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搞定考试中的“what”和“that”一、“what”的用法what在英语中是个很常用的词。
我们知道它能用作疑问词，引导特殊疑问句，在句中做主语﹑表语或宾语;又能用作连接代词(或复合关系代词)，引导主语从句﹑表语从句或宾语从句;还能用作疑问形容词，只作定语并可表示感叹。
对于这些常规的用法本文就不一一赘述，现就what在高中英语中的某些特殊用法归纳如下：1. what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。
⑴惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：①Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。
(介词to 表示两者的关系)⑵也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。
例如：②Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。
(介词for表示“供…使用”)⑶what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是：What C is to D，that A is toB.(= A is to B what C is to D.)在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as…，so…”结构，意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：What blood vessel is to a man's body，that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ，so Railway is to transportation.)铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。
2. what 与do with连用，意为“(怎样)处理﹑安排或对付等”。
what和that的用法讲义what和that都是从句的引导词，或者说，都是可以连接主句和从句的连词。
要弄清楚这两个词的用法，我们首先要明确what和that分别都可以引导哪些从句。
一.关于whati what是名词性从句的引导词，名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。
所以，what可以引导的从句也就是上面提到的四类从句。
二.关于that(①that是名词性从句的引导词，所以，that也可以引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。
②that是定语从句的引导词，所以，that还可以用来引导定语从句，放在所修饰的名词后面。
我们来看这样几个句子：1.This is what we are looking forward to. (表语从句)这是我们一直所期待的事情。
【分析】what引导的从句，放在了系动词is后面，放在表语的位置，是表语从句。
此时，what=the thing that所以，上面的句子可以改写成：This is the thing that we are looking forward to.2. What makes this shop different(主语从句)is that it offers more personal services. (表语从句)这家店与众不同的地方在于它提供更多的个人服务。
【分析】what引导的句子，放在句子开头，位于系动词is前面主语的位置，是主语从句。
此时，what=the thing that所以，上面的句子可以改写成：The thing that makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services .此外，原句that 引导的句子放在系动词is后面，放在表语的位置，所以是表语从句。
3. There are signs that restaurants are becoming more popular with families. (同位语从句)有迹象表明，餐馆在家庭中越来越受欢迎。
that与what引导名词性从句的区别that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所……的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词+that”。
如：1. 用that的例子●That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少经验，这是显然的。
（主语从句）●The police learned that he wasn’t there at th at time. 警察获知他那时不在场。
（宾语从句）●He realized that she too was exhausted. 他意识到她也精疲力尽。
（宾语从句）●My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country. 我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。
（表语从句）●Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。
（同位语从句）●It was quite plain that he didn’t want to come. 很明显他不想来。
●It is natural that they should have different views. 他们看法不同是很自然的。
2. 用what的例子●What (=The thing that) he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。
●What he had hoped at last came true. 他希望的事终于成为现实。
●What he said is beneath contempt. 他说的话不值一理。
●What he says is true, possibly. 或许他说的是对的。
●What she saw gave her a fright. 她看到的情况吓了她一跳。
what和that的区别
表达的内容不同：what作代词时意为“什么；多么；多少”，作形容词时意为“什么；多么；何等”，作副词时意为“到什么程度，在哪一方面”，作感叹词时意为“什么；多么”。
that：那，那个，那人，那事，那东西。
作用不同
what可以做代词、形容词、副词、感叹词。
that在英语中使用广泛，可用作形容词、代词、连词、副词，还可用于固定搭配。
引导从句的方式不同
what引导名词性从句时都在从句中充当句子的某一成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语。
其区别是：what表示泛指的事物，常译为"什么"或"所……的事物"，whatever是它的强语势"无论什么"。
that可做连接词：
1、引导名词性从句：He expressed the hope that we would keep in touch with his firm.
翻译：他表示希望我们与他的公司保持联系。
2、引导状语从句，表示原因或理由：We are glad that we have accomplished another arduous task.
翻译：我们都感到高兴因为又完成了一项艰巨的任务。
3、引导状语从句，表示目的或结果)为了，以至于：He is working hard that he can catch up with the class.
翻译：他努力用功，以便赶上班上同学。
4、引导表示愿望，感叹的从句，主句常省略：That I could stay at home today!
翻译：今天要是我能呆在家里多好呀!。
What 和that 都可以引导名词性从句。
但他们在句子中的语法功能截然不同。
一．在引导名词性从句时，从属连词that一般要注意三个不（three nos）：1．不省略（no ellipsis）当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，that不省略。
Eg. 1) That he was able to come made us happy. ( T hat 引导主语从句不可省略)2) The truth is that I didn’t go there. (that引导表语从句不可省略)3) T he news that our team ha s won is true. (that引导同位语从句不可省略)但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略，除下列两种情况外：that 在宾语从句中不能省略的情况 .(1). 在主 + 谓 +it( 形式宾语 )+ 宾补 +that ，从句 ( 真正宾语 ) 的句型中不省略 .Eg: 4) He ma d e it quite clear that h e preferred to study English . （t hat 不可以省略）他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。
(2). 由连词 and 连接的两个由 that 引导的宾语从句中 , 则第二个宾语从句前的that不省略。
Eg: 5) He told me that he would come and that he would come on time. （第一个 That 可以省略，但第二个t hat 不可以省略。
)他告诉我他将来而且他将准时来。
2．不作成分（no component）that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分。
E g. 6) Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to ma ke sure of her happiness. （ that 在句中引导同位语从句，但在句中不作任何成分）7))That you don ’ t like him is none of my business. ( that 在句中引导主语从句，但在句中不作任何成分，也不省略）没词义（no meaning）that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意思。
what 、that在引导从句时的用法辨析甘肃省永登二中730302 冯海秦请看下面一组例句：①------they have in common is their way of speaking .②------they have nothing in common surprises us.第一空填what, 是what引导的主语从句。
第二空填that, 是that引导的主语从句。
我们来分析what、that 在引导各类从句时的区别。
一．名词性从句主语从句①What makes me forget my sorrow is music.主语谓语宾语②That he likes music best is what we don’t know.↗→→→→→↘宾语从句③I don’t know what he will do next.谓语④I don’t know（that ）he has already broken the record.↗→→→→→→→↘表语从句⑤what it used to be.系动词⑥The good news is that he has found his lost child.↗→→→→→→→→→↘同位语从句⑦The question what the monster will do next is beyond our imagination. 谓语⑧There is no possibility that he will attend the meeting.通过对比what、that在名词性从句中的位置及功能，我们得出如下结论：1．what、that 均可引导名词性从句。
（主、宾、表、同位语从句）2．that 在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不充当语法成份。
换句话说，that 引导的从句是完整的陈述事实的句子，不缺主干成份。
what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当语法成份。
巧妙区分what与thatthat 与what从句是中学课本的一项重要语法内容，也是学生易出错的地方。
现将其用法归纳如下：一、引导主语从句that与what都可引导主语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。
what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。
如：What he said at the meeting was very important．他在会上所说的非常重要。
（宾语）What surprised us is that he did it alone．使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。
（主语）That he did it alone surprised us．他独自完成了那项工作使我们感到吃惊。
（that 用来引导主语从句，在句中不作成分）二、引导宾语从句that与what都可引导宾语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分，一般情况下可以省略，但当有两个以上的宾语从句时，只能省掉第一个that。
what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。
如：They stopped to see what was happening．他们停下来看发生了什么事情。
（主语）The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done．那个男孩子做的事情让老师很生气。
（what在宾语从句中作宾语）All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple．所有的人都认为拯救古庙是正确的。
（that在宾语从句中不作句子成分且可省略）We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed．我们必须相信，我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好；而且，当我们发现这事情是什么的时候，我们就必须努力干下去，直到成功为止。
what和that的用法区别许多同学在学习复合句和特殊句式时，都会为“that〞和“what〞的选择而头疼，感觉这两个连接性词语区分起来“有点乱〞。
你也不妨先做一做下面几个题，看看你能否把他们分清：1.A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where2.Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether4.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. this5.His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it.A. soB. andC. thatD. as上面5个题中的前四个题，在选项中都同时出现了what和that，如何选择呢？第1题为答案A。
考查名词从句连接代词what的运用。
“十年前是一片荒地的地方建起了一座现代化的城市〞。
作介词in的宾语不能用that，因为名词从句中that不做任何成分；连接代词what引导一个宾语从句，“是一个什么样的地方〞；第2题为答案A。
考查定词从句关系代词that的运用，“因为记忆不好，你告诉我的，我都给忘了〞。
what和that引导的表语从句的区别从后面跟的从句成分分析,that引导名词性从句只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,无意义,在宾语从句通常省略,但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外,还在从句中作成分,意为“所……的(东西)”,在含义上等于“名词+that”.在从句练习中,我们经常看到that与what同时出现在选项中,许多同学因为区别不开,造成选错.下面我们谈谈如何解决这个难题.一、引导词what与that在引导名词性从句的用法区别引导主语、宾语或表语从句时,what在从句中要充当句子成分；而that引导主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句时,不作任何成分,只起语法连接作用.试比较：That George W. Bush won the presidency once again was what many people hadn't expected.乔治?布什再次赢得总统大选,这是很多人没有预料到的.It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it.事情往往是这样,失去之物,方知珍惜.二、引导词what与that在引导定语从句的用法区别首先,要记住在定语从句中,跟本不用what连接词.只有that和which.所以大家在做题中,如果是定语从句,就不要再考虑what了.That 在定语从句中,一般可以作从句的主语.宾语和表语.例如：1、（2005北京春季卷）Do you still remember the chicken farm ____ we visited three months ago?where B when C that D what「分析」C 定语从句连词,that做从句visit的宾语.没有what连词.2、He is not the naughty boy that he used to be.他不再是从前那个调皮的男孩了.巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项.1. （2005福建卷） --Is that the small town you often refer to?--Right, just the one _____ you know I used to work for years.A thatB whichC whereD what2. ____ should be done must be done in time.A WhatB AllC AnythingD All what3. A computer is so useful a machine ______ we can use everywhere.A thatB whichC asD what4（2005天津卷）last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _____effects the people are still suffering.A thatB whoseC thoseD what5. （2005湖北卷） Her sister has becomes a lawyer, _____ she wanted to be.A whoB thatC whatD which6. （07安徽）You can only be sure of _____ you have at present； you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.A that； whatB what；/C which； thatD /；that7. （07陕西） _____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.A ThatB WhichC WhatD as8. （07上海） ____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers.A ThatB WhatC WhetherD Where9. （2006全国卷II）--What did your parents think about your decision?----- They always let me do ____ I think I should.A. when B that C.how D. what10. （2005上海卷）The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at ___ I thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B which C. what D. that1. C 定语从句,one是先行词2. A what引导主语从句,做从句中can的主语.这里what＝all that3. C so……as……连用,属于定语从句的范围.4. B 定语从句,whose从句effects的定语5. D 非限定性定语从句,没有that 和what.6. B 第一空是of的宾语从句,从句中have缺少宾语,因此用what 做连词.第二空something后面是定语从句.7. C 主语从句连词 '父母的所作所为对孩子有终身影响'8. B主语从句连词,从句中refer to缺少宾语9. D 是do的宾语从句10. D 是介词at的宾语从句,at 做was 的主语.I think是插入语,可以忽略.What 和that 都可以引导名词性从句.但他们在句子中的语法功能截然不同.一．在引导名词性从句时,从属连词that一般要注意三个不（three nos）：1．不省略（no ellipsis）当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,that不省略.Eg. 1) That he was able to come made us happy.(That 引导主语从句不可省略)2)The truth is that I didn’t go there. (that引导表语从句不可省略)3)The news that our team has won is true. (that引导同位语从句不可省略)但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略,除下列两种情况外：that在宾语从句中不能省略的情况.(1). 在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that,从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略.Eg: 4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to studyEnglish.（that不可以省略）他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语.(2). 由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,则第二个宾语从句前的that不省略.Eg: 5) He told me that he would come and that he would come on time.（第一个That可以省略,但第二个that不可以省略.)他告诉我他将来而且他将准时来.2．不作成分（no component）that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分.Eg. 6)Sydney kept his promise that he wouldalways do anything he could for Lucieto make sure of her happiness.（that 在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中不作任何成分）7))That you don’t like him is none of my business. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中不作任何成分,也不省略）3．没词义（no meaning）that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意思.Eg. 8)That she is a rich woman is known to us. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义)她是一个很有钱的女子,这一点我们都知道.9）The thought that he might fail in the exam worried him. (that在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义）他也许会考试失败,这一想法使他很担心.。
复合句式重难点-what和that的用法区别许多同学在学习复合句和特殊句式时，都会为“that”和“what”的选择而头疼，感觉这两个连接性词语辨别起来“有点乱”。
你也不妨先做一做下面几个题，看看你能否把他们分清：1.A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where2.Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether4.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. this5.His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it.A. soB. andC. thatD. as上面5个题中的前四个题，在选项中都同时出现了what和that，如何选择呢？第1题为答案A。
考查名词从句连接代词what的运用。
“十年前是一片荒地的地方建起了一座现代化的城市”。
作介词in的宾语不能用that，因为名词从句中that 不做任何成分；连接代词what引导一个宾语从句，“是一个什么样的地方”；第2题为答案A。
考查定词从句关系代词that的运用，“因为记忆不好，你告诉我的，我都给忘了”。
句中先行词为“all”，that为关系代词，意指all，在从句中做宾语；第3题答案为B。
考查名词从句从属连词that的运用。
“…他很得意自己是个干事的人。
”陈述了一个事实，故选择从属连词that第4题为答案A。
考查强调句结构中的that。
“It is (was) + 所强调的成分+ that (who) + 其他成分。
”第5题为答案C。
考查结果状语从句中的从属连词that。
“他的计划非常好，我们都同意接受。
”从上面的分析中，我们不难看出，“that”一词非常活跃，在定语从句、名词从句、状语从句和强调句中都有使用；而命题设项时，“what”又常常用来作为干扰，因此，要想辨清“that”和“what”这两个词，突破复合句式的这个难点，就要一、定语从句的关系代词中没有what，因此要牢记what不会引导定语从句。
例如：1.The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad.A.thatB.all thatC.all whatD.which答案为B。
这里的all是先行词，而that是关系代词，在从句中做主语。
许多同学将此题误选成了C。
需要注意的是，C选项前面要是去掉all，则变成了what 引导的名词从句，则就是对的了。
2.You can only be sure of_____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ___ you might get in the future. [2007 安徽卷]A. that; whatB. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that答案为B。
前一个空为名词从句连接代词what，(从句做of的宾语，what又为get的宾语)，后一个空为定语从句(先行词为something，关系代词做get的宾语，关系代词省略)。
二、名词从句中同时存在that和what这两个连接性词语，可以从其语法地位和意思上来辨别。
that 引导名词性从句时，没有任何含义和语法作用，只是提示引导了名词从句；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what 的意思是“什么…”例如：1.The mountain is no longer ____ it used to be.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. as答案C 。
“山不是以前那个样子了”。
以前“什么样”，对应了what。
2.There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if答案A。
that引导的名词从句陈述事实，说的即是前面的chance，为同位语从句。
三、定语从句与同位语从句中that的区别，主要看that在从句中有没有语法作用。
定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与which 互换。
同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which。
同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词如：fact、suggestion、truth、possibility、idea等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。
The football star Henry expressed the hope that he would come to visit China again in 2008.同位语从句，从句就是hope的内容；The hope the football star Henry expressed is that he would come to visit China again in 2008.定语从句，从句修饰hope，是“表达的”愿望。
再如：1.…It's thirty years since we last met.…But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got lost on a rainy night. A. which B. that C. what D. when答案为B。
同位语从句，解释story。
2.I still remember the big names in the stories ______ my mother told me when I was young.A. whenB. thatC. whatD. where答案为B。
定语从句，意指stories，做told的宾语。
名词性从句中that和what的用法区别一．that 引导的名词性从句首先，连接代词that除引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略外，引导其他各类名词性从句皆不能省略。
例如：①It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.②---- Don’t you think it necessary that he go home at once?---- but the problem is that there is no car.③There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.④Our English teacher told us (that) we all did very well in the examination and that ten of us got full mark.以上四个句子中，that 分别引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句和宾语从句，除在第四个例句中第一个that 可以省略外，其他的that 均不可省略。
其次，在引导名词性从句时，that不作句子中的任何成分。
例如：①Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.该句中，that引导同位语从句，但在句中不作任何成分。
②It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.该句中，it 是形式主语，that引导的主语从句才是整个句子的真正主语，that在句中不作任何成分。
最后，在引导名词性从句时，that没有任何词汇意义。
①A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.②Danby left word with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon.在以上两个考例中，that仅起引导同位语从句的作用，没有任何词汇意义。
综上所述，that 在引导名词性从句时具有三大特点：不可省略，不作成分，没有词义。
二．what引导的名词性从句首先，what 引导名词性从句时，what 在句中不省略。
这一用法与that引导名词性从句时的用法不尽相同。
①He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning what his teammates had done.what 在该句中引导宾语从句，what 不可省略。
②Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.what在该句中引导表语从句，但在句中不可省略。
其次，what 引导名词性从句时，具有词汇意义。
这是what 与that 引导名词性从句的重要区别之一，What 一般指“----的东西/事情/人/时间/地点等”。
