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2015年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionThe purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove that he or she is innocent. In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book”him. “Booking” means that the name of the person and the charges against him are formally listed at the police station. The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one. The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally plead guilty or not guilty. At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judge may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation. The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.1．What is the main idea of the passage?A．The American court system requires that a suspect prove that he or she is innocent.B．The US court system is designed to protect the rights of the people.C．Under the American court system, judge decides if a suspect is innocent or guilty.D．The US court system is designed to help the police present a case against the suspect.正确答案：B解析：本文的第一段第一句话“The purpose of the American court system is to protect the fights of the people．”就点明了文章的主旨，即美国法院系统的作用是保护人民的权利，因此选择B。
XXX2014-2015年博士研究生入学考试(体
育)真题
XXX2014-2015年博士研究生入学考试(体育）真题
XXX2014年博士研究生入学考试真题
一、体育教学理论与实践（考试代码：2208 2014.3.22周六下午）1、体育教学的构成要素有哪些？分析这些要素的作用及其关系。
请论述体育教学过程的主要特点，并试举一个体育教学案例，说明发现法的实施程序、应用条件及需要注意的问题。
2、什么是运动训练学？它的理论体系主要包括哪些内容？它有哪些主要学科特征？请以训练学角度分析我国男子足球、短跑、拳击、篮球、网球任意一个项目竞技水平与世界水平有明显差距的原因。
二、运动生理学（考试代码：3315 2014.3.23周日上午）1、论述能量统一体理论及其在体育实践中的应用。
4、论说最大摄氧量、乳酸阈以及通气阈的生理机制及其在体育理论中的应用。
XXX2015年博士研究生入学考试真题
一、体育教学理论与实践（考试代码：2208 2015.3.21周六下午）1、学校体育学包括哪些基本理论问题？并结合实际阐述具体理论的应用（40分）
2、试述在学校体育中如何发挥竞技运动的作用，并举例说明。
（30分）
3、试述体育教师应当具备哪些基本素质？结合当前体育课程改革实践，如何提升体育教师素质。
（30分）
二、运动生理学（考试代码：3315 2015.3.22周日上午）
1、论说参加1500米跑比赛时运动员的能量代谢。
（25分）
2、论述运动时呼吸的变化及其调节机制。
（25分）
3、论说有氧运动能力的测定方法及其评定。
（25分）。
2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟（5）In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "thepursuit of pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent.B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary.D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved答案及解析请查阅育明考博或致电垂询 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
人大新闻学院考博招生介绍-考试内容-考试指南一、新闻学院博士招生人数及名额分布（基本学习年限3年）年份 人大内地招生总数（计划数/实际数）新闻学院博士招生人数新闻学院博士招生方式及人数分布公开招考报名人数复试人数2012年 900人/873人 34 1、普通招考（30人）2、硕博连读（4人）215人2013年 850人/891人 36 1、普通招考（32人）2、硕博连读（4人）217人2014年 900人/893人 31 1、普通招考（28人）2、硕博连读（3人）注：跨学科考生录取4人约200人差额复试比例在150%左右（资料来源于人大研招办老师及育明考博数据整理） 二、新闻学院各专业复试分数线2014年新闻学院 考博各环节最高分： 初试最高分236.5分，外语复试最高分48分， 综合复试最高分145分，最终成绩最高分83.75分年份 复试成绩要求 进入复试人数（不含硕博连读） 2012年 外语60分 专业一60分 专业二60分 总分190分 38人 2013年外语55分 专业一60分 专业二60分 总分195分37人 2014年外语60分 专业一60分 专业二60分 总分190分37人三、新闻学院博士招生考试内容招生专业 初试考试科目 复试考试科目 050301新闻学1、初试考试科目：①新闻传播史论；②新闻实务；③外语；2、跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；3、同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；⑥政治理论050302传播学1、初试考试科目：①新闻传播史论；②传播实务；③外语；2、跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；3、同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；⑥政治理论0503Z1传媒经济学1、初试考试科目：①新闻传播史论；②传媒经济实务；③外语；2、跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；3、同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目：④新闻传播学基础；⑤新闻传播学论文；⑥政治理论。
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (29)本试题含阅读文章大意分析，听力含答案解析，有听力原文。
医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
中国考博辅导首选学校考博英语单词是基础语法是保障语法和词汇是英语中最为基础也是最为核心的部分，其在考博英语考试中的重要性不言而喻。
如何复习语法对于广大2015年的考生，特别是一些基础薄弱的考生是个十分头疼的问题。
广大考生在考博英语语法的复习上一定要给予足够的重视。
一、 选定一本质量尚好的考博英语语法书对于一些基础比较弱的考生而言，他们的情况是对语法一知半解或者完全处于懵懂的状态。
鉴于此，他们完全有必要选择一本基础的语法，从头开始比价系统地认真复习一遍。
在系统复习完了基础语法好，建议此类考生买一本与考博相关的语法书仔细研读。
英语基础好的考生也不要小觑考博语法，毕竟每个考试的系统或者特点是不同的，所以也应该好好复习考博英语语法，一遍能够更加熟练地运用。
（育明考博辅导课程咨询方式TEL:四零零 六六八 六九七八;扣扣：五四七零六三八六二）二、 语法复习和题目练习相互结合如果单纯地为了语法而学习语法，势必是枯燥乏味的，学习效果也不会很好。
此时考生可以结合题型的练习来提高语法运用的熟练度。
还有一个原因是现在的考博英语考试没有考语法的专项题型，而是将它糅合进英语知识运用、阅读理解、翻译等题型中进行考察。
考生应该在做题的过程中，对语法现象进行总结，形成一个自己对之理解的体系。
三、 对症下药，击破不会的语法知识复习语法的最终目的就是为了读懂文章，获取理想的分数，广大考生一定要刻苦复习，对于自己不懂的语法现象一定要仔细钻研，直至攻克为止。
在考博英语中，对于语法的掌握有一个衡量标准，即如果在阅读中面对一个长难句，你能快速准确地理解这个句子的成分以及各个成分之间的关系，涉及到什么样的语法知识，并能正确翻译，那就说明你对这部分的语法知识掌握的不错，如果达不到这个要求，就说明掌握的还不好，还需要强化复习。
总之，对于广大考生而言，一定要娴熟地掌握考博英语所规定的语法知识点，各个击破。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国考博辅导首选学校中央民族大学育明2015考博英语真题每天一句考博英语是一门需要长时间积累的学科，对于备战2015考博的学子们来说，从现阶段到6月份为夯实基础阶段，在此阶段，同学们应该主攻单词和语法，坚持每天1-2篇的英语阅读以此来培养语感。
育明考博英语每天和同学们分享《每天一句：育明2015考博英语》，一起来学习吧!全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。
From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.【词汇突破】democratic：民主的populist：平民主义的【主干识别】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入语；our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提炼出sth has driven sb to do…这个句型;that smells of elitism定语从句，修饰anything。
(注意smell的介词搭配)【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解，可将这个句子变为Hofstadter says”From the beginning of our history,our democratic and populist urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。
2015年太原理工大学考博报考分析-考试内容-备考指导 一、太原理工招考介绍学校所属博士点招生总数硕博连读人数考博英语难易程度21138个博士学位授权点160人60人左右高于六级二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
推荐考生在九月中旬与太原理工导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系自己也可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看我们的方式方法。
通常跟导师初次联系，一般推荐使用电子邮件。
邮件的内容应包含两大部分：自己的简介以及想要跟随导师深造的期望。
另外，也需要结合导师的研究方向、学术观点、性格偏好有针对性的组织语言。
在这一方面我们育明考博有着一整套关于联系导师环节的经验和资料，相信可以给广大考生带来关键的帮助。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、“欢迎报考”。
简单的四个字，这种答复最笼统说明不了太多的问题，但也没有明确的拒绝。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、“名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争”。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实我们还是应当正确的看待这种回复，严格说这种还算得上是比较好的一种回答。
最起码导师没有骗你，名额有限是肯定的、有竞争也是肯定的，提醒了考生不能盲目的报考。
而且也给了考生机会去证明自己，水平高考的好就可以上。
(3）、“你的研究方向和我一样......”各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，考生可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
所以也要注意后期的沟通联系，排除偶然因素的影响。
联系导师这一个环节，一方面我们必须要重视它尽可能的得到更多的有用信息；另一方面也不用过分纠结于导师回复的措辞，更不能自己乱猜导师回复中根本不存在的“隐含意思”。
在考博的成功中起决定因素的还是自身的实力和科研水平，“关系”、“操作”仅仅只占很小的一部分。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
（PS：育明考博咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八）三、太原理工大学考博英语备考规划1、太原理工考博英语的题型和分值设置（考试时间180分钟）阅读理解翻译作文四篇20题40分英译汉10分汉译英10分一、应用文写作15分（150字）二、议论文写作25分（300字）2、英语复习推荐用书：育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。
同事也得到了育明考博学员的肯定和证明，并且每年都会再版更新。
可以联系育明考博购买邮寄，或在全国各大书店及卓越亚马逊及当当网下单。
3、复习策略、答题技巧、经验分享（1）阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策说明：阅读理解共有4篇文章，包括4篇400词至700词左右的英文短文。
主要测试考生是否具备博士研究生英语学习要求的词汇量，以及在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解，并进行相关的判断和推理能力。
文章题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。
在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。
另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。
这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
除了知识的积累和真题练习，我们还应当掌握阅读理解中每一种出题类型的答题技巧和经验。
A. 细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。
选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B. 判断词汇和短语的意义题内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C. 推理判断题合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D. 主旨大意题答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E. 观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
（2）翻译备考：翻译答题要求说明：翻译分为A，B两部分。
A部分考试形式为英译汉，要求考生阅读一篇400词左右的英语短文，并将文章中的5个句子翻译成汉语。
B部分考试形式为汉译英，要求考生将一段150字左右的中文短文翻译成英语。
两部分原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普等相关领域知识。
本部分测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度，考察考生是否能正确理解原文的意思，并从语篇的角度出发，用准确、达意的词语进行语言转换。
A.英式思维 拆分语法结构在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。
在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。
例如：例1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.拆分句子：1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;3.方式状语：in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner是方式状语。
其中的reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned 是并列定语，修饰manner;4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句，其先行词是manner;5.拆分后句子的总结构是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)B.直译和意译在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
1.能直译就直译例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say," United we stand, divided we fall ". (2006年真题)译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
2.不宜直译就意译例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。
译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
分析：原文表层信息--关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
原文深层信息--a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。
斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。
3.直译与意译相结合例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test. So don't worry excessively about a single test。
译文：考试的目的在于显示你对某一科目的掌握程度。
一次考试不及格天是不会塌下来的。
因此不必为一次考试过分担心。
另外，我们不能忽视词语词组的翻译应以适应上下文为主要标准。
例如“work”，在考博翻译中往往不能翻译成“工作”，而要翻译成“研究工作”；作为名词，也不能翻译成“作品”，而应当翻译成“研究成果”。
这是考博翻译的一些具体要求和得分点之所在。
C.英语简单句拉长变多长句Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves (参考译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门学问的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
)英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整： less through…and more from构成一个复杂的状语，修饰动词arisen。
