ACCA-F7-知识点总结

ACCAF7公式汇总F7公式差异及变动百分比计算1.某项目增减差异=某项目报告期数值-前期数值2.某项目增减差异变动百分比=某项目增减差异÷前期数值×100%二、营业利润主要项目的因素分析(p56)1.产品销售数量变动对销售利润的影响销售数量变动对利润的影响额=基期产品销售利润×(销售数量完成率-1)销售数量完成率=∑(报告期产品销售数量×基期单价)÷∑(基期产品销售数量×基期单价)×100%2.产品销售成本和销售费用变动对销售利润的影响①在生产环节上销售成本变动对利润的影响额=∑「报告期产品销售数量×(基期产品单位生产成本-报告期产品单位生产成本)」②在销售环节上销售成本变动对利润的影响额=基期销售费用-报告期销售费用3.产品销售价格变动对销售利润的影响价格变动对利润的影响额=∑「报告期产品销售数量×(报告期产品单位售价-基期产品单位售价)」※但若属于等级价格调整，则应按下列公式计算：价格变动对利润的影响额=等级品销售数量×(实际等级的实际平均单价-实际等级的基期平均单价)★其中：实际等级的实际平均单价=∑(各等级销售数量×该等级实际单价)÷各等级销售数量之和实际等级的基期平均单价=∑(各等级销售数量×该等级基期单价)÷各等级销售数量之和4.产品等级构成变动对销售利润的影响额等级构成变动对利润的影响额=报告期等级品销售数量×(实际等级构成的基期平均单价-基期等级构成的基期平均单价)★其中：基期等级构成的基期平均单价=∑(各等级基期销售数量×该等级基期单价)÷各等级基期销售数量之和5.产品销售结构变动对销售利润的影响销售结构变动对利润的影响额=∑(报告期产品销售数量×基期产品单位利润)-基期产品销售利润×销售数量完成率※若企业生产销售的是烟酒、化妆品、贵重首饰等属于应交消费税的产品，消费税率或单位税额的变动将影响销售利润。

名师深度解析ACCA考试F7 Deferred tax（递延税⾦）IAS 12 Income tax 在ACCA F7考试当中属于必考章节，主要出现在选择题，single entity ⼤题中和现⾦流量表⾥。

Income tax内容⾥包括2部分：current tax 和deferred tax。

Deferred tax递延所得税属于⽐较难理解内容，所以做以下详细解释。

Deferred tax 在会计记账上采⽤了资产负债表债务法，就是在计算中通过⽐较资产负债表上列⽰的资产，负债按照会计准则规定确定的账⾯价值与按照税法规定确定的计税基础，对于两者之间的差异分别记录应纳税暂时性差异与可抵扣暂时性差异，确认相关的递延所得税负债与递延所得税资产，并在此基础上确定每⼀期会计期间利润表中的所得税费⽤。

会计账⾯价值(Carrying amount/value)：账⾯价值是会计核算中账⾯记载的价值。

计税基础(Tax base): 通俗的说计税基础是指资产负债表⽇后，资产或负债在计算以后期间应纳税所得额时，根据税法规定还可以再抵扣或应纳税的剩余⾦额。

应纳税暂时性差异(Taxable temporary difference)资产账⾯价值>计税基础，负债账⾯价值<计税基础例如：⼀项固定资产采购⾦额为1000万，第⼀年末账⾯价值为800万，计税基础为700万，也就是说，会计计算当期折旧为200万费⽤，税法计算当期折旧为300万费⽤，最终导致会计利润⽐税法利润⼤，税法利润是企业的交税基础，但是站在会计的⾓度上看当期实际少交了100万元的利润的税，未来期间应交纳税⾦额增加，形成应纳税暂时性差异，做出调整确认相关的递延所得税负债。

可抵扣暂时性差异(Deductible temporary difference)资产账⾯价值<计税基础，负债账⾯价值>计税基础例如：⼀项固定资产采购⾦额为1000万，第⼀年末账⾯价值为700万，计税基础为800万，也就是说，会计计算当期折旧为300万费⽤，税法计算当期折旧为200万费⽤，最终导致会计利润⽐税法利润⼩，税法利润是企业的交税基础，但是站在会计的⾓度上看当期实际多交了100万元的利润的税，未来期间应纳所得税⾦额减少，形成可以抵扣暂时性差异，做出调整确认相关的递延所得税负债。

ACCA F7 财务报告ACCA F7 财务报告学科是财务会计和报告的进阶课程，为会计专业的学生提供了更深入的知识和技能。

这门课程涵盖了企业财务报告的方方面面，包括会计标准、财务报告和财务报告分析等。

在这里，我们将探讨一些与财务报告相关的重要知识点和技能，以帮助您成功地学习这门课程。

一、会计标准会计标准是财务报告编制的基础，因此了解和应用会计标准是非常重要的。

会计标准通常由会计准则委员会（ASB）或国际会计准则委员会（IASB）制定，并包括对财务报告项目的计量、披露和分类等方面的规定。

ACCA F7课程通常涵盖以下会计标准：1、国际财务报告准则（IFRS）2、英国财务报告标准（FRS）3、英国财政部的财务报告标准（SFA）4、会计准则委员会的声明（SME）通过学习会计标准，学生将能够理解在财务报告编制过程中的各个步骤，以及各种会计政策和实践的影响。

二、财务报告财务报告是一项旨在向投资者、债权人和其他各方披露企业财务状况、表现和现金流量的事业。

ACCA F7课程中，学生将学习财务报告的各个方面，包括以下内容：1、利润表利润表显示一个企业的销售收入、成本和利润等财务信息。

在ACCA F7课程中，学生将学习如何正确解读利润表信息，并将其与其他财务报告项目进行比较。

2、资产负债表资产负债表显示一个企业的财务状况，包括其资产、负债和所有者权益等方面的信息。

在ACCA F7课程中，学生将学习如何正确分类和计量一项企业的各种资产和负债，以及如何计算所有者权益的价值。

3、现金流量表现金流量表显示一个企业一段时间内现金流入和流出的情况。

在ACCA F7课程中，学生将学习如何正确编制现金流量表，并解释现金流量项的含义。

三、财务报告分析财务报告分析是一项旨在帮助投资者、债权人和其他各方更好地了解企业财务状况和表现的事业。

ACCA F7课程中，学生将学习如何进行财务报告分析，包括以下方面：1、横向分析横向分析旨在比较一个企业的财务报告项目在不同时期的变化情况。

ACCA考前复习指南：F7重要知识点.考点总结改革之后的F7考试，考查范围更加全面。

同学们在备考的时候,需要对每个准则基本内容进行准备。

考官一般围绕recognition , measurement和presentation等方面考查。

而选择题部分,考前可以结合三套真题的选择题和练习册的选择题梳理知识点。

试卷分析SectionA SectionB考试题型选择题20题大题：15分x2大题：30分xl考察范围整个考纲Ratio analysisSectionA备考要点■仔细读题■理解准则基础■排除法，举反例■计算题排除干扰自己算SectionB备考要点■计算ratio ,分类别(profitability/liquidity/gearing/i n vest or)■关注题目角色，以谁的角度写report■又寸比ratio :纟吉合题目要求，VS past year/competitors/industry benchmark■特殊关注点：从无到有，变化迅速，人无我有，人有我优■思考：financing sources, overtrading cashflow, risk going concernsConsolidation FS 重要知识点FV of considerationShare exchangeDeferred cashLoan noteContingent considerationFV Adjustment of net asset Depreciatio nFurther value in crease after acquisitionGoodwillImpairment of GoodwillMid?year acquisitiontime apportionIntra-group tradingSale &COSURP considering who is seller (S or P)Intra-group balancereceivables & payablesCIT & GITIntra-group loanInvestment & liabilityFinance cost & Investment incomeNCIFull methods(FV methods) VS proportionate methodsAssociateIntra-trading A&P: URP * P%Impairment of AssociateSingle entity重要知识点IAS16 PPEInitial Cost measurementDepreciationRevaluati on? watch out DT from revaluationDisposalIFRS9 Financial instrumentFinance asset-FVTPL/FVTOCI/Amortizatio n-Watch out Issue cost?Debt instrument & Equity instrumentFinance liability-Loan note■Convertible loan noteIFRS15 Revenue5 steps to recognize revenueConstruction contractService-Deferred revenueAgency sale-sales & repurchase-sales & return-sales & leasebackFactor receivablesIAS 2 Inventory adjustmentopening inventory+ purchase -closing inventory= cost of saleIAS 17 leaseFinance lease-NCL/CL & finance cost-Asset: CV & depreciationoperating lease?annual lease payment(time apportion)TaxCurrent taxDeferred tax-watch out DT from revaluationIAS 37Provision & contingent liabilityIAS 33 EPSEPS 计算:full market issue bonus issue & right issueCashflowInvestment, operating f financing局部计算选择题高频考点梳理Framework选择题文字题为主Qualitative characteristics 理解应用Recognition结合田可准则考察会计处理是否正确Measurement结合任何准则考察会计处理是否正确Historical cost, replacement cost, current cost Conceptual frameworkIAS 16 PPEInitial measurement costCapital expenditure VS revenue expenditure Depreciatio nRevaluationIAS 36 ImpairmentIndicators-carrying value > recoverable amount-external or internal indicatorCalculati on?Lower of carrying value-FV -cost to sell, Value in useCGU?order to impairment-1st specific damaged Asset■2nd Goodwill-3rd other asset (pro rata allocation)IAS 38 Intangible assetRecog nition-Research & development (capitalized criteria) Amortizati on-Finite life■Infinitive life : impairment reviewIFRS 5 NCA - Held for sale & discontinued operations Recognition Criteria 分类为IFRS5 的条件Measureme nt-Lower of:l.FV-cost to sell2.CV■No depreciation being held for saleIAS 23 Borrowing costConditions to be met for capitalizationInterest expenseIAS 20 Government GrantRevenue VS capital grantDeferred income / deducted from value of assetIAS 40 investment propertyFV to p/lIAS 2 InventoryValued at lower of 1: NRV=selling price - cost to sell2:Costopening inventory + purchase -closing inventory二cost of saleIAS 41 AgricultureScopeMeasurement: FVIFRS 15 (IAS 18/IAS11) revenue文字题-Revenue确认时点及金额■结合sales & repurchase z sales &lease back zFactor receivables/agency sales/sales & return 等特殊事项处理。

ACCA考试F7知识点辅导I. The accounting problemBefore IAS37 provisions were recognized on the basis of prudence， little guidance was given on when a provision should be recognized and how it should be measured. This gave rise to inconsistencies， and also allowed profits to be manipulated.Some problems are noted below：(a) Provisions could be recognized on the basis of management intentions， rather than on any obligation to be entity;(b) Several items could be combined into one large provision. There were known as ‘big bath’ provisions;(c) A provision could be created for one purpose and then used for another;(d) Poor disclosure made it difficult to assess the effect of provisions on reported profits. In particular， provisions could be created when profits were high and released when profits were low in order to smooth profits.(1) DefinitionsIAS 37 views a provision as a liability.A provision is a liability of uncertainty timing or amount;A liability is an obligation of an enterprise to transfer economic benefits as a result of past transactions or events.Provision must be based on obligations， not management intentions.(2) Under IAS37， a provision should be recognized：a. When an enterprise has a present obligation;b. It is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle it;c. A reliable estimate can be made of its amount; if a reasonable estimate cannot be made， then the nature of the provision and the uncertainties relating to the amount and timing of the cash flows should be disclosed.A provision is made for something which will probably happen. It should be recognized when it is probable that a transfer of economic events will take place and when its amount can be estimated reliably.(3) Contingent liabilitiesDefinitionThe Standard defines a contingent liability as：(a) A possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the enterprise; or(b) A present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because：(i) It is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or(ii) The amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.As a rule of thumb， probable means more than 50% likely. If an obligation is probable， it is not a contingent liability – instead， a provision is needed.Treatment of contingent liabilitiesContingent liabilities should not be recognized in financial statements but they should be disclosed. The required disclosures are：(a) A brief description of the nature of the contingent liability;(b) An estimate of its financial effect;(c) An indication of the uncertainties that exist;(d) The possibility of any reimbursement;(4) Contingent assetsDefinitionA possible asset that arises from the past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the enterprise’s control.A contingent asset must not be recognized. Only when the realization of the related economic benefits is virtually certain should recognition take place. At that point， the asset is no longer a contingent asset.Disclosure： contingent assetsContingent assets must only be disclosed in the notes if they are probable. In that case a brief description of the contingent asset should be provided along with an estimate of its likely financial effect.II. Specific application1. Future operating lossesIn the past， provisions were recognized for future operating losses on the grounds of prudence. However these should not be provided for the following reasons.①They relate to future events;②There is no obligation to a third party. The loss-making business could be closed and the losses avoided.2. Onerous contractsAn onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.A common example of an onerous contract is a lease on a surplus factory. The leaseholder is legally obliged to carry on paying the rent on the factory， but they will not get any benefit from using the factory.The least net cost of an onerous contract should be recognized as a provision. The least net cost is the lower of the cost of fulfilling the contract or of terminating it and suffering any penalty payments.Some assets may have been bought specifically for the onerous contract. These should be reviewed for impairment before any separate provision is made for the contract itself.1DemoDroopers has recently bought all of the trade， assets and liabilities of Dolittle， an unincorporatd business. As part of the take-over all of the combined business’s activities have been relocated at Droopers main site. As a result Dolittle’s premises are now empty and surplus to requirements.However， just before the acquisition Dolittle had signed a three year lease for their premises at $6000 per calendar month. At 31 December 2003 this lease ad 32 months left to run and the landlord had refused to terminate the lease. A sub-tenant had taken over part of the premises for the rest of the lease at a rent of $2500 per calendar month.Required(a) Should Droopers recognized a provision for an onerous contract in respect of this lease?(b) Show how this information will be presented in the financial statements for 2003 and 2004. Ignore the time value of money.Solution：Droopers has a legal obligation to pay a further $192000 to the landlord， as a result of a lease signed before the year end. Therefore an onerous contract exists and must be provided for.There is also an amount recoverable form the sub-tenant of $80000(32×2500). This will be shown separately in the balance sheet as an asset.The $192000 payable and the $80000 recoverable can be netted off in the income statement.income statements 2003 2004$ $provision for onerous lease contract(net)112000 Dr.net rental payable on lease (72-30) -42000 Drrelease of provision 42000 Cr112000 Dr.balance sheetsreceivalbesamounts recoverable from sub-tenants80000 Dr.50000 Drliabilitiesamounts payable on onerous contracts192000 Cr120000 Cr3. RestructuringA restructuring is a programme that is planned and controlled by management and has a material effect on：①The scope of a business undertaken by the reporting entity in terms of the products or services it provides; or②The manner in which a business undertaken by the reporting entity is conducted;Restructuring includes terminating a line of business， closure of business locations， changes in management structure，and refocusing a business’s operations.Restructuring provisions have always been quite common， and have often been misused. IAS37 restricts the recognition of restructuring provisions to situations where an entity has a constructive obligation to restructure.A constructive obligation will only arise if：①There is a detailed formal plan for restructuring. This must identify the businesses， locations and employees affected; and②Those affected have a valid expectation that the restructuring will be carried out. This can be by starting to implement the plan or by announcing it to those affected.The constructive obligation must exist at the year-end.(Any obligation arising after the year end may require disclosure under IAS10)A board decision alone will not create a constructive obligation unless：①The plan is already being implemented. For example， assets are being sold，redundancy negotiations have begun; or②The plan has been announced to those affected by it. The plan must have a strict timeframe without unreasonable delays; or③The Board itself contains representatives of employees or other groups affected by the decision.(This is common in mainland Europe.)An announcement to sell an operation will not create a constructive obligation. An obligation will only arise when a purchaser is found and there is a binding sale agreement.A restructuring provision should only include the direct costs of restructuring. These must be both：(a) Necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and(b) Not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity;The following costs must not be provided for because they relate to future events：(a) Retaining or relocating staff;(b) Marketing;(c) Investment in new systems and distribution networks;(d) Future operating losses (unless arising from an onerous contract)(e) Profits on disposal of assets.cca f7真题对于acca f7的考试的重要性我相信各位acca考生都心知肚明了，首先我们先看一下acca f7科目的考试内容ACCA F7科目介绍：F7《财务报告》是F3《财务会计》的后续课程或说是升级课程。

F 7—合并资产负债表小结● 出现在合并报表中的share capital 只是母公司的share capital ，子公司的只是一个抵销项目，无论什么情况下都是这样● 母子公司的内部交易产生的应收，应付要对应抵销● 没有抵消的债券在合并报表中作为负债列示，不计入NCI● 在途现金或物资是母子两方的流动账户current account 的差额，current account 也要做抵销● 子公司发放的股利，NCI 的部分不需要出现在报表中，母公司的部分合并时抵消掉了，而发放股利后剩余的 reserve 按比例，一部分进入GRE （group retained earning ）一部分进入NCI ，但子公司用合并前利润派发的股利是要冲减投资成本的，用合并后的利润派发的才是抵消的● Goodwill = 投资成本—股本—合并前的利润—S 内部产生的品牌价值 —股本溢价—RS ,reserve—FV adjustment计算Goodwill 时，考虑的都是合并前的价值 即（pre-）而算RE 时，考虑的是都是合并后的价值变动即（post-） ，算NCI 时 ，不需要考虑合并前或后，考虑的是合并后的最终期末值 即（pre- + post-）● FV 的期初变动，属于 pre — 用来算G/W ，由于FV 上调而增加的折旧属于 post — 用来算RE以上的pre- + post- 用来算NCI无论FV 怎么变动，若最终被卖掉，则最终值为0 即pre- + post- =0● 用传统方法计算出来的NCI 是不产生G/W 的，而用FV 方法计算产生G/W （两种方法的增加值即NCI 的 G/W ）所以当G/W 期末发生减值时，只有用FV 法时，减值才会按比例分摊到NCI 的G/W 中，另一部分冲减GRE 而如果用传统方法，所有的loss 都冲减GRE● 有关或有对价的问题计算G/W 时，用的是会计年度期初的贴现值作为投资成本，而会计期末报表上的数字是按会计期末时点的贴现值列示，作为负债列示期初时点与期末时点产生的贴现值差额作为财务费用冲减RE● 未实现利润的处理S →P ：为实现的利润冲减RE ，如果是非完全控制，则按比例分别冲减GRE 和 NCI 还是要冲减报表的 inventory 或者 receivableP →S: 只要调GRE 和 inventory ,不考虑NCI● 固定资产的内部交易：把上面的未实现利润改为调（未实现利润—由于卖价高而多出来的折旧），还要调报表中 non-current asset 的CA ，同样注意S →P 和P →S 的区别 ● 合并报表至合并投资比例>=50% ，<50% 时，当做长期投资（资产），不用合并处理方法:原有投资+ post-profit *投资比例 列示为 investment in associate 同时算GRE 时也要把 post-profit *投资比例 包括进去*投资比列。

ACCA考试F7知识点辅导I. The accounting problemBefore IAS37 provisions were recognized on the basis of prudence，little guidance was given on when a provision should be recognized and how it should be measured. This gave rise to inconsistencies，and also allowed profits to be manipulated.Some problems are noted below：(a) Provisions could be recognized on the basis of management intentions，rather than on any obligation to be entity;(b) Several items could be combined into one large provision. Th ere were known as ‘big bath’ provisions;(c) A provision could be created for one purpose and then used for another;(d) Poor disclosure made it difficult to assess the effect of provisions on reported profits. In particular，provisions could be created when profits were high and released when profits were low in order to smooth profits.(1) DefinitionsIAS 37 views a provision as a liability.A provision is a liability of uncertainty timing or amount;A liability is an obligation of an enterprise to transfer economic benefits as a result of past transactions or events.Provision must be based on obligations，not management intentions.(2) Under IAS37， a provision should be recognized：a. When an enterprise has a present obligation;b. It is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle it;c. A reliable estimate can be made of its amount; if a reasonable estimate cannot be made，then the nature of the provision and the uncertainties relating to the amount and timing of the cash flows should be disclosed.A provision is made for something which will probably happen. It should be recognized when it is probable that a transfer of economic events will take place and when its amount can be estimated reliably.(3) Contingent liabilitiesDefinitionThe Standard defines a contingent liability as：(a) A possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the enterprise; or(b) A present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because：(i) It is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or(ii) The amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.As a rule of thumb，probable means more than 50% likely. If an obligation is probable，it is not a contingent liability – instead，a provision is needed.Treatment of contingent liabilitiesContingent liabilities should not be recognized in financial statements but they should be disclosed. The required disclosures are：(a) A brief description of the nature of the contingent liability;(b) An estimate of its financial effect;(c) An indication of the uncertainties that exist;(d) The possibility of any reimbursement;(4) Contingent assetsDefinitionA possible asset that arises from the past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the enterprise’s control.A contingent asset must not be recognized. Only when the realization of the related economic benefits is virtually certain should recognition take place. At that point，the asset is no longer a contingent asset.Disclosure：contingent assetsContingent assets must only be disclosed in the notes if they are probable. In that case a brief description of the contingent asset should be provided along with an estimate of its likely financial effect.II. Specific application1. Future operating lossesIn the past，provisions were recognized for future operating losses on the grounds of prudence. However these should not be provided for the following reasons.①They relate to future events;②There is no obligation to a third party. The loss-making business could be closed and the losses avoided.2. Onerous contractsAn onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.A common example of an onerous contract is a lease on a surplus factory. The leaseholder is legally obliged to carry on paying the rent on the factory，but they will not get any benefit from using the factory.The least net cost of an onerous contract should be recognized as a provision. The least net cost is the lower of the cost of fulfilling the contract or of terminating it and suffering any penalty payments.Some assets may have been bought specifically for the onerous contract. These should be reviewed for impairment before any separate provision is made for the contract itself.1DemoDroopers has recently bought all of the trade，assets and liabilities of Dolittle，an unincorporatd business. As part of the take-over all of the combined business’s activities have been relocated at Droopers main site. As a result Dolittle’s premises are now empty and surplus to requirements.However，just before the acquisition Dolittle had signed a three year lease for their premises at $6000 per calendar month. At 31 December 2003 this lease ad 32 months left to run and the landlord had refused to terminate the lease. A sub-tenant had taken over part of the premises for the rest of the lease at a rent of $2500 per calendar month.Required(a) Should Droopers recognized a provision for an onerous contract in respect of this lease?(b) Show how this information will be presented in the financial statements for 2003 and 2004. Ignore the time value of money.Solution：Droopers has a legal obligation to pay a further $192000 to the landlord，as a result of a lease signed before the year end. Therefore an onerous contract exists and must be provided for.There is also an amount recoverable form the sub-tenant of $80000(32×2500). This will be shown separately in the balance sheet as an asset.The $192000 payable and the $80000 recoverable can be netted off in the income statement.income statements20032004$$provision for onerous lease contract(net)112000 Dr.net rental payable on lease (72-30)-42000 Drrelease of provision42000 Cr112000 Dr.balance sheetsreceivalbesamounts recoverable from sub-tenants80000 Dr.50000 Drliabilitiesamounts payable on onerous contracts192000 Cr120000 Cr3. RestructuringA restructuring is a programme that is planned and controlled by management and has a material effect on：①The scope of a business undertaken by the reporting entity in terms of the products or services it provides; or②The manner in which a business undertaken by the reporting entity is conducted;Restructuring includes terminating a line of business，closure of business locations，changes in management structure，and refocusing a business’s operations.Restructuring provisions have always been quite common，and have often been misused. IAS37 restricts the recognition of restructuring provisions to situations where an entity has a constructive obligation to restructure.A constructive obligation will only arise if：①There is a detailed formal plan for restructuring. This must identify the businesses，locations and employees affected; and②Those affected have a valid expectation that the restructuring will be carried out. This can be by starting to implement the plan or by announcing it to those affected.The constructive obligation must exist at the year-end.(Any obligation arising after the year end may require disclosure under IAS10)A board decision alone will not create a constructive obligation unless：①The plan is already being implemented. For example，assets are being sold，redundancy negotiations have begun; or②The plan has been announced to those affected by it. The plan must have a strict timeframe without unreasonable delays; or③The Board itself contains representatives of employees or other groups affected by the decision.(This is common in mainland Europe.)An announcement to sell an operation will not create a constructive obligation. An obligation will only arise when a purchaser is found and there is a binding sale agreement.A restructuring provision should only include the direct costs of restructuring. These must be both：(a) Necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and(b) Not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity;The following costs must not be provided for because they relate to future events：(a) Retaining or relocating staff;(b) Marketing;(c) Investment in new systems and distribution networks;(d) Future operating losses (unless arising from an onerous contract)(e) Profits on disposal of assets.cca f7真题对于acca f7的考试的重要性我相信各位acca考生都心知肚明了，首先我们先看一下acca f7科目的考试内容ACCA F7科目介绍：F7《财务报告》是F3《财务会计》的后续课程或说是升级课程。

ACCA考试《财务报告F7》复习指导本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处I. The accounting problemBefore IAS37 provisions were recognized on the basis of prudence，little guidance was given on when a provision should be recognized and how it should be measured. This gave rise to inconsistencies，and also allowed profits to be manipulated.Some problems are noted below：(a) Provisions could be recognized on the basis of management intentions，rather than on any obligation to be entity;(b) Several items could be combined into one large provision. There were known as ‘big bath’ provisions;(c) A provision could be created for one purpose and then used for another;(d) Poor disclosure made it difficult to assess the effect of provisions on reported profits. In particular，provisions could be created when profits were high and released when profits were low in order to smooth profits.(1) DefinitionsIAS 37 views a provision as a liability.A provision is a liability of uncertainty timing or amount;A liability is an obligation of an enterprise to transfer economic benefits as a result of past transactions or events.Provision must be based on obligations，not management intentions.(2) Under IAS37，a provision should be recognized：a. When an enterprise has a present obligation;b. It is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle it;c. A reliable estimate can be made of its amount; if a reasonable estimate cannot be made，then the nature of the provision and the uncertainties relating to the amount and timing of the cash flows should be disclosed.A provision is made for something which will probably happen. It should be recognized when it is probable that a transfer of economic events will take place and when its amount can be estimated reliably.(3) Contingent liabilitiesDefinitionThe Standard defines a contingent liability as：(a) A possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the enterprise; or(b) A present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because：(i) It is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or(ii) The amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.As a rule of thumb，probable means more than 50% likely. If an obligation is probable，it is not a contingent liability – instead，a provision is needed.Treatment of contingent liabilitiesContingent liabilities should not be recognized in financial statements but they should be disclosed. The required disclosures are：(a) A brief description of the nature of the contingent liability;(b) An estimate of its financial effect;(c) An indication of the uncertainties that exist;(d) The possibility of any reimbursement;(4) Contingent assetsDefinitionA possible asset that arises from the past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the enterprise’s control.A contingent asset must not be recognized. Only when the realization of the related economic benefits is virtually certain should recognition take place. At that point，the asset is no longer a contingent asset.Disclosure：contingent assetsContingent assets must only be disclosed in the notes if they are probable. In that case a brief description of the contingent asset should be provided along with an estimate of its likely financial effect.II. Specific application1. Future operating lossesIn the past，provisions were recognized for future operating losses on the grounds of prudence. However these should not be provided for the following reasons.①They relate to future events;②There is no obligation to a third party. The loss-making business could be closed and the losses avoided.2. Onerous contractsAn onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.A common example of an onerous contract is a lease on a surplus factory. The leaseholder is legally obliged to carry on paying the rent on the factory，but they will not get any benefit from using the factory.The least net cost of an onerous contract should be recognized as a provision. The least net cost is the lower of the cost of fulfilling the contract or of terminating it and suffering any penalty payments.Some assets may have been bought specifically for the onerous contract. These should be reviewed for impairment before any separate provision is made for the contract itself.1DemoDroopers has recently bought all of the trade，assets and liabilities of Dolittle，an unincorporatd business. As part of the take-over all of the combined business’s activities have been relocated at Droopers main site. As a result Dol ittle’s premises are now empty and surplus to requirements.However，just before the acquisition Dolittle had signed a three year lease for their premises at $6000 per calendar month. At 31 December 2003 this lease ad 32 months left to run and the landlord had refused to terminate the lease. A sub-tenant had taken over part of the premises for the rest of the lease at a rent of $2500 per calendar month.Required(a) Should Droopers recognized a provision for an onerous contract in respect of this lease?(b) Show how this information will be presented in the financial statements for 2003 and 2004. Ignore the time value of money.Solution：Droopers has a legal obligation to pay a further $192000 to the landlord，as a result of a lease signed before the year end. Therefore an onerous contract exists and must be provided for.There is also an amount recoverable form the sub-tenant of $80000(32×2500). This will be shown separately in the balance sheet as an asset.The $192000 payable and the $80000 recoverable can be netted off in the income statement.income statements20032004$$provision for onerous lease contract(net)112000 Dr.net rental payable on lease (72-30)-42000 Drrelease of provision42000 Cr112000 Dr.balance sheetsreceivalbesamounts recoverable from sub-tenants80000 Dr.50000 Drliabilitiesamounts payable on onerous contracts192000 Cr120000 Cr3. RestructuringA restructuring is a programme that is planned and controlled by management and has a material effect on：①The scope of a business undertaken by the reporting entity in terms of the products or services it provides; or②The manner in which a business undertaken by the reporting entity is conducted;Restructuring includes terminating a line of business，closure of business locations，changes in management structure，and refocusing a business’s operations.Restructuring provisions have always been quite common，and have often been misused. IAS37 restricts the recognition of restructuring provisions to situations where an entity has a constructive obligation to restructure.A constructive obligation will only arise if：①There is a detailed formal plan for restructuring. This must identify the businesses，locations and employees affected; and②Those affected have a valid expectation that the restructuring will be carried out. This can be by starting to implement the plan or by announcing it to those affected.The constructive obligation must exist at the year-end.(Any obligation arising after the year end may require disclosure under IAS10)A board decision alone will not create a constructive obligation unless：①The plan is already being implemented. For example，assets are being sold，redundancy negotiations have begun; or②The plan has been announced to those affected by it. The plan must have a strict timeframe without unreasonable delays; or③The Board itself contains representatives of employees or other groups affected by the decision.(This is common in mainland Europe.)An announcement to sell an operation will not create a constructive obligation. An obligation will only arise when a purchaser is found and there is a binding sale agreement.A restructuring provision should only include the direct costs of restructuring. These must be both：(a) Necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and(b) Not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity;The following costs must not be provided for because they relate to future events：(a) Retaining or relocating staff;(b) Marketing;(c) Investment in new systems and distribution networks;(d) Future operating losses (unless arising from an onerous contract)(e) Profits on disposal of assets.更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。

ACCA F7 考前复习Non-current assets非流动资产A non-current asset is an asset acquired for use on a continuing basis, normally over more than one year.非流动资产指购买后连续使用的资产，通常超过一年。

Examples include 例如:❝Land and buildings❝土地和建筑❝Plant and machinery❝机器和设备❝Fixtures and fittings❝固定装置Non-current assets are recorded in the Statement of Financial Position. The items above are tangible non-current assets (with a physical existence).非流动资产记入财务状况表。

上述项目为有形非流动资产（具有物理实在）。

The cost of an asset can include all the costs incurred in bringing the asset into use, e.g. delivery, installation and set up costs.资产成本包括将资产投入使用产生的所有成本，比如配送、安装和启动成本。

However, the costs of training staff training on how to use an asset are not included in the cost of the asset. The reason is that it is uncertain whether staff will stay in the business and hence the benefit of the training may not last for the full life of the asset.但资产成本不包括培训员工使用资产的培训成本。