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高中英语语法讲义第二讲——特殊句式倒装句通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。
分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。
一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。
1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。
如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out,away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。
Down came the rain and up went the umbrella.Then followed three days of heavy rain.Out rushed the children laughing loudly.Away flew the plane.2.such 位于句首。
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sc ientist.注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。
They love making lots of friends; so do I.2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。
Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy.3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。
高中英语句法之特殊句式一倒装的用法：1. 定义：英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。
谓语的全部或部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。
如果将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，这称之为完全倒装。
如果只将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，这称之为部分倒装。
2.倒装的种类及条件常见的倒装句：（1）疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装Are you cold?Does he go to school by bike?注意：若疑问词在句中作主语或主语的定语时，不倒装。
Who is your English teacher?Whose father is a worker?（2）直接引语在句首“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the poor girl.“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry woman.完全倒装完全倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。
1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be,come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。
例如：Here comes the bus! (=The bus is coming here! 用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。
)There goes the bell! = The bell is ringing. 铃响了!Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我们期盼的时候到了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。
高中英语语法复习之特殊句式无需改动。
4.否定副词或短语位于句首时，句子需全部倒装。
Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.Not only did he fail the exam。
but he also lost his scholarship.5.表示条件的副词或短语位于句首时，句子需全部倒装。
Had I known the truth。
I XXX.二、部分倒装1.在祈使句中，助动词do/does/did可省略，但要保留原来的动词原形，主语需放在动词前。
Take your XXX。
please。
→ Do take your medicine。
please.2.在表示感叹的句子中，常用what/ how/so/ such引导句子，需将助动词、情态动词、be动词放在主语之前。
What a beautiful day it is!How kind of you to help me!So great was XXX.Such was the noise that we couldn't concentrate.C.强调句强调句是指在句子中通过特殊的语法结构来强调某一成分，使其更加突出。
1.强调句的结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分。
It was Tom who won the first prize.It XXX.2.强调句中被强调部分的形式：可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。
It was the best movie I have ever seen.It is only with hard work that you can achieve success.3.强调句的注意事项：强调句中的被强调部分通常放在句首或句末。
强调句中的谓语动词要与其主语保持一致。
强调句中的that/who可以省略，但要注意谓语动词的变化。
高中英语语法：特殊句式最常见到的四种特殊句式：全部倒装、部分倒装、省略句和反意疑问句。
1 全部倒装1. There be句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除be外，还可用live，exist，remain，stand等作谓语。
例如：(1) There are many students in the classroom.(2) Long long ago, there lived a king who loved horses very much.2. 用于“here（there，now，then）+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以out，in，up，down，away等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。
例如：Here comes the bus.Out went the children.3. 由then引起，谓语为come，follow的句子。
例如：(1) Then came a new difficulty.(2) Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.4. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。
例如：In the middle of our school stands a high building.5. 表语放在句首时，倒装结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。
表语常为形容词、过去分词和介词短语。
例如：(1) Gone are the days when they would do what they liked.(2) Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.2 部分倒装1. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首。
例如：Only then did I realize the importance of English.注意：①在only+状语从句+主句结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式倒装句通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。
分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。
一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。
1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。
如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out,away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。
Down came the rain and up went the umbrella.Then followed three days of heavy rain.Out rushed the children laughing loudly.Away flew the plane.2.such 位于句首。
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist.注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。
They love making lots of friends; so do I.2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。
Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy.3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。
Not a single mistake did he make.=He di dn’t make a single mistake.4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。
Only then did I begin to understand him.Only in this way can we solve the problem.Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university.5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understoodSuch progress did he make that he won much respect.三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。
只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。
1.感叹句What an interesting talk they had!=How interesting a talk they had!2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。
Young as /though he was, he was successful.Child as /though he is, he knows much.题组训练1.Only when you can find peace in your heart you keep good relationships with others.2.At no time they actually break the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.3.Only after Mary read her composition the second time she notice the spelling mistake.4.---It’s so good. Never before I had such a nice meal!---I am glad you like it.答案：1. will 2. did 3. did 4. have强调句1.强调句型的陈述句形式：It is /was +被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。
被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that,被强调部分是“事物”时用that. 被强调部分不能为谓语定语。
It is I who/that am right（强调主语）It was him that/who we met at the school gate.（强调宾语）It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.（强调状语）2.强调句型的一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who+其他成分Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?3.强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他成分。
Who was it that broke the window?When was it that you called me yesterday?What is it that you want me to do?4.有时可用It might be......that/who....,It must have been ......that/who....句型表示强调。
It might be his father that/who you’re thinking of.It must have been his brother that/who you saw.5.not.....until....结构的强调句型。
其强调句式为：It is /was not until +被强调部分+that+主句的肯定式He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock.It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed.I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her da rk glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.二对谓语动词的强调It is /was ......who/that.....结构不能强调谓语动词。
强调谓语动词，用助动词do, does或did加原形。
Do come this evening.He did write to you last week.Tom does study hard now.三特殊疑问句中以“the devil”“on earth”“in the world”表“究竟；到底”之意来起强调的作用。
What on earth are you doing.？题组训练1.Was because Jack came late for school Mr. Smith got angry?2.It only after he had read the papers Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.3.It was not until I came here I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.4.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.答案：1.it; that 2.was;that 3.that 4.that其他特殊句式一省略与代替（一）定语从句中的省略现象限制性定语从句中宾语的关系代词that ,which, whom常可以省略。
如She is the girl (whom/who/that) I would like to work with.（二）状语从句中的省略现象1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，这时从句中可以出现下列结构：（1）连词（though, if, when等）+形容词Work hard when (you are) young, or you’ll regret.（2）连词（as if, while等）+介词短语He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.（3）连词（when, while, though）+现在分词While （I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called.（4）连词（when, if, unless, once, than等）+过去分词The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.（5）连词（as if, as though等）+不定式He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something.注：当主从句的宾语一致时，有时也可以这样省略。
