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语用学讲义(课堂PPT)

语用学讲义(课堂PPT)
• 也可以这样来理解以上三者之间的关系：句法学回 答的问题是：句子是按什么规则组成的？语义学回 答的问题是：意义是按什么方法确定的？语用学回 答的问题是：语言的使用在一定的语言环境里产生 了什么样的影响和效果？
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四、语用学的定义（1） • A recall of semantics:
– Semantics deals with: What does X mean? (X stands for a linguistic expression)
• 1986 年 总 部 设 在 比 利 时 的 国 际 语 用 学 学 会 (the International Pragmatics Association, 简称IPrA)创立。
• In China, CPrA
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（二）语用学的任务
• 莫里斯和卡尔纳普认为：句法、语义、语用构成语 言的三个基本方面。句法学研究符号与符号之间的 关系，语义学研究符号与所指事物之间的关系，语 用学研究符号与使用者之间的关系，因而它研究的 是特定情景中的特定话语，特别是研究在不同的语 言交际环境下如何运用语言。
语用学的三个源头 (2)
源头之二：心理学（实践启示）
行为心理学：理性、意图
Pragmatics is the study of interpretation from the perspective of psychology.
In pragmatic discussions, the question is not what form the recovered information might take, but how it is recovered.
• 规则性表现在以下几个方面 ：
• 一是语言运用都在遵循一定的交际原则：语言运用是 在特定语境中进行的，说话人怎样使自己的话语适应 特定语境，听话人怎样根据具体语境理解说话人的意 思，都是有规则可循的。

英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件

英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?

Lecture 3语用学课件--北外课件

Lecture 3语用学课件--北外课件


Reasoning:

Example 6:
A: I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old windbag, don’t you? B: Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it?

Implicature:

Mrs. Jenkins is coming, watch out! B’s answer seems to be irrelevant. But B might want to provide some relevant information, relevant in some other sense. So, the implicature.

Some other well-known Oxford philosophers:


Grice’s theory
The Co-operative Principle (合作原理):

Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
The letter explicitly said something about Mr. Jones’s punctuality and his handwriting. But it also implicitly said that the student is not good.
The professor did not say that the student is intelligent, hardworking etc., which are normally required for a recommendation letter. What he said about the student seems to be irrelevant. This cannot be a good reference letter.

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十一周

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十一周

• (3) maxim of relation: Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?
•
Mary: Let’s go get some coffee.
• (4) Bert: Do you like ice-cream?
• Ernie: Is the Pope Catholic? (+> obviously yes!)
•
He’s always ready to help.
•
He never leaves you in the lurch.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
• 反语（irony），隐喻(metaphor)，夸张法 (hyperbole)和弱言法(meiosis)都是有意违 反会话的质量准则的结果.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicature
• 1. Conversational implicature • 2. Generalized conversatonal implicatures • 3. Particularized conversational
implicatures • 4. Properties of conversatoinal
attendance at tutorials has been regular. However, his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job. • (2) You’re the cream in my coffee.------ But I’m afraid I don’t quite like cream in my coffee.

Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt

Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.

pragmatics ppt

pragmatics ppt

2.对语言使用间接性的解释
• SA 理论认为语言使用的间接性来源于话语的词汇) 语义 结构, 例如:Can you pass me the salt? 这句话从表面 看是询问对方是否有能力把盐递过来, 但实际的言外之力 却是请求对方做这件事, 询问是次要的言外行为, 请求才 是主要的言外行为。它把话语当作第一位的,把语境、使 用者以及交际效果当作第二位的。
PA 是一种宏观的人类交际行为理论, 以行为对交际产生的 实际效果为中心, 把言语交际看作社团成员之间的社会) 文 化行为, 突出语境特别是社会、文化语境的重要作用, 认为 在“制度化了的社会活动中”, 情景(如教学、看病、茶会) 在某种程度上已经预先规定了言语的使用, 即依照情景,交 际者彼此期待对方使用某些话语, 这些话语将被认为是可 以接受的。 在情景中实施的SA 就是PA, 但PA不一定是SA, 因为PA也 可以通过身体动作甚至“沉默”这种行为得以实施。 换句话说, PA理论将语用研究重心由微观层面的言语本身, 转向宏观层面的、以言语为主的交际行为发生的情景及其 蕴涵的行为可能性以及实际的行为和行为效果。
The differences between PA and SA
• PA is belong to macropragmatics
• 讨论的是“社会文化层面对语 言运用者言语运用的宏观调控 中所体现的语用问题” • PA 的行为则指主要通过语言进 行的社会交往活动, 它包括说 话, 也包括如表情、动作等在 内的其他交际行为, 在情景中 言语和其他交际行为的地位是 平等的。
• SA is belong to micropragmatics
• 根据徐盛桓的观点, Mey 的微 观语用学是在“话语运用的层 次”上, “围绕着对语言符号 在言谈交际中的指称和意义中 的‘意图’的理解而展开的语 用学课题的讨论” • SA的行为专指说话, 即使用语y认为SA 的解释方向是由里及外的, 即从话语出发, 考察语言的使 用和理解, 而PA 的解释方向则是由外及里的, 即从语言使用和理解 的情景出发, 考察人们的交际自由与制约以及因之而决定的交际行为 的可能性和实际行为。 • SA以话语为中心,把言语交际这种人类活动完全看作个人行为, Mey认 为这种单纯的语言或思维理论不能解释具体情景中语言使用者的行为, 而对交际做语用考察时必须时刻考虑在特定情景中交际者各种交际行 为的可能性, 这就必然引出一个结论即必须用行为理论才能真正解释 语言使用现象, 或者说语用理论本质上必须是行为理论, PA就是这样 一种行为理论。

语用学PPT

语用学PPT

1.5.5 interrelationship of utterance meaning and force
there are two components of speaker meaning--utterance meaning and force, the two components of speaker meaning are closely related, but not inseparable.
e.g. A:It's cold here. B:yes,it's so cold. C:“the weather is so hot outside." D:“i am cold" Do you know what does D mean?
1.5.3 understanding force but not utterance meaning
1.6.2 utterance iபைடு நூலகம்terpretation
The utterance interpretation definition of pragmatics focuses almost exclusively on the process of interpretation from the point of view of the hearer.
eg. Is that your car?
Is the speaker expressing admiration or expressing scorn? Is it a complaint that your car is blocking the drive? Is the speaker request a lift into town?

语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件

语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件

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ppt课件
• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ppt课件
6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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definition of deixis

pragmatics语用学-PPT

pragmatics语用学-PPT
• Implicatures can be cancelled: a) Plus “if clause…” b) In some context
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT

Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT

• 交际目的 • 交际目的是各种各样的。或是陈明一种心理， 希望对方明知；或是提出一种问题，希望能 够得到解答；或是表达一种请求，希望对方 照办；或是抒发一种感情，希望引起共鸣。 不同的交际目的制约着人们的交际行为。
• 交际过程
– 改变语音形式， “一”作 “幺”；“0‖作 “洞”。 – 重复话语：如电影《英雄儿女》中：“我是王 成，我是王成！为了祖国，为了人民，请向我 开炮！” – 增加羡余成分：我明天早上，早上九点到！请 到机场接我！ – 放慢语速，加大音量。
• 交际对象 • 言语交际离不开交际对象。交际对象是具有各种个 性特征的。如性别、年龄、身份、地位、生活环境、 职业经历、思想性格、修养爱好、文化水平、社会 心理、处境心情等。这些个性特征都会不同程度地 制约着言语交际。 • 交际对象涉及双方的关系亲疏、地位高低、辈分尊 卑、年龄长幼等因素。一般说来，交际双方关系越 密切，地位、年龄、辈分相当，所需的礼貌成度就 越低；双方关系越疏远，越陌生，双方地位、辈分、 年龄相差越大，越要客气。“礼貌的其中一个功能 便是创造交际双方之间的社会距离。”
• 意义：提醒、催促、或是对听话人不守时间的批评。若考虑 到双方的关系：上下级关系，师生关系，父母子女之间、恋 人之间等，则可以理解的意思还多些。 • 一个人老想着出国，老对别人讲要办好手续了，但老也没见 他出国，有人就说，“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：关心、调侃或嘲讽。 • 下班时间早过了，某人还在办公室里忙乎，值班人员过来锁 门，说：“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：值班人员可能是出于爱护，也可能是出于生气，还可 能是某种猜测（是不是有什么不能在办公时间处理的不可告 人的什么事情，是不是在等什么人的电话，等等。） • 一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事，被某个态度不好的工作 人员拒之门外，过了半天，那个工作人员看见老百姓还在门 口，于是说：“你怎么还不走？” • 意义：可以比较肯定地认为，这是一种不太友好的态度，是 让对方赶快走开的意思。

语用学课件1 What's pragmatics

语用学课件1 What's pragmatics
---- the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics VS. semantics
Blackwell, 1993. /
Forms of Course Assessment
-- Attendance (presence and punctuality) (10%) -- Participation (presentation and participation in class discussion) (20%) -- Paper (20%) -- Final examination (50%)
More exercises:
It's the taste.
It's cold in here. Your father is coming. What are the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the above sentences.
sentence ning VS. utterance meaning
Textbook and References
Pragmatics, J. Peccei, Routledge, 1999. Notes on Pragmatics, He Ziran, Nanjing Normal
University Press, 2002.
Pragmatics: An Introduction, J. Mey, Oxford:
• Sentence meaning VS. utterance meaning

语言学Pragmatics语用学24页PPT

语言学Pragmatics语用学24页PPT
语言学Pragmatics语用学
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能Biblioteka 够再往 上登。谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第一周

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第一周

wh-trace
❖ eg. 1. Susan’s brother was killed t in the tsunami.
❖ 2. Who do you love t?
Overt NPs
❖ 1. Lexical anaphors ❖ The composers admire themselves. ❖ 2. Pronouns ❖ He is Italian enough to understand the culture, and
Eg. 1. Lance Armstrong won the centenar Tor de France. 2. Lance Armstrong the centerary Tour de France won.
Sentence-meaning
❖ Those aspectof meaning that are ascribeed to a sentence in the abstract, that is, a sentence independent of its realization in any concrete form.
❖ Eg. 1. Liszt adored chopin. ❖ 2. Chopin was adored by Liszt. ❖ 3. LISZT ADORED CHOPIN.
1.4 The advantage of studying language via pragmatics
❖ one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第三周

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第三周
编码时间：(Coding time, 简称CT) 接收时间：(receiving time, 简称RT) 时间指和空间指的重要区别：CT和RT是一致
的，但在语言活动中，交际双方却永远不可能 处于同一空间位置。
Deictic center
说 ____go______take________＞there
Pragmatics
The third week
Difficult points
Deixis Deictic projection Non-deictic usage of the dictic expressions Psychological distance
2.1 Deixis
The term “deixis” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to show”or “to point”
temporal location of the utterance;
2. the linguistic context.
3.the general knowledge context
Exercise
Eg. 1. He’s not the chief executive; he is. He’s the managing director.
3. Debby: Anything to see there? 4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it’s
worth the trip. 5. Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most

语用学课件 Pragmatics 3

语用学课件 Pragmatics 3
❖ “With some knowledge of a certain language, the speaker produces a standard grammatical sentence and this sentence, without any consideration of circumstantial factors, can be understood properly according to its conventional meaning.”
❖ A: Can you tell me the time? ❖ B: Well, the milkman has just come.
❖ It seems likely to simplify the structure and the content of semantic descriptions.
❖ She is poor and honest.
❖ She is poor but honest.
❖ (propositional content, implication)
❖ (context-free)
❖ Non-conversational vs. conversational
❖ A poorly described class which Grice thought as derivable from the possible “aesthetic, social, or moral” maxims which he indicated exist but did not argue for in his work
❖ The maxim of manner
❖ Be perspicuous, and specifically:

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第六周

《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第六周

Triangular relation
• Utterer------linguistic forms------addressess
• Speak
language
interprete
• Presuppostion entailment
•
• Convey meaning • with one sentence •
b=Bill,c=Carol,L=like,M=mother, x and y are variables which may be translated as “someone”, “anyone” or “everyone”
• 1. M (a, b)
• 2. Ex (L (x,b)) • 3. L (b, c) ∧L (c, b) • 4. ～Ax (L (x, c)) • 5. L (a, b)∧～L (a, c) • 6. ～Ex (Ay (L (y,x)))
p q p ∧ q p∨ q p → q p≡ q
T TT
T
T
T
T FF
T
F
F
FT
F
T
T
F
FF
F
F
T
T
• 1.father＝PARENT (x, y) ∧MALE (x) • 2.mother＝ PARENT (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 3.son＝CHILD (x, y) ∧ MALE (x) • 4.daughter＝CHILD (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 5.take＝CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y))) • 6.give＝CAUSE (x, (～ HAVE (x, y))) • 7. die＝BECOME (x, (～ ALIVE (x))) • 8.kill＝CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (～ ALIVE(y)))))

语言学课件Chapter 6 Pragmatics

语言学课件Chapter 6 Pragmatics

e.g. My bag is heavy.
Semantic analysis: BAG ( BEING HEAVY)
Pragmatic analysis: a statement; an indirect, polite request; a refusal
Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
话语是句子意义与语境的结合，是句子意 义在特定语境中的具体化，体现了说话人 的意g is much richer than sentence meaning.
It varies with the context in which the sentence is used.
Context consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
It includes the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, which can be subdivided into the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which communication is taking place.
1) The room is messy.
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（选自“中国IT人的时髦说话方式”，
《广州日报》，2001年2月20日〉
2020/4/30
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“Sure ！ have a look see！”张先生打开橱门，请鸿渐赏鉴。鸿渐
拿了几件，看都是“成化”、“宣德’’、“康熙”，也不识 真假，只好说：“这东西很值钱罢？” “Sure！不少钱呢， plenty of dough。并且这东西不比书画。买书画买了假的，一文 不值，只等于waste paper。瓷器 假的，至少还可以盛菜盛饭。 我有时请外国friends吃饭，就用那个康熙窑‘油底蓝五彩’大盘 做salad dish，他们都觉得古色古香，菜的味道也有点old－
2020/4/30
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performative &statative
• 1 I do. • 2 I name this ship Elizabeth. • 3 I give and bequeath my watch to my
brother. • 4 I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.
2020/4/30
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Theory of Conversational
A How is C going on. B oh，quite well I think.he likes his
colleagues， and he hasn’t been to prison . “你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮” “我不戴眼睛的时候一定很丑了”
. time。”方鸿渐道·“张先生眼光一定好，不会买假东西 张先生
大笑道：“我不懂什么年代花纹，事情忙，也没工夫翻书研究。 可是我有hunch；看见一件东西，忽然what d’ you call灵机一动， 买来准O。K。。他们古董掮客都佩服我, 我常对他们说：பைடு நூலகம்不 用拿假货来fool我。O yeah，我姓张的Ⅰ 不是sucker，休想骗我！
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1他的脸红了./2三声铃响意味着下课 4 correctness &appropriateness正确性和得体性 1 open the door. 2 can you open the door.? 3 I want you to open the door. 4 would you please open the door.? 5 would you please possibly open the door? 6what do people usually do after they enter in summer? 7 I feel it’s too hot.
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Some important notions
1 sentence &utterance 我明天有考试. 火!
2abstract meaning &contextual meaning 他是一头牛.
3natural meaning & unnatural meaning 打雷意味着要下雨了. /喝酒他的脸就发红. /他全身的斑点说明他得了麻疹.
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“发现了局长所在的地方，他身边还有一位女子，最 让人难堪的是他们的衣服都没在应在的地方。”
（“中学发生大火，教育局长在车库里死得很尴尬”时 代商报》 2003年12月13日，
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“Hi，你好呀!This morning，我们对你的 case进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我 们没什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾 地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有project 都将被cancel掉。
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• 去机场. • 你能载我去机场吗?
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context
• Linguistic context &non-linguistic context
• Linguistic context:
• 1 春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟.啊,这样的诗 句真美.
• 2我还是那句话.我们俱乐部欠谁的,帐上 有记录的,我们绝对不会赖帐,帐面上没 记录的我们不理会.
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Speech Act theory 言语行为
1 Austin’s model of Speech acts 2 Searl’s classification of speech acts 1 Austin’s model of Speech acts 1)performative &statative 2) Illocutionary act
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• &non-linguistic contextsituational cultural ) • 1你知道世界有多少个大洲,多少大洋? • 那还用问吗? • 2吃了吗? • 吃了.上哪?
• 3good morning.
• Good morning . • 4 怎么样? • 诶,难办啦!
pragmatics
The analysis of meaning in context 1 deixis and refernce指称和照应 2 speech Act theory 言语行为
3 cooperation and implicature 合作原则 会话含义 4the politeness principle礼貌原则 5 the principle of relevance关联原则
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Illocutionary act
locutionary act言内行为 / Illocutionary act言外之意 / perlocutionary act言后行为 Eg you have left the door wide open.
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主持人对高明）
你今天坐在这里我稍微有点替你担心，因为我知道你北 京大学读书的时候，听过肖灼基先生的课，如果今天 我们的话题发生争论的话，你怎么能跟老师争呢？
高 明：有这么一句话：吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。 主持人：好，希望你青出于蓝而胜于蓝。大家都是消
费者， 经常去购物，很好的购物心情因为遇到了假冒 伪劣商品，于是心情就变糟了。． • （中央电视台《实话实说》节目，“谁来保护消费 者？”，1996年3月）