解读《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义
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2017.05美国自然主义文学流派产生于19世纪90年代,从美国著名评论家麦考利的《美国自然主义的自然历史》一文中可以看出:美国自然主义的产生和发展虽然深受法国自然主义的影响,但又有其美国文学的自身特点,其中有六点被美国著名学者洛德.W.霍顿认为是美国自然主义作品通常具有的特征,它们是“执意的客观性、坦率性、决定论哲学观、描写具有鲜明动物本性的性格特征的人物、悲观主义、对素材的超道德态度”。
一般评论家认为,只要达到其中几条标准,作品便可被认为是“自然主义的”。
《嘉利妹妹》是美国著名的现实主义作家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部小说,它大胆地、淋漓尽致地描写了19世纪末20世纪初资本主义迅速发展中的美国社会现实,并成功地塑造了男女主人公嘉利、赫斯渥的真实、丰满的人物形象,因而被认为是美国文学史上最优秀的现实主义小说之一。
但和作者后期其他现实主义题材小说相比,《嘉利妹妹》集中反映了作者自然主义哲学观,并不同程度地体现出上述几个美国自然主义特征。
本文试从小说的纪实性、机械决定论哲学观,人物的动物性特征、超道德态度等几个方面来分析小说中的自然主义写作风格。
美国自然主义文学流派强调纪实性,而素材的真实性及典型社会环境的渲染正是小说《嘉利妹妹》的一个显著特色。
小说讲述的是在当时美国社会普通却具有典型意义的故事。
19世纪末,美国正由以农业为主的社会变成以城市为中心的社会,机械化生产大大提高了效率,农村多余劳动力不断进入城市。
主人公嘉利原是一位思想单纯的乡村姑娘,但不满于农村贫穷、落后的生活环境,对大都市的“美好”生活充满着憧憬和渴望,她只身来到芝加哥,以寻求理想中的物质“幸福”。
然而,严酷的现实破碎了她的美梦,迎接她的是失业和疾病。
生活的艰辛和命运的捉弄使她先后委身于推销员杜鲁埃和上流酒吧的经理赫斯渥。
赫斯渥携带偷得的巨款和嘉利出逃到纽约,被警方截获。
他交还了其中大部分钱后,便一蹶不振,最后自杀身亡。
而嘉利却在一个偶然机会中在百老汇的舞台上一炮而红,名利双收。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义倾向浅析发表时间:2009-03-25T09:19:48.903Z 来源:《青年文学家》2009年第2期供稿作者:赵廷[导读] 《嘉莉妹妹》写于达尔文主义盛行时期,都直接来源于达尔文理论的进化论观点。
一.作品的创作背景《嘉莉妹妹》写于达尔文主义盛行时期,小说中的很多主题——斗争、生存和欲望,都直接来源于达尔文理论的进化论观点。
同时《嘉莉妹妹》创作于美国自然主义成熟时期——19世纪末期,美国自然主义受法国自然主义的影响,强调人的特质是由遗传决定的,行为受到社会和经济环境的支配,德莱塞在每一部作品中都充分体现了这种自然主义风格。
他充满坎坷的一生使他有机会观察社会的各个方面,从纸醉金迷的上层社会到饥寒交迫的底层社会。
二.《嘉莉妹妹》独特的自然主义作为一个自然主义小说家,德莱塞在他的大部分作品中都反映了自然主义特点。
达尔文主义和宿命论的主题以及他笨拙的语言风格是他小说的共同点,当然在《嘉莉妹妹》中也有体现。
但是,他又不断地挑战着传统的美国文学和信念,从而形成了《嘉莉妹妹》中独特的自然主义风格——理智、自由意志和本能之间的关系以及德莱塞的进化论道德观。
1.理智、自由意志和本能之间的关系在《嘉莉妹妹》中,德莱塞详细描述了理智、自由意志和本能之间的关系:当人的本能与理智发生冲突时,本能总是占上风;而自由意志总是徒劳的,服从于本能。
受达尔文主义的影响,德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中展示了人的动物本能。
小说主人公嘉莉,18岁时怀着对大城市繁华生活的向往,登上了开往芝加哥的火车,并在火车上遇到了衣冠华丽的德鲁埃。
但是,迎接她的只有姐姐家的贫困潦倒,她不得不到一个鞋厂自谋生路。
之后,德鲁埃又提出要为她租一套房子,这对失去工作又无法在姐姐家继续住下去的嘉莉无疑是一个诱惑,她别无选择,只得委身于德鲁埃。
她的屈从说明社会和经济条件剥夺了她自由选择的意愿,因此,自由意志最终被本能战胜。
嘉莉的第二个情人赫斯特伍德也是一个缺乏理智的人,他受本能欲望的驱使,陷入情海,不能自拔,他为得到嘉莉所采取的每一个行动都是本能对理智的胜利。
摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表,本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。
论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发,研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。
论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景:一是达尔文主义和宿命论;二是美国然主义;三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。
同时分析自然主义的三大特点:欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论:《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关,赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。
而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。
关键词:自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism,Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words:Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义摘要:自然主义的一个突出特点是它强调环境对人类命运的影响。
根据自然主义,人是无助的棋子,任由环境摆布。
德莱塞宣称:“我们所有人或多或少都是棋子。
我们像棋子一样被我们无法控制的环境所左右”。
这个著名的声明通常被视为自然主义的哲学中心,描述了环境因素的确定性影响。
大多数自然主义小说都详细描述了环境对个人的毁灭性影响。
然而,在《嘉莉妹妹》中,环境非但没有压垮嘉莉,反而助长了她的崛起。
关键词:嘉莉妹妹;自然主义;现实主义德莱塞是不是仿效左拉的“博物学家”,争论不休。
但如果这个教派反映在接受生活的肮脏一面和更忠实地记录个人经验,那么它可以成为他作品的一个特征。
他是一个客观的现实主义者,他将他的事实远程汇总。
就德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》而言——这部小说在不同的叙述中被反复归类为文学现实主义和文学自然主义的作品——似乎恰恰相反。
《嘉莉妹妹》具有当时最杰出的两个文学“运动”的元素,其一致性似乎是建立在“不一致”部分的组合之上的。
德莱塞通过使用一种相当独特的表征方法来获得这种组合能力,将特定角色(主要是嘉莉)的特征与用于描述影响他们的外部环境的各种图像形式相关联。
通过在处理他的角色时将现实主义描述与自然主义意图相结合,德莱塞能够将文学体裁之间的广阔联系起来,而不仅仅是克服文学分歧。
嘉莉妹妹经常被称为“现实主义”文学的典范,因为它的描述技巧非常脚踏实地。
通过呈现芝加哥和纽约日常生活的“幕后”视角——通常是从嘉莉和赫斯渥两个截然不同的角度——德莱塞说明了在读者可能只知道切线的地方实际发生的事情。
这种“客观性”使德莱塞能够专注于“普通人类经验”的基本品质,同时代表更大的社会文化观念和价值观。
这样的语境为这部小说提供了两个最具特色的主题:个人在大城市中寻求财富,也许只能实现悲剧性的失败,法国和美国现实主义者经常这样描述;并且,经常与此相关联的是对德莱塞等作家的环境研究。
他将日常经验的“准确”描述整合到一系列明显“广阔”的美国环境中,西奥多·德莱塞的小说因此很容易根据现实主义描述技术被识别。
解读《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义【摘要】德莱塞的成名作《嘉莉妹妹》具有鲜明的自然主义风格,真实地反映了当时美国底层劳动者们的生活,真实地揭露和批判了资本主义社会的腐朽和道德沦丧。
文章着重从三个方面:环境影响、遗传因素、本能欲望全面解读了女主人公嘉琳妹妹的自然主义思想。
此为一部划时代的作品。
《嘉莉妹妹》为美国文坛带来了新的气象。
【关键词】自然主义;嘉莉妹妹;环境;欲望一、前言自然主义特色是一种创作思潮,兴起于19世纪90年代,并在20世纪盛行于欧洲和美国。
所谓的“自然”主义就是:“自然中存在的都是真实的。
物体构成自然、行动和受某种原因支配的力量及其可进行客观的科学考察的特性。
”西奥多·德莱塞,自然主义的典范代表作家之一,与海明威、福克纳并列被称为美国现代小说的三巨头之一,其成名作《嘉莉妹妹》则是自然主义思潮的是美国现代小说的先驱和代表作。
小说《嘉莉妹妹》小说人物活动的环境位于芝加哥,一个繁华的大都市繁华的大都市,嘉莉起伏的命运得到了真实地描摹.在那个工业扩张的黄金年代里纸醉金迷的腐朽生活和由于金钱所带来的道德沦丧也得到了真实展现。
具体来说,小说详细描写了来自社会底层的天真、美丽姑娘嘉莉,为了自己梦寐以求富裕的上层社会生活,只身一人来到美国大都市芝加哥的艰辛经历,为能在大城市有立足之地,她先后委身与推销员杜洛埃和酒店经理赫斯特伍德的庇护之下,最后凭借自己的努力和机遇成为百老汇舞蹈明星的故事。
然而在她拥有了金钱和地位后,仍然精神极度空虚,却感觉不到成功和金钱所带给他的任何幸福,俨然成了物质上的“土豪”,精神上的“贫困户”。
在小说中运用自然主义创作手法的德莱塞强烈地抨击了当时美国社会的道德沦丧,因此也成就了这部作品在美国小说史上的里程碑地位。
二、诠释自然主义法国小说家左拉提出自然主义的概念,美国的文学界在达尔文进化论的影响下,盛行于各国文学领域。
主要观点是真正意义上的自由没有被人类获得,相反,在社会、经济、心理等因素的影响下人类的生活、观点和道德都会发生改变。
文学评论·外国文学浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义季雪 吉林大学摘 要:西奥多•德莱赛是美国自然主义的代表人物之一。
他于1990年发表的作品《嘉莉妹妹》是自然主义的代表作。
作者在文中进行了大量的环境描写,并强调环境对人物命运的巨大影响。
本文将从多个角度简要分析《嘉莉妹妹》中体现的自然主义写作手法。
关键词:嘉莉妹妹;自然主义作者简介:季雪,吉林大学公共外语教育学院硕士研究生,主要从事外国语言学及应用语言学研究。
[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2017)-05-112-02一、引言西奥多•德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser, 1871-1945), 既是二十世纪美国文学中第一位杰出的作家,也是美国现代小说的先驱。
1900年,他发表了第一部长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》,以自然主义的手法描写了主人公嘉莉从农村姑娘到演员的过程,着重强调了环境对人物的决定性作用。
文中贯穿了自然主义的“真实性”原则,“真实地描摹了主人公嘉莉的一段命运发展轨迹,也真实地展现了在工业扩张和自由经济的黄金时代里,资本家对工人的残酷剥削以及他们穷奢极欲、纸醉金迷的腐朽生活”(马岚,2004)。
《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了农村姑娘嘉莉向往大城市的生活,来到芝加哥投靠姐姐。
她在火车上邂逅了推销员杜洛埃,他衣着考究,举止绅士,“这种人从穿着打扮到一举一动都旨在博取年轻心软的姑娘好感”。
两人互相换了联系方式。
嘉莉到了姐姐家才发现姐姐并不富裕,历经波折,她终于找到份女工的工作,来支付姐姐要求的生活费。
女工高强度的工作导致嘉莉大病一场,当然也失去了工作。
嘉莉竟然在重新找工作的路上遇到了杜洛埃。
他带她去嘉莉从未进出过的饭店吃饭,还给了她二十美元。
嘉莉被大都市的壮观伟大吸引,想过梦想中的富裕生活,于是做了杜洛埃的情妇。
后来她认识了更有地位更幽默风趣的酒店经理赫沃斯,赫沃斯也对美丽的嘉莉一见钟情,并在杜洛埃不在家时多次来看望嘉莉。
摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表,本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。
论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发,研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。
论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景:一是达尔文主义和宿命论;二是美国然主义;三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。
同时分析自然主义的三大特点:欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论:《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关,赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。
而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。
关键词:自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism,Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words:Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。
解读《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义
【摘要】德莱塞的成名作《嘉莉妹妹》具有鲜明的自然主义风格,真实地反映了当时美国底层劳动者们的生活,真实地揭露和批判了资本主义社会的腐朽和道德沦丧。
文章着重从三个方面:环境影响、遗传因素、本能欲望全面解读了女主人公嘉琳妹妹的自然主义思想。
此为一部划时代的作品。
《嘉莉妹妹》为美国文坛带来了新的气象。
【关键词】自然主义;嘉莉妹妹;环境;欲望
一、前言
自然主义特色是一种创作思潮,兴起于19世纪90年代,并在20世纪盛行于欧洲和美国。
所谓的“自然”主义就是:“自然中存在的都是真实的。
物体构成自然、行动和受某种原因支配的力量及其可进行客观的科学考察的特性。
”西奥多·德莱塞,自然主义的典范代表作家之一,与海明威、福克纳并列被称为美国现代小说的三巨头之一,其成名作《嘉莉妹妹》则是自然主义思潮的是美国现代小说的先驱和代表作。
小说《嘉莉妹妹》小说人物活动的环境位于芝加哥,一个繁华的大都市繁华的大都市,嘉莉起伏的命运得到了真实地描摹.在那个工业扩张的黄金年代里纸醉金迷的腐朽生活和由于金钱所带来的道德沦丧也得到了真实展现。
具体来说,小说详细描写了来自社会底层的天真、美丽姑娘嘉莉,为了自己梦寐以求富裕的上层社会生活,只身一人来到美国大都市芝加哥的艰辛经历,为能在大城市有立足之地,她先后委身与推销员杜洛埃和酒店经理赫斯特伍德的庇护之下,最后凭借自己的努力和机遇成为百老汇舞蹈明星的故事。
然而在她拥有了金钱和地位后,仍然精神极度空虚,却感觉不到成功和金钱所带给他的任何幸福,俨然成了物质上的“土豪”,精神上的“贫困户”。
在小说中运用自然主义创作手法的德莱塞强烈地抨击了当时美国社会的道德沦丧,因此也成就了这部作品在美国小说史上的里程碑地位。
二、诠释自然主义
法国小说家左拉提出自然主义的概念,美国的文学界在达尔文进化论的影响下,盛行于各国文学领域。
主要观点是真正意义上的自由没有被人类获得,相反,在社会、经济、心理等因素的影响下人类的生活、观点和道德都会发生改变。
自然主义的基本特征如下:首先,与现实主义相似的是,自然主义侧重于对客观的、真实的现实生活的具体描述。
与之不同的是,自然主义认为文学应当保持绝对的中立和客观,坚决不能服从于某种政治和道德目的。
第二,自然主义作家运用所谓的“污秽”语言对社会现实的丑恶现象进行如实的描绘,并控诉了对新兴的资产阶级扭曲的价值观和道德观,揭露了资本主义的丑恶现实-物欲横流。
第三,宿命论和悲观论是自然主义文学作品的又一特点,自然主义的悲观论者认为,人们生活在苦难中,并最终走向死亡的结局。
同时自然主义观点认为,人受到环境、
遗传、生理等的制约与支配,不能按自己的意志做出选择,因此,自然主义者是以一种怜悯和同情的态度对小说中的人物表现为深深地理解。
三、《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义体现
作为美国20世纪最有影响、最具深远意义的小说之一的《嘉莉妹妹》,它的问世标志着德莱塞为美国自然主义文学作品的创作开创新的局面。
(一)环境和遗传因素
客观环境对人物性格命运的影响在小说中得到了过多强调,德莱塞认为环境直接导致了了嘉莉的成败荣辱,嘉莉的堕落应该得到人们的同情和理解。
由于对农村贫穷、落后环境的不满,同时为追求心中的梦想,纯朴善良的嘉莉背井离乡、孤身一人坐上了去大城市芝加哥的火车。
离开农村。
正如小说中所说的,“一个十八岁的姑娘离家出门,她的遭遇不外乎两种,不是碰到好人相助而好起来,就是迅速接受花花世界的道德标准而堕落下去,在这样的环境里,要保持中间状态是不可能的。
”对于嘉莉而言,她当时最大的愿望:足够的能充饥的食物,裹体的衣服和一间能够遮风避雨的小屋,如此简单的满足个人需求的愿望却不能实现。
姐姐家的境况将她的美国梦捏个七八碎,大都市里冷酷的现实,肮脏的、艰苦的的工作环境,下流粗鲁的男工以及有钱人的骄奢生活又让她忍无可忍。
残酷的现实促使嘉莉下定决心要依靠自己去生活,因此,嘉莉之后的忙碌和奔波也就可以理解了。
面对如此糟糕的生存环境,嘉莉只好做了推销员杜洛埃的情人,变成了大城市的诱惑力的俘虏。
像小说中所言,“在各种际遇的影响下,在杜洛埃难以觉察的热情感染下,在丰美的食物、还不大习惯的舒适的环境的影响下,她的疑虑解除了。
”随着嘉莉欲望的不断增强,她情感的重心当然的更加倾向于成熟稳重、事业成功的豪华酒吧经理赫斯特伍德”,而成为他的情妇,环境迫使嘉莉逐步走上不断追求金钱、追求享受的道路。
最终,嘉莉又毅然绝情的抛弃了对她不能提供物质帮助而陷入困境的赫斯特伍德。
当然,在嘉莉一步一步走向成功的过程中,遗传因素的优势也潜移默化的起到了积极性,甚至是决定性的作用。
初到芝加哥的嘉莉貌美年轻、善良淳朴,拥有潜在的表演天赋和对金钱和物质永无止境的欲望,再加之机缘巧合等诸多因素,也就注定了她会在满地荆棘的都市中生存并走向成功。
(二)欲望本能
德莱塞认为,人的行动都是对系列内在冲动和外在诱惑的直接反应,所以在重大遭遇面前,很少有人能保持冷静,在欲望面前去克制欲望很难做到,无法满足的欲望最终得到了证实。
在《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品中,女主人公嘉莉妹妹在欲望的驱动下的心态与命运德莱塞得到了淋漓尽致地展现。
嘉莉对物质的欲望是在开往芝加哥的火车上,看到侃侃而谈与阔绰服饰的杜
洛埃引起的。
来到芝加哥之后的生活.更使她城市的灯红酒绿纸醉金迷,却发现她手中并没有那扇门的钥匙——金钱。
正如小说中所提到的,“她羡慕那些耀眼地陈列着的饰物、服装、鞋子、文具、珠宝等商品,精致的拖鞋和长统袜子,优美的绉边衬衫和衬裙,她个人的欲望被花边、缎带、发梳、荷包牵动着,可是一个残酷的现实摆在她面令她极度痛苦—她买不起其中任何一件衣服。
现实生活让嘉莉认识到幻想与欲望无法满足她实实在在的需要。
嘉莉最后总没能逃脱本能和欲念的纠缠。
芝加哥的物欲横流的奢华生活一直在牵动她个人的欲望,对她的内心只渴望金钱。
在贫困和享受之间,她选择后者做了杜洛埃的情妇;而点燃嘉莉追求更高层次生活的欲望源于与赫斯特伍德的邂逅。
直到他成为百老汇顶红的女星,她的欲望仍然没有得到满足.还在锲而不舍地追求更高的欲望。
小说通过对嘉莉欲望的描写,作者要告诉读者一个事实:人类永远梦想着下一个更好的东西,人总是在不断地追逐成功。
这也反映了当时资本主义经济的严重冲击了人类的意识形态。
四、小结
德莱塞在小说《嘉莉妹妹》探讨了美国底层社会贫穷人命运受环境和本能欲望的影响,运用自然主义写作手法对美国当时的社会和资本主义的腐朽生活进行了深入、透彻的解剖,是给美国文学界的一次史无前例的洗礼和革命。
作者通过运用中立的、客观的、不加任何感情色彩的描述,法国著名作家左拉的自然主义传统得以继承,运用,在描写中尤其将遗传因素、环境因素和欲望对主人公的重大影响。
在当今市场经济条件下,像嘉莉一样,在物质世界的诱惑下,迷失自我,最终走向堕落。
笔者认为每个人都可以通过自己的努力来改变自己命运,最终会改变自己命运,要勇于与命运抗争。