Federal Communication Commission Public Notice
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Wireless Communications*byJoshua S。
Gans,Stephen P。
King and Julian Wright1. IntroductionIn 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by transmitting the three—dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of th ree kilometers using electromagnetic waves。
From this beginning,wireless communications has developed into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and television broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone,wireless communications has revolutionized the way societies function.This chapter surveys the economics literature on wireless communications。
Wireless communications and the economic goods and services that utilise it have some special characteristics that have motivated specialised studies。
First, wireless communications relies on a scarce resource –namely,radio spectrum –the property rights for which were traditionally vested with the state. In order to foster the development of wireless communications (including telephony and broadcasting)those assets were privatised。
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES美国政府CONSTITUTION宪法一、LEGISLATIVE BRANCH立法部门Congress国会Senate参议院House of Representatives众议院Architect of the Capitol国会大厦Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室General Accounting Office总会计署Government Printing Office印刷局Library of Congress美国国会图书馆Office of Technology Assessment国会技术评估办公室Stennis Center for Public Service :Stennis公众服务中心二、EXECUTIVE BRANCH行政部门President总统Vice President副总统Executive Office of the President总统行政办公室Council of Economic Advisers总统经济顾问委员会Council on Environmental Quality总统环境质量委员会National Economic Council国家经济委员会National Security Council国家安全委员会Office of Management and Budget管理与预算办公室Office of National AIDS Policy国家艾滋病政策办公室Office of National Drug Control Policy国家麻醉品控制政策办公室Office of Science and Technology Policy科技政策办公室President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Boa rd总统国外情报顾问委员会U.S. Trade Representative美国贸易代表White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Out reach 白宫妇女办公室Department of Agriculture农业部Department of Commerce商业部Department of Defense国防部Department of Education教育部Department of Energy能源部Department of Health and Human Services卫生和公共事业部Department of Housing and Urban Development住宅与城市发展部Department of the Interior内务部Department of Justice司法部Department of Labor劳工部Department of State国务院Department of Transportation交通部Department of the Treasury财政部Department of Veterans Affairs退伍军人事务部Independent Establishments, Government Corporations, and Quasi-official Agencie s独立机构、政府法人社团和半官方中介机构Advisory Council on Historic Preservation历史保护咨询委员会Central Intelligence Agency中央情报局Commission on Civil Rights民权委员会Commodity Futures Trading Commission商品期货贸易委员会Consumer Product Safety Commission消费者产品安全委员会Corporation for National Service国家服务团Environmental Protection Agency环保局Equal Employment Opportunity Commission平等就业机会委员会Export-Import Bank of the United States美国进出口银行FarmCredit Administration农业信贷管理局Federal Communications Commission联邦通讯委员会Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation联邦储蓄保险公司Federal Election Commission联邦选举委员会Federal Emergency Management Agency联邦紧急事务管理局Federal Labor Relations Authority联邦劳工关系局Federal Maritime Commission联邦海事委员会Federal Reserve System联邦储备银行系统Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board联邦退休储蓄和投资委员会Federal Trade Commission联邦贸易委员会General Services Administration总务管理局Merit Systems Protection Board功绩制保护委员会National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空航天局National Archives and Records Administration国家档案局National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities国家艺术人文基金会National Labor Relations Board国家劳工关系委员会National Railroad Passenger Corporation国家铁路客运公司National Performance Review国家绩效评估委员会National Science Foundation国家科学基金会National Transportation Safety Board国家交通安全委员会Nuclear Regulatory Commission核管理委员会Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission职业安全与健康管理局Office of Government Ethics政府道德办公室Office of Personnel Management人事管理办公室Office of Special Counsel特别检察官办公室Overseas Private Investment Corporation海外私人投资公司Peace Corps和平队Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation养老金受益担保公司Postal Rate Commission邮政费率委员会Railroad Retirement Board铁道职工退休委员会Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易委员会Selective Service System义务兵役管理部Small Business Administration小企业主利益保护局Smithsonian Institution史密森学会Social Security Administration社会保障部Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州河谷授权委员会U.S. Agency for International Development美国国际开发署U.S. International Trade Commission美国国际贸易委员会U.S. Postal Service美国邮政服务局U.S. Trade and Development Agency美国贸易及发展署Voice of America美国之音三、JUDICIAL BRANCH司法机构Supreme Court最高法院U.S. Courts of Appeals美国地区法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit美国联邦巡回地区法院U.S. District Courts联邦地方法院U.S. Court of Federal Claims联邦申诉法庭U.S. Court of International Trade国际贸易法院U.S. Tax Court税务法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces武装部队地区法院U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals退伍军人地区法院Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts美国法院行政管理办公室Federal Judicial Center联邦司法中心。
美国国家机构简称及主要领导人美国国家机构简称FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation, a bureau within the Department of Justice 联邦调查局CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, an independent government agency 中央情报局NSA - National Security Agency, an intelligence/combat support agency within the Department of Defense 国家安全局DOD - Department of Defense 美国国防部USDA - Department of Agriculture 美国农业部DOC - Department of Commerce 美国商业部DOI - Department of the Interior 美国内务部DOL - Department of Labor 美国劳动部DOS - Department of State 美国国务部DOT - Department of Transportation 美国交通部DOJ- Department of Justice 美国司法部ED - Department of Education 美国教育部HHS - Department of Health and Human Services 美国卫生部DOE - Department of Energy 美国能源部VA - Department of Veterans Affairs 美国老兵部HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development 美国房屋和城市发展部DHS - Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部DEA - Drug Enforcement Administration 麻醉品管制局ICE - United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement 美国移民和海关执法局IRS - Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署ATF - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives 烟酒、武器及爆炸(PS:U.S. Bureau Of Alcohol.美国烟草及火器管理局。
中央情报局(CIA) Central Intelligence Agency 期货交易管理委员会(CFTC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission 联邦环境保护局(EPA) Environmental Protection Agency 联邦通讯管理委员会(FCC) Federal Communications Commission 美国联邦储备局(Fed board) Board of Govenors of the Federal Reserve System 联邦贸易管理委员会(FTC) Federal Trade Commission 总务署(GSA) General Services Administration 美国太空总署(NASA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration 国家档案记录署(NARA) National Archives and Records Administration 国家劳⼯关系委员会(NLRB) National Labor Relations Board 国家科学基⾦(NSF) National Science Foundation ⼈事管理处(OPM) Office of Personnel Management ⼩型企业总署(SBA) Small Business Administration 社会保障总署(SSA) Social Security Administration 证券交易监管委员会(SEC) Securities and Exchange Commission 美国国际发展局(USAID) United States Agency for International Development 美国国际贸易委员会(USITC) United States International Trade Commission。
联邦通信委员会的名词解释联邦通信委员会(Federal Communications Commission,简称FCC),是美国政府机构之一,负责监管和管理国内的广播、电信、有线电视和卫星通信等相关行业。
FCC在美国的通信网络发展中扮演着重要角色,其职责涵盖了保护消费者权益、促进竞争、管理无线频谱和维护国家通信安全等方面。
下文将对FCC的主要职能和工作内容进行解释和讨论。
首先,FCC的主要职责之一是保护消费者权益。
在广播、电信和有线电视等领域,FCC通过监管相关服务和产品的价格、质量和服务水平,确保消费者能够享受到公正、可靠和质量上乘的通信服务。
例如,FCC会制定规定,禁止商家操纵市场价格,限制垄断行为,以及保护消费者免受虚假广告和不当销售行为的侵害。
其次,FCC在促进竞争方面发挥着重要作用。
通过制定公平竞争准则和规则,FCC鼓励各公司在通信行业展开竞争,以提高服务质量和创新能力。
FCC还对市场竞争情况进行评估和监测,对于出现市场垄断或激烈竞争不足的情况,FCC可能会采取措施,如限制收购合并,以保持行业竞争力。
第三,FCC负责管理和分配无线频谱资源。
无线频谱是有限且宝贵的资源,FCC负责确保该资源的合理利用和分配。
FCC会制定和执行相关规定,以确保不同无线通信系统和服务能够共存并避免干扰。
同时,FCC还负责制定规则来确保国家的通信系统正常运作,包括在自然灾害或其他紧急情况下保持紧急通信的畅通和可靠。
另外,FCC也承担着维护国家通信安全和保护隐私的责任。
FCC确保通信网络的安全性,防范网络攻击和信息泄漏等安全风险。
FCC也会制定相关的隐私保护准则,以保护用户个人信息的安全和隐私权利。
FCC与其他相关机构合作,共同应对国家通信安全领域的挑战和威胁,并在必要时采取监管措施。
总之,FCC在美国的通信领域扮演着至关重要的角色。
其职责涵盖了保护消费者权益、促进竞争、管理无线频谱和维护通信安全等多个方面。
通过制定和执行相关规定和政策,FCC确保了通信行业的公平竞争环境和良好运营秩序。
美国联邦通信委员会zh中英对照The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States is an independent agency that regulates communications, including radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The FCC was established in 1934 with the Communications Act and is responsible for enforcing regulations and laws that ensure a competitive and secure communications infrastructure in the United States. In this document, we will explore the history, structure, and responsibilities of the FCC.联邦通信委员会(FCC) 是美国的一个独立机构,负责监管通讯业,包括广播、电视、有线、卫星和电缆。
FCC成立于1934年,是根据Communications Act设立的,负责执行规章制度和法律,以确保美国具有竞争和安全的通信基础设施。
在这篇文档中,我们将探讨FCC的历史、结构和职责。
HistoryThe origins of the FCC can be traced back to the Federal Radio Commission, which was established in 1927 to regulate radio broadcasts. With the advent of new communication technologies, such as television and satellite broadcasts, the Federal Radio Commission was reorganized as the FCC under the Communications Act of 1934.历史FCC的起源可以追溯到1927年成立的联邦无线电委员会,该委员会负责监管无线电广播。
Abbreviations and their explanations 缩写与其解释Engineering 工程 / Process 工序(制程)4M&1E Man, Machine, Method, Material, Environment人,机器,方法,物料,环境- 可能导致或造成问题的根本原因AI Automatic Insertion自动插机ASSY Assembly制品装配ATE Automatic Test Equipment自动测试设备BL Baseline参照点BM Benchmark参照点BOM Bill of Material生产产品所用的物料清单C&ED/CAED Cause and Effect Diagram原因和效果图CA Corrective Action解决问题所采取的措施CAD Computer-aided Design电脑辅助设计.用于制图和设计3维物体的软件CCB Change Control Board对文件的要求进行评审,批准,和更改的小组CI Continuous Improvement依照短期和长期改善的重要性来做持续改善COB Chip on Board邦定-线焊芯片到PCB板的装配方法.CT Cycle Time完成任务所须的时间DFM Design for Manufacturability产品的设计对装配的适合性DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis设计失效模式与后果分析--在设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施DFSS Design for Six Sigma六西格玛(6-Sigma)设计 -- 设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施并提高设计对装配的适合性DFT Design for Test产品的设计对测试的适合性DOE Design of Experiment实验设计-- 用于证明某种情况是真实的DPPM Defective Part Per Million根据一百万件所生产的产品来计算不良品的标准DV Design Verification / Design Validation设计确认ECN Engineering Change Notice客户要求的工程更改或内部所发出的工程更改文件ECO Engineering Change Order客户要求的工程更改ESD Electrostatic Discharge静电发放-由两种不导电的物品一起摩擦而产生的静电可以破坏ICs和电子设备FI Final Inspection在生产线上或操作中由生产操作员对产品作最后检F/T Functional Test测试产品的功能是否与所设计的一样查FA First Article / Failure Analysis首件产品或首件样板/ 产品不良分析FCT Functional Test功能测试-检查产品的功能是否与所设计的一样FFF Fit Form Function符合产品的装配,形状和外观及功能要求FFT Final Functional Test包装之前,在生产线上最后的功能测试FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式与后果分析-- 预测问题的发生可能性并且对之采取措施FPY First Pass Yield首次检查合格率FTY First Test Yield首次测试合格率FW Firmware韧体(软件硬化)-控制产品功能的软件HL Handload在波峰焊接之前,将PTH元件用手贴装到PCB上,和手插机相同I/O Input / Output输入 / 输出iBOM Indented Bill of Material内部发出的BOM(依照客户的BOM)ICT In-circuit Test线路测试-- 用电气和电子测试来检查PCBA短路,开路,少件,多件和错件等等不良IFF Information Feedback Form情报联络书-反馈信息所使用的一种表格IR Infra-red红外线KPIV Key Process Input Variable主要制程输入可变因素-在加工过程中,所有输入的参数/元素,将影响制成品的质量的可变因素KPOV Key Process Output Variable主要制程输出可变因素-在加工过程中,所有输出的结果,所呈现的产品品质特征。
美国国家机构简称(附中文译名) ZT美国国家机构简称FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation, a bureau within the Department of Justice 联邦调查局CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, an independant government agency 中央情报局NSA - National Security Agency, an intelligence/combat support agency within the Department of Defense 国家安全局DoD - Department of Defense 美国国防部USDA - Department of Agriculture 美国农业部DoC - Department of Commerce 美国商业部DoI - Department of the Interior 美国内务部DoL - Department of Labor 美国劳动部DoS - Department of State 美国国务部DoT - Department of Transportation 美国交通部DoJ - Department of Justice 美国司法部ED - Department of Education 美国教育部HHS - Department of Health and Human Services 美国卫生部DoE - Department of Energy 美国能源部VA - Department of VeteransAffairs 美国老兵部HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development 美国房屋和城市发展部DHS - Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部DEA - Drug Enforcement Administration 麻醉品管制局ICE - United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement 美国移民和海关执法局IRS - Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署ATF - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives 烟酒、武器及爆炸物局NCIS - Naval Criminal Investigative Service 美国海军犯罪调查处JAG - Judge Advocate General 美国海军军法署(A)USA - (Assistant) United States Attorney 美国政府律师委员会USCIS - United States Citizenship and Immigration Service 美国公民归化与移民服务处USPS - United States Postal Service 全美邮政管理局SEC - Security and Exchange Commission 国家证券交易委员会FCC - Federal Communication Commission 美国联邦通信委员会FTC - Federal Trade Commission 美国联邦贸易委员会FAA - Federal Aviation Administration 联邦航空局NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board 美国国家交通安全委员会GSA - General Service Administration 美国联邦政府总务管理局DIA - Defense Intelligence Agency 国防情报局NRO - National Reconnaissance Office 美国国家侦察办公室NGA - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 美国国家地理空间情报局EPA - Environmental Protection Agency 美国环境保护署FEC - Federal Election Commission 联邦选举委员会NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration 美国国家航空航天局NSF - National Science Foundation 国家自然科学基金会AMTRAK - National Railroad Passenger Corporation 美国国家铁路客运公司SSA - Social Security Administration 美国社会保障管理局NOAA - National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 美国海洋与大气管理局USGS - United States Geological Survey 美国地质调查局FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency 联邦紧急措施署CBP - United States Customs and Border Protection 美国海关和边境保护管理处CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 疾病控制和防御中心FDA - Food and Drug Administration 国家食品与药品管理局NIH - National Institutes of Health 全美医学研究院DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 美国国防部高级研究规划署。
美国国家机构简称及主要领导人美国国家机构简称FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation, a bureau within the Department of Justice 联邦调查局CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, an independent government agency 中央情报局NSA - National Security Agency, an intelligence/combat support agency within the Department of Defense 国家安全局DOD - Department of Defense 美国国防部USDA - Department of Agriculture 美国农业部DOC - Department of Commerce 美国商业部DOI - Department of the Interior 美国内务部DOL - Department of Labor 美国劳动部DOS - Department of State 美国国务部DOT - Department of Transportation 美国交通部DOJ- Department of Justice 美国司法部ED - Department of Education 美国教育部HHS - Department of Health and Human Services 美国卫生部DOE - Department of Energy 美国能源部VA - Department of Veterans Affairs 美国老兵部HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development 美国房屋和城市发展部DHS - Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部DEA - Drug Enforcement Administration 麻醉品管制局ICE - United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement 美国移民和海关执法局IRS - Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署ATF - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives 烟酒、武器及爆炸(PS:U.S. Bureau Of Alcohol.美国烟草及火器管理局。
PUBLIC NOTICEFederal C(mmunicati(ns C(mmissi(n 445 12th Street, S.W.Washingt(n, D.C. 20554News Media Inf4rmati4n 202 / 418-0500Internet: http://www.fcc.g4vTTY: 1-888-835-5322DA 11-1537 SEPTEMBER 13, 2011STATUS OF TESTING IN CONNECTION WITH LIGHTSQUARED’SREQUEST FOR ATC COMMERCIAL OPERATING AUTHORITYIB D?cket N?. 11-109This Public N+tice is issued pursuant t+ the pr+visi+n +f LightSquared Subsidiary LLC’s (LightSquared) c+nditi+nal Ancillary Terrestrial C+mp+nent (ATC) auth+rizati+n that LightSquared may n+t c+mmence ATC +perati+ns until the C+mmissi+n, in c+nsultati+n with the Nati+nalTelec+mmunicati+ns and Inf+rmati+n Administrati+n (NTIA), finds that Gl+bal P+siti+ning System (GPS) interference c+ncerns have been satisfact+rily res+lved. F+ll+wing extensive c+mments received as a result +f the technical w+rking gr+up pr+cess required by the Internati+nal Bureau’s Order and Auth+rizati+n dated January 26, 2011,1the Federal C+mmunicati+ns C+mmissi+n, in c+nsultati+n with NTIA, has determined that additi+nal targeted testing is needed t+ ensure that any p+tential c+mmercial terrestrial services +ffered by LightSquared will n+t cause harmful interference t+ GPS +perati+ns.2 As a result +f c+ncerns raised by NTIA (+n behalf +f military and civilian federal agencies) and the GPS industry, the C+mmissi+n c+nditi+ned the January 26, 2011 Order and Auth+rizati+n+n LightSquared sufficiently addressing the p+tential f+r harmful interference that its planned c+mmercial terrestrial service c+uld cause t+ GPS devices, including th+se used t+ pr+tect nati+nal security and public safety. The c+nditi+nal auth+rizati+n required LightSquared t+ help +rganize and t+ fully participate in a technical w+rking gr+up t+ bring t+gether LightSquared and the GPS c+mmunity t+ address p+tential interference t+ GPS fr+m LightSquared’s ATC +perati+ns. F+r m+re than threem+nths, the technical w+rking gr+up, c+mprised +f m+re than 120 participants including representatives fr+m the Department +f Defense, Department +f Transp+rtati+n and +ther federal agencies, the GPSc+mmunity, vari+us telec+mmunicati+ns c+mpanies and LightSquared, c+nducted an extensive set +f tests, and LightSquared submitted a final rep+rt +n June 30, 2011. The technical w+rking gr+up eff+rt identified p+tential f+r harmful interference fr+m LightSquared’s +riginally pr+p+sed depl+yment based 126 FCC Rcd 566 (Int’l Bur. 2011).2We n+te that NTIA has been active in c+nsultati+ns with key federal agencies p+tentially impacted by LightSquared’s pr+p+sed +perati+ns, as well as LightSquared itself. See NTIA’s Assistant Secretary Larry E. Strickling’s letter t+ Deputy Secretary +f Defense William Lynn and Deputy Secretary +f Transp+rtati+n J+hnP+rcari +f September 9, 2011. http://fXallf+ss.fcc.g+v/ecfs/d+cument/view?id=7021708329.+n +perati+n +f terrestrial transmitters in b+th the upper and l+wer 10 MHz p+rti+ns +f its spectrum. The FCC issued a public n+tice +n June 30, 2011, seeking c+mment +n the rep+rt.3LightSquared submitted pr+p+sed mitigati+n techniques t+ remedy the interference t+ GPS simultane+usly with the technical w+rking gr+up final rep+rt.4N+tably, LightSquared pr+p+sed t+ revise its planned depl+yment t++perate terrestrial transmitters +nly in the l+wer 10 MHz +f its spectrum. The results thus far fr+m the testing using the l+wer 10 MHz sh+wed significantimpr+vement c+mpared t+ tests +f the upper 10 MHz, alth+ugh there c+ntinue t+ be interferencec+ncerns, e.g., with certain types +f high precisi+n GPS receivers, including devices used in nati+nal security and aviati+n applicati+ns. Additi+nal tests are theref+re necessary.We appreciate the extensive res+urces dev+ted by all +f the participants in the technicalw+rking gr+up and by the federal agencies and departments. We are satisfied that the pr+cess that was established thr+ugh the c+nditi+nal auth+rizati+n, as well as the c+nsultati+n pr+cess that exists between the FCC and NTIA, is meeting +ur +bXective t+ fully understand the p+tential f+r harmful interference and devel+p s+luti+ns bef+re LightSquared is permitted t+ depl+y service. We str+ngly enc+urage all parties t+ w+rk in g++d faith and expediti+usly t+wards a s+luti+n that serves +ur dual g+als +f facilitating the intr+ducti+n +f new wireless br+adband services while pr+tecting GPS against harmful interference.By the Chiefs, Internati+nal Bureau & Office +f Engineering and Techn+l+gy--FCC--3DA 11-1133 (June 30, 2011).4LightSquared Rec+mmendati+ns C+ncerning GPS Interference C+ncerns, at 1 (filed June 30, 2011), available in IB D+cket N+. 11-109.2。