大学英美概况课件Lecture 3

Lecture one: Geography and PeopleLocation :Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.Territorial area:9.5million square kilometers50states and seat of government is Washington D.CLargest state---AlaskaLargest on the continent---TexasSmallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)Newest---HawaiiThree geographical divisions（三大地形区）:Western ,central and eastern part .Land forms and region:Eastern part:Highlands formed by Appalachian rangeWestern part:High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western RockiesMain geographical regions:New England(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )The Mid-Atlantic StatesThe West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )The Mid-WestThe South(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large citiesThe SouthwestHawaii:Tourism is the largest source of incomeTropical climateRivers and Lakes:Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of GulfKnown as the river to American Indians.Hudson River:Flow through New York.The Great Lakes:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.The most important system of inland waterways in the world.Lake Michigan is wholly within the United StatesPart of the boundary runs through these lakesNiagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.Natural resources:Abounds in mineral resourcesPopulation:The third most populous country in the worldUneven distribution :most densely populatedNation of Immigrants :White Anglo-Saxon protestantThe Black :The Civil Rights Movements:The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.Martin Luther King:The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movementNobel peace prize.Hispanics:Spanish-speaking AmericansMexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )MiamiAsian Immigrants :The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.Racial Assimilation:America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural SocietySpeak the same languageHave the same habits and manner.Lecture2:government and political systemAmerican constitution :Set down the basic framework of American government.Basic concept :Separation of power ,check and balances.Functions :Founding the American rule of law.Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.Having great flexibilityBuilding up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).Defining and limiting the power of the national government.Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.Supreme law, authority derived from people.Significance :Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.Federal system and government:The definition of Federalism(联邦制):The states are united into a federation.Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.Significance of federalism :Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.Federal government:Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District ofColombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.Branches of the government :Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.The legislative branch :Congress :Briefing :Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.Law making and supreme legislative body.Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.More important, consent to president’s proposal.The house of representatives:Each congressional district elect a representative.Each state is represented on the basis of population.More partisan that the Senate.The function:Pass the laws for the Union.The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.President:the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.Executive Departments :Functions:The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .Cabinet :A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.Secretary of the state:Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.Judicial branch:Definition:consist of a series of courts:supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.What it applies to ?In most criminal cases and some civil cases.Function:Finders of factDecide on whether the defendant committed the crime.Unanimous decision.Political partiesDemocratic party and Republican partyDonkey and ElephantThe Democratic Party(donkey):Liberal.Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation ownersEmphasizing the governmental interference in economy.The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)Difference and similarity:With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.Presidential election:Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.Presidential election has 4 stages：The first stage: choosing the candidatesThe second stage: the campaigning stageThe third stage: votingThe forth stage: meeting the states capitalsLecture3:EconomyThe U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.The largest developed country and the only superpower in the worldMixed economy:Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).Federal government will regulate businesses.Private business produce the most goods and services.Economy system :free enterprise system.Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.History of American economy:The colonial period:Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.After the settlement of the new England in1620,The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlersSubsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategyThe Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.In the 20 century :The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved itseconomy.略看：历届总统经济政策：Regan administration---new monetarist policiesGeorge Bush H.W----slow recession.Clinton----RecoveryAppearance of the new tycoonCurrent American economy:Agriculture：favorable natural condition.Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .Remain to be the foundation of the economyManufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)Service industry:Financial services :banking, real estates and law servicesPublic welfare services:sheltering and retail servicesTop high-tech industryAdvanced space technology, information technology and computing.Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:Columbus discovered the new world in1492.The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).Thanksgiving day:For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.Fourth Thursday of November.Thirteen colonies:Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.SThe first colony was Virginia.The independence war:A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress:Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentFounding continental Army and NavyAppointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of IndependentThe Declaration :Consisting two parts：1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied theirnatural rights2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.Significance :Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all manThe principle that people have the right to revolt.Independent DayJuly 4thThe course of the independence war:It dragged on for seven yearsThe victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.The American Constitution:The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.Content :Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.First general election: First President Washington.Significance of the US Constitution:Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacyupholding equality and political liberalism .The Era of Expansion:Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and CaliforniaThe civil war :The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.The only war fight on America soil by Americans.Causes:Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systemsPolitical reason: the independence of the states.Immediate cause :The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.Assassinate , Lincoln memorialAftermath(result) :Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole countrySlavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.。

《英美概况教案》PPT课件目录•英美国家概述•英国概况•美国概况•英美教育体制比较•英美旅游资源推荐•总结回顾与拓展延伸PART01英美国家概述地理位置与自然环境地理位置英国位于欧洲大陆西北面，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围；美国位于北美洲中部，北与加拿大接壤，南靠墨西哥湾，西临太平洋，东濒大西洋。

自然环境英国地形以平原为主，气候温和多雨，四季分明；美国地形复杂多样，气候类型丰富，包括温带大陆性气候、温带海洋性气候、地中海气候等。

历史发展与文化传承历史发展英国历史悠久，经历了罗马入侵、中世纪封建制度、文艺复兴、工业革命等重要时期；美国历史相对较短，但发展迅速，经历了独立战争、西进运动、南北战争、两次世界大战等关键事件。

文化传承英国文化以绅士文化、下午茶文化、皇家文化等为代表，具有深厚的文化底蕴；美国文化以自由、民主、创新为核心，融合了世界多元文化。

政治制度及特点政治制度英国实行君主立宪制，国家元首为女王，政府首脑为首相；美国实行总统共和制，国家元首和政府首脑均为总统。

政治特点英国政治稳定，政府更迭较少，政策制定和执行相对缓慢；美国政治竞争激烈，政府更迭频繁，政策制定和执行迅速。

经济实力与产业结构经济实力英国和美国均为世界经济强国，拥有庞大的经济总量和强大的国际竞争力。

产业结构英国经济以服务业为主导，制造业和金融业也较为发达；美国经济以服务业和高科技产业为主导，制造业和农业也占据重要地位。

PART02英国概况公元前55年与54年，罗马将军朱利叶斯·凯撒两次率军入侵不列颠，虽未成功，但对不列颠产生了深远影响。

罗马入侵与不列颠的崛起5-6世纪，盎格鲁-撒克逊人从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠，逐渐形成了英格兰的雏形。

盎格鲁-撒克逊人的迁徙与定居1066年，诺曼底的威廉公爵征服英格兰，建立了诺曼王朝，并引入了欧洲大陆的封建制度。

诺曼征服与封建制度的建立1688年，英国爆发光荣革命，推翻了斯图亚特王朝的专制统治，确立了君主立宪制。