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第一章野生动物资源的属性与分类第一节野生动物资源的属性一、野生动物资源的再生性生物资源与非生物资源的根本区别就在于生物资源可以不断自然更新和人为繁殖扩大。
野生动物资源还具有解体性或叫脆弱性的一面二、野生动物资源的系统性指野生动物资源具有结构上等级性，即野生动物资源以群落的形式存在；野生动物是不能单独生存的，总是形成个体、种群、群落这样三个层次的系统。
三、野生动物资源的层次性层次性是生物由于在生态系统中分布的不同而形成在空间上(水平的或垂直的)分层或分离的序列。
促使植物群落垂直分层的主要环境因子是光照：上层；如形成林冠的乔木，海、湖水面上的藻类等。
陆地生态系统的下层是有机质积累并更新的地方，往往是分解者所在地(土壤层)。
如落叶阔叶林有四个主要层次：①上层木②下层木：③灌木层④草本植物：植物群落的水平分布是由于气候因素、土壤因素、地下水、盐碱度等生态因素所造成的，由赤道到两极依次出现：热带雨林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、泰加林（或北方针叶林）和冻原（或苔原）。
动物群落的层次性与植物群落的层次性密不可分。
每一种鸟都有一个自己所最喜好的层次。
1.林冠层：林鸽和茶腹鳾喜欢在林冠层；2.乔木层：青山雀、长尾山雀、旋木雀和煤山雀喜欢在乔木层；3.灌木层：沼泽山雀、大山雀和戴菊喜欢在灌木层；4.地面：乌鸫、红胸鸲和鹪鹩则多在草被层或地面活动。
群落交错区（ecotone）群落交错区：指两个不同群落交界的区域。
包含断裂状边缘镶嵌状边缘边缘效应（edge effect）边缘效应：指在群落交错区中生物种类和种群密度增加的现象。
人们把群落交错区中的生物分为三类：其中两类为邻近两个群落所共有，另一类是交错区所特有的。
四、野生动物资源的地域性不同的区域自然环境要素及其结构形式是不相同的，因而各处的自然环境也就不同,故在不同的环境条件下，也就形成了不同的生物种类。
生物生长与活动的环境在地域上的差异，决定了生物资源分布的地域性。
地域性对微生物更重要生物资源在地球上的分布还具有一定的地带性：森林生物群落带、草地生物群落带、荒漠生物群落带、冻原生物群落带五、野生动物资源的周期性动物资源的周期性，是动物生命现象特有的时间上的层次序列。
第一部第4章幻性情人我们中的许多人陷在社会对我们的特定期望中无法自拔。
因此，我们会被那些变幻不定、暧昧不明、难以捉摸、难以揣测的独特之人所深深吸引。
幻性情人令我们激动，因为他们无法被归类，他们引发的是我们自己对自由的渴望。
他们忽而有男人的英武，忽而又如女子般阴柔。
他们的衣着相貌不断变幻，总带给人惊羡之感。
他们如此神秘，无法捕捉，激发世间男男女女对他们的迷恋：在女人看来他们从内而外散发着女性气息，在男人看来他们又是那样刚健。
幻性情人使无数人为之迷惑，为之倾倒。
用幻性的力量去营造一种暧昧的、迷乱的氛围，激发人们内心深处的渴望。
KQ，，YOHsTCX`sp\`F幻性“女人” [mPW_0A^tV7fX的_E，1913年，18岁的鲁道夫?格里亚米不远万里地从意大利来到美国。
他除了容貌俊美、舞技出众外再无所长。
为了发挥自己的优势，他在舞厅找了份伴舞的工作。
在曼哈顿的舞厅里，女孩子们或独身前往，或结伴而来，她们都会为了短暂的刺激而找个伴舞。
她们希望在花费不多的情况下，伴舞的人会带着她们在舞厅里飘舞飞扬，更希望会与她们谈天说地、调情取乐。
很快，格里亚米凭借自己文雅的举止、优美的舞姿、不俗的长相，成为诸多伴舞中的佼佼者。
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Qp2HBCDRs1Ngpt作为伴舞，格里亚米的大部分时间都花在女人身上。
他很快就学会了如何取悦她们——怎样以微妙的方式蛊惑她们，怎样使她们放松自在。
他开始注意着装，并练就了勾魂夺魄的眼神。
他跳舞时会穿上紧身内衣，以显出其修长的身材，手腕上戴上时髦的手表（在那个时候戴表让人觉得柔弱纤美），还声称自己要成为侯爵。
1915年，他得到了一个在高档餐厅跳探戈的工作，并给自己起了一个非常暧昧的名字鲁道夫?瓦伦蒂诺。
一年后他移居洛杉矶，想在好莱坞试试运气。
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7NLYWGa更名为鲁道夫?瓦伦蒂诺后的格里亚米开始在一些制作粗糙的电影里跑龙套。
直到1919年，他才获得在《青春的眼神》中扮演重要角色的机会。
Unit6 A Val entine Story爱情故事1.John Blanchard stood up from the bench, straightened his Army uniform, and studied the crowd ofpeople making their way through Grand Central Station.约翰·布兰查德从长凳上站起身来，整了整军装，留意着格兰德中央车站进出的人群。
2.He looked for the girl whose heart he knew, but whose face he didn't, the girl with the rose. Hisinterest in her had begun twelve months before in a Florida library. Taking a book off the shelf he soon found himself absorbed, not by the words of the book, but by the notes penciled in the margin.The soft handwriting reflected a thoughtful soul and insightful mind.他在寻找一位姑娘，一位佩带玫瑰的姑娘。
他知其心，但不知其貌。
十二个月前，在佛罗里达州的一个图书馆，他对她产生了兴趣。
他从书架上取下一本书，很快便被吸引住了，不是被书的内容，而是被铅笔写的眉批。
柔和的笔迹显示出其人多思善虑的心灵和富有洞察力的头脑。
3.In the front of the book, he discovered the previous owner's name, Miss Hollis Maynell. With timeand effort he located her address. She lived in New York City. He wrote her a letter introducing himself and inviting her to correspond. The next day he was shipped overseas for service in World War II.在书的前页，他找到了前一位拥有人的姓名，霍利斯·梅奈尔小姐。
作者： 克·沃尔夫;包智星出版物刊名： 世界文学页码： 24-64页主题词： 卡珊德拉;帕里斯;特洛伊;普里阿摩斯;伊利昂;克吕泰涅斯特拉;墨涅拉奥斯;阿伽门农;迈锡尼;古希腊文学摘要：目前,两个超级大国的军备竞赛有增无减,并相继在欧洲布署了各自最先进的中程核导弹。
饱受两次战争沧桑的欧洲几百万人民,近年来多次掀起抗议的浪潮,其规模之大,次数之多,是战后近四十年来从未有过的。
许多著名作家或亲身参加这些声势浩大的示威游行,或写文章或发表演说、著书作剧来声援和平运动,'反战'已成为近年来作家创作的中心题材。
克里斯塔·沃尔夫的新作——《卡珊德拉》就是在这种形势下问世的。
可以说,这是作者用大素材、写大题材的一次大胆尝试。
她取材于古希腊的神话故事和英雄传说,尤以荷马史诗《伊利昂纪》为主要依据。
小说写的是三千年前的特洛伊战争,指的无疑是当今世界核战争的危险。
在希腊神话中卡珊德拉是特洛伊国王普里阿摩斯和王后赫卡柏的女儿。
她渴望自己成为先知,太阳神阿波罗赐予她为预言家。
由于卡珊德拉拒绝了阿波罗的多次求婚,因此阿波罗使她只有预言的本领,却没有人信她的预言。
在特洛伊战争中卡珊德拉虽一再警告,不能让帕里斯率船舰去希腊,不要去抢希腊美女海伦,不要把大木马搬进特洛伊城,但没有一个人相信她的话(后人把没人听的警告称之为'卡珊德拉呼吁'),终于导致了特洛伊城的毁灭。
特洛伊城陷落后,所有的妇弱老幼均被押运去希腊。
卡珊德拉被俘后成为希腊迈锡尼国王阿伽门农的女奴和情人,后被阿伽门农妻子克吕泰涅斯特拉所杀。
自荷马史诗问世以来,历代的文学家不断赋诗写剧来描写特洛伊战争中希腊和特洛伊交战双方的各类英雄人物,其中不乏妇女的形象。
自公元前415年欧里庇得斯的著名悲剧《特洛伊妇女》上演后,除席勒于1802年有一首专门以卡珊德拉为题材的诗作之外,卡珊德拉的形象在古希腊文学中,或后人根据古希腊文学题材改编的故事及戏剧中,从来只是一个配角。
第一章总论Chapter 1 Introductionanterior axillary line 腋前线anterior median line 前正中线Hilum 门midaxillary line 腋中线midclavicular line 锁骨中线parasternal line 胸骨旁线posterior axillary line腋后线posterior median line 后正中线scapular line 肩胛线Splanchonlogy 内脏学sternal line 胸骨线Viscera 内脏第二章消化系统Chapter 2 Digestive Systemaccessory pancreatic duct 副胰管accessory parotid gland 副腮腺aggregated lymphatic follicles 集合淋巴滤泡alimentary canal 消化管alimentary gland 消化腺alimentary system 消化系统alveolar bone 牙槽骨ampulla of rectum 直肠壶腹anal canal 肛管anal columns 肛柱anal pecten 肛梳anal sinuses 肛窦anal valves 肛瓣angular incisure 角切迹anocutaneous line 肛皮线anorectal line 肛直肠线anus 肛门apex of tongue 舌尖apical foramen 牙根尖孔ascending colon 升结肠ascending part 升部bare arer 裸区body of gallbladder 胆囊体body of pancreas 胰体body of stomach 胃体body of tongue 舌体caecum 盲肠canine teeth 尖牙cardia 贲门cardiac incisure 贲门切迹cardiac part 贲门部caudate lobe 尾状叶cavity of pharynx 咽腔cement 牙骨质cheek 颊colic bands 结肠带conon 结肠common bile duct 胆总管common hepatic duct 肝总管crown of tooth 牙冠cystic duct 胆囊管deciduous teeth 乳牙deep part 深部dental cavity 牙腔dental pulp 牙髓dentate line 齿状线dentine 牙质descending colon 降结肠descending part 降部diaphragmatic surface 膈面duodenal bulb 十二指肠球duodenojejunal flexure 十二指肠空肠曲duodenum 十二指肠enamel 釉质epiglottic vallecula 会厌谷epiploic appendices 肠脂垂esophagus 食管extrinsic lingual muscles 舌外肌falciform ligament 镰状韧带filiform papillae 丝状乳头fissure for ligamentum teres hepatic 肝圆韧带裂fissure ofrligamentum venosum 静脉韧带裂foliate palillae 叶状乳头foramen cecum of tongue 舌盲孔fornix of stomach 胃穹窿fossa for gallbladder 胆囊窝frenulum of tongue 舌系带fundus of gallbladder 胆囊底fundus of stomach 胃底fungiform papillae 菌状乳头gall bladder 胆囊genioglossus 颏舌肌gingival 牙龈greater curvature of stomach 胃大弯haemorrhoidal ring 痔环hard palate 硬腭haustra of colon 结肠袋head of pancreas 胰头hepatic fissure 肝裂hepatopancreatic ampulla 肝胰壶腹horizontal part 水平部ileocecal orifice 回盲口ileocecal valve 回盲瓣ileum 回肠incisors 切牙inferior duodenal flexure 十二指肠下曲intrinsic lingual muscles 舌内肌isthmus of fauces 咽峡jejunum 空肠large intestine 大肠laryngopharynx 喉咽left colic flexure 结肠左曲left interlobar fissure 左叶间裂left intersegmental fissure左外叶段间裂left lobe of liver 肝左叶lesser curvature of stomach 胃小弯ligament of Treitz Treitz 韧带ligamentum teres hepatic 肝圆韧带ligamentum venosum 静脉韧带lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体liver 肝longitudinal fold of duodenum 十二指肠纵襞lower dental arch 下牙弓major duodenal papilla 十二指肠大乳头major salivary glands 大唾液腺median glossoepiglottic fold 舌会厌正中襞middle hepatic fissure 正中裂minor duodenal papilla 十二指肠小乳头minor salivary glands 小唾液腺molars 磨牙nasolabial sulcus 鼻唇沟nnasopharynx 鼻咽neck of gallbladder 胆囊颈neck of tooth 牙颈notch for ligamentum teres hepatis 肝圆韧带切迹oral cavity 口腔oral cavity proper 固有口腔oral lips 口唇oral vestibule 口腔前庭oropharynx 口咽palate 腭palatine tonsil 腭扁桃体palatoglossal arch 腭舌弓palatopharyngeal arch 腭咽弓pancreas 胰pancreatic duct 胰管papilla of parotid duct 腮腺管乳头papillae of tougue 舌乳头parotid duct 腮腺管parotid gland 腮腺perineal flexure of rectum 直肠会阴曲periodontal membrane 牙周膜permanent teeth 恒牙pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 咽鼓管咽口pharyngeal recess 咽隐窝pharyngeal tonsil 咽扁桃体pharynx 咽philtrum 人中piriform recess 梨状隐窝porta hepatis 肝门premolars 前磨牙pulp cavity 髓腔pulp chamber 牙冠腔pyloric antrum 幽门窦pyloric canal 幽门管pyloric part 幽门部pyloric sphincter 幽门括约肌pyloric valve 幽门瓣pylorus 幽门quadrate lobe 方叶rectum 直肠right colic flexure 结肠右曲right interlobar fissure 右叶间裂right intersegmental fissure 右后叶段间裂right lobe of liver 肝右叶root canal 牙根管root of tongue 舌根root of tooth 牙根sasral flexure of rectum 直肠骶曲salivary gland 唾液腺secondary porta of liver 第2肝门sigmoid colon 乙状结肠small intestine 小肠soft palate 软腭solitary lymphatic follicles 孤立淋巴滤泡sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla 肝胰壶腹括约肌sphincter ani externus 肛门外括约肌sphincter ani internus 肛门内括约肌spiral fold 螺旋襞stomach 胃subcutaneous part 皮下部sublingual caruncle 舌下阜sublingual gland 舌下腺submmandibular gland 下颌下腺sulcus for vena cava 腔静脉沟superficial part 浅部superior duodenal flexure 十二指肠上曲superior part 上部suspensory ligament of duodenum 十二指肠悬韧带suspensoy muscle of duodenum 十二指肠悬肌tail of pancreas 胰尾teeth 牙terminal sulcus 界沟tongue 舌transverse colon 横结肠tubal tonsil 咽鼓管扁桃体tubal torus 咽鼓管圆枕uncinate process 钩突upper dental arch 上牙弓uvula 腭垂vallate papillae 轮廓乳头velum palatinum 腭帆vermiform appendix 阑尾visceral surface 脏面white line 白线wisdom tooth 迟牙第三章呼吸系统Chapter 3 Respiratory Systemaditus laryngis 喉口anterior horn 前角anterior mediastinum 前纵隔apex of lung 肺尖aryepiglottic muscle 杓会厌肌arytenoid杓肌arytenoid articular surface 杓关节面arytenoid cartilage 杓状软骨base of lung 肺底bifurcation of trachea 气管杈bronchi 支气管bronchial artery支气管动脉bronchial tree 支气管树bronchopulmonary segments 支气管肺段cardiac notch 心切迹carina of trachea 气管隆嵴choanae 鼻后孔conus elasticus 弹性圆锥costal pleura 肋胸膜costal surface 肋面costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝cricoarytenoid joint 环杓关节cricoid arch 环状软骨弓cricoid cartilage 环状软骨cricoid lamina 环状软骨板cricothyroid joint 环甲关节cricothyroid muscle 环甲肌cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管韧带cupula of pleura 胸膜顶diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜diaphragmatic surface 膈面epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨epiglottis 会厌ethmoidal bulb 筛泡ethmoidal infundibulum 筛漏斗ethmoidal labyrinth 筛骨迷路external nose 外鼻fissure of glottis 声门裂glottis 声门hilum of lung 肺门horizontal fissure of right lung 水平裂inferior mediastinum 下纵隔infraglottic cavity 声门下腔intercartilaginous part 软骨间部intermediate cavity of larynx 喉中间腔intermenbranous part 膜间部laryngeal cavity 喉腔laryngeal muscle 喉肌laryngeal prominence 喉结laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭larynx 喉lateral cricoarytenoid muscle 环杓侧肌left principal bronchus 左主支气管lingual of left lung 左肺小舌lobar bronchi 肺叶支气管lung 肺median cricothyroid ligament 环甲正中韧带median thyroarytenoid ligament 甲状舌骨正中韧带mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜mediastinal surface 纵隔面mediastinum 纵隔mmembranous wall 膜壁middle medialstinum 中纵隔muscular process 肌突nasal ala 鼻翼nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal cavity proper 固有鼻腔nasal concha 鼻甲nasal gland 鼻腺nasal limen 鼻阈nasal septum 鼻中隔nasa vestibule 鼻前庭nose 鼻nostril 鼻孔oblique arytenoids 杓斜肌oblique fissure 斜裂olfactory region 嗅区paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦parietal pleura 壁胸膜pericardial region 心包区phrennicomediastinal recess 膈纵隔隐窝pleura 胸膜pleural cavity 胸膜腔pleural recesses 胸膜隐窝plica aryepiglottica 杓状会厌襞posterior cricoarytenoid muscle 环杓后肌posterior mediastinum 后纵隔pulmonary artery 肺动脉pulmonary ligament 肺韧带pulmonary lobule 肺小叶pulmonary segment 肺段quadrangular membrane 方形膜region of thymus 胸腺区respiratory system 呼吸系统right principal bronchus 右主支气管rima vestibule 前庭裂root of lung 肺根segmental bronchi 肺段支气管semimunar hiatus 半月裂孔sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝subcarinal angle 嵴下角superior mediastinum 上纵隔superior notch 上切迹supreme nasal concha 最上鼻甲thyroarytenoid muscle 甲杓肌thyrohyoid membrane 甲状舌骨膜thyroid articular surface 甲关节面thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨trachea 气管tracheal cartilages 气管软骨tracheal muscle 气管肌transverse arytenoids 杓横肌triticeal cartilage 麦粒软骨ventricle of larynx 喉室vestibular fold 前庭襞vestibular ligament 前庭韧带visceral pleura 脏胸膜vocal cord 声带vocal fold 声襞vocal ligament 声韧带vocal process 声带突xiphocostal angle 剑肋角vocalis 声带肌第四章泌尿系统Chapter 4 Urinary System1, 25- hydroxycholecalciferol 羟胆钙化醇abdominal part of the ureter 输尿管腹部apex of bladder 膀胱尖body of bladder 膀胱体cystoptosis 膀胱脱垂erythropoietin 红细胞生成素external urethral orifice 尿道外口fatty renal capsule 脂肪囊female urethra 女性尿道fibrous capsule 纤维囊fundus of bladder 膀胱底inferor stricture 下狭窄internal orifice of urethra 尿道内口internal urethral orifice 尿道内口unterureteric fold 输尿管间襞intramural part of the ureter 输尿管壁内部kidney 肾major renal calices 肾大盏medial border 内侧缘median umbilical ligament 脐正中韧带middle stricture 中狭窄minor renal calices 肾小盏muscular tunica 肌织膜meck of lbadder 膀胱颈nephroptosis 肾下垂papillary foramina 乳头孔pelvic cavity 盆腔pelvic part of the ureter 输尿管盆部pretrnal fascia 肾前筋膜prevesical space 膀胱前隙pubicoprostatic ligament 耻骨前列腺韧带renal artery 肾动脉renal column 肾柱renal corpuscles 肾小体renal cortex 肾皮质renal fascia 肾筋膜renal hilum 肾门renal medulla 肾髓质renal papillae 肾乳头renal pedicle 肾蒂renal pelvis 肾盂renal pyramid 肾锥体renal region 肾区renal segment 肾段renal sinus 肾窦renal tubulus 肾小管rennin 肾素retrorenal fascia 肾后筋膜segmental artery 肾段动脉skeins gland 尿道旁腺superior stricture 上狭窄suprarenal gland 肾上腺trigone of bladder 膀胱三角ureter 输尿管ureteric orifice 输尿管口urinary bladder 膀胱urinary incontinence 尿失禁urinary system 泌尿系统venous plexus 静脉丛vesical plica 膀胱襞vesical uvula 膀胱垂zone devoid of vessel 乏血管带第五章男性生殖系统Chapter 5 Male Reproductive System ampulla ductus deferentis 输精管壶腹anterior urethra 前尿道base of porstate 前列腺底body of penis 阴茎体body of prostate 前列腺体bulb of urethra 尿道球bulbourethral gland 尿道球腺cavernous body of penis 阴茎海绵体cavernous body of urethra 尿道海绵体cavernous part 海绵体部contorted senimiferous tubules 曲精小管crus of penis 阴茎脚cremaster 提睾肌dartos coat 肉膜ductus deferens 输精管efferent ductules of testis 睾丸输出小管ejaculatory duct 射精管epididymis 附睾external genital organs 外生殖器external orifce of urethra 尿道外口external spermatic fascia 精索外筋膜frenulum of prepuce 包皮系带glans penis 阴茎头gubernaculums testis 睾丸引带internal genital organs 内生殖器internal spermatic fascia 精索内筋膜lobules of testis 睾丸小叶male urethra 男性尿道mediastinum testis 睾丸纵隔membranous part 膜部navicularfossa of urethra 尿道舟状窝penis 阴茎posterior urethra 后尿道prepubic curvature 耻骨前弯prepuce of penis 阴茎包皮prostate 前列腺prostatic part 前列腺部prostatic utricle 前列腺小囊reproductive system 生殖系统rete testis 睾丸网root of penis 阴茎根scrotum 阴囊seminal colliculus 精阜seminal vesicle 精囊septula testis 睾丸小隔septum of scrotum 阴囊中隔spermatic cord 精索spermatic fluid 精液straight seminiferous tubules 精直小管subpubic curvature 耻骨下弯sulcus of prostate 前列腺沟suspensory ligament of penis 阴茎悬韧带tunica albuginea 白膜tunica vaginalis of tesis 睾丸鞘膜tunica vaginalis testis 尿道嵴urethral crest 鞘膜腔vaginal cavity testis 睾丸第六章女性生殖系统Chapter 6 Female Reproductive System areola of breast 乳晕abdominal orifce of uterine tube 输卵管腹腔口anal region 肛区ampulla of uterine tube 输卵管壶腹anococcygeal ligament 肛尾韧带areolar gland 乳晕腺axillary process 腋突body of clitoris 阴蒂体body of uterus 子宫体broad ligament of uterus 子宫阔韧带bulb of vestibule 前庭球bulbocavernosus 球海绵体肌canal of cervix of uterus 子宫颈管cardinal ligament of uterus 子宫主韧带cavernous body of clitoris 阴蒂海绵体cavity of uterus 子宫腔clitoris 阴蒂coccygeus 尾骨肌crus of clitoris 阴蒂脚deep perineal space 会阴深隙deep transverse muscle of perineum 会阴深横肌fimbriae of uterine tube 输卵管伞fornix of vagina 阴道穹free border 独立缘fundus of uterus 子宫底glans of clitoris 阴蒂头greater lip of pudendum大阴唇geater vestibular gland 前庭大腺hilum of ovary 卵巢门horn of uterus 子宫角hymen 处女膜infundibulum of uterine tube 输卵管漏斗ischioanal fossa 坐骨肛门窝ischiocavernosus 坐骨海绵体肌isthmus of uterine tube 输卵管峡isthmus of uterus 子宫峡lactiferous ducts 输乳管lactiferous sinus 输乳管窦lesser lip of pudendum 小阴唇levator ani 肛提肌lobe of mammary gland 乳腺叶lobule of mammary gland 乳腺小叶mamma, breast 乳房mammary papilla 乳头mesentery border of ovary 卵巢系膜缘mons pubis 阴阜neck of uterus 子宫颈orifice o uterus 子宫口ovary 卵巢ovarian fimbria 卵巢伞parametrium 子宫旁组织pelvic diaphragm 盆膈merineal body 会阴体perineal central tendon 会阴中心腱perineum 会阴proper ligament of ovary 卵巢固有韧带rectouterine fold 直肠子宫襞retromammary space 乳腺后间隙roun ligament of uterus 子宫圆韧带sphincter ani externus 肛门外括约肌sphincter of urethra 尿道括约肌superficial perineal space 会阴浅隙superficial transverse muscle of perineum 会阴浅横肌suspensory ligament of breast 乳房悬韧带suspensory ligament of ovary 卵巢悬韧带tendinous arch of levator ani muscle 肛提肌腱弓tubal extremity 输卵管端urethrovaginal sphincter 尿道阴道括约肌urogenital diaphragm 尿生殖膈urogenital region 尿生殖区uterus 子宫uterine appendages 子宫附件uterine extremity 子宫端uterine orifice of uterine tube 输卵管子宫口uterine part 输卵管子宫部uterine tube 输卵管uterosacral ligament 子宫骶韧带vagina 阴道vaginal orifice 阴道口vaginal part of cervix 子宫颈阴道部vaginal vestibule 阴道前庭vulva 女阴第七章腹膜Chapter 7 Peritoneumabdominal cavity 腹腔bare area of liver 肝裸区coronary ligament 冠状韧带extraperitoneal tissue 腹膜外组织falciform ligament of liver 镰状韧带femoral fossa 股凹gastrocolic ligament 胃结肠韧带gastrophrenic ligament 胃膈韧带gastrosplenic ligament 胃脾韧带greater omentum 大网膜hepatoduodenal ligament 肝十二指肠韧带hepatogastric ligament 肝胃韧带hepatorenal recess 肝肾隐窝intersigmoid recess 乙状结肠间隐窝lateral inguinal fossa 腹股沟外侧窝lateral umbilical fold 脐外侧襞left and right triangular ligaments 左、右三角韧带lesser omentum 小网膜ligamentum teres hepatis 肝圆韧带medial inguinal fossa 腹股沟内侧窝medial umbilical fold 脐内侧襞median umbilical fold脐正中襞mesenteric sinus肠系膜窦mesentery 肠系膜mesoappendix 阑尾系膜omental bursa 网膜囊omental foramen 网膜孔omentum 网膜paracolic sulcus 结肠旁沟parietal peritomeum 壁腹膜peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔peridoneal folds 腹膜襞peritoneal recesses 腹膜隐窝peritoneum 腹膜phrenicocolic ligament 膈结肠韧带phrenicosplenic ligament 膈脾韧带pouch 陷凹rectouterine pouch 直肠子宫陷凹rectovesical pouch 直肠膀胱陷凹retorcecal recess 盲肠后隐窝root of mesentery 肠系膜根sigmoid mesocolon 乙状结肠系膜splenocolic ligament 脾结肠韧带splenorenal ligament 脾肾韧带subphrenic space 膈下间隙superior duodenal fold 十二指肠上襞superior duodenal recess 十二指肠上隐窝supravesical fossa 膀胱上窝transverse mesocolon 横结肠系膜vesicouterine pouch 膀胱子宫陷凹visceral peritoneum 脏腹膜第五篇感觉器Section 5 Sensory Organs概述Outline Discriptionesteroceptor 外感受器interoceptor 内感受器proprioceptor 本题感受器receptor 感受器sensory organs 感觉器第一章视器Chapter 1 Visual Organaccessory organs of eye 眼副器adipose body of orbit 眶脂体aqueous humor 房水bulbar conjunctiva 球结膜central artery of retina 视网膜中央动脉chambers of eyeball 眼房choroids 脉络膜ciliary body 睫状体ciliary muscle 睫状肌ciliary processes 睫状突conjunctiva 结膜conjunctival formix 结膜穹隆conjunctival sac 结膜囊cornea 角膜dilator pupillae 瞳孔开大肌extraocular muscles 眼球外肌eyeball 眼球fascial sheathe of eyeball 眼球筋膜鞘fovea centralis 中央凹iris 虹膜lacrimal apparatus 泪器lacrimal caruncle 泪阜lacrimal ductile 泪小管lacimal gland 泪腺lacrimal lacus 泪湖lacrimal papilla 泪乳头lacrimal punctum 泪点lacrimal sac 泪囊lens 晶状体levator palpebrae superioris 上睑提肌macula lutea 黄斑nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管obliquus inferior 下斜肌obliquus superior 上斜肌ophthalmic a. 眼动脉optic disc 视神经盘optic nerve 视神经orbital fasciae 眶筋膜orbital septum 眶隔palpebrae 眼睑palpebral conjunctiva 睑结膜papilla optic nerve 视神经乳头periorbita 眶骨膜pupil 瞳孔rectus inferior 下直肌rectus lateralis 外直肌rectus medialis 内直肌rectus superior 上直肌retina 视网膜sclera 巩膜sheathe of ocular muscles 眼肌筋膜鞘sinus venous sclerae 巩膜静脉窦sphincter pupillae 瞳孔括约肌tarsal glands 睑板腺Tarsus 睑板visual organ 视器vitrenous body 玻璃体Zeis gland 睫毛腺第二章前庭蜗器Chapter 2 Vestibulocochlear Organ auditory apparatus 听器auditory ossicles 听小骨auditory tube 咽鼓管auricle 耳廓auricular lobule 耳垂bony labyrinth 骨迷路bony semicircular canals 骨半规管cochlea 耳蜗cochlear duct 蜗管cone of light 光锥crease 皮褶crista ampullaris 壶腹嵴dermis 真皮ear 耳epidermis 表皮external acoustic meatus 外耳道external acoustic pore 外耳门external ear 外耳fenestra cochleae 蜗窗fenestra vestibule 前庭窗gustatory organ 味器incus 砧骨internal acoustic meatus 内耳道internal ear 内耳line of cleavage 分裂线macula sacculi 球囊斑maculau triculi 椭圆囊斑malleus 锤骨mastoid antrum 乳突窦mastoid cells 乳突小房membranous labyrinth 膜迷路middle ear 中耳olfactory organ 嗅器promontory 岬caccule 球囊semicircular ducts 膜半规管skin 皮肤spiral organ 螺旋器stapedius 镫骨肌stapes 镫骨taste bud 味蕾tensor tymani 鼓膜张肌tympanic cavity 鼓室tympanic membrane 鼓膜umbo of tympanic membrane 鼓膜脐utricle 椭圆囊utriculosaccular duct 椭圆球囊管vestibular apparatus 前庭器vestibule 前庭vestibulocochlear organ 前庭蜗器第六篇神经系统Section 6 Nervous System第一章总论Chapter 1 Introductionassociation neuron 联络神经元astrocyte 星形胶质细胞axon 轴突bipolar neuron 双极神经元central nervous system 中枢神经系统chemical synapse 化学突触cortex 皮质dendrite 树突dendrite spine 树突棘electrical synapse 电突触ependymal cell 室管膜细胞fasciculus 纤维束ganglion 神经节glial cell 神经胶质细胞gray mater 灰质macroglial 大胶质细胞medulla 髓质microglia 小胶质细胞motor neuron 运动神经元multipolar neuron 多极神经元myelin sheath 髓鞘nerve 神经nrve cell 神经细胞nerve fibers 神经纤维inervous system 神经系统neurofibril 神经原纤维neuroglia 神经胶质neuron 神经元neurotransmitter 神经递质nissl body 尼氏体nucleus 神经核oligodendrocyte 少突胶质细胞peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统postsynaptic element 突触后部presynapeic element 突触前部pseudounipolar neuron 假单极神经元reflex arc 反射弧Schwann cell 施万细胞sensony neuron 感觉神经元somatic nerve 躯体神经Synapse 突触synaptic cleft 突触间隙terminal bouton 终扣visceral nerve 内脏神经white matter 白质间脑Diencephalonamygdaloid body 杏仁体angular gyrus 角回anterior commissure 前连合association fibers 联络纤维auditory area 听觉区auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢basal nuclei 基底核calcarine sulcus 距状沟caudate nucleus 尾状核central sulcus 中央沟cerebral cortex 大脑皮质cerebral longitudinal fissure 大脑纵裂cerebral transverse fissure 大脑横裂cingulate gyrus 扣带回claustrum 屏状核collateral sulcus 侧副沟commissural fibers 连合纤维corpus callosum 胼胝体corpus striatum 纹状体dentate gyrus 齿状回diencephalons 间脑dorsal longitudinal fasciculus 背侧纵束dorsal thalamus 背侧丘脑epithhalamus 上丘脑first somatic motor area 第Ⅰ躯体运动区first somatic sensory area 第Ⅰ躯体感觉区fornical commissure 穹窿连合fornix 穹窿frontal lobe 额叶globus pallidus 苍白球gustatory area 味觉区hippocampal formation 海马结构hippocampus 海马hypophysial portal veins 垂体门静脉hypophysis 垂体hypothalamic sulcus 下丘脑沟hypothalamus 下丘脑inferior frontal gyrus 额下回infundibular nucleus 漏斗核infundibulum 漏斗insula 岛叶interior frontal sulcus 额下沟internal capsule 内囊internal medullary lamina 内髓板interventricular foramen 室间孔lateral geniculate body 外侧膝状体lateral sulcus 外侧沟lateral ventricle 侧脑室lentiform nucleus 豆状核limbic lobe 边缘叶limbic system 边缘系统mamillothalamic tract 乳头丘脑束mmammilary body 乳头体medial forebrain bundle 前脑内侧束medial geniculate body 内侧膝状体metathalamus 后丘脑middle frontal gyrus 额中回motor speech area 运动性语言中枢neural stem cell 神经干细胞occipital lobe 枕叶olfactory area 嗅觉区optic chiasma 视交叉paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回paraventricular nucleus 室旁核paraventriculohypophysial tract 室旁垂体束parietal lobe 顶叶parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟pineal body 松果体postcentral gyrus 中央后回precentral gyrus 中央前回projection fibers 投射纤维putamen 壳septal area 隔区subthalamus 底丘脑superior frontal gyrus 额上回superior frontal sulcus 额上沟supramarginal gyrus 缘上回supraoptic nucleus 视上核supraopticohypophysial tract 视上垂体束telencephalon 端脑temporal lobe 颞叶transparent septum 透明隔transverse temporal gyrus 颞横回tuber cinerem 灰结节tuberohypophysial tract 结节垂体束tuberoinfundibular tract 结节漏斗束uncus 钩ventral anterior nucleus 腹前核ventral lateral nucleus 腹外侧核ventral posterior nucleus 腹后核ventral posterolateral nucleus 腹后外侧核ventral posteromedial nucleus 腹后内侧核vestibular area 平衡觉区visual area 视觉区visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢writing area 书写中枢第二章中枢神经系统Chapter 2 Central Nervous System anterior corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓前束anterior funiculus 前索anterior gray commissure 灰质前连合anterior hom 前角anterior median fissure 前正中裂anterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑前束anterior spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑前束anterior white commisure 白质前连合anterolateral tract of Barne Barne前外侧束Brown-Sequard syndrome 布朗-色夸综合征cauda equine 马尾central canal 中央管cervical enlargement 颈膨大conus medullaris 脊髓圆锥corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束dorsolateral fasciculus 背外侧束fasciculus cuneatus 楔束fasciculus gracilis 薄束filum terminale 终丝horn 角intermediate zone 中间带intermediolateral nucleus 中间外侧核intermediomedial nucleus 中间内侧核lateral column 侧柱lateral corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓侧束lateral funiculus 外侧索lateral spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑侧束lumbosacral enlargement 腰骶膨大medial longitudinal fasciculus 内侧纵束nucleus proprius 后角固有核nucleus thoracicus 胸核posterior column 后柱posterior funiculus 后索posterior gray commissure 灰质后连合posterior intermediate sulcus 后中间沟posterior median septum 后正中隔posterior median sulcus 后正中沟posterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑后束posteromarginal nucleus 后角边缘核reticular formation 网状结构reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束sacral parasympathetic nucleus 骶副交感核spinal cord 脊髓substantia gelatinosa 胶状质tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束脑Brainabducent nucleus 展神经核accessory nucleus 副神经核accessory nucleus of oculomotor neve 动眼神经副核acoustic tubercle 听结节anterior cerebellar notch 小脑前切迹anterior lobe 前叶anterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑前束archicerebllum 原小脑area postrema 最后区basilar part of pons 脑桥基底部basilar sulcus 基底沟brachium conjunctivum 结合臂brachium of inferior colliculus 下丘臂brachium of superior colliculus 上丘臂brachium pontis 脑桥臂brain stem 脑干brain (encephalon) 脑bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟central nuclei of cerebellum 小脑中央核cerebellar cortex 小脑皮质cerebellar hemispheres 小脑半球cerebellar nuclei 小脑核cerebellum 小脑cerebral aqueduct 大脑水管cerebral peduncle 大脑脚cerebrocerebellum 大脑小脑choroids plexus of fourth ventricle 第四脑室脉络丛climbing fiber 攀缘纤维cochlear nucleus 蜗神经核compact part 致密部corpus of cerebellum 小脑体corticobulbar tract 皮质延髓束crus cerebri 大脑脚底cuneate nucleus 楔束核cuneate tubercle 楔束结节decussation of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉decussation of pyramid 锥体交叉dentate nucleus 齿状核dorsal cochlear nucleus 蜗背侧核dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve 迷走神经背核dorsal tegmental decussation 被盖背侧交叉Edinger-Westphal nucleus E-W核emboliform nucleus 栓状核ependyma 室管膜facila colliculus 面神经丘fastigial nucleus 顶核flocculonodular lobe 绒球小结叶flocculus 绒球forebrain 前脑fourth ventricle 第四脑室funiculus separans 分隔索sgenu of facial nerve 面神经膝giganntocellular reticular nucleus 巨细胞网状核globose nucleus 球状核glomerulus 小脑小球gracile nucleus 薄束核gracile tubercle 薄束结节granular layer 颗粒层hindbrain 菱脑horizontal fissure 水平裂hypoglossal nucleus 舌下神经核hypoglossal triangle 舌下神经三角inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚inferior colliculus 下丘inferior medullary velum 下髓帆inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核inferior salivatory nucleus 下泌涎核inferior vestibular nucleus 前庭下核internal arcuate fibers 内弓状纤维internuclear neurons 核间神经元interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝interposed nuclei 中间核lateral apertures of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系lateral recess of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧隐窝lateral reticular nucleus 外侧网状核lateral vestibular nucleus 前庭外侧核locus ceruleus 蓝斑medial eminence内侧隆起medial lemniscus内侧丘系medial longitudinal fasciculus内侧纵束medial vestibular nucleus前庭内侧核midian aperture of fourth ventricle第四脑室正中孔median sulcus正中沟medulla oblongata延髓mesencephalic aqueduct中脑水管mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经中脑核mesencephalon 中脑metencephalon 后脑midbrain 中脑middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚molecular layer 分子层motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经运动核mossy fiber 苔藓纤维myelencephalon 末脑neocerebellum 新小脑nodule 小结nucleus ambiguous 疑核nucleus of abducent nerve 展神经核nucleus of facial nerve 面神经核nucleus of hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经核nucleus of inferior colliculus 下丘核nucleus of oculomotor nerve 动眼神经核nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核nucleus of trochlear nerve 滑车神经核nucleus raphes dorsalis 中缝背核nucleus raphes magnus 中缝大核obex 闩olive 橄榄paleocerebellum 旧小脑parabrachial nuclei 臂旁核farallel fiber 平行纤维paramedian reticular nucleus 旁正中网状核parvocellular reticular nucleus 小细胞网状核peduncle of flocculus 绒球脚piriform cell layer 梨状细胞层pons 脑桥pontine nucleus 脑桥核pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经脑桥核pontine reticular nuclei 脑桥网状核pontocerebellar trigone 脑桥小脑三角pontine nucleus 脑桥核posterior cerebellar notch 小脑后切迹posterior lobe 后叶posterior perforted substance 后穿质posterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑后束posterolateral fissure 后外侧裂pretectal area 顶盖前区primary fissure 原裂prosencephalon 前脑pyramid 锥体pyramid of vermis 蚓锥体pyramidal tract 锥体束red nucleus 红核restiform body 绳状体reticular part 网状部rhombencephalon 菱脑rhomboid fossa 菱形窝rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经脊束核spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经脊束spinocerebellum 脊髓小脑spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束striae medullares 髓纹substantia nigra 黑质sulcus limitans 界沟superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚superior colliculus 上丘superior medullary velum 上髓帆superior olivary nucleus 上橄榄核superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核superior vestibular nucleus 前庭上核tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束tectum 顶盖tegmentum 被盖tegmentum of pons 脑桥被盖部tela choroidea of fourth ventricle 第四脑室脉络组织tonsil of cerebellum 小脑扁桃体trapezoid body 斜方体trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系trigeminothalamic tract 三叉丘脑束tuber of vermis 蚓结节uvula of vermis 蚓垂vagal triangle 迷走神经三角ventral cochlear nucleus 蜗腹侧核ventral reticular nucleus 腹侧网状核ventral tegmental decussation 被盖腹侧交叉vermis 小脑蚓vestibular area 前庭区vestibular muclei 前庭神经核vestibulocerebellum 前庭小脑第四章脑和脊髓的被膜、血管及脑脊液循环Chapter 4 Mininges and Blood Vessels of Brain and Spinal Cord, and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluidanterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉anterior choroids artery 脉络丛前动脉anterior communicating artery 前交通动脉anterior inferior cerebellar artery 小脑下前动脉anterior spinal artery 脊髓前动脉arachnoid granulations 蛛网膜颗粒basal vein 基底静脉basilar artery 基底动脉blood-brain barrier 血-脑屏障（BBB）blood-cerebrospinalfluid barrier 血-脑脊液屏障cavernous sinus 海绵窦cerebellar falx 小脑镰cerebellomedullary cistern 小脑延髓池cerebral arachnoic mater 脑蛛网膜cerebral arterial circle 大脑动脉环（Willis 环）cerebral dura mater 硬脑膜cerebral falx 大脑镰cerebral pia mater 软脑膜cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液（CSF）cerebrospinalfluid-brain barrier 脑脊液-脑屏障confluence of sinuses 窦汇denticulate ligament 齿状韧带diaphragma sellae 鞍膈epidural space 硬膜外隙great cerebral vein 大脑大静脉（Galen 静脉）inferior sagittal sinus 下矢状窦internal carotid artery 颈内动脉internal cerebral vein 大脑内静脉middle cerebral artery 大脑中动脉posterior cerebral artery 大脑后动脉posterior communicating artery 后交通动脉posterior spinal artery 脊髓后动脉posterior inferior cerebellar artery 小脑下后动脉sigmoid sinus 乙状窦sinuses of dura mater 硬脑膜窦spinal arachoid mater 脊髓蛛网膜spinal dura mater 硬脊膜spinal pia mater 软脊膜straight sinus 直窦subarachnoid cisterns 蛛网膜下池subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙superior sagittla sinus 上矢状窦tentorium of cerebellum 小脑幕terminal cistern 终池transverse sinus 横窦vertebral artery 椎动脉内脏神经系统Visceral Nervous Systemabdominal aortic plexus 腹主动脉丛aorticorenal ganglion 主动脉肾神经节autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统cardiac plexus 心丛celiac ganglia 腹腔神经节celiac plexus 腹腔丛cervicothoracic ganglion 颈胸神经节CGRP 降钙素基因相关肽communicating branches 交通支ENK 脑啡肽external carotid plexus 颈外动脉丛ganglia of sympathetic trunk 交感干神经节ganglion impar 奇神经节greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经grey communicating branches 灰交通支Head zones 海德带hypogastric plexus 腹下丛inferior cervecla ganglion 颈下神经节inferior mesenteric ganglia 肠系膜下神经节interganglionic branches 节间支internal carotid plexus 颈内动脉丛lesser splanchnic nerve 内脏小神经lumbar splanchnic nerves 腰内脏神经middle cervical ganglion 颈中神经节NA 去甲肾上腺素NPY 神经肽Yparasympathetic nerve 副交感神经paravertebral ganglion 椎旁神经节pelvic plexus 盆丛pelvic splanchnic nerve 盆内脏神经pharyngeal plexus 咽丛plexus of visceral nerve 内脏神经丛postganglionic fiber 节后纤维postganglionic neuron 节后神经元preganglionic fiber 节前纤维preganglionic neuron 节前神经元stellate ganglion 星状神经节subclavian plexus 锁骨下动脉丛superior cervical ganglion 颈上神经节superior mesenteric ganglia 肠系膜上神经节sympathetic trunk 交感干sympathetic nerve 交感神经thoracic ganglia 胸神经节vegetative nervous system 植物神经系统vertebral plexus 椎动脉丛VIP 血管活性肠肽visceral motor nerve 内脏运动神经visceral nervous system 内脏神经系统visceral sensory nerve 内脏感觉神经white communicating branches 白交通支第三章神经系统的传导通路Chapter 3 Neural Pathwaysacoustic radiation 听辐射adrenergic pathway 肾上腺能通路aminergic pathway 胺能通路auditory pathway 听觉传导通路central radiation of thalamus 丘脑中央辐射chemical pathways 化学通路cholinergic pathway 胆碱能通路conductive pathway 传导通路corticonuclear tract 皮质核束corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束dopaminergic pathway 多巴胺能通路equilibrium pathway 平衡觉传导通路extranpyramidal system 锥体外系final common pathway 最后公路GABAergic pathway GABA能通路general visceral sensory pathway 一般内脏感觉传导通路infranuclear paralysis 核下瘫lower motor neuron 下运动神经元motor (descending) pathway 运动（下行）传导通路。
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland爱丽丝漫游奇境by Lewis Carroll（刘易斯·卡罗尔）CHAPTER V: ADVICE FROM A CATERPILLARThe Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.'Who are YOU?' said the Caterpillar.This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather shyly, 'I—I hardly know, sir, just at present—at least I know who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then.''What do you mean by that?' said the Caterpillar sternly. 'Explain yourself!''I can't explain MYSELF, I'm afraid, sir' said Alice, 'because I'm not myself, you see.''I don't see,' said the Caterpillar.'I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly,' Alice replied very politely, 'for I can't understand it myself to begin with; and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing.''It isn't,' said the Caterpillar.'Well, perhaps you haven't found it so yet,' said Alice; 'but when you have to turn into a chrysalis—you will some day, you know—and then after that into a butterfly, I should think you'll feel it a little queer, won't you?''Not a bit,' said the Caterpillar.'Well, perhaps your feelings may be different,' said Alice; 'all I know is, it would feel very queer to ME.''You!' said the Caterpillar contemptuously. 'Who are YOU?'Which brought them back again to the beginning of the conversation. Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar's making such VERY short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, very gravely, 'I think, you ought to tell me who YOU are, first.''Why?' said the Caterpillar.Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not think of any good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in a VERY unpleasant state of mind, she turned away.'Come back!' the Caterpillar called after her. 'I've something important to say!'This sounded promising, certainly: Alice turned and came back again.'Keep your temper,' said the Caterpillar.'Is that all?' said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as she could.'No,' said the Caterpillar.Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else to do, and perhaps after all it might tell her something worth hearing. For some minutes it puffed away without speaking, but at last it unfolded its arms, took the hookah out of its mouth again, and said, 'So you think you're changed, do you?''I'm afraid I am, sir,' said Alice; 'I can't remember things as I used—and I don't keep the same size for ten minutes together!''Can't remember WHAT things?' said the Caterpillar.'Well, I've tried to say "HOW DOTH THE LITTLE BUSY BEE," but it all came different!' Alice replied in a very melancholy voice.'Repeat, "YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,"' said the Caterpillar.Alice folded her hands, and began:—'You are old, Father William,' the young man said'And your hair has become very whiteAnd yet you incessantly stand on your head—Do you think, at your age, it is right?''In my youth,' Father William replied to his son'I feared it might injure the brainBut, now that I'm perfectly sure I have noneWhy, I do it again and again.''You are old,' said the youth, 'as I mentioned beforeAnd have grown most uncommonly fatYet you turned a back–somersault in at the door—Pray, what is the reason of that?''In my youth,' said the sage, as he shook his grey locks'I kept all my limbs very suppleBy the use of this ointment—one shilling the box—Allow me to sell you a couple?''You are old,' said the youth, 'and your jaws are too weak For anything tougher than suetYet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak—Pray how did you manage to do it?''In my youth,' said his father, 'I took to the lawAnd argued each case with my wifeAnd the muscular strength, which it gave to my jawHas lasted the rest of my life.''You are old,' said the youth, 'one would hardly suppose That your eye was as steady as everYet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose—What made you so awfully clever?''I have answered three questions, and that is enough,' Said his father; 'don't give yourself airs!Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?Be off, or I'll kick you down stairs!''That is not said right,' said the Caterpillar.'Not QUITE right, I'm afraid,' said Alice, timidly; 'some of the words have got altered.''It is wrong from beginning to end,' said the Caterpillar decidedly, and there was silence for some minutes.The Caterpillar was the first to speak.'What size do you want to be?' it asked.'Oh, I'm not particular as to size,' Alice hastily replied; 'only one doesn't like changing so often, you know.''I DON'T know,' said the Caterpillar.Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in her life before, and she felt that she was losing her temper.'Are you content now?' said the Caterpillar.'Well, I should like to be a LITTLE larger, sir, if you wouldn't mind,' said Alice: 'three inches is such a wretched height to be.''It is a very good height indeed!' said the Caterpillar angrily, rearing itself upright as itspoke (it was exactly three inches high).'But I'm not used to it!' pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. And she thought of herself, 'I wish the creatures wouldn't be so easily offended!''You'll get used to it in time,' said the Caterpillar; and it put the hookah into its mouth and began smoking again.This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. In a minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth and yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got down off the mushroom, and crawled away in the grass, merely remarking as it went, 'One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you grow shorter.''One side of WHAT? The other side of WHAT?' thought Alice to herself.'Of the mushroom,' said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked it aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight.Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute, trying to make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly round, she found this a very difficult question. However, at last she stretched her arms round it as far as they would go, and broke off a bit of the edge with each hand.'And now which is which?' she said to herself, and nibbled a little of the right–hand bit to try the effect: the next moment she felt a violent blow underneath her chin: it had struck her foot!She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but she felt that there wasno time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. Her chin was pressed so closely against her foot, that there was hardly room to open her mouth; but she did it at last, and managed to swallow a morsel of the lefthand bit.'Come, my head's free at last!' said Alice in a tone of delight, which changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders were nowhere to be found: all she could see, when she looked down, was an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a sea of green leaves that lay far below her.'What CAN all that green stuff be?' said Alice. 'And where HAVE my shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I can't see you?' She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow, except a little shaking among the distant green leaves.As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted to find that her neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops of the trees under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and was beating her violently with its wings.'Serpent!' screamed the Pigeon.'I'm NOT a serpent!' said Alice indignantly. 'Let me alone!''Serpent, I say again!' repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone, and addedwith a kind of sob, 'I've tried every way, and nothing seems to suit them!''I haven't the least idea what you're talking about,' said Alice.'I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've tried hedges,' the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; 'but those serpents! There's no pleasing them!'Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished.'As if it wasn't trouble enough hatching the eggs,' said the Pigeon; 'but I must be on the look–out for serpents night and day! Why, I haven't had a wink of sleep these three weeks!''I'm very sorry you've been annoyed,' said Alice, who was beginning to see its meaning.'And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood,' continued the Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, 'and just as I was thinking I should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from the sky! Ugh, Serpent!''But I'm NOT a serpent, I tell you!' said Alice. 'I'm a—I'm a—''Well! WHAT are you?' said the Pigeon. 'I can see you're trying to invent something!''I—I'm a little girl,' said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered the number of changes she had gone through that day.'A likely story indeed!' said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest contempt. 'I've seen agood many little girls in my time, but never ONE with such a neck as that! No, no! You're a serpent; and there's no use denying it. I suppose you'll be telling me next that you never tasted an egg!''I HAVE tasted eggs, certainly,' said Alice, who was a very truthful child; 'but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you know.''I don't believe it,' said the Pigeon; 'but if they do, why then they're a kind of serpent, that's all I can say.'This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, 'You're looking for eggs, I know THAT well enough; and what does it matter to me whether you're a little girl or a serpent?''It matters a good deal to ME,' said Alice hastily; 'but I'm not looking for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn't want YOURS: I don't like them raw.''Well, be off, then!' said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height.It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes, and began talking to herself, as usual. 'Come, there's half my plan done now! How puzzling all these changes are! I'm neversure what I'm going to be, from one minute to another! However, I've got back to my right size: the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden—how IS that to be done, I wonder?' As she said this, she came suddenly upon an open place, with a little house in it about four feet high. 'Whoever lives there,' thought Alice, 'it'll never do to come upon them THIS size: why, I should frighten them out of their wits!' So she began nibbling at the righthand bit again, and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high.。
第4章—關於變星變星的命名變星的名字通常包含兩個或一個大寫字母或者一個希臘字母，以及跟在後面的三個字母組成的星座縮寫。
也有的變星有像這樣的名字：V746 Oph，V1668 Cyg。
這些都是一個星座中所有的字母組合用盡後發現的變星。
（如V746 Oph就是在蛇夫座發現的第746顆變星。
）右邊給出了關於變星名字的詳細解釋。
例：SS Cyg （天鵝座SS）Z Cam （鹿豹座Z）alf Ori （獵戶座）V2134 Sgr （人馬座V2134）下一頁中的表4-1列出了所有星座的縮寫。
也有一些特殊的星名類型。
例如，有些星會在《變星總表》（GCVS）給它一個正式名字之前被命以臨時星名。
這種情況的一個例子是N Cyg 1998——一顆1998年在天鵝座發現的新星。
另一種情況是一顆星非常疑似但還未能證實是一顆變星。
這些星會被命以這樣的名字：NSV 251，CSV 3335。
這樣名字的前半部分表示這顆星所在的星表名，後半部分表示它在星表中的編號。
通過分析大型巡天項目的測光資料，近幾年發現了很多新的變星。
《變星總表》最終也許會給這些變星一個名字，但這些星仍然可以通過最初給它們編號的巡天產生的星表查到。
手冊的附錄4列出了很多這樣的星表和它們的格式。
哈佛編號和AUID由於歷史原因，每一顆AAVSO國際資料庫中的變星都有一個“哈佛編號”。
這種編號簡單地給出了恆星位置的座標（曆元1900）：用時（h）和分（m）給出了赤經（RA），用正負角度給出了赤緯（Dec.）。
這個編號系統為AAVSO很好地服務了很多年。
用恆變星命名慣例星在天球上的位置命名有它的優點，但也有它的問題——尤其是對於自行比較大的星，現在它們的座標與給出的曆元1900的座標相差已經很遠。
同時，這個編號的結構也限制了可以分配的編號的數目。
基本上，在一個赤經-赤緯範圍裡，最多只能有26顆星能被這樣編號（比如，1234+56A ~ 1234+56Z）。
現在，我們已知的變星已經數以萬計，而可以預見的是，隨著現代巡天項目的不斷進行，將有數十萬的新變星被發現。
第二章胸部解剖一、Limit界限：肩关节前方至最后肋骨和肋弓。
二、解剖层次与结构1 First layer第一层：skin皮肤观察、触摸体表一些重要结构特征以及与临床检查的关系：肩胛骨背侧缘、前角、后角、前缘、肩胛冈、肩峰、胸骨柄、肱骨大结节、臂三头肌的后缘、肋骨和肋弓。
对照骨骼标本标示心的位置及听诊的部位、膈的位置、肺的底缘和胸膜折转线。
观察犬胸部乳房，通常有4～6对，胸部4个，腹部4个，腹股沟部2个。
2 Second layer第二层：superficial fascia浅筋膜Cutaneous muscle of trunk躯干皮肌：覆盖胸壁和腹壁的大部分，从臀部向前腹侧伸至胸部，后部的纤维主要呈纵行。
躯干皮肌的一些纤维在公犬形成包皮肌，在母畜形成乳上肌。
3 Third layer第三层：deep fascia深筋膜4 Superficial layer of muscles of thorax胸壁浅层肌（图1-3）除去浅筋膜和躯干皮肌（前部在臂三头肌后缘切断），可见斜方肌、肩胛横突肌、臂头肌、背阔肌以及胸神经的背侧皮支、肋间神经的外侧支和肋间臂神经；在臂三头肌后缘分离、切断背阔肌，分离、切断菱形肌、腹侧锯肌和胸肌，除去前肢（见第一章）。
⑴Thoracic part of trapezius muscle胸斜方肌见颈部（图1-3）。
⑵Latissimus dorsi muscle背阔肌（broadest muscle of the back）为扁平的三角形肌，位于胸部的背外侧。
以宽的腱膜起始于腰背筋膜（腰椎和最后7或8个胸椎的棘突），以肌质起始于最后2和3个肋骨。
其纤维向肩部汇聚，止于臂三头肌和圆肌结节（图1-3）。
⑶Thoracic rhomboid muscle胸菱形肌见颈部解剖。
⑷Thoracic serratus ventralis muscle胸腹侧锯肌见颈部解剖，观察胸腹侧锯肌表面的胸长神经（图1-4）。
昆虫记每章主要内容昆虫记第一章论祖传每个人都有自己独特的性格。
有时候，这种性格似乎是从祖上遗传下来的，但是当你想问这种性格是从哪里来的时候，就很难了。
在我很小的时候，我就有一种亲近大自然的欲望。
如果你认为我喜欢观察植物和昆虫的性状是遗传自我的祖先，那就大错特错了。
第二章神秘的池塘当我凝视着池塘的时候，从来都不会感到厌倦。
在这个绿色的小世界里，不知道会有多少忙碌的小生命在生生不息地忙活着。
池塘边，随处可见一堆堆黑色的小蝌蚪在追逐着;长着红色肚皮的蝾螈也把它的宽尾巴像舵一样地摇摆着，缓缓地前进;在芦苇草丛中，我们还可以找到一群群石蚕的幼虫，它们将各自的身体隐藏在枯枝做的小鞘中——这个小鞘用来防御天敌和各种各样意想不到的灾难。
第三章石蚕我在池塘里放了一些小的水生动物。
它们被称为石蚕。
确切地说，它们是石蚕蛾的幼虫，通常巧妙地藏在枯枝做成的小鞘里。
蚕最初生长在芦苇沼泽里。
很多时候，它会攀附在芦苇的断枝上，随着芦苇在水中漂流。
那个剑鞘是它的移动房屋。
事实上，这种活动房屋可以被视为一件非常精致的编织艺术品，它是由植物浸泡在水中后脱落的根皮组成的。
第四章蜣螂蜣螂第一次被人们谈到，是在过去的六七千年以前。
古代埃及的农民，在春天灌溉农田的时候，常常看见一种肥肥的黑色的昆虫从他们身边经过，忙碌地向后推着一个圆球似的东西。
他们当然很惊讶地注意到了这个奇形怪状的旋转物体，像今日布罗温司的农民那样。
从前埃及人想象这个圆球是地球的模型，蜣螂的动作与天上星球的运转相合。
他们以为这种甲虫具有这样多的天文学知识，因而是很神圣的，所以他们叫它"神圣的甲虫"。
同时，他们认为甲虫把球扔在地上，球里有蛋，甲虫是从那里来的。
但实际上，这只是它的食物储藏室。
里面没有鸡蛋。
第五章蝉最坏的罪犯是蚂蚁。
我见过它们咬蝉的腿尖，拽它们的翅膀，爬到它们的背上。
有一次，甚至一个凶狠强壮的男人在我面前抓着蝉的吸管，想把它们扯下来。
最后，麻烦越来越多，无可奈何，这位歌唱家不得已抛开自己所做的井，悄然逃走了。
伊卡罗斯第五、六章第五章这只是宿命“你是一个被诅咒了的人，我不能把夕嫁给你，这是你的命”师傅这样告诉我你和落的婚礼很豪华，红色的玫瑰，银色的海沙，彩色的气球….月老宫里挤满了人我的梦呢我的笑呢我的追逐呢我的一切都在酒水里化为泪水我违心祝你们幸福，我看见你眼睛里闪闪的泪光，其实这并不是什么坏的结局，我没有未来。
你要我离开这里，马上就要万祀节了，这是你们的婚礼却会是我的葬礼，我即将被传说中的四大神氏送往扎昆的祭台。
“我宣布，从现在开始开始你们就是合法的夫妻，你们的爱受天神仳佑”有人在月老宫里宣读着，我看见师傅在遥远的月老宫上望着我，望着我慢慢的被四大神氏所率领的勇士们包围，我依然在喝酒，有没有人告诉他们今天的太阳很刺眼，有没有人告诉他们我需要一点黑暗来掩盖我的泪水？我的胸口插着一把剑，不知道从何处来的剑，我笑…我的手臂开始慢慢的变红，银鹰在我的肩膀上露出狰狞的笑容。
伊卡罗斯些许年前的誓言终于该变成现实，为了逃离太阳，我必须更快，伊卡罗斯你不是英雄，你只是一个死去了的人，而是才是这里真正的英雄，我才有资格超越死亡，超越这个世界上所有唯唯诺诺的弓箭手，是因为我的强大才让你们感到害怕吗？我的神氏！我召唤出魔鬼般的傀儡，银鹰长啸，漫天箭雨血开始慢慢浸染金色的玩具城地板，这够了吗？我看到你们在火中哀号，我听见魔王扎昆的笑声，我把灵魂交付给它，让它把我变的更加强大。
可是为什么你要让我看见你？你在火的那一头脸色平静，我想告诉你雪做的衣服真的很适合你。
我看见落向我瞄准、搭弓，落我的哥哥，为什么连你也要为了这个不存在的诅咒抛弃我？第六章祭祀你的小师弟已经不再是从前的那个子雍了，这是一个没有灵魂的人，我笑我哭，我像一个木偶在这个舞台上孤独的咿呀吟唱，终于幕谢了，人散了，终于我用你教我的无形箭加上我泪水化成的漫天箭雨，你挡在落的身前，我知道…我想我该离开了，我抚摸着你的墓碑，没有人可以打败我了，我的指尖慢慢的冰冷，我踏进扎昆的祭台，我只想知道为什么我们一生下来就会带有诅咒，为什么我是一个烈天使？神在云端上面慈祥的笑着，俯视着大地。
