2014李伟词汇精讲

*1. abandon vt.抛弃abandon one’s hope*Good love makes you see the whole world from one person while bad love makes you abandon the whole world for one person.*2. abide vi. abide by 遵守abide by the law= conform to the law*3 abnormal 反常的（ab+normal正常的）*4. abolish vt.使流产,取消,废除=cancel;*Changing the system will not abolish bubbles. *5. abound vi.富产; abound in*6 Abroad*adv. 到国外ab-离开; study abroad 留学; go abroad 出国*Aboard*aboard adv./prep 在船上,在火车,飞机上board 甲板; a-处于…状态;表语形容词alive/alone/asleep/alike/ashore/awake*board*blackboard*sign board /notice board/advertising board*chess board*get on board*sweep up the board (赌场用语）*above （the ）board*board and lodging*Board of Directors*Board of Election*Board of Electricity*Board of Education ①板②牌：notice board 布告牌/advertising board 广告牌③盘④甲板(上船/ 飞机/ 火车)⑤桌子，（赌场）大胜，sweep up 表示扫光*光明正大*食宿，board 表示餐桌⑥（由桌子引申为）机构：*董事局、董事会*选举委员会*电力局*教育委员会*7 absolute adj.绝对的*8. absent 缺席的（ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的be absent from class）*9. absorb 吸收（ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉）*10. abstract 提取；抽象的；摘要（abs+tract拉→被拉开→提取）*-tract 拖,拉*Tractor abstract*Attract extract*Distract protract*contract*abstractvt.提炼abs-= ab-; n.摘要; adj.抽象的abstract some mineral out of the ore从矿石中提炼矿物tractor 拖拉机; extract vt.拔出extract a tooth 拔牙distract vt.转移; contract vi.挤压,压缩,收缩; protract vt.延长Attract吸引*11. absurd adj.荒谬的,荒唐的,荒诞的（态度干扰题选项）*The idea that number "13" brings bad luck seems to quite absurd.*12. abundant adj.大量的*13. abuse 滥用（ab+use用→用坏→滥用）*vt.滥用;虐待n.滥用,虐待;*abuse one’s power/authority*abuse children虐童/captives 虐待俘虏;*drug abuse 吸毒child abuse 虐待儿童14. academic adj.专业的,学术的;academic discussion /freedom academy 专业院校(方向); a military academy 军事院校college 专科院校;学院(英)=school; institute 研究院school 大学下属学院(美); law/business school法/商学院;university 综合大学universe 宇宙;15. accelerate v.加速=speed up; slow down减速; to accelerate one’s car 提速Does your heartbeat accelerate when you see the person you like?*16. access n.进入,途径[u]; -cess,-ceed=go,move;*vt. 1.接通(电脑等); 取数; 存取; 2.得到, 了解; 3.接近, 进入, 使用*have access to doing sth/sth有做sth的途径,方法*可以得到,可以获得*Student should have access to excellent books.17. acclaim n./v.欢呼;claim 声称;proclaim 宣布= declare; proclaim peace/ war reclaim vt.要求归还,要求收回; reclaim sth back18. accommodate vt. 1.容纳=contain(物); 2.给sb提供居所(人);19. accompany vt.陪伴accompany sb to sp;20. accomplish vt.完成,达到,实现;*accomplish one’s purpose; sense of accomplishment 成就感21. accord n.符合，一致; in accord with sb和…保持一致; in accordance with = according to 根据22. account n.帐目accountant 会计师; count v.数*1）take…into account 考虑到= consider;*2）account for a.占(比例)b.解释;*He can not account for his absence.*3）on account of由于，因为*He was absent from the class on account of his illness.23. accumulate vt.(逐渐)积累; cumulate累积,积累;24. accuse vt.指责,指控; curse 咒骂,诅咒;*accuse sb of sth= charge sb with sth 指控某人某事;*She’s even been accused of child abuse25. accustomed adj.习惯了的; custom 风俗,习俗; used to do 过去常常do sth*be accustomed to doing/do= be used to doing;26. achieve vt.（经努力）达到目的，如愿以偿achieve one’s purpose; achieve one’s goal; achievement 完成；成就accomplish 完成(任务、使命、计划、事业等)；实现(诺言、计划等)：accomplishment （常复数）成就；才艺技能27. acknowledge vt.承认;致谢28. acquaint vt.结识,使熟悉,使了解;*acquaint oneself with sb/sth= be acquainted with sb/sth = be familiar with sb/sth 了解...*acquaintance n.[u]熟悉,了解[c]熟人;29. acquire vt.(通过努力)获得-quire 追求acquire a degree/language(褒义)*inquire 询问,调查（into）; require 需要,要求;*Enquire 询问，打听（about)，调查*Can I enquire about the accident?能否请问这次事故的情况？30. actual adj.实际的; actually adv.实际上= in fact;31. acute adj.1急性的an acute disease 反义词:chronic; 2敏锐的an acute sense of smell; 3强烈的; acute painInto her nineties, her thinking remained acute and her character forceful.32 adapt vt.使适应adapt oneself to=adjust oneself to When you go to a new country, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs.adopt sth 采纳,接受adopt sb’s advice; adopt sb 领养adopt an orphan; an adopted son 养子33. additional adj.增加的,额外的= extra34. address v.发表演讲,做演讲; vt.称呼address sb as; n.地址(不重要); address to sb at a meeting 在会上发言35. adequate adj.1令人满意的satisfying; 2.足够的(质量) I'm sure her knowledge of English is adequate for the job 36. adhere vi.粘附,坚持adhere to 坚持;adhere to the original plan坚持原计划37. adjust vt. 调整，使…适合；校准38. administer vt.管理; minister n.部长,大臣; administration n.管理MBA=Master of Business Administration39. admire vt.钦佩,羡慕;40. admit v.1承认admit doing (被迫)承认; 2.允许进入-mit=go;She immediately came to me to admit her mistake. admission n.承认，允许进入，录取admission scores录取分数线MBA admission test 入学考试=entrance test41. adopt vt. 采纳；领养42. advance v.前进; vt. 提出= put/ bring forward; n.前进;进步van-前锋,先驱;make progress/advance; advanced adj.先进的,高级的43. advantage n.优势disadvantage 劣势44. adventure n.冒险(运动); venture n.(事业)冒险; a joint venture 合资企业45. advertise v.做广告; advertisement n.广告(ad.)46. advisable adj.明智的= sensible; advise v.建议; advice n.建议advisor n.顾问; advisory adj.顾问的47. advocatevt.倡导,提倡advocate sth;48. affect（作文重点词汇）影响(常贬义)Smoking can affect one’s health. 吸烟会影响人的健康. effect n. have an effect on sb/sth;influence n. (中性) have an influence on sbaffection n.爱= love; win sb’s affections赢得某人的爱; affectionate adj.慈祥的,恩爱的; affectionateeyes/parents/couples49. affiliate vt. 使附属；vi. 参加，加入；n.附属机构;to affiliate oneself to (或with) a party加入某政党a middle school affiliated to Renmin University人大附属中学50. affluent adj.富有的,富裕的; fluent adj.流利的; flu 流感51. afford v.承担的起,负担的起52. agency n.代理机构XinHua agency; a news agency;54. agent n.代理人 a housing agent房屋中介53. agenda n.议事日程; on the agenda根据议事日程55. aggravate vt加剧,加重,恶化;Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation56. aggression n.1.进取心,上进心2.进攻,侵略-gress滚动,走*aggressive adj.1.有进取心的; 2.好斗的，侵略的*congress 会议,国会; progress 进步; regress 退步57. agony n.剧痛pain/suffering; in agony痛苦不堪;58. aid v.帮助; n.帮助; come to sb’said/rescue 来帮助/拯救sb59. alarm n.警报; vt.使恐慌sound/give an alarm; an alarm clock60. alert vt.使警觉61. alienation n.疏远; alien n.外星人,外国人; adj.陌生的; alienate vt.使疏远62. alike adj.(表语) adj.相似的The twins look alike. adv.相同,相似; Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

2013届考研英语词汇基础讲义English Vocabulary in Comprehension Period1.考研英语词汇总述（怎么考）----------------------------------------------22.考研词汇说文解字（怎么学）----------------------------------------------33.考研词汇综合应用（怎么用）---------------------------------------------74.附录：考研英语题源资料推荐--------------------------------------------13重复是记忆之母，理解是记忆之父。

NETEM☆2013李伟1. 考研英语词汇总述（怎么考）1.1 英语作为外语（EFL）词汇学习介绍艾宾浩斯记忆与遗忘曲线1.2 词汇学习误区※死记硬背；※只记字面意思，忽视单词的其他意义；※单一的记忆方法；※词汇记忆缺少主次之分；※词典工具书使用不当。

1.3 考研词汇考查方式与学习策略※二元单词学习法；※语义场学习法；※基于文本学习法；※基于构词法学习法。

2. 考研词汇说文解字（怎么学）2.1 精选词缀第一辑：表示否定第二辑：一正一邪第三辑：一前一后第四辑：上上下下第五辑：由远及近第一辑表示否定用法前缀名称单词举例表示否定un- unlock, unwillingnon- non-stop, non-smokerin- inadequate, infamousim- immature, immortalir- irregular, irrelevantil- illegal, illiterateig- ignorant, ignobledis- disable, disbelievedi- differ, divertde- defrost, denuclearizationmis- misfortune, misunderstanding mal- malfunction, malnutritionab- abnormala- atypical, apolitical, amoral anti- antisocialunder- under-nutrition第二辑一正一邪用法前缀名称单词举例一正pro-=forwardprogresspropose一邪de-=down, downwarddegradedepreciatedegenerationdestruction第三辑一前一后用法前缀名称单词举例一前pre-=beforepreschoolpreferprecaution一后re-=again, backrenewreviverefresh第四辑上上下下用法前缀名称单词举例上上over-= above, across, beyondoverestimateoverburdenovercrowded super- /sur- /sop- /sove-= above, oversuperstructuresuperiorsurplus下下sub-= undersubtitlesubway under-= underunderestimateunder-abundant第五辑由远及近用法前缀名称单词举例由远及近tele- = far off television, telescope inter- / enter- / intel-= between, amonginterfere, internationalex- / e-= out (of)exit, external, ejectcom- / con- / co- / cor- / col-= togetherco-operation, coordinateem- / en-= in / into, make / giveenclose, enlarge, enrichin- / im-= in, into, oninclude, indoor, intakeper-= through, awayperpetual,persist, perennial2.2 精选词根第一辑：千言万语第二辑：看书识字第三辑：自己动手第四辑：来来往往第五辑：明知故放第六辑：川流不息第七辑：手到擒来第八辑：其他词根第一辑千言万语1. claim, clam = cry, shout喊叫【例词】exclaim：呼喊，惊叫2. dict = say 言，说，也作dic【例词】contradict：反驳，同…相矛盾，与…相抵触3. log = speak 言，说；另注：logu = speak【例词】eloquent：有口才的，雄辩的，有说服力的第二辑看书识字4. spect =look 看；也作spic, spec【例词】retrospect：回顾，追溯5. vis, vid = see 看【例词】invisible：看不见的6. gram = write, draw写，画，文字，图形，也作graph 【例词】telegram：电报7. liter = letter 文字，字母【例词】illiteracy：不识字，文盲，未受教育，无知第三辑自己动手8. ag = do, act 做，动【例词】agent：代理人9. fact = do, make 做；也作fac，fec【例词】manufacture：制造，加工10. mob = move 动【例词】immobile：不动的，固定的11. oper = work 工作【例词】co-operate：合作，协作第四辑来来往往12. ced = go 行走，也作ceed，cess【例词】intercession：居间调停，调解，说情13. cept = take 拿，取【例词】intercept：截取，截击，拦截，截断14. cur, curs, cour, cours = run跑【例词】incursion：进入，侵入，入侵，侵犯15. fer = bring, carry 带，拿【例词】transfer：转移，传递，转让16. gress = go, walk 行走【例词】retrogress：后退，退步，退化17. it = go 行走【例词】exit：出口，退出，太平门18. port = carry 拿，带，运【例词】transportation：运送，运输，客运，货运19. ven = come 来【例词】intervene：干预，干涉，介入第五辑明知故放20. cogn = know 知道【例词】cognition：认识，认知21. sci = know 知【例词】conscious：有意识的，自觉的22. pon = put 放置【例词】postpone：退后，推迟，延期23. pos = put 放置【例词】expose：揭露，揭发，使…暴露第六辑川流不息24. flu = flow 流【例词】superfluous：过剩的，多余的25. fus = pour 灌，流，倾泻【例词】transfuse：移注，灌输，输（血）第七辑手到擒来26. hibit = hold 拿，持，握【例词】exhibit：展出，展览，陈列，展示27. tain, ten, tin = hold握，持，守【例词】maintain：保持，保存，维持第八辑其他词根28. ann = year 年，也作enn【例词】anniversary：周年纪念日，周年纪念29. bell = war 战争【例词】rebel：反叛，反抗30. brev = short 短【例词】abbreviation：缩写，缩短，节略，缩写词31. clar = clear 清楚，明白【例词】clarify：讲清楚，阐明，澄清32. cord = heart 心【例词】discord：不一致，不协调，不和33. liber = free 自由【例词】liberate：解放，使获自由，释放34. miss = send 投，送，发；也作mit, mis【例词】transmit：传送，播送，发送35. nomin = name 名【例词】nominate：提名，任命36. tract = draw 拉，抽，引【例词】tractor：拖拉机37. vac = empty 空，也作vacu【例词】evacuate：撤走，疏散，撤离3. 考研词汇综合应用—怎么用【真题应用示范】冷僻词汇1.同位释义Euthanasia, often called mercy killing, has now been in practice in some countries even if it is still a controversy.Obesity, or fatness, has become a global epidemic affecting the lives and health of millions of people.About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared.2.逻辑释义On passing through the prism, the ray of light was transformed into a row of seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.Jane was talking with others all the time while Eliza remained reticent all the time.Stones are a better conductor of heat than soil. Or put it another way, soil is a better insulator than rock.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.3. 偏正释义The explorers decided that this was a fossil of an extinct animal that once lived but does not exist now.4. 近义释义It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.…paternity and kinship testing …… ancestry testing……genetic testing …… DNA testing…5. 语音释义外来词：Hormone, Mahjong, koala, éclair, madam, delta, El Nino,应用词汇1.熟词僻义Hot air.Hot cellHot debateIt’s very hot here! I am hot!Reasoning plays a decisive role in the debate.The executives are going to summer at the seaside next week.This phenomenon clearly mirrors a terrible social crisis: ……This trend echoed by the chart can be viewed as an optimistic change in our daily life.These seemingly brutal animals won’t attack unless they are cornered.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.2.热点词汇【范例一】In spite of ―endless talk of difference,‖ American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is ―the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference‖ characteristic of popular culture. …. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.‖ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Rodriguez notes that …, yet ―some Americans … to the nation’s assimilative power.‖（2006年阅读第1篇）21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing【范例二】Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.（2009年阅读第1篇）21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being[A]. casual[B]. familiar[C]. mechanical[D]. changeable【范例三】In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. ….（2008年阅读第3篇）31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to ____.[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.【范例四】Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many s hippers complain that … and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. （2003年阅读第3篇）51. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because________.[A] cost reduction is based on competition[B] services call for cross-trade coordination[C] outside competitors will continue to exist[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat【范例五】…. Railroads typically charge such ―captive‖ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. （2003年阅读第3篇）53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business【范例六】In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw- having extracted them from the months of his slaves.That’s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books…….（2008年阅读第4篇）36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to ____.[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.【范例七】In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implicationsof these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families …. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had .... （2007年阅读第3篇）31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that ____.[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.【范例八】Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying …Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born. （2007年阅读第1篇）24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ____.[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.识记词汇合成、派生、混合——曲折迂回A：合成Policymaker, lawmaker, moonlight, moonbeam, mooncraft, warhorse, warpath, warlord, greenhouse, green-eyed, greenroom, palmtop, counterbalance,rainbird, ladybird, dog days B：派生desertification,futurologist,forepayment,C：混合motel, bioterrorist, Interpol, heliport, ecosystem, Netizen【阅读应用示范】A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in Jul y.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ―Am erican industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,‖ according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ―It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,‖ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as ―a golden age of business management in the United States.‖1. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy2. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the factthat the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market参考答案：CD When it comes to the slowing econom y, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped sh owing up. Spero blames the softening economy. ―I’m a good economic indicator,‖ she says. ―I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.‖ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s departmen t store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. ―I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.‖ she says.1. By ―Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet‖ (Line s 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation参考答案：D【完形应用示范】The United States is widely recognized to have a private economy because privately owned businesses play 41 roles. The American free enterprise system 42 private ownership more than public sectors. Private businesses produce 43 goods and services, 44 almost two-thirds of the nation’s total economic output goes to 45 for personal use. The consumer role is 46 great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a ―47 economy‖.This emphasis 48 private ownership arises, 49 , from American beliefs about personal freedom. From the time the nation was 50 , Americans have 51 excessive government power, and they have sought to 52 government’s authority over individuals—including its role in the economic realm.53 , American generally believe that an economy largely with private ownership is likely to operate more 54 than 55 with substantial government ownership. When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand 56 the price of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; If people want more of a particular good than the economy is producing, the price of the goods 57 . That catches the attention of new or other companies that, 58 an opportunity to earn profit, start producing more 59 that goods. On the other hand, if people want less of the goods, prices fall and less competitive producers either go out of business or start producing 60 goods.41. [A] insignificant [B] important [C] magnificent [D] respected42. [A] emphasizes [B] praises [C] evaluates [D] compares43. [A] major [B] minor [C] most [D] less44. [A] while [B] but [C] although [D] and45. [A] government [B] business [C] individuals [D] families46. [A] such [B] so [C] very [D] extremely47. [A] market [B] people [C] consumer [D] plan48. [A] on [B] in [C]with [D] at49. [A] in effect [B] in the light of [C] in short [D] in part50. [A] invented [B] forged [C] manufactured [D] created51. [A] exterminated [B] scared [C] appreciate [D] feared52. [A] expand [B] develop [C] limit [D] destroy53. [A] However [B] Nevertheless [C] Additionally [D] Similarly54. [A] powerfully [B] efficiently [C] sufficiently [D] fundamentally55. [A] these [B] those [C] it [D]one56. [A] order [B] illustrate [C] manifest [D] determine57. [A] falls [B] raises [C] rises [D] climbs58. [A] neglecting [B] overcoming [C] feeling [D] sensing59. [A] than [B] of [C] off [D] on60. [A] different [B] better [C] qualified [D] authentic参考答案：21-25ADBBA 26-30D DAAA 31-35DBCAD 36-40ABBDA4.附录：考研英语题源资料推荐从2000年到2012年考研英语阅读来源分布引用频率期刊名称创刊时间网址排名第1位《经济学家》1843年/第2位《纽约时报》1851年/第3位《新闻周刊》1933年/第4位《时代周刊》1933年/time/第5位《科学美国人》1845年/更多考研英语学习方法及内容请咨询:李伟（老师）michaelenglish@/。

Unit One vote v. /n. 投票 debate v. /n. 辩论，争论authority n. 政府；权威专家，权威（人士） occupation authorities 占领当局 be authorized to do 得到授权be entitled to (do) sth. 被赋予做…的权利，有做…的权利 incurably ill patients晚期患者terminally ill 晚期的，终期的 convince v. 坚信，相信；令人信服word n. 消息flash v./n. 闪现，，闪动，出现 executive a.执行的 n.执行官 chief executive 首席执行官 the right to … （有）做…的权利 have rights doing sth. 有权做某事society n. 协会，社团academic ~ 学术社团 specific society 具体的、特定的社团 community n. …界, 团体；社会，社区 legal community 法律界 scientific community 科学界 religious community 宗教团体health research community 医疗研究团体 via prep. 经由，通过 post v. 张贴，发布；（在网上）发帖 bulletin n. 公告，报告import n. 重要性，重要意义；进口 implications n. 含义，意义；暗示，启示 imply v. 暗示，推论出；蕴含着… implicit a. 不言明(含蓄)的explicit a. 表达明确地，明白的 sink in 被了解 alike adj. 类似的，同类的 deal with 安排，处理，思考breathe sighs of relief 轻松地出了一口气association n. 协会associate… with… 把…和…联系起来bitterly adv. 尖酸刻薄地，厉害地 bill n. 法案，法律；账单passage n. 通过；经过；道路，通道 tide n. 潮流，趋势likely adj/adv. 很有可能，可能的= possible be likely to 常常，很有可能 unlikely adj. 不可能 = impossible aging population 老龄化的人口 extend v. 延长，延伸，推广life-extending technology 延长寿命的技术 extended family 三代以上同堂的家庭模式 be extended indefinitely 无限期延长 get on with 继续做have something to do with … 与…有关 have much to do with 与…很有关系 observer n. 观察者，旁观者 observe v. 观察，注意；评论 observation 观察（报告）,观察（结论）;评论make observations 做评论domino （es ） 多米诺效应（~ effect ） request v. 请求，要求 deadly adj. 致命的 dreadful adj. 可怕的；极大的 inject v. 注射，注入 pill n. 药丸suffering n. 痛苦，受罪 suffer v. 遭受 diagnose v. 诊断 cool off 平静下来，变凉 certificate n. 证明（书、证等）haunting a.常浮现于脑海中的，不易忘怀的 terrifying a. 可怕的，令人害怕的 spiritual a. 精神上的fight for 努力…，为…而努力claw v. 抓（scratch）mask n. 面具object to 反对objection toobjectionable 引起反对的，讨厌的objective adj. 客观的objectivity n. 客观性impartial adj. 公正，客观share the same view on 对…持相同观点be responsible for 对…负责（表示原因）significance n. 重要性，意义calm a . 平静的，镇静的intense a.强烈的，剧烈的（~ fear 非常担心）characteristic n.（~s）特点，特色a. 特有的be characteristic of 特点是= be typical ofbe characterized by 特点是，以…为特点experience v./n.经历（= undergo=go through）shared experience 共同的经历、经验perish v. 死亡，变腐败in peril 处在危险中approve v. 赞同（approval）disapproval n.反对indifferent a.漠不关心的,冷漠的（indifference）carefree adj. 不关心的，冷漠的suspect v. 怀疑，不信suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑，不信be suspicious of 表示怀疑subjective adj. 主观的biased adj. 有偏见的（= prejudiced）prejudice n./v. （持有）偏见= bias puzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzle v. 困惑word ~ 填字游戏puzzlement n.困惑,不明白的地方=confusion confused adj.困惑的confusing adj.令人不解的confuse v. 茫然，困惑；混淆confusion n. 困惑，混淆optimistic adj. 乐观的optimism n. 乐观（精神）pessimistic adj. 悲观的pessimism n. 悲观（精神）reserve v. 预留，保留；储备（金）reserved adj. 有保留的reserve space 保留位置，空间consent v. 同意slight adj. 轻微的enthusiastic adj.热情的enthusiast n. 热衷者，狂热分子gloomy adj. 前途暗淡的gloom n. 昏暗；暗淡doom n. 末日，宿命gloom and ~ 悲伤沮丧scary adj.令人害怕的,可怕的scar n. 伤疤scared adj. 感到害怕的Unit Twoconsistent a. 一直的，一贯的，始终如一的courteous a. 谦恭有礼的court n. 法庭，法院，足球场frequently adv. 经常，频繁地（反义词rarely）small-minded a. 小心眼儿的ill-mannered a. 态度恶劣的，粗鲁的deserve v. 应该有，应该受到；值得comment on （做）评论otherwise adv./adj. 原本，本来dull a. 无趣的，无聊的（dullness）existence n. 存在；生存状态, 生活（life）typically ad. 通常，一般地（= generally）distant a. 远的，距离远的source n. 来源，本源；根源，原因=origin diversion n. 娱乐；转移diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的diversity n. 多样化program n. 项目；程序= projectharsh a. 残酷的；严厉、苛刻的（harshness）harsh realities残酷现实frontier n. 边境，前方shape v. 塑造，形成；外形，体形reshape v. 重塑hospitality n. 友好，好客（~ to sb.）injure v. 伤害（injury）turn to 诉诸，求助于，寻求…的帮助= resort to lodge n. 乡间小屋，旅社v. 借宿，临时住cabin n. 小屋settlement n. 住所shelter n. 藏身处，避难处v. 保护，庇护residence n. 住处，住宅；居住dwelling n. 住所，处所dwell v. 住，居住mere（ly）adj./adv. 仅仅，不过，只（= only）charitable a. 仁慈的，慈善的impulse n. 冲动；推动，动力on the part of…从…的角度（on my part在我看来）reflect v. 反映，表现（= mirror）；反省，反思（~ on）reflection n. weary a.疲倦的，筋疲力尽的（=exhausted）tourist trails 旅游线路pretty ad.相当地（~ soon非常一小会儿）pretty = fairly = ratherproper a.适当正确的，完全彻底的（properly）casual a. 不经意的，偶然的，临时的casualness n. 随便，随意，非正式interpret v. 阐释，说明interpret as 理解为，解释为artificial a. 假的，人造的；矫揉造作的historically developed历史形成(发展而来)的developed society 发达国家emerging countries 新兴国家As is true of…正如…一样complex a.复杂的,综合的n. 大型建筑（群）complicated a. 结构复杂的a set of 一整套的signal n. 信号sign n. 迹象，征兆；符号assume v.（没有根据地）认为，假定；承担assumption n. 假设，假定，设想，认为not necessarily 未必underlie v.形成了，构成了(…的基础)；强调fail v. 失败fail to 不能，未能translate v. 转化；理解more than 不仅仅是，远远胜过brief a.短暂的，简短的in brief 简而言之brief n. 概要，简短情况介绍encounter v./n. 相遇，遇到distinguish between 区分，区别value…highly 非常珍视be interralated 相互联系exercise v.行使,使产生~ an influence over…manifest v. 体现，显现（~ oneself）~ation manifesto n. 宣言，声明exclusive adj.独一的（exclusive use单独使用）equal v. 等于，相当于entertain v. 招待，款待(=treat)；使娱乐out of 出于…out of charitable impulse出于慈善的冲动flavor n. 风味keep up 维持，持续（传统，习惯等）keep up with 跟上，追上keep doing 一直，持续做某事Unit Threesubstance n. 物质other than 除了（…之外）rather than 而不是technically a. 技术上，学术上technical progress 技术进步professional progress 职业发展alter v. 改变mental a. 精神的drug n. 药品term n. 术语，专用名词v. 把…叫做/称为human term 普通人可以理解的说法refer to 指…，指的是；谈到，提及chemical n. 化学药品，化学制品addict n. 沉迷…的人v.（~ to）沉迷于addiction n. （to）上瘾，沉迷familiar a . 熟悉的alcohol 白酒，酒精tobacco n. 烟草neutral a. 中性的psychologist n. 心理医生，心理学家psychoactive作用于精神的,影响(改变)心理状态的abuse v./n 滥用;虐待patient abuse虐待病人make clear 解释，说明misuse v. 误用，用错；使用…不当heroin n. 海洛因cocaine n. 可卡因pervasive a. 广泛的（= widespread）aspirin n. 阿司匹林quiet v. 使安静；平息下来sociable a. 社交的，增进友谊的nerve n. 神经；勇气，胆量apparent a. 显然的，明显的= obvious apparently adv. 显然，明显地constructive a. 建设性的negative effects a. 副作用，消极作用impact n.深刻影响,冲击have significant ~ on poison v 中毒，投毒(~ous 有毒的) perceptual v. 知觉的，感觉的perception n. 知觉，感觉perceive v. 观察，感知distort v. 扭曲，歪曲（~ion）repeated use 反复使用，再三使用repeated adj. 再三的，反复的，重复性的lead to 导致，造成（= result in =cause）substance dependence 物质（药物）依赖be dependent on /upon 依赖于independent a. 独立的be ~ of不受…的限制independence n. 独立be marked by 以…为明显特征tolerance n. 容忍，承受（tolerate v. ）be tolerant of 容忍tolerate v. 忍受，容忍desire n./v.期望,希望~ed effect预期的效果appearance n. 表现；外表unpleasant n.令人不愉快的pleasure n.快乐withdraw v.撤销，撤退，收回（withdrawal n.）symptom n. 症状discontinue v. 停止，废止，放弃affect v. 影响effect n. 影响；效果mood n. 情绪，心情group v. 归类，分类= classifystimulate v.刺激(stimulant n.使人兴奋的物质) depress v. 使压抑，使消沉，使沮丧depressant n. 使人镇静、情绪压抑的物质illusion v.错觉（hallucination n.幻觉，幻想）hallucinogens n. 迷幻剂initially adv. 最初，起初（=originally）；第一，首先（= primarily）speed up 加速（slow down 减速，放缓）activate v. 刺激，使活跃起来primary a.初步的，首要的;主要的，重要的primarily adv. 主要的（=predominantly）首先，第一（=firstly=initially）primacy n. 首要地位，优势= predominance variety n.多样性,各种各样a ~ of各种各样的radical a. 根本的，彻底的，激进的radical change/reform 彻底的改革/变革state of consciousness 意识状态conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的be preferable to比…更让人喜爱，更可取,更好preference n. 优先权，优惠preferential adj. 优惠的,优先的~ policiesin that 之所以这样是因为（解释原因）fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的overwhelming a. 压倒性的，无法抵抗的piercing a. 刺穿的，深刻的，感人的pierce v. 刺穿，刺透，刺fierce 激烈的result from 由…而产生，来源于；原因是…= arise from = stem from…be attributed to 归因于，归功于attribute… to…把…的原因归为blame 归咎于, 责备owe… to …原因在于，原因是= due to consumption n. 消费,消费量(consume v.) production and consumption 生产与消费pattern n.模式,形式,方式standard ~ 标准模式purpose n.目的（= intention）quantitative a. 定量的，按一定数量的application （to）n. 应用，使用technological application 科学技术的运用apply v. （to）应用，适用于employ v. 使用；雇佣employer n. 用人单位；老板employment n. 使用；职位part time employment 兼职工作full time employment 全职工作disease n. 疾病positive a. 积极的（nagative a. 消极的）positive forces积极力量=driving forces推动力Unit Fourcontribute to 导致，促成；为…做了贡献contribution n.促成因素(=contributing factors) decline n./v. 衰退，下跌economic/ moral decline 经济/ 道德衰退declining adj. 处于衰退的a ~ industry fade v. 渐渐消失，衰弱，减弱fading adj. 处于衰退的，日渐消失的falling adj. 日渐降低的，日益衰退的rising adj. 越来越多(大)的=growing, soaring, increasingfall v./n. 下跌，降低（fell，fallen）= drop rise v./n. 上升，增加（rose ，risen）on the rise/ decline 处于上升/ 下跌、衰退accomplish v. 实现，完成，达到complete v. 完成，使完善adj.完整的,完全incomplete不完全的career n. 职业生涯corrupt v. 腐蚀，使恶化 a. 腐败的various a 各种各样的，各不相同的times n. 时代creative freedom 创作自由bottom line 底线core n./a. 核心（的），中心take over 接管，接班，接任late a. 已逝的,已故的alive adj. 活着的raise stock price 提高股票价格debt n. 债务deal n. 交易dealership n. 经销商property n.财产intellectual property知识产权restructure v.结构重组,调整结构,体制改革reengineer v. 再设计，重新建造，结构重组flap n./v. 辩论，辩护debate n. 争论,辩论hip-hop 街舞expression n. 表达~ freedom 表达自由defend v. 保卫，辩护defender n. 支持者，辩护人=supporter defendant n. 被告justify v. 证明…合理，为…而辩护be justified 有道理scientifically justified 科学上合理的justifiable adj. 合理的defend/justify…on the grounds that/of 为…而辩护，理由是…release v. 发表，发行issue v.under fire 受攻击violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力school violence 校园暴力violate v. 违反，违背（规章等）= infringe violate the rules and regulationstest n./v. 测试，检验；试验democratic a. 民主的，大众化的column n. 专栏lie in 在于the widest possible latitude 最大的幅度dispute v./n.争执，争论beyond ~ 毋庸质疑disputable a. 有争议的irritating a. 令人愤怒的，使人气愤的compromise v./n.妥协，让步（=retreat ；=back off）hard-line 强硬路线~ stand强硬立场to some extent 在某种程度上=at some level stockholder n. 股东，股票持有人cite v. 引用，引证balance n./v. 平衡announce v. 宣布= declarelaunch v. 发动，发起~ a drive to do sth. drive v. 驱动，推动driving force 推动力，驱动力be driven underground 被赶到地下，暗处develop v. 制定，培养；发展；研发develop standards 制定标准distribute v. 分发，分配；发行，销售distribution n. 发行，销售；发放，分布collection n. 收集information collection and distribution信息的收集与发布board n. 董事会；委员会boss and board 管理层= the management licencing board 执照颁发委员会be supportive of 支持oppositive adj. 相反的oppose v. 反对insider n. 业内人士，知道内情的人士people associated with…与…有关联的人senator n 参议员amendment n.（法律、合同等的）修改,修订unite v. 团结，联合为一Unit Fivemonetary a. 金融的，货币的steer v. 驾驶，驾驭land v. 着陆（take off 起飞，猛增）brake n./v. 闸；刹车precise a. 精确的far from the truth 远非事实variable a. 不确定的，易变的effect（on …）n. 影响（= influence on ）hence adv. 因此就出现了，因此就有了analogy n. 类比nanlogous adj. 相当于，类似于conduct v./n 进行…行为；行为（~ online transactions进行网上贸易）liken…to…v. 把…比作…crack v. 破裂，破碎rear v. 后部的，后面的view n. 景色，风景；观点，看法faulty a 有缺点的，不完美的banker n. 银行家boast v. 值得夸耀，引以为豪double-digit 两位数poll v. 投票选出percentage n. 百分比favorable a 有利的capacity n. 最大承受力（能力），最大承受量（容量）utilization n. 利用，使用prove v. (结果)竟然是,原来是,证明是;证明thrilling n. 令人激动的follow v. 遵循，按照…去做comparable a. 可比较的，可比作extremely a. 极端地，非常地last v. 持续（一段时间）amaze v. 令人吃惊，使吃惊amazing a.神奇的，奇异的Unit Sixit doesn’t help that 无法阻止，无法避免capture v. 吸引, 引起；俘获，夺取(~ one’s attention/ imagination)giant dam 巨大的水坝gigantic adj. 巨大的= giant=titanicat the mercy of 任凭… 摆布drought n. 干旱（flood n. 洪涝）ideal n. 理想 a. 理想的give up on… as an ideal 放弃…的理想do one’s bidding 听从某人的吩咐fascinating adj.令人着迷的，迷人的fascination n.着迷,异常兴奋be fascinated（with ）对…着迷project n.(各类)建设项目;研究项目,计划threaten（to do）有…的危险，威胁（到）= risk threat n. 威胁symbol n. 象征strive to do something / for something努力奋斗assert oneself 表现自己cement v. 巩固，加强bid n. 出价，投标bid for（投标）竞争,争取得到overbidding过高出价status n. 地位；状态tend to 往往，通常会intend v. 打算，目的在于~ doing/to do sth. be intended to do目的在于tendency n. 趋势trend n. 趋势，倾向deprive somebody of something 剥夺，夺去… fertile adj. 土地肥沃的, 多产的silt n. 淤泥in return for 作为…的回报reservoir n. 水库barely adv. 几乎不= hardlygenerate electricity 发电myth n. 神秘事件，神话；荒诞的说法mythical adj. 令人神往的，想象的，虚构的persist v. 持续, 坚持persistent adj. 没完没了的civilized adj. 文明的，进步的= civilcivilize v. 让… 变得文明，使文明stop (short of) doing停止了做某事(差点做了…) troops n. 军队（= forces ）contention over 竞争，争夺… (contend v. ) contend v.主张；竞争,斗争（contention n. ）give the go-ahead 允许，许可wrong-headed adj. 执迷不悟的,固执错误的even though 即使= even ifalthough ( = though ) ad. 尽管，虽然destruction n. 毁灭，破坏the powerful 权贵，强势阶层the powerless 平民，群众far from 远非，根本不是，根本没有far beyond 远远超过，远非resolve v. 决心；解决（同问题、分歧连用）conflict n. 冲突，斗争，摩擦hydroelectric power 水力发电irrigation n. 灌溉monster adj. 庞大，巨大的shut one’s eyes to reality 对现实视而不见neglect v. 忽视，忽略negligence n. 忽视vital adj. 致命的，至关重要的vitality n. 生命力，活力concern v. 与…有关n. 担忧，关切concerning prep.就…而言；与…有关concerned 相关的（后置修饰词）voice one’s concern 公开声明对…表示关注mild/serious/hightened concern稍稍/严重/高度关注be concerned about/with 关心，担心，重视strengthen v. 巩固，加强weaken v. 消弱，使变弱strengths and weaknesses 长处和不足之处international ties 国际关系universal adj. 普遍的n. 普遍情况universalize v. 普及，使普遍= popularize no use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收haste n. 匆忙（贬义）= rushhasten v. 加速leap v. /n. 跳跃，跳，飞跃Unit Seventale n. 故事，童话corporation n. 大公司corporate adj. 公司的international/multinational corporation跨国公司incorporate v. 包含，加入；合并revival n. 复兴，振兴，重生establish v. 建立，确立；公认，确定established adj. 确定的，既定的well-established adj.得到广泛公认的~ tend productive adj. 生产力的；多产的productivity n. 生产力revolution n. 革新，变革revolutionary adj. 革命性的preside over v. 主持，负责president n.总统,总裁,大学校长vice ~ 副的official adj.正式的，官方的~ status官方地位statistics n. 统计数字，统计学mildly adv. （mild adj. ）轻微的，适度的lump…together v. 合起来manufacturing n. 制造~ industry 制造业manufacturer n. 制造商on average 平均（只用于数字或人的资质）previous adj. 以前的，过去的acceleration n. 加速，加速度due to 因为rebound n. 反弹cycle n. 循环，周期business ~ 商业周期recycle v. 再利用，循环使用conclusive adj. 结论性的，充分的~ evidence inconclusive adj. 不充分的,不足以下结论的evidence n. 证据（不可数名词）treasury secretary n. 财政大臣，财政部长disjunction n. 分离，不吻合，出入anecdote n. 趣闻，轶事downsize v. 裁减，精简overall adj. 整体，全部的，总的factor n. 因素，要素joint adj. 共同的，联合的join v. 连接，结合equipment n. 装备，设备，装置machinery n. （总称）机器，机械profitable adj. 赢利的profit n. 利润switch (to) 转向matter much 关系很大，很有关系speculate (on) v. （对…进行）预测，推测speculative adj. 预测的，猜测的ineptly adv. 不适当地，不理想地spread v. 分布, 传播, 蔓延widespread adj. 广泛的，普遍的be evenly spread 平均分布，均衡分布的suppose v. 假设，猜想，想象academic v. 学者，大学教师 a. 学术的former adj. 过去的n. 前者colony n. 殖民地anti-colonial反殖民主义的chain n. 连锁机构crude adj.未经加工的；粗糙的，粗放型的crude oil 原油bakery n. 面包店toast v. 举杯庆祝case n. 情况；；案例，例子；（法律）案件in many cases 在很多情况下revenue n. 年收入，财政收入colleague n. 同事，伙伴= company mechanistic adj.机械的mechanism n.机制mechanical a.机械的，机械似的mechanical learning 机械的学习in a…fashion以…方式，方法(= in a… manner) version 版本；说法chop out 削减give thought to (n) 考虑sufficient adj.足够的,大量的sufficiency n. long-term adj. 长期的~ prospect 远景in a short term 短期内blunt adj. 直率，直言不讳的dismiss… as… 认为…不过是…consultant n. 顾问( = advisor ) consultancy n. 咨询ambulance n. 救护车turning point 转折点recovery n. 复苏；复原，恢复exclude v. 排除，除去…之外include v. 包含，包括fall short of 落后于，达不到（目标），不如anticipation n.预测anticipate v. 预测，预计the true state of 真实情况pose a question / challenge提出问题/ 挑战raise a question 提出问题question v. 怀疑，质疑= suspect questionnaire n. 问卷reply n. 答复,回答put forward提出(观点) (= pose v.提出，造成) unquestioned claim 毋庸质疑的论点reform n. 改革(liberal reform 自由改革) essential（for/to）adj.关键,至关重要的,核心的a bunch of 一帮，一捆，一串good-for-nothing n.无价值的,无用的人;废物Unit Eightuneasy adj.不自在、不稳定的;困难、艰难的aspect n. （问题等的）方面rebel v.反叛,叛逆rebelling beliefs 叛逆的信念、信仰trial n. 审判；试验Catholic Church 天主教remark n./v. 话，言语harsh remarks make a passing remark 短暂发言，说话worldview n. 世界观schism n. 裂隙，分裂deepen v. 加深，深化humanities n.人文学科humanity n.人文主义精神if anything 如果有的话afford to do 有条件、有资格做某事critic n. 批评者，评论家criticize v. 批评critical(ly) adj. 缜密严谨的；批评的；至关重要的think critically 批判地思维/思想think independently 独立地思考ignore v. 忽视be completely ~ed 完全遭到忽视fund n.资金v. 出资,拨款,资助funding n.资助over-funding 拨款过度under-funding 拨款不足anti-science n. 反科学notably adv. 引人注目地，显著地assemble v. 集合；组装find fault with 批评，挑…的毛病social status 社会地位sociology n. 社会学sociologist n. 社会学家philosopher n. 哲学家，思想家philosophy n. 哲学，人生准则，生活方式create v. 创造（creation n. 创造，创造物）creativity n. 创造力creature n. 生物creationism n. 上帝造人说evolution n. 进化；物种进化论phenomenon n. 现象（phenomena 复数）contradict v. 与… 矛盾contradiction n.矛盾contradictory adj. 相矛盾的self-contradictory adj. 自相矛盾的on the contrary 相反contrast n. 对照，对比（不同点）survey n./v. 调查；纵览，通盘考虑reveal v. 显示，显示出；揭示，揭露；泄露tag n. 标签v. 贴标签（= label ）label v./n. （贴）标签，标示epithet n.称号attach… to… 将… 联系在一起attach importance to… 强调，重视…advocate v. 提倡，倡导n. 倡导者eliminate v.消除,淘汰,剔除(elimination n.) smallpox n. 天花virus n. 病毒virtue n. 美德scorn v. 蔑视long for 渴望，盼望utopia n. 乌托邦,理想完美境界,理想状态biological utopia 生物学上的理想状态environmentalist n.环保主义者,环境保护论者essay n. 文章，散文article n. 文章inevitable adj. 不可避免的，必不可少的respond forcefully/strongly to 对…做出强有力的反应respond to对…做出反应correspond to… v. 与… 有关，相一致corresponding adj. 相应的pioneer n. 先驱，先锋global warming 全球气候变暖depletion n. 损耗，枯竭ozone layer 臭氧层consequence n. 后果logical consequence 合理结果，逻辑结论consequent adj. 随之而来的，作为结果的consequently adv. 因此= thus = therefore note v. 注意到；写道n. 注释explanatory note 注释heavy note 很浓的意味，明显特征denote v. 指示，表示的是have… in common 共同点是common adj. 共有的，共同的annoy v. 惹恼，激怒，令…不快annoying employees 惹人生气的雇员confront v. 面对，挑战confrontation n. 对抗，冲突，不和separation n. 分裂，分离separate adj. 独立的，各自的，分离的earn one’s keep 挣钱吃饭earn v. 挣钱，赚得；博得，得到contempt n.鄙视,蔑视,看不起earn the contempt of sb. 受到鄙视contemptible adj. 让人鄙视的，可鄙的greedy adj. 贪婪的show sympathy with/for 表示同情、同感in sympathy with 同情sympathetic adj.表示同情的；赞同、支持的compassionate adj.表示同情的，有同情心的exemplify v. 举例说明，例证context n. 上下文，语境Unit Nineemerge v. 出现= appearemergence n. 出现emerge as v. 以…面貌出现emerging countries 新兴国家emerging economies 新兴国家的经济census n.人口普查head-counting n.数人数，人口普查regional adj. 地区性的national a. 全国性的worldwide a.世界范围的compete with 与… 竞争competitor n. 竞争者fierce/ intense competition激烈竞争competitive adj.竞争的anti-competitive force 反竞争的力量competitiveness竞争性，竞争力fading/growing competitiveness 越来越强/弱的竞争力competently adv. 合格,有效地incompetently adv. 不合格,不称职地standstill n. 停滞不前enthrone v. 使成为首位，是名列…之首densely/thinly populated人口稠密(稀少)的be populated with/by 充满了，充斥着numerically adv.从数字上显示,从数字方面ever recorded/witnessed 有历史(记载)以来decade n. 十年gain n. 上升，增长（= rise）add up to 总数为annual adj. 每年的，每年一度的the Depression years 经济大萧条的年代migrate v. 迁徙immigrant n. 进入另一国的移民移民immigration n.迁移,移民(进入一地区或国家) prevail v. 普遍,,盛行prevalent adj. 流行的,主导的drop out of 离开，掉出，退出shift v. /n. 转换，变化，转移，转嫁shift (from…) to…转向major shift主要变化，重要变化wave n. 浪潮，潮流（= trend ）one wave after another 一波接一波的the snow-belt 冰雪地带the sun-belt 阳光地带role n. 角色，作用play a role 起作用play a key role 起到关键作用baby boom生育高峰期,婴儿潮child-bearing adj.育龄的,怀孕的crop n. 收获，收割generation n. 一代（人）two-generation household 由两代人组成的家庭demography n. 人口统计学related adj. 有关，相关的closely related to career-related adj. 与工作有关的instance n. 例子，实例rapid adj. 迅速的，飞快的rap n. 说唱vast adj. 广大的，巨大的vastly = greatly = broadlydevastate v. 毁坏，破坏be composed of 由… 组成的square n./a. 平方（的）~ meters 平方米flight n. 逃跑；远离bearable adj. 可以忍受的dramatize v. 明显体现出drama n. 戏剧dramatic adj. 剧烈的;巨大的~ changes 巨变dramatic declaration 引起轰动的消息dramatically adv. 大幅度地spacious adj. 宽敞的space n. 空间smog n. 烟雾crime n. 刑事犯罪criminal a. 有罪的n. 罪犯plague n. 瘟疫，通病urbanization n. 都市化urban a. 城市的suburban adj. 近郊的，城市边缘的rural a. 农村的rate n. 比率；费率interest rates 利率divorce rate离婚率crime rate犯罪率birth rate出生率inflation rates通货膨胀率ratio n. 比例sex ratio 男女性别比例reason n. 理性；原因v. 推理reasonable a.合理的considerably adv. 相当大的，非常（= vastly）perplex v. 困扰，迷惑perplexing adj. 令人困惑的witness v. 见证，目击n. 目击者，证人undergo v. 经历了= experience distinguish oneself from others使自身与众不同stress n. 压力v. 强调stress…over…v. 强调…比…更重要climatic influence 气候影响climate n. 气候highlight v. 强调（= stress ）continuous adj. 连续不断的continual adj. 频繁的，不断的elaborate v. 详细阐述，精心制作delayed adj. 迟到的delay v. 延迟,耽误unanimously adv. 一致地democracy n. 民主be engaged in 从事，忙于conservative a. 保守的n. 保守的人cling to something 坚持= stick toUnit 10scatter v. 遍布，散乱分布the globe n. 地球isolate v. 分离，隔绝isolated adj. 分离的，隔绝的region n. 地区volcano n. 火山volcanic activity 火山活动geology n. 地质学geologist n. 地质学家geological feature 地质特点geological publication n. 地质学出版物hot spot 热点boundary n. 界限drifting plate 漂移的板块drift away 漂走make up 占…（比例）（= account for）组成（be made up of…由…构成）弥补，化妆surface n. 表面interior n. 内部 a. 内部的trail n. 踪迹,痕迹,路线tourist ~s；volcanic ~s milestone n. 里程碑mark v. 标志着markedly adv. 显著地complementary adj. 互补的coastline n. 海岸线span v. 横跨，横越n. 跨距，跨度attention span 注意力集中时间段life span寿命ocean n. 海洋oceanic adj. 海洋的reminder n. 提示，提醒的人或物remind v. 提醒，使想起continent n. 大陆continental plate 大陆板块relative adj. 相对的motion n. 动作，移动（= mobility ）mobile adj.（可）移动的，流动的mobility n. orbital motion 有轨道的运动construct v. 建造，构造；构思，构想，想象in detail adv. 细节的，详细的detail n. 细节with respect to关于…，在…方面，与…有关= in terms of = regardingreadily adv. 轻易地，容易地translate… into… 将… 解释为determine v. 确定，决定in opposite directions 向不同方向stationary adj. 固定的，静止不动的respectively adv. 各自地，分别地anchor v. 固定在，停留n 节目主持人layer n. 层，层次measuring instrument 测量工具，测量仪器measure n. 措施；衡量指标，测量方法conventional measures 常规的指标measurable adj. 可以衡量的analysis n. 分析self-analysis n. 自我分析senior analyst 高级分析师be confined to something 被限制于，局限于frame n. 框架，范围reference n. 参考geophysical adj. 地球物理学的propel v. 推动，推进，加速broad adj. 宽阔的，巨大的，广泛的broaden v. 拓展fissure n./ v. 缝隙，裂痕（= crack ）entire adj. 完全的，整体的entirely adv. 完全地，彻底地entirely reasonable 完全合理的entirely different story 完全不同的情况initiate v. 开始，引发take initiative 积极行动，采取主动medical initiative 医疗动机formation n. 形成mutability n. 变形；易变性consistent adj.一直的,一贯的~ly adv. 一直inconsistency n. 不一致，变化apart adv. 分开dome n. 拱型，圆屋顶be deducted from 由… 推论出stable adj. 稳定stability n. 稳定Unit 11rough adj. 粗糙的，粗略的；困难，复杂roughly adv. 大约，大致（后跟数字或数目）slip v. 滑倒warning n. 警告warn of/against提醒注意…,发出关于…的警告disaster n. 灾难catastrophe n. 大灾难tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难lawsuit n. 法律诉讼sue v.起诉appeal v. (to,for)上诉，申诉compensate sb. for 赔偿，补偿compensation n. 赔偿，补偿or so 大约jury n. 陪审团hold v. 认为，主张；保持be liable for adj. 负法律责任，对…应负责任be liable to 易…的，有…可能的liability n. 义务，法律责任misfortune n. 不幸fortune n. 运气；财富；财产状况,经济状况cautious adj. 小心谨慎的caution n./v. 小心谨慎；警告precaution n. 预防，防范，警惕appropriate adj. 正确，适当的= proper inappropriate subject 不恰当的题材drug interaction 药物过敏，药物交互作用interact with 互动，相互作用interactive adj. 互动的interactivity n. 互动性federal adj. 联邦的regulation n. 管理规定，规则regulate v.规范，管理regular adj. 规则的，标准的；定期的regularity n. 规律性，规则性customer n. 顾客，消费者client n.顾客，客户potential customer 潜在顾客，可能的顾客customize n. 量身定制，定做，用户化take somebody to court 将…告上法庭turn the tide潮流倒转，逆转潮流reverse the trend 逆转这一潮流,逆转这一趋势claim n. 索赔；主张；宣称，声称unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的言论proclaim v. 宣称（= claim）side with / back up 支持paralyze v. 麻痹，瘫痪paralysis n. 瘫痪parallel n. 类似事物或做法a.平行的unparalleled adj.无以伦比的= unmatched unsurpassed might无法超越、空前的巨大力量unprecedented a. 史无前例的，空前的precede v. 先于，在… 之前（发生）proceed to 着手做，进入（下一个议程或项目）athlete n. 运动员institute n. 学院，机构judge n. 法官v. 判断judgement n.判断justice n. 司法；正义；法官recommendation n.建议；推荐recommend v. 建议；推荐counsel v. 建议carry v. 有，蕴含着，承载着carry substantial weight 很有分量substantial adj. 相当大的；相当多的= considerableweight n. 分量，重量issue v. 发布，出台n. 问题，争端，事务guideline n. 指导，方针，大纲tort law 侵权法state v. 声明，陈述，规定statement n bombard sb. with… v. 用…狂轰滥炸lengthy adj.（演说、文章等）冗长的= tedious lengthen v. 延长shorten v. 缩短get buried 被掩埋，被忽略= be buried triviality n. 琐碎的事务draft v. 起草n. 草案，草稿moderate adj. 适度，中等的have one’s way 按照…的愿望行事，顺利进行for the benefit of / in the interest of 为了…的利益find fault with 找茬，挑错promise v. 承诺n. 前途intellectual promise 读书方面的前途political promise 政治前途promising adj. 有前景的inadequacy n. 不足，不完美inadequate adj.不够充分的,不完全,不够的make the best use of 充分利用be / feel obliged to do不得不demonstrate v.说明,显示,表明= illustrate discard v. 抛弃discard… in words 口头，表面上抛弃Unit 12web business = internet commerce= online transaction 在线商务，互联网贸易anti-consumerism 反消费主义，抵制消费第一的观念consumer n. 消费者culture of consumption 消费文化medical consumer 医疗消费者fashion n. 时尚v.制定,开发,研发(=develop) attain a certain fashion 一定程度上得到流行old-fashioned a. 落伍的，过时的fashionable a. 时髦的，流行的revolve around v. 围绕…展开或进行tap v. 开发~ the market 开发市场make sense 合理，行得通；有意义nonetheless adv. 然而，但是(= nevertheless ) hesitate v. 犹豫，犹豫不决doubt v. 怀疑self-doubt n. 自我怀疑doubter n. 怀疑者dubious a. 半信半疑的reliable adj. 可靠的fairly ~ 相当可靠的reliability n. 可靠性trust v./n. 信任n. 托拉斯，大型垄断企业distrust v. 不信任mistrust v. 不信任，怀疑trustworthy adj. 可靠的pathway n. 路径path n. 路径risk v./n. 风险，冒…的风险= threatenrisk doing something 冒险做某事partner n. 伙伴give somebody access to 允许出入，允许接触access n. 接近，利用（网络）accessible adj. 可获得的，可利用的intranet n. （单位内部）局域网model n./v. 模式，方式，模仿，建模focus on 集中于；全神贯注于available adj. 可以得到的，可以用的available online 在网上可得到的site n. 位址，场所；网址=websitedirect a. 直接的，径直的indirect a. 间接的transmit v. 传播，传染transmission n. message n. 信息，消息send out messages screen savor 屏幕保护deliver v.传送，送货上门；发言，发表演说updated adj. 最新的，更新的stream n.流,河流,一连串tourist streams客流a stream of 一系列的，一连串的streams of news/information 大量的新闻、信息subscriber n. 订阅者subscribe v. （to）同意，赞同monitor n. 监视器，显示器as yet （到目前为止）尚未not…(just) yet 尚未special sales 减价销售，特价销售commercial promotion 商业促销promote v. 推动，促进；促销；提拔byproduct n. 副产品produce v. 生产出,创造出;培养出n. 产品side-effect n. 副作用offer v. 提供；出价，报价provide v. 提供= offerprovided conj. 如果（= if）think tank 智囊团notion n. 观念，概念，想法，意见connotation n. 内涵，含义，意义event n. 活动，事件，事情eventually adv. 最终，最后flow v. 流动request n. 要求once adv. 以前，曾经（= used to）；一旦，如果univited a. 不请自来的，未经请求的distinction n. 区别；显赫身份，声望distinct a. 截然不同的，明显独特的draw v. 做比较，进行区别draw distinctions/ comparisons between …and …对…进行比较,区别两者comparison n. 比较（相同点或不同点）prospect n. 前景raise the ~ 使前景变得光明job prospect 就业前景career prospect职业前景horrify v. 吓唬，恐吓，令人害怕，使害怕Net purist网络纯净主义者pure a. 纯粹的, 纯洁的resort to something 借助，采取，求助于the best resort 最好的办法，最好的手段the last resort最后的手段；终审法庭，最高法庭the right mix of …and ……和…的有机结合cost n.支出，成本；代价at all ~s 不惜一切代价地cost and benefit 利弊costly adj. 昂贵的= expensivefree fall 自由落体，自由降落enterprise n. 企业silicon n. 硅，电脑业in silicon在互联网上silicon chips 硅片，芯片，集成电路板set up 设立，创立take the online plunge投身于互联网,置身于网络expand v. 扩大expansion n. 扩展。

专题1：词汇的呼唤1. audaudio ['ɔ:diəu][a.]1. [用于构成合成词]听觉的；声音的2.录音的，音频的，声频的audit ['ɔ:dit][v.] 1. 旁听（大学课程）2. 查......的账目,审计[n.] 1. an official(usu. yearly) examination of business and account(政府通常一年一度的)审计,查账[词汇派生]1.auditor n.旁听者;查账员,审计员audience ['ɔ:diəns][n.] 1. 观众，听众，读者[近spectator]2. 会见，正事拜会[+with sb]2.bat 表示拍打bat [bæt][n.] 1. 蝙蝠2.（板球、棒球、乒乓球等的）球板、球棒或球拍[比较racket羽毛球、网球等的球拍，有椭圆形的架子，在上面穿线][v.] 3. to hit the ball with a bat in crickets or a baseball（用球板、球棒、球拍等）击球battery['bætəri][n.] 1.殴打（罪）[近beating]2.（军舰上的）炮组，排炮，炮兵连3.电池，电池组，电瓶4. [+of sth] a large number of things or people of the same type 一系列，一群，一套，一组[真题例句]1. doing something as simple as keeping a spare battery in its original retail packaging (2007 Los Angeles Times)battle ['bætl][n.] 1. 战斗，战役；搏斗2.较量，争论，争夺[+over sth, +with sb, +for sth]3.（应对困难的）奋斗，抗争[+against/for sth][v.] 奋斗，搏斗，斗争[近struggle, contend(for), combat][真题例句]1. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. (2000阅读Text 3)combat ['kɔmbæt, kəm'bæt][n.]（两人、两军等的）格斗，搏斗，战斗[v.] 与......搏斗，战斗与......斗争，打击，遏制[近battle, struggle, fight]debate [di'beit][n.] 辩论；讨论，争论[v.]（尤指正式）讨论，辩论[+sth/whether/what/how]仔细考虑，斟酌[+with oneself, +doing sth, =whether/what/how]3. pel 拍打变体为pet, pulscompel [kəm'pel][v.] 强迫, 迫使repel [ri'pel][v.] 使厌恶，使反感，击退，打退expel[ik'spel][v.]开除，除名pulse [pʌls][n.]1. [常用单数]脉搏；脉率；(机器产生的光、声音、电的)脉冲；强劲的音乐节拍[v.]搏动，跳动，震动洋溢着，充满(激情等)compulsion[kɔm'pʌlʃən][n.]逼迫;强制冲动compulsive [kəm'pʌlsiv][a.]1难以制止的；难控制的2.无法控制的行为；禁不住的3. 引人入胜的compulsory [kəm'pʌlsəri][a.] (因法律或规则而)必须做的，强制的，强迫的impulse ['impʌls][词汇巧记][n.] 冲动，心血来潮，一时的念头动力，冲力，冲量推动力，刺激[词汇派生]1. impulsive [a.] 易冲动的，凭冲动做事的2. impulsively [ad.] 冲动地repulse [ri'pʌls][v.]使厌恶；使反感击退；打垮，驱逐拒绝接受，回绝4. cut,cast 表示砍，扔cast [kɑ:s, kæst][v.] 1.抛，扔，丢2. 投射（光、影子等）3. 向......投以（视线、笑容等）4. 浇铸，铸造（某物）；使......以某种形式呈现[+sth (in sth)]5. 挑选演员扮演（影剧等中的）角色；为......挑选演员6. 评价某人为，描述某人为[+sb as/in the role of sth][n.] 1. 扔；投；掷；抛2. 模子，铸模；铸件，塑件[近mould]3. [跟单数或复数动词]（戏剧、电影等的）全体演员，演员阵容4 [用单数]外观，特征，特性，类型[词汇派生]1. casing [n.] 铸造物，角色分配forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st][v.] [n.] 预测，预报[+sth, +that, +wh-]catastrophe [kə'tæstrəfi]n. 灾难，灾祸，大祸，横祸不幸事件，灾难变体1：cascase [keis][n.] 1.具体情况，实例2.（尤指警方）调查的案件；（法庭受理的）诉讼案[近suit]3.（在法庭、讨论等中支持一方的）论据，事实，理由4. 病例，案例；病人，伤员5. (需特别对待或注意的）人6.容器，箱，盒，套[近box, suitcase]7. （词的变化形式，在句中表示与其他词的关系）格casual ['kæʒjuəl][a.]1. 偶然的，碰巧的2. 漫无目的的，不经意的，漫不经心的3. 感情不深的，疏远的4. （衣物）随便的，非正式的5. （工作）临时的，不定期的casualty ['kæʒjuəlti][n.] 1. （事故或战斗中的）伤亡人员；（某特定事件或情况造成的）受害者2. 急救室，急诊室[真题例句]1. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors... was going to be the next casualty. (2000 阅读Text 1)occasion [ə'keiʒən, əu-][n.] 1.（某件事情发生的）时刻，时候；某次2. 重要的社交活动，仪式，庆典3. 合适的机会，时机4. a cause or reason 理由，原因[v.] 1. 使发生，造成，导致变体2：cid/cis 表示落下引申为表示切下accident ['æksidənt][n.] 1. 意外，偶然的事2（交通）事故意外遭遇，不测事件[短语搭配]1. by accident: in a way that is not planned or organized 偶然，意外地[词汇派生]accidental [a.]偶然的，意外的[近deliberate]incident ['insidənt][n.] 1.（尤指不平常的、严重的或暴力的）事件2. （两国间的）摩擦，冲突；（常指）军事冲突[词汇扩充]1. incidence n. （疾病、罪行等坏事的）发生率incidental [,insi'dentəl][a.] 1.非有意的；附带发生的，次要的2. 伴随而来的，不可避免的[n.] 3.附带的次要事情coincide [,kəuin'said][v.] 尤指因巧合）同时发生+(with)]2. （想法、观点等）一致或相似3. 相接，相交，重叠incident ['insidənt][n.]1.事情，发生的事（常指小事）2. 敌对行动，军事冲突3.骚乱；事故；暴力事件[词汇派生]1. incidence [n.] 1. 事情发生或具有影响的程度；发生率；影响范围；2. 光线向物体表面的照射；入射homicide['hɔmisaid]（蓄意） 杀人（罪）suicide ['sjuisaid]自杀concise [kən'sais][a.] 1. 简明的，简练的，简洁的2. 简略的，简缩的，简明的precise [pri'sais][a.] 1. 精确的，准确的2. 明确的3. 清晰的；确定的5. mod 表示模式，模板mode [məud][n.]1. 方式；风格；样式2. （设备的）模式，工作状态3．（情感或行为的）状态，状况4. （衣着，艺术等的）形式，风格modify ['mɔdifai][v.]1.调整，稍作修改；使更适合2. 缓和，使温和）model ['mɔdəl][n] 1. (依照实物按比例制成)模型2.样式；设计；模式3. 样本；范例4.典范；模范[vt.] 1. 做模型2. 以…作模范[a.] 模型的；值得效仿的moderate ['mɔdərət, 'mɔdəreit][a.] 1. 温和的，不偏激的2. 适中的，合理的3. 适度的，中等的[v.] 缓和，使适中modest ['mɔdist][a.] 1 些许的，不太大（或太贵、太重要等）的2. 谦虚的3. （人，尤指妇女或其衣着）庄重的，朴素的accommodate [ə'kɔmədeit] [v.] 1.为(某人)提供住宿(或膳宿、座位等）2. 容纳，提供空间3. 考虑到，顾及4.帮忙，为……提供方便5. 顺应适应(新情况)[词汇派生]1. accommodating [a.] 乐于助人的，与人方便的2. accommodation [n.] 住处；和解，调解commodity [kə'mɔditi][n.] 1.（尤指国家间贸易的）商品，货物2. 有用的东西专题2. 千变万化1. astro表示星星astronaut ['æstrənɔ:t][n.] 太空人，太空旅行者astronomer [ə'strɔnəmə]天文学家 astrology[ə'strɔlədʒi]占星术，占星学2. 表示前进，成长aggressive [ə'gresiv][a.] 1. 侵略性的，好攻击的，攻击性的;2. 进取的congress ['kɔŋgres][n.]1. 代表大会2.立法机关3.care 表示关心accurate ['ækjurit][a.]1.free from error 正确无误的2.careful and exact 精确的；准确的accuracy['ækjurəsi][n.] 准确；准确度；准确（性）curiosity [,kjuri'ɔsiti][n.] 1. 好奇心；爱打听的癖性2. 稀奇或罕见的事物或人；奇物4. crit 表示交叉，引申为判断；重要criterion [krai'tiəriən][n.] (评判的) 标准，尺度critical ['kritikəl][a.]1.批评的，评论的2. 危急，紧要的3. 严重的[词汇派生]1. critic [n.] 批评家，评论家，吹毛求疵者2. criticize [v.]批评，责备3. criticism ①. 批评行力②评价（ritic判断，分辨+ ism名词后缀批评）crisis ['kraisis][n.] 危机；（疾病、生命、历史等的）决定性时刻[真题例句]1. All of this caused a crisis of confidence.（2000 Passage 1）5. fect/fact/fac/fic表示做effect [i'fekt][n.] 1结果；效果；影响2. 印象；主旨[vt.]招致；实现；达到effective [i'fektiv][a.] 1.产生预期效果的，有效的2.实际的；事实上的efficient[i'fiʃənt][a.]效率高的；有能力的[词汇派生]1. efficiency [n.] 效率2. inefficient [a.]①无效的，无能的; ②不称职的effort['efət][n.]1. 气力；努力；费力的事2.艰难的尝试；试图；尽力defect [di'fekt][n.] 1. a fault in sth or in the way it has been made which means that it is not perfect 缺点；缺陷；毛病[v.] [from sth to sth] to leave a political party, country, etc. to join another that is considered to be an enemy 背叛；叛变；投敌[词汇派生]1. defective[a.]having a defect; faulty有缺点的；不完善的[n.]one that is physically or mentally deficient有缺陷的人，身心不健全的人defeat [di'fi:t][v.]1. 战胜（某人）；击败2. 使（某人）困惑；难住3. 使不能实现；阻挠；挫败[链接]1. defeat [n.]击败；失败；2. defeatism [n.]失败主义；3. defeatist [n.]失败主义者sufficient [sə'fiʃənt][a.] 足够的；充足的[词汇派生]sufficiently [ad.]足够地，充分地superficial [sju:pə'fiʃəl][a.] 1.粗略的，粗浅的，粗枝大叶的，浅薄的2.表面的；外面的；外表的3.（伤口或损坏）表层的；表皮的4.浅薄的；肤浅的6.gn表示知道，得知cognitive ['kɔgnitiv][a.] 认知的，认识能力的ignore [ig'nɔ:][v.]不理，不顾，忽视[真题例句]同意联想neglectoverlookignorant ['ignərənt][a.]1. lacking education or information; unaware无知的；愚昧的；2.rude through lack of knowledge about good manners不识礼的；粗野的；没有礼貌的[词汇派生]ignorance n.无知，愚昧；不知道recognize['rekəɡnaiz][vi.] 1. 认出2. 认知，看出3.承认，认可4. 准许发言[链接]1. recognition [n.]认出，辨认；承认7.hab/hibit=have 拥有habit['hæbit][n.] 1. 习惯；惯常的行为[常用及派生]1. habit-forming [a.]成为习惯的；上瘾的2. habitual [a.]习惯的，惯常的3. habitant [n.]居住者exhibit [iɡ'zibit][v.] 1. display表现；展现2. demonstrate证明3. to present or introduce officially申述[n.]1. 展览，陈列2. 展览物3. 公开展示，展览会[派生]1. exhibition [n.]1. 展览；2. 展览品（ex出+ hibit拿住+ ion名词后缀→展览）2. in habit[vt.] 居住，存在，栖息于3. inhabitant [n.] 居民4. prohibit[v.] (尤指以法令)禁止8.intel 表示中间引申为智力intellect ['intəlekt][n.] 1. (尤指高等的)智力，思维逻辑领悟力2. 智力高的人；才智超群的人intellectual[,intə'lektjuəl][a.] 1. of or relating to the intellect智力的，知识的2. rational rather than emotional理性的[n.] an intellectual person 知识分子intelligent [in'telidʒənt][a.]1. 有才智的，悟性强的，聪明的2.有智力的，有理解和学习能力的[词汇派生]1. intelligence [a.]①才智，智力②（尤指敌对国家的）情报，信息，情报人员intelligence [in'telidʒəns][n.] 1. 才智2. 信息[链接]1. intelligent [a.] 聪明的，明智的，理智的9. inter 表示中间interact ['intərækt][v.] 1. 相互作用；相互影响；2. act together or co-operatively（指人）一起活动或互相合作[词汇派生]1. interactive [a.]①一起活动或互相合作的②交互式的2. intercourse 交流，交往，交际3. interaction 相互作用interfere [,intə'fiə][v.] 1.干涉，干预2.妨碍，打扰[真题例句]interior [in'tiəriə][n.] 1. 内部，里面2. 内地，腹地，内陆3. 内政，（国家的）内务internal [in'tə:nəl][a.] 1. 内部的，在内部的2. 内心的，精神的3. domestic国内的，内政的4. 本身的[词汇派生]1. internalize (-ise) [v.] 使…内在化；2. internalization(-isation) [n.]内在化；3. internally [ad.]在内，在中心international [,intə'næʃənəl][a.]国际的；国际间进行的；n.国际比赛；国际比赛选手[链接]1. internationalize, -ise [v.]将（某事物）置于国际共管之下；使国际化2. internationally 国际的;3. internet [n.] 国际互联网，因特网10.muni表示公共的communicate[kə'mju:nikeit][v.] l.传播2.交流,交换消息等[词汇派生]communication [n.]通讯传达[pl.]通讯系统,交通工具community [n.] 1.社区,团体,集体,社会 2. 有共同利益的集体 3 享有;共同,相同municipal [mju:'nisipəl][a.]市的；市政的municipality [mju:,nisi'pæləti][n.] 1. 自治市2.市政当局11.limit/limin表示界限limit['limit][n.] 1.限度；极限2.限量[链接] limitless [a.]无限制的；无限度的；无界限的；无止境的；limited 有限的，被限制的limitation[,limi'teiʃən][n.] 1.受限制的状态2.缺点或弱点eliminate[i'limineit][vt.]除去；淘汰；排（删，消）除；消减（人员）[真题例句]12.norm 表示规则，标准norm [nɔ:m][n.]常态，正常行为;规范，行为标准normal['nɔ:məl][a.] 典型的，正常的，一般的同意联想：ordinary['ɔ:dinəri, -neri-][a.] 1. 平常的；正常的；通常的；普通的2. in the ordinary way就通常情况而言regular ['reɡjulə][a.] 1. 有规律的；定期的；定时的2. 合乎原则的；正当的；适合的3.均匀的；对称的；匀称的4. 正常的；经常的regulate ['reɡjuleit][vi.] 1. 管制，控制2. 调节，校准；调整[链接] regulation [n.] 规则,规章;调节,校准;调整abnormal[æb'nɔ:məl][a.]反常的，不正常的abnormal phnomenon enormous[i'nɔ:məs][a.] very large; immense巨大的；极大的[链接] enormously [ad.]在极大程度上同意联想：表示巨大abundant 丰富的，大量的adequate 足够的，刚刚够immense[i'mens][a.] 1. 广大的，巨大的2.极好的13 .plex/plic/ply表示折叠complex['kɔmpleks][a.] 复杂的, 合成的, 综合的[链接] complexity [n.]复杂perplex[pə'pleks][v.]使困惑，使费解，使复杂化complicate['kɔmplikeit][v.] 弄复杂[v.] 使…复杂,使…难懂,使疾病等恶化implicit[im'plisit][a.] 1. 含蓄的2. 固有的;3. 无疑问的imply[im'plai][v.]意指，含…意思，暗示14.pos/pon表示放置pose[pəuz][n.]n姿势，姿态[v.]1. cause造成2. to put forward; present提出3. to place in a specific position 摆姿势compose [kəm'pəuz][v.] 1.to make up the constituent parts of 组成，构成2.to make oneself calm or tranquil使平静3.to settle or adjust使达成和解impose [im'pəuz][v.] 1. levy征（税）2. to obtrude or force on another or others把…强加给3. pass off诈骗expose[ik'spəuz][vt.]1. 使受影响2. 使曝光3. 揭发4. 使面临[习惯用语] expose…to使…受到，使…朝向；使…接触…opposite['ɔpəzit, -sit][a.]正相反的[n.]对立物，相对者[ad.]in an opposite position在对面地[prep.]across from or facing在…对面purpose ['pə:pəs][n.] 1.目的；意图2.意志；毅力；决心3.并非偶然地；故意地[vi.] intend 有意；打算[链接] 1. purposeful [a.]有决心的；有毅力的；坚定的；果断的2. purposeless [a.]毫无目的的；缺乏毅力的；没有决心的3. purposelessly [ad.]故意地；蓄意地[习惯用语] 1. on purpose 故意地；有意地2. to good purpose 有益地，有成效地3. to little purpose或to no purpose几乎徒劳地，少有成效地15. prec/pric 表示价格precious['preʃəs][a.]1. of great value贵重的；宝贵的2. 珍贵的；受到珍爱的3. considerable 可观的4. dear亲爱的appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit][v.] 1. 理解并欣赏(某事物）, 赏识，高度评价You can’t fully appreciate foreign literature in translation.2. 体恤，体念，体谅I appreciate that you may have prior commitments.p84 scribe 来自scramble 爬，攀登，争抢，争夺(for)scribe/ script 表示书写describe[di'skraib][v.] to say what sb/sth is like 描述，形容，把…称为prescribe[pris'kraib][v.] 1. 给…开药；让…采用（疗法）;开处方2.规定，命令，指示subscribe[səb'skraib][vt.] 1. 捐赠2. 签署[vi.] 1.订阅，订购2.认捐3.同意4.签名，签字[链接]subscriber [n.]捐助者，捐款人16.sist / sititut/ sta = stand 站立assist[ə'sist][v.] 帮助assistant[ə'sistənt][n.]助理“商务通”PDA＝portable digital assistant便携式的数字的助理。

李伟词汇精讲（陈增桂整理）House ：别墅Shelter：遮风挡雨的地方考研英语词汇的用法：⏹完形填空：拨云（语法）见日（语义）close==》》The useof the English⏹阅读理解：得意（大义）忘形（形合）⏹写作：骨肉（词，句，篇）相连（起，承，转，合）考研作文秘诀：一、巧用被动二、巧用比喻例：2010考研满分大作文：As is portrayed（描绘）in the picture, a boiling hotpot（火锅）contains various forms of both domestic（国内）and alien （异域）cultures.I think =>>>1)It occurs to me that…2)It is believed/estimated that…3)It can be justified without exaggeration that…二元考查法：==》基于语义场学习法词本无义，义由镜生：4.引申一、概念引申●Apple 苹果、诱惑、手机●Family 家、系（languages ~）、科（cat ~ ）●Shell 贝壳→钱●air →空气、气势、气场二、功能引申●House ：容纳●Pool ：池塘、库→汇聚、赌池三、形状引申●Train ：a train of through 思绪5、近似一、形近词Literal 文字的，字面上的→ literal translationLiberal 自由的 liberal translation二、义近词glitter :折射、发光shine ：光源glisten : 液体表面glow : 非光源sparkle ：光不稳定三、形&义六、合成1、think-tank 智囊团5、green-eye 嫉妒2、wait-and-see 观望的6、chicken-hearted 胆小的，软弱的3、brain-drain 人才流失7、green-blind 绿色色盲的4、digital-divide 鸿沟8、chase the chicken(漂亮MM)9、Drink the pee（1）首字母缩略组合(知其所以然)：CCTV MBA US PRC CEO IOU(I owe you) BTW=by the way PR =public relation（2）首字母拼音词：（当成单词来记）AIDS NATO北约SARS NASA APEC OPEC欧派克石油输出国组织ECFA UNESCO Dink FIBA 世界篮球联合会二、语义场field 场未知词←→已知词（1）上下义场：上义场 animal beverage饮料↙↓↘↙↓↘下义场dog pig cat white wine orange spritedisease subject↙↓↘↙↓↘Pneumonia anorexia myopia malaria（-ia，...病）physiology microbiology immunology 肺厌食近视症疟疾生理学微生物学免疫学（2）同近义场：同义复现focus on /lay emphasis（强调，重点）on (upon)/attach importance tohustle and bustle 熙熙攘攘enterprise 企业↙↓↘SOE JV PE FEState-owned（国有）joint venture （合资）private foreignInfrastructure 基础设施export→importconsumption 消费；消耗；肺痨CPI（3）相反义场advantages and disadvantagespros and cons 正反两方面；赞成者和反对者strong points and wake pointsups and downsstrength and weaknessback and forth言语输入→言语输出Input → output I/O I... →intake(自己产出)→O优秀的语言有据可循，经得起推敲-or后缀：...人doctor actorHydr-前缀：水，氢hydroelectric 水电的access accessibleaccessoryinaccessible英语中百分之60几的单词都由一下几个词作为词根Fact audio claim cess vis行动可听喊走看-ism :表示“主义”；表示“行为”；表示“特征”；表示“状态”；表示“病态”BUSH →Bushism 布什主义（霸权主义）Mao →Maoism 毛泽东思想Deng→Dengism 邓小平理论 Tao→Taoism 道教一读二拼三变形四为拆分五开屏一读：Nutrition 营养（牛吹神）pest 害虫（拍死）curse 诅咒（克死）enigma谜（咦，你干嘛）二拼：Siren 报警器（死人）leisure休闲（累。

2014高考英语考前知识大清理21I。

语法复习: 动名词1.能用动名词作宾语的的动词：consider can’t help can't stand enjoy excuse escapepractise put off miss mind avoid risk give up finish imaginekeep suggest2. 用动名词作宾语．而用不定式作宾补的动词: advise allow permit encourage2."八大金刚”remember forget s top mean try regret agreego on4. need ，demand，want，require 表示“需要”的用法．5. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别．6. 状语中的动名词．7. 动名词的复合结构．II。

句型复习：1.three times as large （long，wide, high，deep…) as…three times lager （longer, eider，higher，deep er…）than…three times the size （length, width, height，depth…) of ….2.The more…, the more….3.more than ；more…than;not more than；not more… than;no more than；no more…than…more and more ；more or less4.He must be at home。

He must be having breakfast。

He must have met her yesterday。

He can’t have come yesterday。

5.Both of us can do it。

Either of us can do it. Neither of us can do it. Both of us cannot do it.All of us can do it. Any of us can do it。

2014高考英语考前知识大清理 19I。

语法复习：分词1.分词的基本特征A) 现在分词主动的,表进行的，表特征的；B) 过去分词被动的，表完成的,表状态的．2。

不是任何动词都可以用于过去分词．(只有及物动词才可以用作过去分词.）3。

如何使用分词作定语，状语，宾补．4。

现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别．5. have sb。

（sth.) do （doing ，done ）的使用区别．6。

make ab。

doing sth. 怎么回事？7. 独立主格结构的用法．8。

如何使用分词短语化简复合句．9。

分词作定语时应该注意的问题．(missing , lost ；remaining ,left 等)II. 句型复习：1。

I wish to do sth. I wish for sth. I wish sb。

to do sth。

I wish that sb. did/ had done/ could do sth.2。

How long have you been here ？How soon will you be back ？How often do you see him ？3。

What is the weight （distance, number，population，price …）of …？4。

How will you deal with…?What will you do with…？5。

You are (have, can, will），so am (have, can，shall) I。

You aren’t (haven’t, can’t,won’t) , neither (nor) am （have, can, shall）I.You are not…, I am not … either。

…. So it is with … (It is the same with…)He is a student. So he is.6. Child as he is ，…Much as I like it，…Try as you may (will），…III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法(19)break break away 突然逃掉或离开;断绝往来;改掉（习惯)；破除（旧做法)break away from 脱离．．．break down (身体)垮了；（谈话)中断;（机器）坏了;压倒，克服break forth 突然（迸出）break in 突然进入,非法进入;插嘴,打岔break into 破门而入；突然,一下子．．．；打扰，打断break out 爆发; 突然（大声地）vt.break off vt。

2014高考英语考前知识大清理06I. 语法复习：主谓语一致01１。

语法一致原则: 是根据主语的语法标记决定其谓语动词的单数、复数形式.主语为单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数。

例如：２。

意思一致原则: 是指主谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形式来决定,而是取决于主语所表达的内在涵义，一般有三种情况。

①单数形式的主语，谓语动词用复数。

②复数形式的主语，谓语动词用单数。

③同一词作主语，有时谓语动词用单数有时用复数。

３。

就近一致原则：即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语.II. 句型复习:4. It is important ( necessary，right, strange，natural..。

) that 。

..句型4中,应该记住所列举的形容词，并且记住that 后的从句应用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省去．5。

It is said （reported，learned。

）that ...句型5中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句．该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉．．．）＂III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法(06)come come to do sth。

【解析】该结构意为:“逐渐．．．”后面跟不定式表示作某事的过程，所跟的动词常是：like, understand, realize, see，know．．．come to + 名词来到（某地）come to + 数词加起来,共计come to + 名词谈到，涉及到come to 恢复知觉；苏醒过来link-v。

come + adj。

变得，变成come + p.p。

come to a conclusion 做出结论come about 发生、产生，造成come across （偶然）遇到，找到,想到come to an end 结束come alone vi. 跟上去；快点；进行come back 回想起come down vi. 下降come down from 从．．．传下来come from 来自，是（某地的）人come into being (existence)开始存在，建立，产生come into effect (force）开始生效come near (close）to doing sth. 差一点就．．．come of 出生于．．．家庭；由．．．造成的，是．．．的结果come off 从．．．离开，脱落come on (upon）= come acrosscome out vi. 出来；出发、出版、出版；开花，发芽come to 共计、达到come true 变为现实，实现come up 抬头、上来、上升，走过来，到来；提及，被提出；长出来B. 短语记忆：in the distance 在远处in the future 将来just as 正如lead to 导致lose one’s nerves害怕no longer 不再no more than同..。

2014英语二Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________.[A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous3323. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that ________.[A] consumers are sometimes irrational34[B] popularity35 usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are often effective[D] rarity36 generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________.[A] has left much room f or readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile37 purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement3825. This text mainly discusses how to ________.[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money39 won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable40 in spending on luxuries【干货笔记】1. emerge v. 出现；浮现emergence n. 出现；浮现2. undivided lottery jackpot 彩票头奖3. fortune n. 财富；命运；运气4. yield v. 屈服；生产；获利n. 投资收益；生产量yield lasting feelings of fulfillment 产生持久的满足感5. do worse than … 不妨试试…6. academic adj. 学术的; 理论的; 学院的n. 学者; 大学生, 大学教师7. an array of … 一组…8. rewarding adj. 有回报的；有益的；值得的9. counterintuitive adj. 违反直觉的intuitively adv. 直觉地；直观地10. ① visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes 幻想着豪华的汽车和奢华的房子② fancy n. 想象力fanciful adj. 幻想的；奇异的③ myth n. 神话mythical adj. 神话(式)的；幻想出来的④ extravagant adj. 奢侈的，奢华的11. satisfy v. 满足，使满意be satisfied with … 对...满意（= be content with …）satisfaction n. 满意; 满意度job satisfaction 工作满意度12. material purchases 物质购买13. wear off 磨损14. creep in 悄然而至15. this slim volume 这本薄薄的书【数量】①number n. 数量② amount n. 数量③quantity n. 数量④volume n. 量，总量；音量；体积；容量；(书的)卷，册16. be packed with 挤满17. tip n. 小费；尖端；小建议，小窍门18. slave n. 奴隶19. shorten their commutes to work 缩短他们上下班的路程commute n. 通勤20. whopping adj. 巨大的21. luxury n. 奢侈，豪华；奢侈品22. sparingly adv. 节俭地；保守地23. restricts the availability of its popular McRib 限制了其广受欢迎的烤汁猪扒堡的供应24. a marketing trick 种营销技巧25. an object of obsession 迷恋的对象26. privileged adj. 享有特权的; 特许的27. fulfillment n. 满足；完成；履行28.【缺乏，稀少，稀缺】①scarcity n. 不足，缺乏；稀少，稀缺性②rare adj. 稀有的，罕见的③ be short of…缺少…，缺乏…④lack of… 缺少…，缺乏…29. enhance v. 改善，提高，增加30.【授权】①mandate v. 授权；命令② be authorized to 授权③ empower v. 授权，准许；使能够④be entitled to…有权…；有资格…31. reducing tax incentive 减税的刺激32. homebuyer 购房者33. critical adj. 批判的，爱挑剔的；至关重要的supportive adj. 支持的sympathetic adj. 同情的ambiguous adj. 模糊不清的34.【理性vs感性】① rational adj. 合理的；理性的irrational adj. 不合理的；无理性的rational irrationality 理性胡闹② reasonable adj. 理性的，合理的③ emotional adj. 感情的, 情感的, 情绪的emotional and right-brained 情绪化，右脑的（感性的）35. popularity n. 普及，流行36. rarity n. 稀有；珍品；稀薄37. worthwhile adj. 值得做的，值得花时间的38. sense of achievement 成就感39. spend large sums of money 花了很多钱40. reasonable adj. 理性的；合理的( = rational )。