ACCA考试《F3财务会计》讲义辅导4

ACCA F3 答疑精选，你的问题也在这儿！第四章是同学们开始接触财务会计的第一章，俗话说万事开头难，很多同学在刚开始接触这部分内容的时候会有很多困惑和混淆，那么我们在这里总结一下同学们最常问到的几个问题，来让我们看看同学们经常产生疑问的知识点有哪些。

希望看这篇文章的同学也可以从别人的错误中有所收获；要记住成功的方法有千万种，但是失败的原因不外乎那几个，失败的经验要远比成功的心得重要。

说明：所有涉及的知识点的章节都以BPP教材的章节编号为准。

题号：4.1The following information is relevant for questions 4.1 and 4.2.On 1 May 20X9 Marshall's cash book showed a cash balance of $224 and an overdraft of $336. During theweek ended 6 May the following transactions took place.May 1 Sold $160 of goods to P Dixon on credit.May 1 Withdrew $50 of cash from the bank for business use.May 2 Purchased goods from A Clarke on credit for $380 less 15% trade discount.May 2 Repaid a debt of $120 owing to R Hill, taking advantage of a 10% cash discount. Thepayment was by cheque.May 3 Sold $45 of goods for cash.May 4 Sold $80 of goods to M Maguire on credit, offering a 121/2% discount if payment made within7 days.May 4 Paid a telephone bill of $210 by cheque.May 4 Purchased $400 of goods on credit from D Daley.May 5 Received a cheque from H Larkin for $180. Larkin has taken advantage of a $20 cashdiscount offered to him.。

Session 1☆Types of business entityA business can be organized in one of the several ways:●Sole trader – a business owned and operated by one person.The simple form of business is the sole trader. This is owned and managed by one person, although there might be any number of employees. A sole trader is fully personally liable for any losses that the business might make.●Partnership – a business owned and operated by two or more people.A partnership is a business owned jointly by a number of partners. The partners are jointly and severely liable for any losses that the business might make.（Traditionally the big accounting firms have been partnerships, although some are converting their status to limited liability companies.）●Limited Liability Company– a business owned by many people and operated by many （ though not necessarily the same） people. Companies are owned by shareholders. Shareholders are also known as members. As a group, they elect the directors who run the business. Companies are always limited companies.In summary, types of business entity should be differentiated in Ownership; Operation right and Liability for the business to undertake.For all three types of entity, the money put up by the individual, the partners or the shareholders, is referred to as the business capital. In the case of a company, this capital is divided into shares.☆Business Transactions: Main types of business transactions for a business include:●Purchase of inventory for resale●Sal es of goods●Purchase of non-current assets●Payment of expenses●Introduction of new capital to the business●Withdrawal of funds from the business by the owner☆Cash and credit transactions:Cash transactions: the buyer pays for the item immediately or possibly in advance.Credit transactions: the buyer does not have to pay for the item on receipt, but is allowed some time （ a credit period） before having to make the payment.☆Definition of accountingRecording : transactions must be recorded as they occur in order to provide up-to-date information for management.Summarizing: the transactions for a period are summarized in order to provide information about the company to interested parties. ☆Types of accountingFinancial accounting vs management accountingFinancial accounting Cost and managementaccountingPurposeRecord financial transactionsInformation of cost of operationsLegal requirementLimited liability company, by law, prepare financial accountsNo legal requirement to prepare management accounts Main user ExternalInternal Time At the end of period regularlyInformationhistorichistoric and forecast☆Users of financial statementsAccounting reports users include:●Management : Need information about the co mpany’s financial situation as it is currently and it is expected to be in the future. This is to enable them to manage the business efficiently and to make effective decisions .●Investors: The providers of risk, capital and their advisers are concerned with the risk inherent in , and return provided by, their investments. They need information to helpthem determine whether they should buy, hold or sell.●Trade payables/ Suppliers: Suppliers and other trade payables. Suppliers and other trade payables are interested in information that enables them to determine whether amounts owing to them will be paid when due. Trade payables are likely to be interested in an enterprise over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependent upon the continuance of an enterprise as a major customer.●Shareholders: Shareholders are also interested in market value of shares as well as information which enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to pay dividends.●Lenders: Lenders are interested in information that enables them to determine whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due.●Customers: Customers have an interest in information about the continuance of an enterprise, especially when they have a long term involvement with or are dependent on, the enterprise.●Government and their agencies:Governments are their agencies are interested in the allocation of resources and, therefore, the activities of enterprises. They also require information in order to regulate the activities of enterprises, determine taxation policies and as the basis for national income and similar statistics.●Employees: Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to prove remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities.●General public:Enterprises affect members of the public in an variety of ways. For example, enterprises may make a substantial contribution to the local economy in many ways including the number of people they employ and their patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments in the prosperity of the enterprise and the range of its activities.☆The business entity conceptThe business entity concept●States that financial accounting information relates only to the activities of the business entity and not to the activities of its owner.●The business entity is treated as separate from its owners.Session 8 Irrecoverable debts and allowancesMain contents:1.Irrecoverable debts2.Allowance for receivables3.Accounting for irrecoverable debts and receivable allowances8.1 Irrecoverable debts●Trade receivables:A trade receivable is a customer who owes money to the business as a result of buying goods or service on credit.●Accruals concept:The accruals concept requires a sale to be included in the ledger accounts at the time that it is made.Credit sales are claimed when the sale is invoiced.The double entry at theinvoice date will be:Dr. Cr.Receivables xxSales xxWhen the customer eventually settles the invoice the double entry will be:Dr. Cr.Cash xxReceivables xxProblems: collecting the amounts owing from customersReasons: bankruptcy, fraud or disputes●Prudence concept:The prudence concept requires some adjustment to reflect the actual or potential loss arising from unpaid debts.●Irrecoverable debt:A debt which is considered to be uncollectible.- Highly unlikely that the amount owed will be received.- Written off by writing it out of the ledger accounts completely.●Accounting for irrecoverable debts- It is prudent to remove the irrecoverable debts from the accounts and to charge the amount as an expense for irrecoverable debts to the I.S.- The original sales remains in the accounts as this did actually take place.Dr.Irrecoverable debts expense xxCr.Receivables control account xxExample:Arctic Co.have total accounts receivable at the end of their accounting period of $45,000.Of these it is discovered that one, Mr.X who woes $790, has been declared bankruptcy, and another who gave his name as Mr.Jones has totally disappeared owing Arctic Co.$1,240.Write up the ledger accounts to reflect the writing off these debts as irrecoverable.Solution:Dr.Irrecoverable debts expense 2,030Cr.Receivables control account 2,030●Accounting for irrecoverable debts recoveredIrrecoverable debts are receivedWhen an irrecoverable debt is recovered, the accounting entry is:Dr.Cash xxCr.Irrecoverable debt expense xxExample:At 1 October 20x6 a business had total outstanding debts of $8,600.During the year to 30 September 20x7: Credit sales amounted to $44,000; Payments from various debtors amounted to $49,000; Two debts, for $180 and $420（both including sales tax）were declared irrecoverable.After the debts was written off, the payment is received before the end of the period, now what journal entry to prepare for the recovery of payment?Dr.Cash 600Cr.Irrecoverable debt expense 6008.2 An allowance for receivables:●Allowance for receivables is an estimate of the percentage of debts which are not expected to be paid.（a）When an allowance is first made, the amount of this initial allowance is charged as an expense in the income statement, for the period in which the allowance is created.（b）When an allowance already exists, but is subsequently increased in size, the amount of the increase in allowance is charged as an expense in the income statement, for the period in which the increased allowance is made.（c）When an allowance already exists, but is subsequently reduced in size, the amount of the decrease in allowance is credited back to the income statement, for the period in which the increased allowance is made.The value of trade receivable in the statement of financial position must be shown after deducting the allowance for receivables.Example:A business has trade receivables outstanding at 30 June 20x5 and decided to create 5% allowances for receivables.（a）In the income statement, the newly created allowance of $2,500 （5% x 50,000 = 2,500）will be shown as an expense.（b）In the statement of financial position, trade accounts receivables will be shownas: $Total receivables 50,000Less: allowance for receivables （2,500）47,5008.3 Accounting for irrecoverable debts and receivable allowances●Irrecoverable debts written off- When the irrecoverable debts are written off, the double entry might be:Dr.Irrecoverable debtsCr.Receivable control account- When an irrecoverable debt is subsequently received, the accounting entries are: Dr.CashCr.Irrecoverable debts●Allowance for receivables（a）Open up an allowance accountDr.Irrecoverable debts account （expense）Cr.Allowance for receivables（b）In subsequent years- calculate the new allowance required- compare it with the existing balance on the allowance account- calculate increase or decrease required（only a movement in the allowance is charged to the I.S.）（i）If a higher allowance is required:Dr.Irrecoverable debts expenseCr.Allowance for receivables（ii）If a lower allowance is required:Dr.Allowance for receivablesCr.Irrecoverable debts expenseExample:A has total receivables outstanding at 31 December 20x2 of $28,000.He believes that about 1% of these balances will not be collected and wishes to make an appropriate allowance.Before now, he has not made any allowance for receivables at all.On 31 December 20x3, his trade accounts receivable amount to $40,000.His experience during the year has convinced him that an allowance of 5% should be made.Required: What accounting entries should he make?Solution:At 31 December 20x2,Allowance required= 1% x 28,000 = $280Dr.Irrecoverable debts expense 280Cr.Allowance for receivables 280In SFPReceivables ledger balances 28,000Less: allowances for receivables 28027,720At 31 December 20x3Allowance required now（ 5% x 40,000）2,000Existing allowance （280）Additional allowance required 1,720The double entry will be:Dr.Irrecoverable debts expense 1,720Cr.Allowance for receivables 1,720In SFPReceivables ledger balances 40,000Less: allowance for receivables （2,000）38,000Example 2:Irrecoverable debts are $5,000.Trade accounts receivable at the year end are $120,000.If an allowance for receivables of 5% is required, what are the irrecoverable debts in the income statement?A.$5,000B.$11,000C.$6,000D.$10,750Solution: B120,000 X 5% = 6,000$6000+ $5,000 = $11,000P.S.: The irrecoverable debt expense to be included in I/S should include:Irrecoverable debt written off xx+ Allowance （ movement ）for receivables xx= Total irrecoverable debt expense charged to I/SSession 2☆Financial Statements include:- a statement of financial position at the end of the period- a statement of comprehensive income for the period- a statement of changes in equity for the period- statement of cash flows for the period- notes, comprising a summary of accounting policies and other explanatory notesThe statement of financial position:Statement of Financial Position: showing the financial position of a business at a point of time.The Vertical format of the SFP: （Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2007）●The top half of the balance sheet shows the assets of the business.●The bottom hal f of the balance sheet shows the capital and liabilities of the business.A Statement of financial position at the end of the period （Balance Sheet）:W XangBalance Sheet as at December 31 20X6$ $ Non – current assetsMotor Van 2,400Current assetsInventory 2,390Trade receivables 1,840Cash at bank 1,704Cash in hand 565,990 Total assets 8,390$ $ Capital accountBalance at 1 January 20X6 4,200Add net profit for year 3,450Increase in capital 1,0008,650Less: Drawing for year （2,960）5,690Non – current liabilities 1,000Current liabilitiesPayable 1,700Total 8,390The horizontal format of the SFP: （Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2007）●The left half of the balance sheet shows the assets of the business.●The right half of the balance sheet shows the capital and liabilities of the business.W XangStatement of Financial Position as at 31 December 20x6$ $ $ $ Non-current assets Non-current liabilities1,000Motor van 2,400 Trade payable1,7002,400 Total liabilities2,700Capital accountCurrent assets Balance at 1 January 20X6 4,200Inventory 2,390 Add net profit for year 3,450Trade receivables 1,680 Increase in capital 1,000Cash at bank 1,704 8,650Cash in hand 56 Less: Drawing for year -2,960Total current assets5,990 5,690Total assets8,390 Total capital and liabilities8,390☆The accounting equationFinancial accounting is based upon a very simple idea:The amount of resources supplied by the owner is called capital. The actual resources that are then in the business are called assets. Usually, people other than the owner have supplied some, of the assets, for example, a supplier supplies stock of goods on credit. The business is said to owe a liability towards these suppliers. The following accounting equation always holds true:The accounting equation:ASSETS = PROPRITOR’S CAPITAL + LIABILITIES- Any point in time, the assets of the business will be equal to its liabilities plus the capital of the business;- Assets less liabilities equal the capital of the business, which is known as net assets.- Each and every transaction that the business makes or enters into has twoaspects to it and have a double effect on the business and the accountingequation. This is known as the duality concept.Duality concept:Each and every transaction that the business makes or enters into has two aspects to it and has a double effect on the business and the accounting equations. This is known as duality concept.Illustration:1）. Carl sets up in business by opening a coffee shop –Carl’s Coffee. He puts $5,000 into a business bank account.The opening accounting equation is:Assets （Cash in bank）= Capital + Liabilities（$5,000） = （$5,000） + （$0）2）. Carl buys furniture （chairs and tables） for the shop for $1,500, paying the supplier out of the business bank account.The accounting equation after this transaction is:Assets Capital + Liabilties（ Cash in bank $3,500） = （$5,000）（$0）（Furniture $ 1,500）3）. Now Carl spends a further $2,000 to buy coffee-making equipment and $800 on crockery and cutlery, paying cash out of the business bank account.The accounting equation after this transaction is:Assets Capital + Liabilties（Cash in Bank $700）= （$5,000）（$0）（Equipment $2,000）（Fitting & Fixture $800）（Furniture $1,500）4）. Carl persuades his bank to lend $1,000 to develop the business. The bank loan is accounted for as a liability of the business.The accounting equation is now as follows:Assets Capital + Liabilties（Cash in Bank $1,700） = （$5,000）（$1,000）（Equipment $2,000）（ Fitting & Fixture $800）（Furniture $ 1,500）5）. Carl now buys coffee, tea, milk, sugar, biscuits and cakes for $700, and pays in cash from the business bank account.The accounting equation is now as follows:Assets Capital + Liabilties（Inventory $700） = （$5,000）（$1,000）（Equipment $2,000）（Fitting & Fixture $800）（Furniture $1,500）（Cash in Bank $ 1,000）6）. In his first day of trading, Carl uses up $650 of his inventory, and makes sales totaling $1,050. All his sales are in cash.The accounting equation at the end of the day is as follows:Assets Capital + Liabilities（Inventory $50） = （Beginning $5,000）（$1,000）（Equipment $2,000）（ Profit $400）（Fitting & Fixture $800）（Furniture $1,500）（ Cash in bank $2,050）☆Classification of Assets and LiabilitiesAssets: An asset is something owned or controlled by the business that will result in future economic benefits to the business. （ an inflow of cash or other assets.）Such as:Current assets:are assets owned by the business with the intention of turning them into cash within one year （accounting period）.This definition allows inventory or receivables to quality as current assets, even if they may not be realized into cash within 12 months.Non-current asset:is an asset held for and used in operation（rather than for selling to customer）, with a view to earning income or making profits from its use, for over more than one year （ accounting period）.Liability: is something owed by the business to someone else.Current liability: These include the debts of the business that are repayable within the next 12 months.Non-current liabilities: are liabilities that do not need to be settled for at least one year. （excluding the current portion of the debt）Capital:Capital is a type of liability. It represents the owner’s net investment in the business. Capital appears as a credit balance on the balance sheet.Assets –Liabilities = PROPRIETOR’S CAPITALNet Assets =（ Total ）Assets –（Total） LiabilitiesCapital （at SFP date） = Capital introduced + Profit – DrawingsDrawing: Drawings are any amounts taken out of the business by the owner for their own personal use. Drawings will reduce the capital balance reported on the balance sheet.Include:●Money taken out of the business●Goods taken for personal use●Personal expenses paid by the businessIncome statement☆Financial Statements include:- a statement of financial position at the end of the period- a statement of comprehensive income for the period- a statement of changes in equity for the period- statement of cash flows for the period- notes, comprising a summary of accounting policies and other explanatory notes The statement of financial position:Statement of Financial Position: showing the financial position of a business at a point of time.The Vertical format of the SFP: （Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2007）●The top half of the balance sheet shows the assets of the business.●The bottom half of the balance sheet shows the capital and liabilities of the business.A Statement of financial position at the end of the period （Balance Sheet）:☆Income statement:Mr. W XangIncome statement for the year ended 31 December 20X6$ $Sales revenue33,700Opening inventory 3,200Purchases 24,49027,690Less: Closing inventory （2,390）Cost of sales （25,300）Gross profit8,400Less: Expenseswages 3,385rent 1,200Sundry expenses 365（4,950）Net profit3,450●Showing the financial performance of a business over a period of time.●Reports revenue and expenses for the period.●T he sales revenue shows the income from goods sold in the year●The cost of buying the goods sold must be deducted from the revenue●The current year’s sales will include goods bought in the previous year, so this opening inventory must be added to the current year’s purchases.●Some of this year’s purchases will be unsold at 31/12/20x6 and this closing inventory must be deducted from purchases to be set off against next year’s sales.●The first part gives gross profit. The second part gives net prof it.The I.S. prepared following the accruals concept.Accrual concept:●Income and expenses are recorded in the I.S. as they are earned / incurred regardless of whether cash has been received/ paid.（Sales revenue: income from goods sold in the year, regardless of whether those goods have been paid for.）☆Relationship between a statement of financial position and a statement of income●The balance sheets are not isolated statements, they are linked over time withthe income statement●As the business records a profit in the income statement, that profit is added tothe capital section of the balance sheet, along with any capital introduced. Cash taken out of the business by the proprietor, called drawings, is deducted.Illustration – the accounting equation:The transactions:Day 1 Avon commences business introduction $1,000 cash.Day 2 Buys a motor car for $400 cash.Day 3 Buys inventory for $200 cash.Day 4 Sells all the goods bought on Day 3 for $300 cash.Day 5 Buys inventory for $400 on credit.SFP at the end of each day’s transactions:Solution:Day 1 Assets （Cash $1,000） = Capital （$1,000） + Liabilities （$0）Day 2 Assets （Motor $400） = Capital （$1,000） + Liabilities （$0）（Cash $600）Day 3 Assets （ Inventory $200） = Capital（$1,000） + Liabilities （$0）（Motor $400）（Cash $400）Day 4 Assets （ Motor$ 400） = Capital + Liabilities （$0）（Cash $700）（Beginning$1,000）（Profit $100）Day 5 Assets （Inventory $ 400） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$400）（Cash $700）（Profit $100）AvonStatement of Financial Position as at end of Day 5$ $ Non – current assetsMotor Van 400Current assetsInventory 400Cash in hand 7001,100 Total assets 1,500$ $ Capital accountBalance at Day 1 1,000Add net profit for the period 1001,100 Current liabilitiesPayable 400Total 1,500Example:Continuing from the illustration above, prepare the SFP at the end of each day after accounting for the transactions below:Day 6 Sells half of the goods bought on Day 5 on credit for $250.Day 7 Pays $200 to his supplier.Day 8 Receives $100 from a customer.Day 9 Proprietor draws $75 in cash.Day 10 Pays rent of $40 in cash.Day 11 Receives a loan of $600 repayable in two years.Day 12 Pays cash of $30 for insurance.Your starting point is the SFP at the end of Day 5, from the illustration above.Prepare: SFP at the end of Day 12I.S. for the first 12 days of trading.Solution:Day 6 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$400）（Cash $700）（Profit $150）（A/Receivable$250）Day 7 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $500）（Profit $150）（A/Receivable$250）Day 8 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $600）（Profit $150）（A/Receivable$150）Day 9 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $525）（Profit $150）（A/Receivable$150）（Drawing $75）Day 10 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $485）（Profit $110）（A/Receivable$150）（Drawing $75）Day 11 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $1,085）（Profit $110）（$600）（A/Receivable$150）（Drawing $75）Day 12 Assets （Inventory $ 200） = Capital + Liabilities（ Motor$ 400）（Beginning$1,000）（$200）（Cash $1,055）（Profit $80 ）（$600）（A/Receivable$150）（Drawing $75）AvonStatement of Financial Position as at end of Day 12$ $ Non – current assetsMotor Van 400 Current assetsInventory 200Trade receivables 150Cash in hand 1,0551,405 Total assets 1,805$ $ Capital accountBalance at Day 1 1,000Add net profit for the period 80Less: Drawing for year （75）1,005Non – current liabilities 600Current liabilitiesPayable 200Total 1,805AvonIncome statement for the period ended at Day 12$ $Sales revenue550Opening inventory 0Purchases 600Less: Closing inventory （200）Cost of sales （400）Gross profit150Less: Expensesrent 40insurance 30（70）Net profit80Session 3 Double entry bookkeeping☆The duality concept and double entry bookkeepingDuality concept: each and every transaction has a double effect on the business and the accounting equations.（A= C + L）Rules of double entry bookkeeping:● Each time a trans action is recorded, both effects must be taken into account.● These two effects are equal and opposite such that the accounting equation will always prove correct.Assets – Liabilities = Capital● Traditionally, one effect is referred to as the debi t side （ Dr.） and the other as the credit side of the entry （Cr.）☆Ledger accounts, debits and creditsLedger account:● transactions are recorded in the relevant ledger accounts. There is a ledgeraccount for each asset, liability, revenue and ex penses’ item, and for the owner’scapital.● Each account has two sides: the debit and credit sides.● The duality concept means that each transaction will affect two ledger accounts● One account will be debited and the other credited● Whether an entry is to debit or credit side of an account depend on the types of account and the transaction.☆IN ARRIVING AT RULE FOR DEBIT AND CREDIT, AN ASSUMPTION ISMADE THAT ASSETS ARE OF A DEBIT NATURE.☆Debit entries record Credit entries recordIncrease in Increase inExpense LiabilityAsset IncomeDrawings CapitalRules: treat the transactions as if all performed by cash.（Cash in--- Debit; Cash out --- Credit）Using T- accountT-accounts are frequently used to simplify the thought process behind recording complex transactions. Using T-accounts, the accountant or bookkeeper can analyze the effects to individual accounts and the impact the transactions have on account balances.Steps to record a transaction:1.Identify the two items that are affected.2.Consider whether they are being increased of decreased.3.Decide whether each account should be debited or credited.4.Check that a debit entry and a credit entry have been made and they are both for the same account.☆Recording cash transactionsCash transactions:Payment is made or received immediately.Cheque payments or receipts are classed as cash transactions.Double entry involves the bank ledger:A debit entry is where funds are receivedA credit entry is where funds are paid out.Example: Show the following transactions in ledger accounts:1.Kamran pays $80 for rent by cheque.2.Kamran sells goods for $230 cash which he banks.3.He then takes $70 out of the business for his personal living expenses.4.Kamran sells more goods for cash, receiving $3,400Solution:1.Dr. Rent expense 80Cr. Cash in bank 802.Dr. Cash in bank 230Cr. Sales 2303.Dr. Drawing 70Cr. Cash in bank 704.Dr. Cash in bank 3,400Cr. Sales 3,400。

ACCA F3考试重要知识点和考点梳理考察形式1.选择题：2’*35=70’。

包括文字题和计算题。

2.大题：15’*2=30’。

通常是编制两张报表，即SFP，P&L，CFS，CSFP，CP&L，四选二，但是，报表题目也可能以小题的形式出现在选择题，即考查编制报表时的各个working。

知识梳理及重要考点F3，financial accounting, 整本教材的编制顺序，遵照账务处理顺序，如下所示：Chapter1-4：介绍财务会计基础知识。

（1）会计做账主体为企业，即business。

（2）Sole trader, partnership和Limited liabilitycompany各自的特点。

（3）Financial accounting和management accounting的区别。

（4）Accounting equation（5）7种book of prime entry（6）会计5要素及做账原则，即借贷方表示增/减。

（7）Balancing and closing of T accountChapter5-13：常见账户的会计处理，即double entry。

（1） Chapter 5：Returns, discounts and sales tax。

本章主要考查trade discount和early settlement discount的会计处理及这两种折扣情况下如何计算sales tax，即均以折扣后的净值作为计税基础。

而sales revenue的金额，对于trade discount，以折扣后净值确认，对于early settlementdiscount则以折扣前的总数确认；sales tax liability的计算，即output tax减去input tax。

（2）Chapter 6：Inventory。

本章主要考查valuation of inventory，即lower of cost and NRV；adjustment of openingand closing inventory。

超全ACCA FA（F3）12-15章知识点总结（四）（干货精选）ACCA F3是Financial Accounting (FA) 财务会计的简称，主要介绍了财务会计准则、相关会计科目账户建立以及准确财务信息的提供。

F3总体来说知识点细碎，考试范围广，要想掌握好F3的知识点，大量的练习是不可少的。

F3的整体难度为2颗星，建议留出一个月时间备考。

小盟君继续为大家分享ACCA F3知识点。

1-11章知识点已经分享完，今天分享12-15章。

1. Provision 预计负债：Provision 预计负债（属于负债类liability）可能发生也可能不发生。

确认了的话：a present obligation by a past event payment is probable 支付是很可能发生的，金额是可以可靠估计的 estimated reliability。

①legal：法律规定的②constructive：推定的，法律层面并没有强制要求，是自己品德高尚愿意承担2. contingencies 或有事件 :Contingent liability：或有负债（一笔潜在的负债）是潜在的义务不能被可靠估计，不进行确认和账务处理；Contingent asset：或有资产（由过去的事导致发生的一笔潜在的资本）由将来的事情确定是否会发生不进行确认，不是一项资产。

3.Assets：4.Liability：5.Sole trader：Sole trader 的所有者权益只有一个数，没有下一级的会计科目。

6.Share capital股本：①Authorised cap ital可发行股本≥issued capital 已发行股本≥called-up capital已认购股本≥paid-up capital已支付股本；（做题时默认后三个相等）②ordinary share普通股（具有投票权）股东拥有Preference share优先股（先分股息）没有投票权；③股票的发行不可以折价发行Nominal or par value票面价格（永远不会发生变动）；Issue value 发行价（等价或异价发行，大于票面价格）公司卖给股东的；Market value市值（日常记账不会记录，与公司的运营无关）；④股本这个会计科目只用于核算它的票面金额Dr: bank/cashCr :ordinary share 发行股数×票面金额Cr :share permium 差值（异价）×发行股数⑤ordinary share征发的俩种形式：right issue附权股能够融得新资金发行附权股：Dr: bank/cash（发行数×数量）Cr :ordinary share capital（票面×数量）Cr :share premium（异价×数量）bonus issue红利股：白给出去的股票，向现有股东发行，公司并没有融得资金Share premium>ordinary share capital: Dr : share premium accountCr : ordinary share capitalS.P < O.S.C : Dr :share premiun accountDr :retained earningCr :ordinary share capital⑥preference 优先股Redeemable preference shares 可赎回优先股付给股东股息经济实质是liability（实质重于形式）7.Reserve :capital reserve：share premium&revalution surplus Revaluation reserve：retained earning （企业所得税后利益的累加值）8.Share premium :Share premium（后来的投资者为了跟进来所买的股票的异价）9.Revalution surplus尚未实现的收益：固定资产增值：①D r : cost of buildingCr : depCr: revaluation②Dr: revaluation surplusCr :retained earning10.Retained earning 未分配利润:分出去的钱如dividend要把它从R.E中扣减掉先公示再发放①公示：Dr：accumulated/retained profits/retained earningCr：dividend payables②发放：Dr: dividend payablesCr :cashDividend 出现在： SPL: dividend incomeSOCIE: 无论是支付了还是未支付都放在所有者权益变动表中；Dividend paid 是一笔尚未支付的股息欠款，不放在任何表中11.所有者权益变动表（必须背下来）:12.Debenture 公司债务：可以低于它的票面金额，票面金额通常比较大13.Income tax所得税：Income tax所得税（放在SPL中，SPL中不会出现sales tax）：Dr：income taxCr: tax payable14.Allowance for receivable（cr）：Allowance for receivable（cr）应收账款的减值准备。

ACCA Paper F3 常见考试试题及难点解析全文已经发表于《中国审计报》2009,.12.16，转载请注明出处。

F3 Financial Accounting是ACCA考试中会计的一门入门课程，这门课程主要侧重于介绍财务会计的一些基础知识，基本的目标就是要求学员熟练掌握复式记账法，并能针对不同组织形式的企业编制基本的财务报表。

F3的主要内容可以分为以下几个部分：在学习F3课程时，由于大部分学员没有会计背景知识，或者仅有国内会计学原理的基础知识，但对西方会计学没有了解，因而建议在学习的时候把握以下基本指导思想：第一，在理解中学习。

西方的考试更侧重于检验学员对知识点的理解而不是死记硬背，因而学员在学习中，一定要理解财务会计的基本原则和基础知识。

多做练习，包括课本上的练习、练习册上的练习以及一些自测题，这可以帮助学员加强对财务会计基本内容的理解和应用。

第二，在比较中学习。

中西方在教材编写上、问题表述上都有一定的差异，例如西方教材一般采用发散式的思维来进行讲述，而中式教材一般采用收敛式思维。

一直在中式教育中成长的学员在初次接触ACCA西方教材时，往往会有一定程度的不适应。

此外，有些学员在考F3之前可能已经学过国内的会计学原理课程，中西方所采用的会计基本原则没有任何实质上的差异，但是在具体业务处理上，中西方却存在很多差异。

比如我国有统一的会计科目名称，但西方没有统一会计科目名称，同一个会计科目可能在不同的课本上，甚至在同一个课本上采用不同的称呼，这势必增加了初学者的困难。

在比较中学习，要求学员应该多阅读，尽快熟悉西方常用的会计科目名称，以及对同一个问题的不同表述方式。

第三，在交流中学习。

目前已经有很多专门的ACCA考试论坛以及QQ群或者培训班，参加交流可以促进学员对课程内容的进一步理解，也可以帮助学员澄清一些知识误区。

下面以一些考试中的常见题型和失分率较高的试题来讲解一下答题技巧和思路。

1. Johnsons use the imprest method of accounting for petty cash. The petty cash was counted and there was $57.22 in hand. The following petty cash slips were found for the following: （June_2008, 2 Marks）$Stamps 16.35Sale of goods to staff 12.00Coffee and tea purchase 18.23Birthday cards for staff 20.20What is Johnsons’ imprest amount?A $124B $100C $112D $80答案：B。

2014年12月ACCA考试F3经典例题讲解（1）IAS 1 Presentation of Financial StatementsIAS 1规定了三张报表的基本格式，财务状况表（statement of financial position）、综合收益表（statement of comprehensive income）和权益变动表（statement of changes in equity）。

F3的考试可能会问到比如某项资产的类别，流动或非流动资产；或者是某些项目是放到哪张报表里面。

这里的难点是综合收益表和权益变动表的关系，特别是在综合收入表后半部分的其它综合收入表当中的项目，比如资产重估增值的列报。

Example 1:Which of the following should appear in a company’s statement of changes in equity？（1）Total comprehensive income for the year（2）Amortisation of capitalised development costs（3）Surplus on revaluation of non-current assets（a）1，2 and 3（b）2 and 3 only（c）1 and 3 only（d）1 and 2 only（2）IAS 2 InventoryIAS 2是对流动资产存货做相应的规定，其中包括存货定义、确认、计量和披露等主要内容。

考生还需要掌握一些常见的存货计算方法，比如FIFO、LIFO和Weighted-Average，其中Weighted-Average可以再细分成两种方法，period weighted-average和continued weighted-average。

Example 2:According to IAS 2 Inventories，which TWO of the following costs should be included in valuing the inventories of a manufacturing company？（1）Carriage inwards（2）Carriage outwards（3）Depreciation of factory plant（4）General administrative overheads（a）1 and 4（b）1 and 3（c）3 and 4（d）2 and 3Example 3:A company values its inventory using the FIFO method. At 1 May 20X5 the company had 700 engines in inventory，valued at $190 each. During the year ended 30 April 20X6 the following transactions took place:20X5 1 July Purchased 500 engines at $220 each1 November Sold 400 engines for $160，00020X6 1 February Purchased 300 engines at $230 each15 April Sold 250 engines for $125，000What is the value of the company’s closing inventory of engines at 30 April 20X6？（a）$188，500（b）$195，500（c）$166，000（d）$106，000（3）IAS 7 Statement of Cash FlowsIAS 7是关于现金流量表的格式、内容和编制。

F3 Financial Accounting胡晴Sunshine HuContentChapter 1 Introduction to Accounting and Conceptual Framework (3)Examples and Exercises (11)Chapter 2 Statement of Financial Position and Income Statement (13)Examples and Exercises (18)Chapter 3 Double Entry Bookkeeping (21)Examples and Exercises (28)Chapter 4 Inventory (32)Examples and Exercises (37)Chapter 5 Sales Tax (40)Examples and Exercises (42)Chapter 6 Accruals and Prepayments (44)Examples and Exercise (48)Chapter 7 Irrecoverable Debts and Allowances for Receivables (51)Examples and Exercises (56)Chapter 8 Non-current Assets (58)Examples and Exercises (68)Chapter 9 from Trial Balance to Financial Statements (72)Examples and Exercises (77)Chapter 10 Books of Prime Entry and Control Accounts (81)Examples and Exercises (90)Chapter 11 Control Account Reconciliations (94)Examples and Exercises (98)Chapter 12 Bank Reconciliations (101)Examples and Exercises (104)Chapter 13 Correction of Errors and Suspense Accounts (107)Examples and Exercises (112)Chapter 14 Incomplete Records (115)Examples and Exercises (121)Chapter 15 Other Accounting Standards (124)Examples and Exercises (133)Chapter 16 Company Accounts (137)Examples and Exercises (148)Chapter 17 Statement of Cash Flow (151)Examples and Exercises (159)Chapter 18 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position (163)Examples and Exercises (173)Chapter 19 Consolidated Income Statement (176)Examples and Exercises (182)Chapter 20 Interpretation of Financial Statements (185)Examples and Exercises (192)Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting and Conceptual Framework本章作为ACCA财务会计主线的起点，旨在架构财务会计基本逻辑体系，使学员在了解其发展背景的基础上理解财务会计的重要作用及存在价值，并通过基本会计概念引入为后续学习奠定基础。

ACCA考试F3-财务会计(基础)历年真题精选及详细解析1109-287.1 Which of the following correctly describe the entry in the sales account for a sale for a sales tax registered trader?A Credited with the total of sales made, including sales taxB Credited with the total of sales made, excluding sales taxC Debited with the total of sales made, including sales taxD Debited with the total of sales made, excluding sales tax答案：B7.2 Sales (including sales tax) amounted to $27 ,612.50, and purchases (excluding sales tax) amounted to $18,000. What is the balance on the sales tax account, assuming all items are subject to sales tax at 17.5%?A $962.50 debitB $962. .50 creditC $1 ,682. 10 debitD $1 ,682.10 credit答案：B7.3 Which of the following statements about IAS 2 Inventories is correct?A Production overheads should be included in cost on the basis of a company\'s normal level of activity in the period.B In arriving at the net realisable value of inventories, trade discounts and settlement discounts must be deducted.C In arriving at the cost of inventories, FIFO, LIFO and weighted average cost formulas are acceptable.D It is permitted to value finished goods inventories at materials plus labour cost only, without adding production overheads.答案：A7.4 You are preparing the financial statements for a business. The cost of the items in closing inventory is $41 ,875. This includes some items which cost $1 ,960 and which were damaged in transit. You have estimated that it will cost $360 to repair the items, and they can then be sold for $1 ,200. What is the correct inventory valuation for inclusion in the financial statements?A $39,915B $40,755C $41,515D $42,995答案：B7.5 An inventory record card shows the following details.February 1 50 units in stock at a cost of $40 per unit7 100 units purchased at a cost of $45 per unit14 80 units sold21 50 units purchased at a cost of $50 per unit28 60 units soldWhat is the value of inventory at 28 February using the FIFO method?A $2,450B $2,700C $2,950D $3,000答案：C。