteness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theoryPoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. [2]Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior T heory”from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face T heory”which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the firsttime to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face i s ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each other's face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications.Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politenes s is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. [3]2.1.2 Grice Cooperative PrincipleGrice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in people’s conversation. He thought that, “in all the communicati on, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, justthe right amount(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. [4]But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle can't completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles — Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict people's conversation behaviors.2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness PrincipleEnglish scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational people’s conversation as well. It is closelyconnected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leech’s Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximizeagreement between self and other.(6). Maxim of sympathy: min imize antipathy between self and other’, maximize s ympathybetween self and other. [5]This is the main content of Leech’s politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood.2.2 Politeness Principles of ChineseLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。

跨文化交际中手势语的差异题目：跨文化交际中手势语的差异――以“翘拇指” “竖中指” “ V”手势“ 0K”为例摘要非言语行为具有鲜明的文化特征，不同国家、民族对非言语行为的社会规范区别很大，甚至所表示的意义恰好相反。

日常生活中人们进行交谈、沟通时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。

手势语几乎随时随地伴着语言进行交往，起着关键的作用，有时也会代替语言甚至超越语言。

人类的有些手势语具有相同性，但更多的手势语被赋予了文化的内涵，不同的文化背景赋予了不同的交际意义，以、翘大拇指、竖中指、“ V字形“0K”等手势为例解释说明。

AbstractNonv erbal behavior has dist inct cultural characteristics,Differe nt coun tries, eth nic groups are very differe nt from the social norms of non verbal behavior,even the express meaning is On the contrary. When People to talk and com muni cate in daily life,in additi on to the Ian guage of com muni cati on tools there have gestures。

Gesture Ian guage almost any where with the Ian guage of com muni cati on ,plays a key role.Sometimes it can tran sce nd the Ian guage and even take the place of the Ianguage. human gestures have the same nature，bu more sig ns are give n the conno tatio n of culture.differe nt cultural backgro unds give differe nt com muni cative meanin gs,wave、vertical thumb、“ V'Shape as example to expla in.关键词：跨文化交际非言语行为手势语Key words: in tercultural com muni cati on non verbal behavior gesture 手势语(gesture Ianguage )是体态语中最基本也是最重要的一种。

中西方文化中非言语交际的差异人类的交际体系在结构上可分为言语交际(verbal communication)和非言语交际(non-verbal communication)。

根据一项调查显示，在人们的交际行为中，“言语交际所传达的信息仅占35%，而65%的信息则是通过非言语交际来传递的”。

在跨文化交际中，只有把握了各种非言语形式的不同含义，把它们放置在恰当的文化背景下，才能达到我们交际的目的。

本文拟对非言语交际在不同文化中表现的差异进行研究，探讨非言语交际的重要性及如何在我们的日常学习中培养这种能力。

一、非言语交际的内涵对于非言语交际的含义，许多学者都进行了研究。

美国著名学者萨默瓦(samovar)认为“非言语行为指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的，对接收者或输出者含有信息价值的那些因素。

这些因素既可以人为的生成，也可以由环境造就”。

在本文中，非言语交际指的是一个人不张口说话，不动笔书写的一切行为，它主要伴随在口头交际中，通过交际者的面部表情、身体姿势等来更真实地表达感情和态度。

从跨文化交际的角度出发，非言语交际粗略地分为四大类：(1)体态语。

包括基本姿势，基本礼节动作，以及人体各部分动作所提供的交际信息。

(2)副语言。

包括沉默，话轮转换和各种非语义声音。

(3)客体语。

包括衣着和化妆，个人用品的交际作用，家具和车辆所提供的交际信息。

(4)环境语。

包括空间信息，时间信息，声音、灯光、颜色标识等等。

本文主要对其中一些常见的非言语交际进行研究。

二、中西方文化中非言语交际的差异人们在语言交流过程中，会时不时的伴随有各种各样的“小动作”，这些小动作其实也是对交际的一种补充。

它的作用也是不容忽视的。

1，体态语。

非言语交际中最常见的就是体态语的运用。

体态语是指人们利用姿态、动作，包括身体动作和面部表情，来传达信息的非言语行为。

下面就手势、面部表情、目光语等等来分析一下这种差异性。

一、手势上的差异性。

不同的文化下，人们利用手势所表现出来的意义也是不同的。