下载文档原格式
八年级地理上第二章知识点地理是一门学习地球表面环境、天气气候、山川河流、人口文化等方面的学科，它可以帮助我们更加深入的了解世界和我们所生活的环境。
在八年级的地理学习中，第二章的知识点是我们需要掌握的重要内容。
在本文中，我们将一一介绍这些知识点，帮助大家更好的学习和掌握地理知识。
一、地球的运动地球有两个基本运动：自转和公转。
自转是指地球在自身轴线上每天旋转一周，造成了昼夜的交替；公转是指地球围绕太阳的运动，一年完成一周。
二、地球的行星运动地球是太阳系中五大行星之一，它的公转轨道是一个椭圆形。
在公转的过程中，地球会遵循开普勒三定律，它们分别是“行星运动轨迹为椭圆形”、“行星与太阳连线在同一时间内扫过相同的面积”、“行星公转周期的平方与轨道长轴的立方成比例”。
三、地球的地理位置地球上的地理位置是世界地图上最基本的元素。
在地图上，我们可以通过经度和纬度来确定一个地方的位置。
经度是指从地球中心穿过这个地方的经线，表示地点的东西方向；纬度则是指从地球中心到地球表面的正常向量与赤道平面之间的夹角，表示地点的南北方向。
四、地球的自然环境地球的自然环境包括了大气、水、土壤、生物等方面。
其中大气包含了气象、气候、空气污染、温室效应等；水包括了海洋、江河、湖泊、水文循环等；土壤则涉及了土地利用、水土流失、荒漠化等；生物则与生物多样性、生态系统等有关。
五、人类活动与自然环境人类的活动对自然环境造成了很大的影响，其中包括了土地利用、资源开发、气候变化、环境保护等方面。
这些人类活动不仅影响了人类的生存和发展，也带来了巨大的环境问题和生态危机。
六、地球的区划地球的区划主要是为了方便人类管理和研究地理分布的区域划分，常见的包括了国家、行政区域、地理区域等。
在区划过程中，往往需要考虑到历史、文化、地理位置等方面的因素。
结语在本文中，我们介绍了八年级地理上第二章的知识点。
通过这些基础知识的学习和掌握，可以帮助我们更好地了解地球和我们所生活的环境。
广西地形地貌(4篇)以下是网友分享的关于广西地形地貌的资料4篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
篇一广西地质灾害与地形地貌关系初探[摘要]广西是我国地质灾害的高发区，地形地貌类型复杂多样。
利用以往县市地质灾害调查与区划资料及GIS技术，结合广西区地貌图，对广西地质灾害进行分析。
结果表明：广西地质灾害主要分布于桂西北、桂东北、桂东南和桂西南地区；广西地质灾害发育程度与地貌类型、地形坡度、地形形状、斜坡高度等地貌类型关系密切。
[关键字]地质灾害地形地貌0引言地质灾害指自然因素或者人为活动引发的危害人民生命和财产安全的山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝、地面沉降等与地质作用有关的灾害[1]。
地质灾害具有三重基本属性，即自然属性、社会属性和资源属性。
其自然属性表现为地质灾害是地质环境自然演化的一种表现形式，是地质环境渐变过程中的一种突变作用，是地球内动力、地表外动力和地外天体引力综合作用的必然产物[2]。
21世纪以来，国内外对地质灾害的研究越来越重视，成为目前的热点领域[4-5]。
国土资源部于1999年开始在全国范围内开展山地丘陵区1∶10万县（市）地质灾害调查与区划工作。
广西壮族自治区县（市）地质灾害调查与区划工作即此开始实施，截至2008年全面完成全广西14个地级市共34个市辖区，7个县级市，68个县的地质灾害调查与区划工作。
广西地质灾害频发、灾情严重，以往对地质灾害与地貌之间的关系研究很少。
因此，本文根据已完成的县市地质灾害调查与区划资料，分析了广西区内地质灾害与地形地貌之间的关系及其原因。
1 广西区地貌类型概况广西在全国大地貌单元上属中国地势第二级阶梯的云贵高原至东南沿海丘陵山地的过渡带，属“两广”丘陵山地的一部分。
整个地势为四周多山地与高原，而中部与南部多为平地，因此地势自西北向东南倾斜，西北与东南之间呈盆地状，素有“广西盆地”之称，热带岩溶峰林广布；山地多平原少，丘陵起伏。
广西地貌类型主要分为岩溶地貌和非岩溶地貌两种。
七年级上册地理核心知识点归纳第一章地球及其宇宙环境第一节地球的宇宙环境1.地球在宇宙中（1）可观测宇宙：能够观测到的宇宙部分。
范围：目前已超过137亿光年，随着科学技术的进步，可观测宇宙的范围还会不断扩大。
（2）天体：宇宙中物质存在的形式。
分为恒星、行星、星云、彗星、卫星等。
恒星：由炽热的气体组成，自身可以发光发热的球状天体。
如太阳。
行星：环绕恒星运动，本身不发光的近似球状天体。
如：水星、金星、地球、火星，木星等。
卫星：环绕行星运转的天体，有天然卫星和人造卫星。
月球是地球的天然卫星。
（3）天体系统：运动中的天体相互吸引，相互绕转形成的系统。
（最少有两个天体）★层次：可观测宇宙→银河系→太阳系→地月系→地球。
2.太阳系八颗行星（1）按照距离太阳由近到远依次是水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星。
（2）太阳系太阳、行星、小行星、卫星等天体组成，太阳是太阳系的中心天体。
3.地球是有生命的行星（1）目前，地球是太阳系中已知的唯一存在生命的行星，是人类赖以生存和发展的唯一家园。
1）外部条件：安全的宇宙环境（太阳系中大、小行星各行其道，互不干扰）稳定的太阳光照（自有生命以来，太阳光照条件没有明显变化）2）自身条件：表面温度适宜（日地距离适中）、大气层的存在（地球的体积质量适中）表面温度的日变化和季节变化较小（地球自转和公转周期适中，地球的大气保温效应）有大量的液态水（地球内部结晶水汽化及日地距离适中）第二节地球的形态1、地球的形状★（1）探索过程：天圆地方（猜想）→月食现象（逻辑推理）→麦哲伦环球航行（实践证明）→卫星照片（亲眼目睹）。
★（2）能证明地球球状的事实：①麦哲伦环球航行；②月食现象；③远处驶来的船只，先看到桅杆，再看到船身；④登高望远；⑤地球卫星照片。
（3）形状：地球是赤道略鼓，两极稍扁的椭球体。
★2、地球的大小表面积：5. 1 亿平方千米；平均半径：6371 千米；赤道周长：约为 4 万千米。
《地球科学概论》教学大纲修订单位：**学院化学系环境科学教研室执笔人：一、课程的基本信息1.课程中文名称：地球科学概论2.课程英文名称：Introduction to Earth Science3.课程类别：选修课4.适合专业：环境科学专业5.总学时：32学时6.总学分：2学分二、本课程在教学计划中的地位、作用和任务《地球科学概论》是面向地质学、资源勘查工程（石油与天然气方向、固体矿产方向）、土木工程（建筑工程方向、岩土工程方向、地下工程方向、道桥工程方向）、环境科学、勘查技术与工程（水文地质与环境地质方向）等专业设立的学科基础必修课程，承担着对学生进行专业启蒙和专业基础教育的双重任务。
课程的目的是通过理论和实验教学，使学生对行星地球的组成、构造、形成和演化规律有科学的认识，掌握地球科学的基础知识和地质作用的基本原理，掌握基本地质工作方法，为后续系统的专业学习打下坚实的基础。
三、课程教学内容与教学基本要求序论（1学时）教学内容：1、什么是地球科学2、地球科学的特点和工作方法3、地球科学的分科4、为什么要学习地球科学教学要求：要求学生了解地球科学研究的基本内容。
第一章宇宙中的地球（1学时）教学内容：1、宇宙2、银河系与太阳系3、地球教学要求：要求学生了解地球环境的形成和基本特征。
使学生概略地了解人类经过漫长的探索终于证实大地是一个球体，地球不是宇宙的中心，而只是太阳系中一颗不大的行星，太阳系是拥有2000多亿颗恒星的银河系中一个不大的夭体系统，银河系是数以百亿计的星系中的一个旋涡星系，地球是现在已知的、惟一适合人类生存的星球等基本知识。
第二章行星地球简史（1学时）教学内容：1、太阳系的起源2、地球的诞生3、地质年代教学要求：要求学生了解太阳、地球的形成和基本特征。
重点掌握：地层层序律、化石层序律等原理是认识地球历史的基本方法，20世纪开始, 利用同位素等方法来取得地球的年龄资料。
第三章大气圈（2学时）教学内容：1、大气圈的作用2、大气圈的物质组成3、大气圈的分层4、大气圈的物质转换5、大气的运动和多变的气候6、气候及其变迁的原因教学要求：要求学生掌握地球大气组成结构、大气运动的规律、大气运动与大气污染物的关系。
2. MountainsHuman beings venture into the highest parts of our planet at their peril. Some might think that by climbing a great mountain they have somehow conquered it, but we can only be visitors here. This is a frozen alien world. This is the other extreme - one of the lowest hottest places on Earth. It's over a hundred metres below the level of the sea. But here a mountain is in gestation. Pools of sulphuric acid are indications that deep underground there are titanic stirrings. This is the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia, lying within a colossal rent of the earth's surface where giant land masses are pulling away from one another. Lava rises to the surface through this crack in the crust creating a chain of young volcanoes. This one, Erta Ale, is today the longest continually erupting volcano on the planet, a lake of lava that has been molten for over a hundred years. These same volcanic forces also created Ethiopia's highlands.70 million years ago this land was just as flat and as deep as the Danakil Depression. Molten lava rising from the earth's core forced up a huge dome of rock 500 miles wide, the roof of Africa. Over millennia, rain and ice carved the rock into a landscape of spires and canyons. These summits, nearly 3 miles up, are home to some very remarkable mountaineers Gelada baboons. They are unique to the highlands of Ethiopia. The cliffs where they sleep are for expert climbers only, and Gelado certainly have the right equipment. the strongest fingers of any primate and an utterly fearless disposition. But you need more than a head for heights to survive up here. A day in a Gelado's life reveals how they've risen to the challenge. For all monkeys morning is grooming time, a chance to catch up with friends. But, unlike other monkeys, Gelados chatter constantly while they do it. It's a great way to network while your hands are busy. But these socials can't go on for too long. Gelados have a busy daily schedule and there's work to be done. Most monkeys couldn't live up here. There's no food and few insects to feed on. But Gelados are unique they're the only monkeys in the world that live almost entirely on grass. They live in the largest assemblies formed by any monkeys. Some groups are 800 strong and they crop the high meadows like herds of wildebeest. The Gelados graze alongside Walia ibex,which are also unique to these highlands. These rare creatures are usually very shy but they drop their guard when the Gelados are around. You might expect that grazers would avoid each other's patch but this is a special alliance from which both partners benefit. It's not so risky to put your head down if others are on the lookout. Ethiopian wolves - they won't attempt an attack in broad daylight. But at dusk the plateau becomes a more dangerous place. With the grazing largely over there's a last chance to socialise before returning to the sleeping cliffs. An early warning system puts everyone on the alert. Their day ends as it began, safe on the steep cliffs. The Ethiopian volcanoes are dormant, but elsewhere others still rage. Volcanoes form the backbone of the longest mountain chain on our planet - the Andes of South America. This vast range stretches 5,000 miles from the Equator down to the Antarctic. It formed as the floor of the Pacific Ocean slid beneath the South American continent, buckling its edge. At the southern end stand the mountains of Patagonia. It's high summer, but the Andeshave the most unstable mountain weather on the planet and storms can erupt without warning. Temperatures plummet and guanacos and their newborn young must suddenly endure a blizzard. Truly, all seasons in one day... A puma - the lion of the Andes. Pumas are usually solitary and secretive. To see a group walking boldly in the open is extremely rare. It's a family - a mother with four cubs. She has just one brief summer in which to teach them their mountain survival techniques. Rearing four cubs to this age is an exceptional feat, but she does have an excellent territory, rich in food and water. Although the cubs are now as large as their mother, they still rely on her for their food. It will be another year before the cubs can hunt for themselves. Without their mother's skill and experience they would never survive their first winter. Battered by hurricane force winds, these slopes are now lifeless. Further north, they hold other dangers. Moving at 250 miles an hour, an avalanche destroys everything in its path. In the American Rockies a 100,000 avalanches devastate the slopes every winter. This huge mountain chain continues the great spine that runs from Patagonia to Alaska. The slopes of the Rockies, bleak though they are, provide a winter refuge for some animals. A mother grizzly emerges from her den after six months' dozing underground. Her two cubs follow her and take their first steps in the outside world. These steep slopes provide a sanctuary for the cubs. A male bear would kill and eat them given the chance. But big animals findit difficult to get about here. Males may be twice the size of a female and even she can have problems. Her cubs, however, make light of the snow and of life in general. But the mother faces a dilemma: it's six months since she last fed and her milk is starting to run dry. She must soon leave the safety of these nursery slopes and lead her cubs away from the mountain. If she delays, the whole family will risk starvation. Summer reveals the true nature of the Rockies. Stripped of snow, the peaks bear their sculpted forms. Only now can mountaineers reclaim the upper reaches. Two miles up the crumbling precipices seem devoid of life. But there are animals here - a grizzly bear. It seems to be an odd creature to find on these high rocky slopes. It's hard to imagine what could have attracted it here. At this time of the year bears should be fattening up for the winter. Yet they gather in some numbers on these apparently barren slopes. They're searching for a rather unusual food - moths. Millions have flown up here to escape the heat of the lowlands and they're now roosting among the rocks. Moths may seem a meager meal for a bear, but their bodies are rich in fat and can make all the difference in a bear's annual struggle for survival. Another battle is being waged here but on a much longer timescale. These loose boulders are the mountain's crumbling bones. The Rockies are no longer rising but slowly disintegrating. All mountains everywhere are being worn down by frost, snow and ice. The Alps were raised some 15 million years ago as Africa, drifting northwards, collided with the southern edge of Europe. These spires are the eroded remains of an ancient seabed that once stretched between the two continents. But these are just the Alpine foothills. The range at its centre rises to 3 miles high and is crowned with permanent snows. The Matterhorn, its summit too steep to hold a snow field. Mont Blanc - the highest peak in Western Europe. The distinctive jagged shapes of the Alps were carved by those great mountain sculptors - the glaciers. Immense rivers of moving ice, laden with rock, grind their way down the mountains, gouging out deep valleys. They're the most powerful erosive force on our planet. A moulin - a shaft in the ice opened by melt water as it plunges into the depths of the glacier. Like the water running through it, the ice itself is constantly moving, flowing down the valley with unstoppable force. Alpine glaciers may seem immense, but they're dwarfed bythose in the great ranges that divide the Indian subcontinent from Tibet. This is the boulder strewn snout of the giant Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram mountains of Pakistan. It's the biggest mountain glacier on Earth - 43 miles long and over 3 miles wide. This huge ice-filled valley is so large it's clearly visible from space. This is the greatest concentration of peaks over 5 miles high to be found anywhere on Earth. They're the most dangerous mountains of all. K2 and her sister peaks have claimed more lives than any others. The peaks here rise so precipitously, the glaciers are so steep and crevassed that few except the most skilledmountaineers can penetrate these ranges. Markhor gather for their annual rut. Males must fight for the right to breed, but on these sheer cliffs any slip by either animal could be fatal. A snow leopard - the rarest of Himalayan animals. It's a female returning to her lair. These are the first intimate images of snow leopard ever filmed in the wild. She greets her one year old cub. Her den is well chosen. It has exceptional views of the surrounding cliffs. On these treacherous slopes no hunter other than the snow leopard would have a chance of catching such fragile prey. A female with young makes an easier target. Her large paws give an excellent grip and that long tail helps her balance. Silently she positions herself above her prey. She returns with nothing. Golden eagles patrol these cliffs in search of the weak or injured. With a 2 metre wing span this bird could easily take a young markhor. Eagles hunt by sight and the thickening veil of snow forces them to give up. For the leopard the snow provides cover and creates an opportunity. The worsening weather dampens the sound of her approach allowing her to get within striking distance. It was an act of desperation to try and catch such a large animal. Wolves have made a kill giving other hunters a chance to scavenge. The worst of the blizzard brings success for the snow leopard, but having descended so far to make the kill she has a grueling climb to get back to her lair. The cub must be patient. It'll be a year before it has the strength and skill to kill for itself on these difficult slopes. The snow leopard is an almost mythical creature, an icon of the wilderness, an animal few humans have ever glimpsed for its world is one we seldom visit. The Karakoram lie at the western end of a range that stretches across a tenth of our planet - the Himalayas. These, the highest mountains of the world, like other great ranges, were created by the collision of continents. Some 50 million years ago India collided with Tibet thrusting up these immense peaks, which are still rising. This vast barrier of rock and ice is so colossal it shapes the world's climate. Warm winds from India, full of moisture, are forced upwards by the Himalayas. As the air rises so it cools, causing clouds to form and the monsoon is born. At high altitudes the monsoon rains fall as snow. Here, at the far eastern end of the range in China, one inhabitant endures the bitter winters out in the open. Most other bears would be sleeping underground by now, but the giant panda can't fatten up enough to hibernate.Its food, bamboo, on which it totally relies has so little nutritional value that it can't build up a store of fat like other bears. Most of the creatures here move up or down the slopes with the seasons but the panda is held captive by its diet for the kind of bamboo it eats only grows at this altitude. But these forests hold fewer challenges for the more mobile. The golden snap-nosed monkey, like the giant panda, lives only in China. Their thick fur allows them to survive at greater altitudes than any other monkey and when the cold bites they have these upper slopes to themselves. Even if you have a warm coat itapparently helps to surround yourself with as many layers as possible. But at least these monkeys have a choice - if they tire of tree bark and other survival food they can always descend to lower warmer altitudes and not return there till spring. As the snows retreat trees come into bloom. Cherry blossom. Rhododendrons - here in their natural home they form great forests and fill the landscape with the covers of a new season. These forests are a host to a rich variety of springtime migrants. Beneath the blooms - another display. It's the mating season for oriental pheasants, Himalayan monal, tragopan and blood pheasant. Musk deer make the most of a short flash of spring foods. This male smells a potential mate. The red panda, rarely glimpsed in the wild. It was once considered a kind of raccoon, but is now believed to be a small mountain bear. By midsummer its larger, more famous relative, has retreated into a cave. A giant panda nurses a tiny week old baby. Her tender cleaning wards off infection. She won't leave this cave for three weeks, not while her cub is so utterly helpless. Progress is slow for milk produced on a diet of bamboo is wretchedly poor. Four weeks old and the cub is still blind. Its eyes do not fully open until three months after birth, but the chances of the cub reaching adulthood are slim. The struggle of a giant panda mother to raise her cub is a touching symbol of the precariousness of life in the mountains. On the highest summits of our planet nothing can live permanently. The highest peak of all, Mount Everest, five and a half milesabove sea level and still rising - the roof of our world. Of those humans who've tried to climb it one in ten have lost their lives. Those that succeed can stand for only a few moments on its summit. The Nepalese call it 'a mountain so high no bird can fly above it.' But each year over 50,000 demoiselle cranes set out on one of the most challenging migrations on Earth. To reach their overwintering grounds in India they must cross the Himalayas. By late morning ferocious winds are roaring past the peaks. The cranes must gain height to avoid the building storm. They've hit serious turbulence. They must turn back or risk death. A new day and a new opportunity. The flock stay in close contact by calling one another. Weak from lack of food and water, they use thermals, rising columns of warm air, to gain height. For many this is their first journey across the Himalayas. For some, it will be their last. The golden eagles have been expecting them. The eagles work in pairs to separate a young crane from the flock. It escapes the touches of one, and is caught by another. But even a young crane is a heavy prize and the eagle has to struggle to control it. The mother can wait no longer - this is a desperate race against worsening weather. The rest of the flock battle on. In the ascent every wing beat becomes an exhausting struggle. At last they are over the highest barrier that lies in their way. But like all who visit the world of the high mountains they dare not linger.。
