高级英语love is fallacy中英精品笔记[优质文档]

Love is a FallacyMax Shulma n1 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sun days, unfettered the in formal essay with his memorable Old Chi na and Dream's Childre n. There follows an in formal essay that ven tures eve nbeyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "sp on gy" are perhaps more appropriate.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more? Could Rusk in ?3 Read, the n, the followi ng essay which un dertakes to dem on strate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipli ne, is a liv ing, breath ing thi ng, full of beauty, passi on, and trauma --Author's Note4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculat ing, perspicacious, acute and astute--I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dyn amo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And--think of it! --I was only eightee n.5 It is not ofte n that one so young has such a gia nt in tellect. Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the Uni versity of Minn esota. Same age, same backgro und, but dumb as an ox. A nice eno ugh young fellow, you un dersta nd, but nothing upstairs. Emoti onal type. Un stable. Impressi on able. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very n egati on of reas on. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surre nder yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of min dless ness. Not, however, to Petey.6 One after noon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expressi on of such distress on his face that I immediately diag no sed appe ndicitis. "Don't move,"I said. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor."7 "Racco on," he mumbled thickly.8 "Racco on?" I said, paus ing in my flight.9 "1 want a racco on coat," he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but men tal. "Why do you want a racco on coat?"11 "1 should have known it," he cried, pounding his temples. "1 should have known they'd come back whe n the Charlest on came back. Like a fool I spe ntall my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a racco on coat."12 "Ca n you mean." I said in credulously, "that people are actually weari ng racco on coats aga in?"13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?"14 "In the library," I said, naming a place not freque nted by Big Men on Campus15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!"16 "Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weight too much. They're unsightly. They--"17 "You don't understand," he interrupted impatiently. "It's the thing to do. Don't you want to be in the swim?"18 "No," I said truthfully.19 "Well, I do," he declared. "I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!"20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything?"I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything," he affirmed in ringing tones.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.23 I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice.I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions but I felt sure that time would supply the lack She already had the makings.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy KampusKorner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.27 Intelligent she was not. in fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.28 "Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?"29 "1 think she's a keen kid," he replied, "but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why?"30 "Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?"31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?"32 "Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?"33 "Not that I know of. Why?"34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?"35 "1 guess so. What are you getting at?"36 "Nothing, nothing," I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.37 "Where are you going?" asked Petey.38 "Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag.39 "Listen," he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?"40 "1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 "Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 "Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 "Would you like it?" I asked.44 "Oh yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy peltto him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it?"45 "Your girl," I said, mincing no words.46 "Polly?" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?"47 "That's right."48 He flung the coat from him. "Never," he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning . Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 "It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."52 "That's right," I murmured.53 "What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?"54 "Not a thing," said I.55 "It's just been a casual kick --just a few laughs, that's all."56 "Try on the coat," said I.57 He complied. The coat bun ched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine," he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?" I asked, exte nding my hand.59 He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the n ature of a survey; I wan ted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish (=delicious) dinn er," she said as we left the restaura nt. The n I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy (二marvelous) movie," she said as we left the theater. And the n I took her home. "Gee, I had a sen saysh (=se nsati on al) time," she said as she bade me good ni ght.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravelyun derestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of in formatio n was terrifyi ng. Nor would it be eno ugh merely to supply her with in formati on First she had to be taught to thi nk. This loomed as a project of no small dime nsions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But the n I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she en tered a room and the way she han dled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fin ger tips. "Polly," I said to her whe n I picked her up on ourn ext date, "t oni ght we are going over to the Kn olla nd talk."63 "0o, terrif (=terrific)," she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find ano ther so agreeable.64 We went to the KnoII, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expecta ntly. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.65 "Logic."66 She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. "Mag nif (=magnificent)," she said.67 "Logic," I said, clearing my throat, "is the scienee of thinking. Before we can th ink correctly, we must first lear n to recog nize the_ com mon fallacies of logic. These we will take up toni ght."68 " Wow-dow!" she cried, clapp ing her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on. "First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter."70 "By all mean s," she urged, batt ing her lashes eagerly.71, "Dicto Simpliciter means an argume nt based on an un qualified gen eralizati on. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise."72 "1 agree," said Polly earnestly. "1 mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everyth in g."73 "Polly," I said gently, "the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?"74 "No, "she confessed. "But this is marvy. Do more! Do morel"75 "It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve," I told her, and when she desisted, I continued: "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can't speak French. I can't speak French. Petey Burch can't speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French."76 "Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"77 I hid my exasperation. "Polly, it's a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion."78 "Know any more fallacies?" she asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even."79 I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.80 "Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains."81 "1 know somebody like that," she exclaimed. "A girl back home--Eula Becker, her name is, it never falls. Every single time we take her on a picnic--"82 "Polly," I said sharply, "it's a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn't cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker."83 "I'11 never do that again," she promised contritely." Are you mad at me?"84 I sighed deeply. "No, Polly, I'm not mad."85 "Then tell me some more fallacies."86 "All right. Let's try Contradictory Premises."87 "Yes, let's," she chirped, blinking" her eyes happily.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead. "Here's an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won't be able to lift it?"89 "Of course," she replied promptly.90 "But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone," I pointed out.91 "Yeah," she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess He can't make the stone."92 "But He can do anything," I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I'm all confused," she admitted.94 "Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?"。

Love is Fallacyby Max ShulmanCool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute—I was allof these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, precise as a chemist scales, as’ s penetrating as a scalpel. And—think of it!—I only eighteen.It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, PeteyBellows, my roommate at the university. Same age, same background, but dumb as anox. A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type.Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation ofreason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender oneself toidiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness.Not, however, to Petey.One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress onhis face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis.“ Don’ t move,” I said, laxative. I’ ll get a doctor.”“ Raccoon,” he mumbled thickly.“ Raccoon?” I said, pausing in my flight.“ I want a raccoon coat,” he wailed.I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental.“ Why do you want a raccoon coat?”“ I should have known it,” he cried, pounding his temples.“ I should have kno they’ d come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money fortextbooks, and now I can’ t get a raccoon coat.”“ Can you mean,” I said incredulously,“ctuallythat peoplewearingareaccooncoats again?”“ All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ ve you been?”“ In the library,” I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.He leaped from the bed and paced the room.“ I’ ve got to have a raccoon coat,said passionately.“ I’ ve got to!”“ Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. Theysmell bad. They weigh too much. They’ re unsightly. They—”“ You don’ t understand,” he interrupted impatiently.“ It’ s the thing to do. D want to be in the swim?”“ No,” I said truthfully.“ Well, I do,” he declared.“ I’ d give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.“ Anything? looking at him narrowly.“ Anything, he affirmed” in ringing tones.I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to get my handson a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in atrunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. Hedidn’have t it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this youngwoman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions,but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated,entirely cerebral reason.I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was wellaware of the importanc e of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer’ s career. T successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful,gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specificationsperfectly.Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt that time wouldsupply the lack. She already had the makings.Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage,an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table hermanners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialtyof the house—a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, anda dipper of sauerkraut—without even getting her fingers moist.Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believedthat under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, afterall, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.“ Petey,” I said,“ are you in love with Polly Espy?”“ I think she’ s a keen kid,” he replied,“ but I don’ t know if you’ d c“ Do you,” I asked,“ have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are yougoing s teady or anything like that?”“ No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?”“ Is there,” I asked,“ Not that I know of. Why?Inodded with satisfaction. would be open. Is that right?“ any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?”“ In otheryou words,ereoutif of the picture, the field ”“ I guess so. What are you getting at?”“ Nothing , nothing,” I said innocently, and took my suitcase out the closet.“ Where are you going?” asked Petey.“ Home for weekend.” I threw thingsafew into the bag.“ Listen,” he said, clutching my arm eagerly,“ while you’ re home, you couldn some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccooncoat?”“ I may do better than that,” I said with a mysterious winklosedandmyc bag andleft.“ Look,” I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase andrevealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcatin 1925.“ Holy Toledo!” said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coatand then his face.“ Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty times.“ Would you like it?” I asked.“ Oh yes!” he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. Then a canny look came into hiseyes.“ What do you want for it?”“ Your girl.” I said, mincing no words.“ Polly?” he said in a horrified whisper.“ You want Polly?”“ That’ s right.”He flung the coat from him.“ Never,” he said stoutly.I shrugged.“ Okay. If you don’ t want to be in the swim, I guess it’ s yoI sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eyeI kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expressionof a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then helooked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, butwith not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing,resolution waning. Finally he didn’ t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with madlust at the coat.“ It isn’ t as though I was in love with Polly,” he said thickly.“ Or goi anything like that.”“ That’ s right,” I murmured.“ What’ s Polly to me, or me to Polly?”“ Not a thing,” said I.“ It’ s just been a casual kickjust a few laugh—s, that’ s all.”“ Try on the coat,” said I.He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down tohis shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons.“ Fits fine,” he said hI rose from my chair.“ Is it a deal? extending”myI asked,hand.He swallowed.“ It’ s a deal,” he said and shook my hand.I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of asurvey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to thestandard I r equired. I took her first to dinner.“ Gee, that was a delish dinner,we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie.“ Gee, that was a marvy movie,said as we left the theatre. And then I took her home.“ Gee, I hade a sensaysh time, said as she bade me good night.I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the sizeof my task. This girl’ s lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merelyto supply her with information. First she had to be taught to think . This loomed as aproject of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. Butthen I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way sheentered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make aneffort.I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. Ithappened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all thefacts at my fingertips.“ Poll’ ,” I said to her when I picked her up on our next date,we are going over to the Knoll and talk.”“ Oo, terrif,” she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another soagreeable.We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak,and she looked at me expectantly.“ What are we going to talk about?” she aske “ Logic.”She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it.“ Magnif,”“ Logic,” I said, clearing my throat,thinking“isthe.Beforsciencew ofcan thinkcorrectly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic. These we willtake up tonight.”“ Wow-dow!” she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.I winced, but went bravely on.“ First let us examine calledthefallacyDitoSimpliciter.”“ By all means,” she urged, batting her lashes eagerly.“ Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. Forexample: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.”“ I agree,” said Polly earnestly.“ I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds thebody and everything.”“ Polly,” I said gently,“ the argumentExerciseafallacy isgood. is an unqualifiedgeneralization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Manypeople are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization.You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwiseyou have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?”“ No,” she confessed.“ But this is marvy. Do more! Do more!”“ It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,” I told her, and when she des I continued.“ Next weuptakefallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: Youcan ’ t speak French. Petey Bellows can’ t speak French. I must therefore conclude thatnobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.”“ Really?” said Polly, amazed Nobody?.”“I hid my exasperation.“ Polly, it’ s a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily.There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.”“ Know any more fallacies?” she asked breathlessly.“ This is more fun than dancin even.”I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutelynowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.“ Next comes Post Ho to this: Let’ s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.“ I know somebody just like that,” she exclaimed.“ A girlEulabackBecker,home—her name is. It never fails. Every single time we take her on a picnic—”“ Polly,” I said sharply,“ it’ s a fallacy. Eula cause Beckertheraindoesn.She has no’t connection with the rain. You are g uilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.”“ I’ ll never do it again,” she promised contritely.“ Are you mad at me?I sighed.“ No, Polly, I’ m not mad.”“ Then tell me some more fallacies.”“ All right. Let’ s try Contradictory Premises.”“ Yes, let’ s,irped,”sheblinkingch her eyes happily.I frowned, but plunged ahead.“ Here’ s an example of Contradictory Premises: If Godcan do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’ t be able to lift it?“ Of course,” she replied promptly.“ But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone,” I pointed out.“ Yeah,” she said thoughtfully.“ Well, then I guess He can’ t make the stone.“ But He can do anything,” I reminded her.She scratched her pretty, empty head.“ I’ m all confused,” she admitted.“ Of course you are. B ecause when the premises of an argument contradict eachother, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be noimmovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Getit?”“ Tell me more of this keen stuff,” she said eagerly.I consulted my watch.“ I think we’ d better call it a night. I’ ll take you h you go over all the things you’ ve learned. We’ ll have another session tomorrow night.I deposited her at the girls’ dormitory,heassuredwhere mes that she had had aperfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly home to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed,the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a moment I consideredwaking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that myproject was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening; I might as well waste another.Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind a few members stillsmoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not aprospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.Seated under the oak the next evening I said,“ Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Miseri cordiam.”She quivered with delight.“ Listen closely,” I said.“ A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is ahelpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on theirfeet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.A tear rolled down each of Polly’ s pink cheeks.“ Oh, this is awful, awful,“ Yes, it’ s awful,” I agreed,noargument.“Thebutmanit never’s answered the boss’ s question about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss’ s sympathy. committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand?”“ Have you got a handkerchief?” she blubbered.I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped hereyes.“ Next,” I said in a carefully controlled tone,“ we will discuss False Analogy. an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations.After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs toguide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they arebuilding a house. Why, then, shouldn’ t students be allowed to look at their textbooksduring an examination?”“ There now,” she said enthusiastically,“ is the most marvy idea I’ ve h“ Polly,” I said testily,“ the argument is all wrong. Doctors, lawyers, and carpentersaren’ t taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students a re. The situationsare altogether different, and you can’ t make an analogy between them.”“ I still think it’ s a good idea,” said Polly.“ Nuts,” I muttered. Doggedly I pressed on.“ Next we’ ll try Hypothesis Contrary t Fact.”“ Sounds yummy,” was Polly ction.’ s rea“ Listen: If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in adrawer with a chunk of pitchblende, the world today would not know about radium.“ True, true,” said Polly, nodding her head“ Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out. That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he fractures me.”“ If you can forget Mr. Pidgeon for a moment,” I said coldly,“ I would like t that statement is a fallacy. Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at somelater date. Maybe somebody else would have discovered it. Maybe any number of thingswould have happened. You can’ t start with a hypothesis that is not true and then drawany supportable conclusions from it.”“ They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures,I hardly”eversaidseePolly,“him any more.”One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh andblood can bear.“ The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.”“ How cute!” she gurgled.“ Two men are having a debate. The first one gets up and says,‘ My opponent is anotorious liar. You can’ t believe a word that he is going to say.’ ... Now, Poll hard. What’ s wrong?”I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration. Suddenly aglimmer of intelligence—the first I had seen—came into her eyes.“ It’ s not fair,” she s with indignation.“ It’ s not a bit fair. What chance has the second man got if the first mancalls him a liar before he even begins talking?”“ Right!” I cried exultantly.“ One hundred per cent right. It’ s not fair. Th poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponentbefore he could even start ... Polly, I’ m proud of you.”“ Pshaws,” she murmured, blushing with pleasure.“ You see, my dear, these things aren’ t so hard. All you have to do is concentrate.Think — examine — evaluate. Come now, let’ s review everything we have learned.”“ Fire away,” she said with an airy wave of her hand.Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long,patient review of all I had told her. Over and over and over again I cited instances,pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without letup. It was like digging a tunnel. Atfirst, everything was work, sweat, and darkness. I had no idea when I would reach thelight, or even if I would. But I persisted. I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finallyI was rewarded. I saw a chink of light. And then the chink got bigger and the sun camepouring in and all was bright.Five grueling nights with this took, but it was worth it. I had made a logician out ofPolly; I had taught her to think. My job was done. She was worthy of me, at last. She wasa fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for mywell-heeled children.It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl. Quite the contrary. Justas Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. I decided toacquaint her with my feelings at our very next meeting. The time had come to changeour relationship from academic to romantic.“ Polly,” I said when next we sat beneath our oak,“ tonight we will not discuss fallacies.”“ Aw, gee,” she said, disappointed.“ My dear,” I said, favoring her with a smile,“ we have now spent five evenings together. We have gotten along splendidly. It is clear that we are well matched.“ Hasty Generalization,” said Polly brightly.“ I beg your pardon,” said I.“ Hasty Generalization,” she repeated.“ How can you say that we are well matched on the basis of only five dates?”I ch uckled with amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons well.“I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner,“ five dates is plenty. After all, you don have to eat a whole cake to know that it’ s good.”“ False Analogy,” said Polly promptly.“ I’ m not a cake. I’ m a girl.”I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. The dear child had learned her lessonsperhaps too well. I decided to change tactics. Obviously the best approach was a simple,strong, direct declaration of love. I paused for a moment while my massive brain chosethe proper word. Then I began:“ Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, the moon and the stars and theconstellations of outer space. Please, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, forif you will not, life will be meaningless. I will languish. I will refuse my meals. I will wanderthe face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.”There, I thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it.“ Ad Misericordiam,” said Polly.I ground my teeth. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had meby the throat. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me; at all costsI had to keep cool.“ Well, Polly,” I said, forcing a smile,“ you certainly have learned your fallacies.“ You’ re darn right,” she said with a vigorous nod.“ And who taught them to you, Polly?”“ You did.”“ That’ s right. So you do owe me something, don’ t you, my dear? If I hadnalong you never would have learned about fallacies.”“ Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,she said instantly”.I dashed perspiration from my brow.“ Polly,” I croaked,“ you mustn’ t ta things so literally. I mean this is just classroom stuff. You know that the things you learnin school don’ t have anything to do with life.”“ Dicto Simpliciter,” she said, wagging her finger at me playfully.That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull.“ Will you or will you no steady with me?”“ I will not,” she replied.“ Why not? ” I demanded.“ Because this afternoon I promised Petey Bellows that I would go steady with him.I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it. After he promised, after he made adeal, after he shook my hand!“ The rat!” I shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf.can ’ t go with him, Polly. He’ s a liar. He’ s a cheat. He’ s a rat.”“ Poisoning the Well ,” said Polly,“ and stop shouting. I think shouting must be afallacy too.”With an immense effort of will, I modulated my voice.“ All right,” I said. logician. Let’ s look at this thing logically. Howculd you choose Petey Bellows over me?Look at me — a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Petey—a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who’ ll never know where his next meal iscoming from. Can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with PeteyBellows?”“ I certainly can,” declared Polly.“ He’ s got a raccoon coat.”查尔斯．兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人，他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》无拘无束、自由奔放。

Love is a Fallacy 翻译(精选)爱是一个谬论爱情是生活中最美好的事物之一，它是人类情感世界中最真挚、最深沉、最具力量的表达方式。

爱情无国界，无障碍，无年龄。

许多伟大的作家和艺术家都通过他们的作品歌颂了爱情的伟大、复杂和多样性。

然而，一位心理学家却认为爱情是一个谬论。

田·田纳西·威廉斯是一位美国心理学家和哲学家，他在20世纪50年代提出了一种新的理论观点，称爱情是一个谬论。

他认为，爱情是基于人们的欲望和需求，而非真正的感情。

他认为，爱情是一种哲学意义上的谬误，两个人之间的吸引往往是建立在双方互相满足对方需求的基础上。

他批判了传统的浪漫观念，认为这种观念过于理想化，与现实生活中的人际关系格格不入。

威廉斯的观点引起了广泛的争议。

一些人支持他的观点，认为他的理论有一定的道理。

他们认为，人们在选择伴侣时往往受到个人需求和社会因素的影响，而这些因素往往会在爱情中发挥重要的作用。

另一方面，一些人对他的观点表示怀疑。

他们认为，爱情是一种真实的情感，而不仅仅是人们的需求和欲望的产物。

无论威廉斯的观点是否正确，爱情仍然是人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。

爱情可以带给我们温暖、安慰和幸福感。

它可以激发我们的创造力，使我们更加积极向上。

爱情也可以让我们变得更加宽容和理解。

正如一位著名作家所说：“爱情是唯一能让你变得更富有的东西，而不是其他。

”而这正是爱情的伟大之处。

无论爱情是不是一个谬论，它都是我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。

它像是一道阳光，温暖着我们的心灵。

无论在幸福的时刻还是在困难的时刻，爱情都给予我们力量和勇气。

它使我们成为更好的人，让我们更加快乐、满足和有意义的活着。

爱情是多样的，它可以是家庭之爱、友情之爱、亲情之爱、恋爱之爱等等。

无论是哪一种爱情，它都是我们生活中宝贵的财富。

我们应该珍惜和保护爱情，让它在我们的生活中发挥其独特的力量和作用。

总之，尽管有人认为爱情是一个谬论，但它仍然是我们生活中最重要的一部分。

第五单元课文翻译爱情就是谬误马克斯·舒尔曼1）．查尔斯·兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人，他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子)无拘无束、自由奔放，实在令人难忘。

下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加自由奔放。

实际上，用“自由奔放”的字眼来形容这篇文章并不十分确切，或许用“柔软”、“轻松”或“轻软而富有弹性”更为恰如其分。

2）．尽管很难说清这篇文章是属于哪一类，但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文。

它提出了论点，引用了许多例证，并得出了结论。

卡莱尔能写得更好吗? 罗斯金呢?3）．这篇文章意在论证逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味，而且活泼、清新、富于美感和激情，并给人以启迪。

诸位不妨一读o——作者注1．我这个人头脑冷静，逻辑思维能力强。

敏锐、慎重、聪慧、深刻、机智——这些就是我的特点。

我的大脑像发电机一样发达，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。

——你知道吗?我才十八岁呀。

2．年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有。

就拿在明尼苏达大学跟我同住一个房间的皮蒂·伯奇来说吧，他跟我年龄相仿，经历一样，可他笨得像头驴。

小伙子长得年轻漂亮，可惜脑子里却空空如也。

他易于激动，情绪反复无常，容易受别人的影响。

最糟的是他爱赶时髦。

我认为，赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现。

见到一种新鲜的东西就跟着学，以为别人都在那么干，自己也就卷进去傻干——这在我看来，简直愚蠢至极，但皮蒂却不以为然。

3．一天下午，我看见皮蒂躺在床上，脸上显露出一种痛苦不堪的表情，我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎。

“别动,”我说，“别吃泻药，我就请医生来。

”4．“浣熊，”他咕哝着说。

5．“浣熊?”我停下来问道。

6．“我要一件浣熊皮大衣，”他痛苦地哭叫着。

7．我明白了，他不是身体不舒服，而是精神上不太正常。

“你为什么要浣熊皮大衣?”8．“我本早该知道，”他哭叫着，用拳头捶打着太阳穴，“我早该知道查尔斯登舞再度流行时，浣熊皮大衣也会时兴起来的。

我真傻，钱都买了课本，可现在不能买浣熊皮大衣了。

Love is a FallacyMax Shulma n1 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sun days, unfettered the in formal essay with his memorable Old Chi na and Dream's Childre n. There follows an in formal essay that ven tures eve nbeyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "sp on gy" are perhaps more appropriate.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more? Could Rusk in ?3 Read, the n, the followi ng essay which un dertakes to dem on strate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipli ne, is a liv ing, breath ing thi ng, full of beauty, passi on, and trauma --Author's Note4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculat ing, perspicacious, acute and astute--I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dyn amo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And--think of it! --I was only eightee n.5 It is not ofte n that one so young has such a gia nt in tellect. Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the Uni versity of Minn esota. Same age, same backgro und, but dumb as an ox. A nice eno ugh young fellow, you un dersta nd, but nothing upstairs. Emoti onal type. Un stable. Impressi on able. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very n egati on of reas on. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surre nder yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of min dless ness. Not, however, to Petey.6 One after noon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expressi on of such distress on his face that I immediately diag no sed appe ndicitis. "Don't move,"I said. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor."7 "Racco on," he mumbled thickly.8 "Racco on?" I said, paus ing in my flight.9 "1 want a racco on coat," he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but men tal. "Why do you want a racco on coat?"11 "1 should have known it," he cried, pounding his temples. "1 should have known they'd come back whe n the Charlest on came back. Like a fool I spe ntall my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a racco on coat."12 "Ca n you mean." I said in credulously, "that people are actually weari ng racco on coats aga in?"13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?"14 "In the library," I said, naming a place not freque nted by Big Men on Campus15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!"16 "Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weight too much. They're unsightly. They--"17 "You don't understand," he interrupted impatiently. "It's the thing to do. Don't you want to be in the swim?"18 "No," I said truthfully.19 "Well, I do," he declared. "I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!"20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything?"I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything," he affirmed in ringing tones.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.23 I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice.I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions but I felt sure that time would supply the lack She already had the makings.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy KampusKorner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.27 Intelligent she was not. in fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.28 "Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?"29 "1 think she's a keen kid," he replied, "but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why?"30 "Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?"31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?"32 "Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?"33 "Not that I know of. Why?"34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?"35 "1 guess so. What are you getting at?"36 "Nothing, nothing," I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.37 "Where are you going?" asked Petey.38 "Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag.39 "Listen," he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?"40 "1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 "Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 "Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 "Would you like it?" I asked.44 "Oh yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy peltto him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it?"45 "Your girl," I said, mincing no words.46 "Polly?" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?"47 "That's right."48 He flung the coat from him. "Never," he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning . Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 "It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."52 "That's right," I murmured.53 "What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?"54 "Not a thing," said I.55 "It's just been a casual kick --just a few laughs, that's all."56 "Try on the coat," said I.57 He complied. The coat bun ched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine," he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?" I asked, exte nding my hand.59 He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the n ature of a survey; I wan ted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish (=delicious) dinn er," she said as we left the restaura nt. The n I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy (二marvelous) movie," she said as we left the theater. And the n I took her home. "Gee, I had a sen saysh (=se nsati on al) time," she said as she bade me good ni ght.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravelyun derestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of in formatio n was terrifyi ng. Nor would it be eno ugh merely to supply her with in formati on First she had to be taught to thi nk. This loomed as a project of no small dime nsions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But the n I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she en tered a room and the way she han dled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fin ger tips. "Polly," I said to her whe n I picked her up on ourn ext date, "t oni ght we are going over to the Kn olla nd talk."63 "0o, terrif (=terrific)," she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find ano ther so agreeable.64 We went to the KnoII, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expecta ntly. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.65 "Logic."66 She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. "Mag nif (=magnificent)," she said.67 "Logic," I said, clearing my throat, "is the scienee of thinking. Before we can th ink correctly, we must first lear n to recog nize the_ com mon fallacies of logic. These we will take up toni ght."68 " Wow-dow!" she cried, clapp ing her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on. "First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter."70 "By all mean s," she urged, batt ing her lashes eagerly.71, "Dicto Simpliciter means an argume nt based on an un qualified gen eralizati on. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise."72 "1 agree," said Polly earnestly. "1 mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everyth in g."73 "Polly," I said gently, "the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?"74 "No, "she confessed. "But this is marvy. Do more! Do morel"75 "It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve," I told her, and when she desisted, I continued: "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can't speak French. I can't speak French. Petey Burch can't speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French."76 "Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"77 I hid my exasperation. "Polly, it's a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion."78 "Know any more fallacies?" she asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even."79 I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.80 "Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains."81 "1 know somebody like that," she exclaimed. "A girl back home--Eula Becker, her name is, it never falls. Every single time we take her on a picnic--"82 "Polly," I said sharply, "it's a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn't cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker."83 "I'11 never do that again," she promised contritely." Are you mad at me?"84 I sighed deeply. "No, Polly, I'm not mad."85 "Then tell me some more fallacies."86 "All right. Let's try Contradictory Premises."87 "Yes, let's," she chirped, blinking" her eyes happily.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead. "Here's an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won't be able to lift it?"89 "Of course," she replied promptly.90 "But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone," I pointed out.91 "Yeah," she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess He can't make the stone."92 "But He can do anything," I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I'm all confused," she admitted.94 "Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?"。

L5 Love is a fallacy1 Charles Lamb , as merry and enterprising [Showing initiative and willingness to undertake newprojects <有事业心的, 有进取心的, 有魄力的, 有胆量的>]a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays[a very long time], unfettered [不受约束的To set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds <to unchain; to unshackle; to liberate>]the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, [Consider this: Metaphor, comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier. <limitations vs. limits> indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or ―flaccid" [unpleasantly soft & weak] or possibly "spongy" [elastic/flexible] are perhaps more appropriate.查尔斯．兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人,他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》无拘无束、自由奔放.实在令人难忘.下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加自由奔放.实际上,用"自由奔放〞的字眼来形容这篇文章并不十分确切,或许用"柔软〞、"轻松〞或"轻软而富有弹性〞更为恰如其分.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more?Could Ruskin?尽管很难说清这篇文章是属于哪一类,但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文.它提出了论点.引用了许多例证,并得出了结论.卡菜尔能写得更好吗?罗斯金呢? 3 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes [attempts担任] to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic [迂腐的学究式的academic <over-concerned with correctness>]discipline[有条理], is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma[创伤]. [Consider this: Logic is not at all dry, learned branch of learning. It is like a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painfulemotional shocks.] —Author's Note这篇文章意在论证逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味而且活泼、清新、富于关感和激情,并给人以启迪.诸位不妨一读. ——作者注4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute—I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And—think of it!—I only eighteen.我这个人头脑冷静,逻辑思维能力强.敏锐、慎重、聪慧、深刻、机智一一这些就是我的特点.我的大脑像发电机一样发达,像化学家的天平一样精确,像手术刀一样锋利.一一你知道吗?我才十八岁呀.It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Bellows, myroommate at the university. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enoughfellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst ofall, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new crazethat comes along, to surrender oneself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有.就拿在明尼苏达大学跟我同住一个房间的皮蒂·伯奇来说吧,他跟我年龄相仿,经历一样,可他笨得像头驴.小伙子长得年轻漂亮,可惜脑子里却空空如也.他易于激动,情绪反复无常,容易受别人的影响.最糟的是他爱赶时髦.我认为,赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现.见到一种新鲜的东西就跟着学,以为别人都在那么干,自己也就卷进去傻干——这在我看来,简直愚蠢至极,但皮蒂却不以为然.6 One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face thatI immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don’t move,〞I said, "Don’t take a laxative. I’ll get a doctor.〞7"Raccoon,〞he mumbled thickly.8"Raccoon?〞I said, pausing in my flight.9 "I want a raccoon coat,〞he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you want a raccoon coat?〞一天下午我看见皮蒂躺在床上,脸上显露出一种痛苦不堪的表情,我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎."别动,〞我说,"别吃泻药,我就请医生来.〞"浣熊,〞他咕哝着说."浣熊?〞我停下来问道."我要一件浣熊皮大衣,〞他痛苦地哭叫着.我明白了,他不是身体不舒服,而是精神上不太正常."你为什么要浣熊皮大衣?〞11"I should have known it,〞he cried, pounding his temples. "I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can’t get a raccoon coat.〞"我本早该知道,〞他哭叫着,用拳头捶打着太阳穴,"我早该知道查尔斯登舞再度流行时,浣熊皮大衣也会时兴起来的.我真傻,钱都买了课本,可现在不能买浣熊皮大衣了.〞12 "Can you mean,〞I said incredulously, "that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?〞13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ve you been?〞14 In the library,〞I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room. "I’ve got to have a raccoon coat,〞he said passionately. "I’ve got to!〞我带着怀疑的眼神问道："你是说人们真的又要穿浣熊皮大衣吗?〞"校园里有身分的人哪个不穿?你刚从哪儿来?〞"图书馆,〞我说了一个有身分的人不常去的地方.他从床上一跃而起,在房间里踱来踱去."我一定要弄到一件浣熊皮大衣,〞他激动地说,"非弄到不可!〞16"Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weigh too much. They’re unsightly. They—〞17 "You don’t understand,〞he interrupted impatiently. "It’s the thing to do. Don’t you want to be in the swim?〞18"No,〞I said truthfully.19"Well, I do,〞he declared. "I’d give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!〞20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped intohigh gear. "Anything?〞I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything,〞he affirmed in ringing tones. "皮蒂,你怎么啦?冷静地想一想吧,浣熊皮大衣不卫生,掉毛,味道难闻,既笨重又不好看,而且……17"你不懂,〞他不耐烦地打断我的话."这就叫时髦.难道你不想赶时髦吗?〞Don’t you want to be fashion-wise <chase fads and fashion追逐时尚与潮流>?"不想,〞我坦率地回答."好啦,我可想着呢!〞他肯定地说."只要有浣熊皮大衣,要我什么我都给,什么都行!〞我的大脑一一这件精密的仪器一一即刻运转起来[high gear高档位].我仔细地打量着他,问道："什么都行?〞slipped into: began to work very fast."什么都行!〞他斩钉截铁地说.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn’t have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.我若有所思地抚着下巴.好极了,我知道哪儿能弄到浣熊皮大衣.我父亲在大学读书时就穿过一件,现在还放在家里顶楼attic的箱子里.恰好皮蒂也有我需要的东西.尽管他还没有弄到手,但至少他有优先权.我说的是他的女朋友波利·埃斯皮.23 I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.我早已钟情.我要特别说明的是,我想得到这妙龄少女[in nature本质上]并不是由于感情的驱使.她确实是个易于使人动情的姑娘.可我不是那种让感情统治理智的人,我想得到波利是经过了慎重考虑的,完全是出于理智上的原因.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer’s career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.我是法学院一年级的学生,过不了几年就要挂牌当律师了.[In a few years I would graduate and pick up a job as a lawyer.]我很清楚,一个合适的妻子对一个律师的前途来说是非常重要的.我发现大凡有成就的律师几乎都是和美丽、文雅、聪明的女子结婚的.波利只差[omission省略]一条就完全符合这些条件了.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt that time would supply the lack. She already had the makings.她漂亮.尽管她的身材还没有挂在墙上的美女pin-up照片那么苗条,但我相信时间会弥补这个不足.她已经大致不差了.She was not yet as beautiful as a pin-up girl but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time. She already had all the physical qualities needed for developing into a very beautiful woman.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house—a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut—without even getting her fingers moist.她温文尔雅——我这里是指她很有风度.她婷婷玉立[Erectness: Uprightness of posture or form],落落大方,泰然自若,一眼就看得出她很有教养[exquisite优美的].她进餐时,动作是那样的优美.我曾看见过她在"舒适的校园之角〔Kozy Kampus Korner〕〞吃名点——一块夹有几片带汁的炖肉和碎核桃仁的##治,还有一小杯泡菜——手指儿一点儿也没有沾湿.27Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.她不聪明[intelligent:clever, smart ],实际上恰好相反[veered改变方向].但我相信有我的指导,她会变得聪明的.无论如何可以试一试,使一个漂亮的笨姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮毕竟要容易些.28"Petey,〞I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?〞29"I think she’s a keen kid,〞he replied, "but I don’t know if you’d call it love. Why?〞30 "Do you,〞I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?〞31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?〞32 "Is there,〞I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?〞"皮蒂,〞我说,"你在跟波利谈恋爱吧?〞"我觉得她是一个讨人喜欢的姑娘,〞他回答说,"但我不知道这是不是就叫做爱情.你问这个干吗?〞"你和她有什么正式的安排吗?我是说你们是不是常有约会,或者有诸如此类的事情?〞我问. "没有,我们常常见面.但我们俩各自有别的约会.你问这个干嘛?〞"还有没有别人使她特别喜欢呢?〞我问道.33"Not that I know of. Why?〞34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?〞[<if you stop dating her>, other would be free to compete for her friendship. ]35"I guess so. What are you getting at?〞36"Nothing , nothing,〞I said innocently, and took my suitcase out the closet.37"Where are you going?〞asked Petey.38"Home for weekend.〞I threw a few things into the bag."那我可不知道.你问这些干吗?〞我满意地点点头说："这就是说.如果你不在,场地就是空着的.你说是吗?〞"我想是这样.你这话是什么意思?〞"没什么,没什么,〞我若无其事地说,接着把手提皮箱从壁橱里拿了出来."你去哪儿?〞皮蒂问."回家过周末.〞我把几件衣服扔进了提箱.39"Listen,〞he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you’re home, you couldn’t get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?〞40"I may do better than that,〞I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left."听着,〞他焦急的抓住clutching我的胳膊说,"你回家后,从你父亲那儿弄点钱来借给我买一件浣熊皮大衣,好吗?〞"也许不仅只是这样呢.〞我神秘地眨着眼睛说,随后关上皮箱就走了.41"Look,〞I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.星期一上午我回到学校时对皮蒂说："你瞧!〞我猛地打开皮箱,那件肥大、毛茸茸、散发着怪味的东西露了出来,这就是我父亲.1925年在施图茨比尔凯特汽车里穿过的那一件浣熊皮大衣.42"Holy Toledo!〞[Slang] said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!〞he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43"Would you like it?〞I asked.44 "Oh yes!〞he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. Then a canny look came into his eyes."What do you want for it?〞45"Your girl.〞I said, mincing no words.46"Polly?〞he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?〞47"That’s right.〞"太好了!〞皮蒂恭敬的[respectfully]说.他把两只手插进那件皮大衣,然后把头也埋了进去."太好啦!〞他不断地重复了一二十遍."你喜欢吗?〞我问道."哦,喜欢!〞他高声叫着,把那满是油腻的毛皮紧紧地搂在怀里.接着他眼里露出机警的神色,说着："你要什么换呢?〞"你的女朋友,〞我毫不讳言地说."波利?〞他吃惊了,结结巴巴地说,"你要波利?〞"是的.〞48 He flung the coat from him. "Never,〞he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don’t want to be in the swim, I guess it’s your business.〞他把皮大衣往旁一扔,毫不妥协的说："那可不行.〞我耸了耸肩膀说："好吧,如果你不想赶时髦,那就随你的便好了.〞50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. [He was a man torn between two forces: love for Polly and love for the raccoon coat. | He was an agonized <agitated> man.] First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. Finally he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.我在一把椅子上坐了下来,假装读书,暗暗地瞟着皮蒂.他神情不安,用面包店窗前的流浪儿那种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣,接着扭过头去,坚定地咬紧牙关.过了一会儿,他又回过头来把目光投向那件皮大衣,脸上露出更加渴望的神情.等他再扭过头seiveled去,已经不那么坚决了. [desire waxing:To increase gradually in size, number, strength, or intensity逐渐增大：在大小、数量、强度或强度上逐渐增加]他看了又看,越看越爱,慢慢地决心也就减弱[resolution waning:To decrease gradually in size, amount, intensity, or degree; decline]了.最后他再也不扭过头去,只是站在那儿,贪婪地盯着那件皮大衣.51"It isn’t as though I was in love with Polly,〞he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that.〞52"That’s right,〞I murmured.53"What’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?〞54"Not a thing,〞said I.55 "It’s just been a casual kick—just a few laughs, that’s all.〞56 "Try on the coat,〞said I."我和波利好像不是在谈恋爱,〞他含含糊糊地说."也说不上经常约会或有诸如此类的事情.〞"好的,〞我低声地说."波利对我算得了什么?我对波利又算得了什么?〞"只不过是一时高兴[fun]-----不过是说说笑笑[casual play]罢了,如此而已.〞"试试大衣吧.〞我说57 He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine,〞he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?〞I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed. "It’s a deal,〞he said and shook my hand."他照办了.衣领蒙住了[bunched 束住]他的耳朵,下摆一直拖到脚跟.他看起来活像一具浣熊尸体.他高兴地说："挺合身的.〞"我从椅子上站了起来."成交了吗?〞我说着,把手伸向他.他轻易地接受了[swallowed吞咽]."算数．〞他说,并跟我握了握手.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required.I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish dinner,〞she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy movie,〞she said as we left the theatre. And then I took her home. "Gee, I had a sensaysh time,〞she said as she bade me good night.第二天晚上,我与波利第一次约会了.这一次实际上是我对她的考察.我想弄清要作多大的努力才能使她的头脑达到我的要求.我首先请她去吃饭."哈,这顿饭真够意思,〞离开餐馆时她说.然后我请她去看电影."嘿,这片子真好看marvy [marvelous],〞走出影院时她说.最后我送她回家.和我道别时她说："嘿,今晚玩得真痛快[sensational:outstanding; spectacular].〞61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl’s lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information. First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.我带着不大痛快的心情回到了房间.我对这任务的艰巨性gravely估计underestimated得太低了.这姑娘的知识少得叫人吃惊terrifying.只是给她增加知识还不够,首先得教她学会思考.这可不是一件容易的事,当时我真想把她还给皮蒂算了.但我一想到她那充满魅力的身材,她那进屋时的模样,她那拿刀叉的姿式,我还是决定再作一番努力.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fingertips. "Poll’,〞I said to her when I picked her up on our next date, "tonight we are going over to the Knoll and talk.〞就像做其他的事情一样,我开始有计划地干了起来.我开始给她上辑课.幸好我是一个学法律的学生,我自己也正在学逻辑学,所以对要教的内容我都很熟悉fingertips指尖..当我接她赴第二次约会时,我对她说："今晚上咱们去‘小山’谈谈吧〞.63"Oo, terrif,〞she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.64 We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly. "What are we going to talk about?〞she asked.65"Logic.〞66 She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. "Magnif,〞she said.63"啊,好极了[terrific],〞她回答道.对这姑娘我要补充一句的是,像她这么好商量的人是不多见的.[ you would do a good job <do great> if you could find another girl so congenial <so suited to my heart>.]我们去了"小山〞,这是校园里人们幽会trysting的地方.我们坐在一棵老橡树下,她用期待的眼神看着我."我们谈些什么呢?〞她问."逻辑学.〞她想了一会儿,觉得不错,便说："好极了[magnificent].〞67"Logic,〞I said, clearing my throat,"is the science of thinking. Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic. These we will take up tonight.〞68"Wow-dow!〞she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on. "First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter.〞"逻辑学,〞我清了清嗓了,"就是思维的科学.在我们能正确地思维之前,首先必须学会判别逻辑方面的常见谬误.我们今晚就要来谈谈这些.〞"哇!〞她叫了起来,高兴地拍着手.我打了个寒噤,但还是鼓足勇气讲下去："首先我们来考究一下被称为绝对判断的谬误.〞70"By all means,〞she urged, batting her lasheseagerly.71"Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.〞72 "I agree,〞said Polly earnestly. "I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everything.〞"好呀!"[by all means: of course]〞urged强烈要求她眨了眨眼[batting her lashes:/blink one’s eyes] ,催促着eagerly热切地."绝对判断指的是根据一种无条件的前提推出的论断.譬如说,运动是有益的,因此人人都要运动.〞波利认真地说,"运动是非常有益的,它能增强体质,好处太多了!〞73"Polly,〞I said gently, "the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?〞"波利,〞我温和地说,"这种论点是谬误.运动有益是一种无条件的前提.比方说,假设你得了心脏病,运动不但无益,反而有害,有不少人医生就不准他们运动.你必须给这种前提加以限制.你应该说,一般来说运动是有益的.或者说,对大多数人是有益的.否则就是犯了绝对判断的错误,懂吗?〞74"No,〞she confessed. "But this is marvy. Do more! Do more!〞75"It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,〞I told her, and when she desisted, I continued. "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can’t speak French. Petey Bellows can’t speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.〞"不懂,〞她坦率地说."这可太有意思了,讲吧!往下讲吧!〞"你最好别拉tugging at我袖子了,〞我对她说.等她松了手,我继续讲："下面我们讲一种被称为草率结论的谬误.你仔细听：你不会讲法语,我不会讲法语,皮蒂也不会讲法语.因此我就会断定在明尼苏达大学谁也不会讲法语.〞76"Really?〞said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?〞77 I hid my exasperation. "Polly, it’s a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.〞78"Know any more fallacies?〞she asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even.〞"真的?〞波利好奇的问道,"谁也不会吗?〞我压住火气exasperation愤怒."波利,这是一种谬误,这是一种草率的结论exasperation匆忙.能使这种结论成立的例证太少了.〞"你还知道其他的谬误吗?〞她气喘吁吁地说："这真比跳舞还有意思啦!〞79 I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.80"Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.〞我极力地使自己不灰心.我真拿这姑娘没办法,的确是毫无办法despair绝望.I was making no progress in the coaching of this girl, absolutely not a bit.可是,如果我不坚持下去,我就太没有用了.因此,我继续讲下去. "现在听我讲讲‘牵强附会’的谬误.听着：我们不要带比尔出去野餐.每次带他一起去,天就下雨.〞81"I know somebody just like that,〞she exclaimed. "A girl back home—Eula Becker, her name is. It never fails. Every single time we take her on a picnic—〞82 "Polly,〞I said sharply, "it’s a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn’t cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.〞"我就见过这样的人,〞她感叹地说."我们家乡有个女孩,名叫尤拉·蓓克尔.从没有例外,每次我们带她去野餐……〞"波利,〞我严厉地说,"这是一种谬误.下雨并不是尤拉蓓克尔造成的,下雨与她没有任何关系.如果你责怪尤拉·蓓克尔,你就是犯了牵强附会的错误.〞83"I’ll never do it again,〞she promised contritely."Are you mad at me?〞84 I sighed deeply. "No, Polly, I’m not mad.〞85"Then tell me some more fallacies.〞86"All right. Let’s try Contradictory Premises.〞87"Yes, let’s,〞she chirped, blinking her eyes happily."我再也不这样了,〞她懊悔地保证说."你生我的气了吗?〞我深深地叹了一口气："不,波利,我没生气.〞"那么,给我再讲些谬误吧!〞"好,让我们来看看矛盾前提吧.〞"行,行,〞她叽叽喳喳地叫着[鸟叫chirped],两眼闪现出快乐的光芒.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead. "Here’s an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it?〞89 "Of course,〞she replied promptly.90"But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone,〞I pointed out.91 "Yeah,〞she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess He can’t make the stone.〞92"But He can do anything,〞I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I’m all confused,〞she admitted.我皱了皱眉头frowned,但还是接着讲下去[plung:突降]."这里有一个矛盾前提的例子：如果上帝是万能的,他能造出一块连他自己也搬不动的大石头吗?〞"当然能,〞她毫不犹豫地回答道."但是如果他是万能的,他就能搬动那块石头呀,〞我提醒她."是嘛!〞她若有所思thoughtfully地说,"嗯,我想他造不出那样的石头.〞"但他是万能的啊,〞我进一步提醒她.她用手抓了抓她那漂亮而又空虚的脑袋[scratched弃权]."我全搞糊涂了,〞她承认说. 94"Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?〞95"Tell me more of this keen stuff,〞she said eagerly."你确实糊涂了.因为一种论点的各个前提premises相互问是矛盾的,这种论点就不能成立.如果有一种不可抗拒的力量．就不可能有一种不可移动的物体；如果有一种不可移动的物体,就不可能有一种不可抗拒的irresistible力量.懂吗?〞"再给我讲些这类新奇的玩意儿吧,〞她恳切地说.96 I consulted my watch. "I think we’d better call it a night. I’ll take you home now, and you go over all the things you’ve learned. We’ll have another session tomorrow night.〞我看了看表,说："我想今晚就谈到这里[call it a night: I think we’d better stop here tonight ].我现在该送你回去了.你把所学的东西复习一遍,我们明晚上再来上一课session吧.〞97 I deposited her at the girls’dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly home to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.我把她送[deposited: put <something somewhere> firmly; drop <compare: place or put>]到了女生宿舍,在那里她向我保证说这个晚上她过得非常痛快[terrif好极了].我闷闷不乐地glumly 回到了我的房间,皮蒂正鼾声如雷snoring地睡在床上.那件浣熊皮大衣像一头多毛的hairy野兽beast扒在他的脚边[huddled挤在一起].我当时真想把他叫醒,告诉他可以把他的女朋友要回去.看来我的计划会要落空了.这姑娘对逻辑简直是一点儿都不开窍.98 But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening; I might as well waste another. Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct craterof her mind a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a prospec t fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.但是我回过头一想,既然已经浪费了一个晚上,不妨还是再花一个晚上看看.天晓得,说不定她头脑里的死火山口[crater:死火山crater of an extinct <inactive/dead> volcano/dormant volcano?] 中的什么地方,还有些火星会喷射出来呢.也许我会有办法能把这些火星[embers:余火[small, glowing pieces of coal or wood]扇成熊熊烈焰[smoldered:慢燃burn slowly and without a flame].当然,[充满filled with/charged with]成功的希望是不大的,但我还是决定再试一次.No one knew what the outcome might be. Maybe somewhere in the corner of her mind which was like the crater of an extinct <dead/inactive> volcano, some embers <small, glowing pieces of coal or wood> still burned slowly and flamelessly. Maybe I could blow <stir> the embers into flame. I had to admit that the chance of my making it <completing the mission> was very small, but I decided to give it one more shot <do it one more time>.99 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.〞100 She quivered with delight.第二天晚上我们又坐在那棵橡树下,我说："今晚上我们要谈的第一种谬误叫做文不对题.〞她高兴得都发抖quivered了.。

高级英语2第三版l e s s o n4爱情就是谬误课文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1爱情就是谬误马克斯·舒尔曼查尔斯·兰姆是一个百年难遇的性情欢快且富有进取心的人。

他那令人难忘的作品《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》打破了随笔的羁绊。

下面这篇文章甚至比兰姆的作品更加随意。

实际上，用“随意”这个字眼来形容这篇文章或许并不十分恰当；用“柔软的”、“松软的”或“富有弹性”或许更为恰当。

尽管这篇文章所属的类别是模糊的，但可以肯定它是一篇散文。

它提出了论点，列举了例子，并得出了结论。

卡菜尔能写出比这更好的作品吗拉斯金呢那么，就读一读下面的文章吧。

这篇文章意在论证逻辑学远非一门枯燥乏味而又迂腐的学科，而是一种活泼、清新的事物，充满了美感、激情和创伤。

——作者注1. 本人头脑冷静、逻辑性强。

敏锐、精明、机智、灵敏、狡黠------这些品质我都具备。

我的大脑像发电机一样有力，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。

难以想象吧！我才十八岁。

2. 如此年轻而又才智卓越的人并不常有。

就拿我在明尼苏达州大学的室友皮蒂·伯奇来说吧。

他跟我年龄相同，背景相似，却蠢笨如牛。

要知道，他是个英俊年轻的小伙子，可脑袋却空空如也。

他容易激动，情绪反复无常，易受影响。

最糟糕的是，他是一个爱赶时髦的人。

我认为，赶时髦是最缺乏理智的表现。

追随每一次新出现的时尚，身不由己地做着种种蠢事，仅仅因为别人都在这么做------在我看来，这愚蠢至极。

然而皮蒂却不这么认为。

3. 一天下午，我发现皮蒂躺在床上，脸上流露出一种痛苦不堪的表情，我立刻断定他得了阑尾炎。

“别动，”我说，“别吃泻药，我去请医生。

”4.“浣熊，”他咕哝道。

5.“浣熊”我停下飞快的脚步问道。

6.“我想要一件浣熊皮大衣，”他哭着嚷道。

7.我意识到他的问题不是身体上的，而是精神上的。

“你为什么想要一件浣熊皮大衣呢”8.“我早就该知道，”他哭叫着，捶打着自己的太阳穴，“我早就该知道查尔斯顿舞再度流行时，浣熊皮大衣也会再次时兴起来。

Unit 4 Love is a Fallacy爱情就是谬误Max ShulmanCharles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "spongy" are perhaps more appropriate.查尔斯．兰姆是一个百年难遇的性情欢快、富有进取心的人。

他那令人难忘的作品《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》打破了随笔的羁绊。

下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加随意。

实际上，用“随意”这个的字眼来形容这篇文章或许并不十分恰当；用“柔软的”、“松软的”或“富有弹性的”或许更恰当。

Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin?尽管很难说清这篇文章是属于哪一类，但可以肯定它是一篇散文。

它提出了论点，列举了例子，并得出了结论。

Lesson 4 Love is a FallacyMax Shulman词汇(Vocabulary): a false or mistaken idea，opinion，etc.；error谬论，谬见；错误----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:full of energy and initiative；willing to undertake new pr ojects有进取心的；充满首创精神的；有胆量的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: free from fetters；free from restraint of any kind；liberate除掉…的脚镣；解放；使获得自由----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:1acking or having lost stiffness；flaccid；drooping，wilted柔软的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: hanging in loose folds or wrinkles：soft and limp；flabby不结实的；松驰的；松软的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:of or like a sponge；soft and porous海绵(状)的；柔软有弹性的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: of or like a pedant迂腐的，书呆子气的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:a painful emotional experience，or shock．often producing a l asting psychic effect and sometimes a neurosis(精神)心灵创伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: shrewd or cunning. esp. in a selfish way；scheming精明的；(尤指)专为自己打算的；有算计的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:having keen judgement or understanding；acutely perc eptive聪颖的；敏锐的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having or showing a clever or shrewd mind：cunning；crafty；wily 聪明的，敏锐的；精明的；狡猾的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:generator发动机----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: either of the shallow dishes or pans of a balance秤盘；天平盘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:sharp；piercing锐利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a small，light，straight knife with a very sharp blade，used b y surgeons and m anatomical dissections解剖刀，手术刀----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:a person who follows fads赶时髦的人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a custom，style，etc．that many people are interested in for a s hort time；passing fashion；craze一度时髦的风尚，风行一时的东西；一时的狂热----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:something that is currently the fashion；fad一时的风尚；风行一时的东西；时髦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the highest point；point of culmination顶点，极点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:inflammation of the vermiform appendix阑尾炎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any laxative medicine；mild cathartic轻泻药；通便剂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:a small，tree—climbing, chiefly flesh—eating mammal浣熊----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: speak or say indistinctly and in a low voice；mutter喃喃地说；含糊地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:either of the flat surfaces alongside the forehead，in front of e ach ear太阳穴，鬓角----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: unwilling or unable to believe; doubting；skeptical不相信的；怀疑的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:not clean；harmful to health不卫生的；对健康有害的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: shed a natural growth or covering，as hair(毛发等)脱落----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:not sightly；not pleasant to look at；ugly不美观的；难看的；丑陋的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: current fashion潮流，时髦／砌the swim conforming to the curre nt fashion赶时髦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:a specific adjustment 0f a toothed wheel(汽车等的)排挡----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: closely；carefully；thoroughly仔细地；严密地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:the room or space just below the roof of a house；garret顶楼，阁楼----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: want ardently；long for with envy垂涎；觊觎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:appealing to the intellect rather than the emotions；intellect ural理智的；凭理智行事的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness ma kes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls[口](女子)其照片可供倾慕者钉在墙上的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:1ines；shape of the body线条；身材----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the material or qualities needed for the maki ng or development of something[常用复]素质；内在因素----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:conduct；behaviour；posture行为；举止；姿态----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: way of carrying and conducting oneself：carriage；manner举止，风度，姿态----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:good upbringing or training良好的教养(或培养)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: very beautiful or lovely，esp．in a delicate or carefully wr ought way优美的，高雅的，精致的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:an article characterized by special features，superior quality，novelty, etc．特产；特制品: the juice given off by meat in cooking肉汁，调味汁----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:a long—handled cup or similar container for dipping长柄杯或类似容器----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:chopped cabbage fermented in a brine of its own juice wit h salt泡菜----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:change direction：shift；turn or swing around改变方向；转向；变向----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:having a strong，tangy flavor like that of cooked game；stron g in smell有猎物气味的；气味强烈的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:excellent[口]好极了----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:feeling。