英国教育Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments.i.e. Educational System in EnglandEducational System in WalesEducational System in N. IrelandEducational System in ScotlandThe Present Educational System*Pre-Primary Education(3-5)*Primary Education(5-11)Compulsory Education(5-16)*Secondary Education(11-16)Compulsory Education(5-16)*Further Education(16-18)*Higher Education(18+)Pre-Primary Education(3-5)学期教育*Institutions: Nursery Schools/Kindergartens*NOT compulsory*Be available for kids from age 3-5 through playgroups and nursery schools (many are on a fee-paying basis).*The emphasis is on group work, creative activity and guided play.Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:1.State Schools (公立学校):11-year Compulsory Education (5-16)State Primary School →Secondary Education(94%)2.Public Schools/ Independent/Private Schools (独立学校/公学):Prep School → Public (Independent) School (6%)What are the difference between the Two?State(Maintained)schools:*funded by local and central governments.*Attendance:94%*co-educational day schools*comparatively new, a means of extending education to the common people.*imitating the public schools in some ways but generally inferior to them.Public schools=Independent schools:*Tuition fees; Endowments (捐赠) or donations from society (esp. alumni to their alma maters)*Attendance: 6%*Boy’s or Girl’s; usu. Boarding*originally created to provide education for the sons of the rich and aristocratic*Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities.*Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College伊顿公学has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.What are the difference between the Two?*various forms of state secondary schools*Cradles for Oxbridge and good profession, Higher social positions, etc.State-School Style of primary(5-11) and secondary education(11-18) in Britain:*The Features*Primary Education*Secondary EducationCompulsory education begins at 5 until 16 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. (11 years in total).The Features1.The importance of compulsory education(5-16)*Formal education plays a social and cultural role in socializing children (Purpose).*It signifies the development of education.*It shapes people’s social life and status.2. Education by Law*Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16(inclusive) across England (11 years in total).*This can be provided by state schools(free-94%), independent schools (Public/Private schools), or homeschooling.3. Curriculum*All government-run schools, state schools, follow the same National Curriculum, which was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary state schools following the Education Reform Act 1988.The National Curriculum•English•Science•Mathematics•Physical Education•Information & Communication Technology•Music•Geography•Art•Design & Technology•History•Modern Foreign Language•Citizenship•Work-related Learning4. The School Year学年*The academic year in UK has three terms. Each term will run for seven to fourteen weeks--from September to July. School holidays are Christmas, Easter and summer vocation (July to Sep)—9-12; 1-4; 5-7mon.The primary / secondary schools and further education colleges normally have a much longer term than those adopted by the Universities.*The school hours of attendance commonly: 9:00—12:00; 14:00—16:00Primary Education (5-11)初等教育* Pupils mainly (94%) attend state sector primary schools: compulsory--co-educational or mixed schools.*The State primary institutions including: “Infants schools幼儿学校(5-7)” = First Schools“Junior schools初级学校/小学(7-11)”*Year 1 to Year 6*There’s littl e or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.☆Secondary Education (11-18)中等教育Secondary Education(11-16)--Year 7-Year 11※State Secondary Schools（11-16）1. Grammar Schools文法中学(3%)2. Secondary Modern Schools现代中学or Technical schools技校(7%)3. Comprehensive Schools综合中学(84%)*Grammar Schools文法中学(3%)Grammar schools select children through an examination called “the 11-plus”(preparing students for higher education)--选拔优秀小学生毕业考试.What is the “11-plus”?♂It is an old selective system优选制, children take an examination ,called the “eleven plus” in their last year at primary school.♂The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.*Those with the highest marks go to grammar schools(3%), which lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.*Other children may go to technical schools技校and the rest go to secondary modern schools现代中学.(7%)*Comprehensive Schools综合中学(84%)--Overcome the inequality of 11-plus--In the 1960s, Comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country and are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today.--No entrance exam, a means of extending education to the common people--General education/non-selective and open to pupils of all abilitiesWhat is a comprehensive school like?*About 25 pupils/class*Practical Subjects: French (German or Spanish), physics, chemistry, biology, economics, shorthand, drama, cooking, gardening or flower-arrangement, filming, etc.Exams•Compulsory education ends at age 16.•At 16, students take GCSE examination.*GCSE― General Certificate of Secondary Education(普通中等教育证书/中学毕业证书) after 5 years of secondary education.*Today, letter grades are used for GCSE with A+, A, B, C, D, E, F representing a pass and G representing a fail.GCSEGrade A+/A A good result of exceptional qualityGrade B / C The higher grades needed for further and higher educationGrade D / E Regarded as average grades-a good base from which to growGrade F The lower, but still useful, grades of achievementGrade G Unfortunately, no score*Further Education(16-18)延续教育--a term mainly used in connection with education in the United Kingdom and Ireland.--Known as “Tertiary Education”第三级教育for two years—”Year 12, and 13”.--About 600 colleges/schools of Further Education institution (state-run ones are free) --most of further education are provided by Colleges of Further Education, colleges of techonology, technical colleges; some are offered at universities or a six form college of a secondary school.--It is post-compulsory education, that is distinct from the education offered in universities (higher education). It may be at any level above compulsory secondary education, from basic skills training to higher vocational education.-- Based on the results of the GCSE, they will decide what avenue of education they would like to follow:@Academic Route学业路线@Vocational Route职业路线@Academic Route学业路线It is usually chosen by some more ambitious and hardworking students preparing for a university. They will take GCE O-level (一般水平普通教育证书) exams. If they pass, they may transfer to a school of Further Education to learn GCE A-Level classes for 2 years.At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations usually in 3(or 4) subjects. in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.What are A-levels exams?•General Certificate of Education-Advanced “普通教育高级证书＝大学入学考试/高考”.•For Pupils who hope to attend university carry on their academic study.•Usually taking place in a school of further Education (For example, Sixth Form school 六年级学校or tertiary college三级学校—Further Education College).•Most pupils try to achieve 3 or 4 A-levels in the subjects they are most proficient at. (Stressful)@Vocational Route职业路线•Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to sit the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资格证书) for vocational training or preparing for work.Independent Style of primary(5-11) and secondary education(11-18) in Britain:In the UK private schools are confusingly called public schools! (6% of the total school population)*School Systems of Independent Schools:--Primary Education:”Prep School” 预备学校at 7/8--Secondary Edu.: At 13-18, Public School公学through “Common Entrance” Exam*High tuition fees + large quantity of social endowments = affording smaller classes + better faculty (with nice salaries)*not part of the national education system.*Mainly s ingle-sex rather than co-ed schools.*Boarding schools.Question: Who are attending such schools?•The students are largely from aristocratic (贵族) and upper class families; and they are more expected to Oxbridge.•BUT opponents voice doubts:It’s socially divisive and breeds elitism; they are offering more promising opportunities to 6% of British children, but it’s unfair for the remaining 94%!The Most Well-known Public Schools:•Eton College (伊顿公学) (1440 by King Henry VI)•Harrow School (哈罗公学) (1571) (Byron, Churchill)•Winchester College (温切斯特公学) (1394)•Rugby School (拉格贝公学) (1567) (Rugby was first played here.)Eton College伊顿公学•For boys ONLY!•Its students are from noble and upper class families. (Prince Charles, William & Harry)•So far, about 20 PMs were educated at Eton. "the chief nurse of England's statesmen" "No other school can claim to have sent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world."•The school fee includes tuition, board & lodging, laundry, personal accident insurance, and the cost of most activities.•How much is the school fee at Eton?An annual fee of about ￡26,490.Higher Education(18+)高等教育⊙Formal Universities*Introduction*Categories*Entrance Procedure*Teaching Methods*Degrees and Features⊙Open University*Introduction•All British universities are self-governing and fee-charging. They receive financial aid through the University Grants Committee (高校基金委员会) from the government.•Over 42% of pupils become university students on leaving school at 18.•Fee-charging (on the average: ￡1200-3000)*Categories•110 universities or institutions of Higher Education in UK (93 in England, 13 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N.Ireland)• 3 categories:--Old universities--Redbrick universities (1800-1950s), --New universities (1960s- present).Old Universities(12th—19th Centuries)Oxford and Cambridge, dating from the 12th and 13th century(Oxbridge, for man only until 19th)4 Scottish University dating from the 15th-16th:St. Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen3 others from the 19th. Durham; London; WalesRedbrick universities (1800-1950s)The term “red brick” or “redbrick” was first coined by a professor of Spanish (Edgar Allis on Peers) at the University of Liverpool to describe the civic universities市立大学which featured with The Victoria Building built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with terracotta赤土decorative dressings.Eg. Manchester; Sheffield; Exeter; Leeds; Birmingham; Southampton; Loverpool; Nottingham; Leicester; Bristol;Reading; Hull. Keele; Lancaster; York; East Anglia; Sussex; Newcastle; Essex; Warwick; Dundee; Kent.New universities (1960s- present)It came to be used to refer to any of the universities founded in and after the 1960s.•Anglia Ruskin University– formerly Anglia Higher Education College, Anglia Polytechnic then Anglia Polytechnic理工类University•Birmingham City University– formerly the University of Central England in Birmingham and before that, Birmingham Polytechnic•University of Brighton– formerly Brighton Polytechnic•… … … … …Entrance Procedures•In the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university.•Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service大学院校入学委员会).•Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions.•Admission – selection on basis of A-level results & an interview.Teaching Methods•The UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may havetime-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.•Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods:A.Lectures 讲座The professors dominate the lectures which serve to guide the students.The size of the class is generally large, often up to 100 students.NO prescribed textbooks but reading lists and handouts (讲稿)!B.Seminars 讨论会*The seminars provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic.*The students are told in advance about a topic & are required to prepare a presentation on it.*What is the point of attending seminars?The discussions that take place in seminars often help students understand a topic better in different perspectives and help students develop their communication skills.C.Tutorials 导师辅导课•T utorials give you focused guidance on a particular topic once a week.•T he size of tutorials is quite small. (15-20) Every student has to speak in class.•T he students meet with the professors individually to discuss their concerns about the topic that they have undertaken and thus seek individual guidance.D.Independent work*Students are supposed to investigate a topic in detail and develop their own views about it. (off-campus research)*This usually involves working individually or in a small group with other students to research a topic.*Produce written work or make presentation for a seminar.E. Coursework 课程论文／学年作业•This may include essays, reports, projects, presentations or reflections.•Coursework is assessed and given grades.•Assessment: a combination of methodsPlagiarism 剽窃*Plagiarism means presenting other people’s work as one's own without acknowledging the source or referencing.*Cheating or plagiarism can result in students not being allowed to graduate.*Advice is normally given by your professors on an acceptable way and amount of referencing. (footnote/bibliography) Degrees---How long to take?★BA/BSc: 3 years full-timeExceptions: Medical; Law—as 5-year undergraduate degrees.★MA/MSc: 1 year full-time*Usually taking only 1 year. But it also depends:*A taught master’s degree授课式的硕士课程—1 year*A research master’s研究式的硕士—2years*Master by Research (M.Phil- Master of Philosophy)写研究论文取得的硕士–1-2years★PhD at least 3 years original research*BA: Bachelor of Arts (文学学士)*BSc/BS: Bachelor of Science (理学学士)*PhD ( Doctor of Phil osophy) is written after someone’s name to indicate that he has a PhD: Collins, PhD.Features of Universities1. College system—self-governing. The value of this lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take place.2. Three-term academic year—from Sep. or Oct. to June or July; three terms of 8-10 weeks; academic terms are different in each university and each year. Eg., (2011-2012)Ox—”Michaelmas”(10.9-12.3)、“Hilary(1.15-3.10)”、“Trinity(4.22-6.16)”—three termsCam--“Michaelmas”(10.4-12.2)、“Lent(1.17-3.16)”、“Easter(4.24-6.15)”UCL—”the first, second and third” term: 9.26-12.16; 1.9-3.23; 4.23-6.83. Courses may be full-time, part-time or sandwich(工读交替制)5. Students are awarded first-, second-, and third-class honours according to the results of the final examinations at the end of the third year of study or and the assessments over the period of study.Higher Education: Open universities函授大学、开放大学•Opened in 1969 and was intended to give opportunities to adults who had been unable to take traditional higher education.•It is open to everybody and does demand formal qualifications.•Lectures are broadcast on television and radio, and students correspond with their tutors by post.•At the end, successful students are awarded a university degree.2008《TIMES》英国大学排名排名英文校名中文校名1Oxford牛津大学2Cambridge 剑桥大学3Imperial College帝国理工学院4London School of Economics 伦敦政经学院5St Andrews 圣安德鲁斯大学6University College London 伦敦大学学院7Warwick华威大学8Bristol布里斯托大学9Durham杜伦大学10King’s College London伦敦国王学院两校的对比•长久以来，牛津大学和剑桥大学差别并不大。
