新托福阅读考试回顾_150516

新托福阅读真题详解范文2份新托福阅读真题详解 1The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jacksonwho swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. Duringhis administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. “The President isthe direct representative of the American people," he lectured the Senate when it opposedhim. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them." With this declaration, Jacksonredefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people.During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually e together to form the Whigparty. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by themarket, banks, and merce. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflictbetween "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. This"paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for theirown profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculationand thedesire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the marketwithout sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that themarket offered without the petitive, changing society; the plex dealing; thedominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.Whigs, on the other hand, were more fortable with the market. For them, merce andeconomic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict insociety between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on theother. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national e and expandingopportunity. The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy thatguaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about howactive the central government should be in people's lives. Despite Andrew Jackson's inclinationto be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limited government. Government'srole in the economy was to promote petition by destroying monopolies' andspecialprivileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government, Democrats also rejected theidea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of government action. Religion and politics, theybelieved, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarianlegislation.The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should beused to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individualeffort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and petition, the government couldensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting thegeneral welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of theUnited States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfareof the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid toeducation.In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be petitive in winningvotes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largestgroup in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively tothe rich or the poor. TheWhigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among thebusiness and mercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to financetheir cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell theirsurpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmersisolated from the market or fortable with it, workers alienated from the emergingindustrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open theeconomy to ers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, andthose rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farmingthat were more isolated and languishingeconomically.Paragraph 1: The development of the modern presidency in the United States began withAndrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and serveduntil 1837. During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. "The President is the direct representative of the American people," he lectured the Senatewhen it opposed him. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them." With thisdeclaration, Jackson redefined the character of thepresidential office and its relationship to thepeople.1. The word immeasurably in the passage is closest in meaning to○Frequently○Greatly○Rapidly○Reportedly2. According to paragraph 1, the presidency of Andrew Jackson was especially significant forwhich of the following reasons?○The President granted a portion of his power to the S enate.○The President began to address the Senate on a regular basis.○It was the beginning of the modern presidency in the United States.○It was the first time that the Senate had been known to oppose the President.Paragraph 2: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually e together toform the Whig party. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changesbrought about by the market, banks, and merce. The Democrats tendedto view society asa continuing conflict be tween "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedyaristocrats. This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated thebanking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue byencouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wantedthe rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. Theywanted the wealth that the market offered without the petitive, changing society; plex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that camewith it.3. The author mentions bankers and investors in the passage as an example of which of thefollowing?○The Democratic Party's main source of support○The peopl e that Democrats claimed were unfairly ing rich ○The people most interested in a return to a simple agrarian republic○One of the groups in favor of Andrew Jackson's presidency Paragraph 3: Whigs, on the other hand, were more fortable with the market. For them,merce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envisionany conflictin society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople andbankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national e andexpanding opportunity. The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulatedeconomy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.4. According to paragraph 3, Whigs believed that merce and economic development wouldhave which of the following effects on society?○They would promote the advancement of society as a whole.○They would cause disagreements between Whigs and Democrats○They would supply new positions for Whig Party members.○They would p revent conflict between farmers and workers.5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following describes the Whig Party's view of the roleof government?○To regulate the continuing conflict between farmers and businesspeople○To restrict the changes brought about by the market○To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizensto benefit○To reduce the emphasis on economic developmentParagraph 4: Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market butalso about how active the central government should be in people's lives. Despite AndrewJackson's inclination to be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limitedgovernment. Government's role in the economy was to promote petition by destroyingmonopolies' and special privileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government,Democrats also rejected the idea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of governmentaction. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generallyopposed humanitarian legislation.6. The word inclination in the passage is closest in meaning to○Argument○Tendency○Example○Warning7. According to paragraph 4, a Democrat would be most likely to support government action inwhich of the followingareas?○Creating a state religion○Supporting humanitarian legislation○Destroying monopolies○mending particular moral beliefsParagraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that itshould be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special rolewhere individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and petition, thegovernment could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of governmentpromoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northernsections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to fosterthe moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reformlegislation and aid to education.8. The word concept in the passage is closest in meaning to○Power○Reality○Difficulty○Idea9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefswithin the Whig Party?○They were focused on issues of public liberty.○They caused some members to leave the Whig party.○They were unimportant to most Whigs.○They reflected regional interests.Paragraph 6: In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To petitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant supportamong farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an electionby appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyeddisproportionate strength among the business and mercial classes. Whigs appealed toplanters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, tofarmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improvethemselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or fortable with it,workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wantedto break monopolies and open the economy to ers like themselves. The Whigs werestrongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated intothe marketeconomy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were moreisolated and languishing economically.10. According to paragraph 6, the Democrats were supported by all of the following groupsEXCEPT○workers unhappy with the new industrial system○planters involved in international trade○rising entrepreneurs○individuals seeking to open the economy to ers11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy becauseDemocrats dominated in other areas.○Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,respectively.○The s emisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated bythe Whigs' control of the market economy.○The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in thoseareas where the market was already fully operating.Paragraph 2: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually e together toform the Whig party. �Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changesbrought about by the market, banks, and merce. �The Democrats tended to view societyas a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set ofgreedy aristocrats. �This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulatedthe banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue byencouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. �The Democrats wantedthe rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. Theywanted the wealth that the market offered without the petitive, changing society; plex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that camewith it.12. Look at the four squares II that indicate where the following sentence can be added to thepassage.This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and hisparty in a number of importantareas, beginning with the economy.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary becausethey express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influencedby the social and economic circumstances of the time.●●●Answer Choices1. The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of petingeconomic and political constituencies.2. During Andrew Jackson's two terms as President, he served as leader of both the Democraticand Whig Parties.3. The Democratic Party primarily represented the interests of the market, banks, merce.4. In contrast to the Democrats, the Whigs favored government aid for education.5. A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of themarket in society.6. The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinctionbetween the two parties.参__：1. ○2This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is immeasurably. It is highlighted in thepassage. Iiznzeasurab2y means "in a manner too big to be measured." So if Jackson enlargedthe president's powers so much that the results can't be measured, he enlarged them"greatly."2. ○3This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 1. The correct answer is choice 3 because the first sentence of the paragraphexplicitly states that this was when the development of the modern presidency began. Theremainder of the paragraph is devoted toexplaining the significant changes in governmentthat this development involved. The result, as stated in sentence 5, was that the nature of thepresidency itself was redefined. Choice 1 is contradicted by the paragraph; Jackson didn't givepresidential power away, he increased it. Choice 2 is not mentioned in the paragraph: it saysJackson addressed the Senate, but not that this was the beginning of regular addresses.Choice 4, which says that this was the first time the Senate opposed the President, is notstated in the passage.3. ○2This is a Rhetorical Purpose question. It is asking you why the author mentions "bankers andinvestors" in the passage. The phrase being tested is highlighted in the passage. The correctanswer is choice 2. The author is using bankers and investors as examples of people that theDemocrats claimed were "manipulating" the banking system for their own profit. That meansthat they were unfairly ing rich. Choices 1, 3, and 4 are all incorrect because, based uponthe passage, they seem unlikely to be true. Therefore, the author would not use them asexamples.4. ○1This is a Factual Information question asking for specificinformation that can be found inparagraph 3. Choice 1 is the correct answer. The paragraph says that Whigs merce and economic development "would benefit everyone." That means essentially thesame thing as choice 1, which says that Whigs believed economic growth would "promote theadvancement of society as a whole." "Society as a whole" is another way of saying "everyone."Choices 2 and 3 are not mentioned in the paragraph. Choice 4, about conflict between groups,is mentioned but in a different context, so it is not a belief held by Whigs.5. ○3This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 3. The correct answer is choice 3: the Whigs viewed government as responsible formaintaining an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit. This is a restatement ofparagraph 3, sentence 5. The paragraph states that Whigs did not envision continuing conflictbetween farmers and business people, so choice 1 is wrong. Whigs favored changes broughtabout b) the market, so choice 2 is wrong. Whigs were in favor of increased emphasis oneconomic development, so choice 4 is incorrect.6. ○2This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is inclination. It is highlighted in thepassage. The fact that Jackson had an inclination to be a strong President means that hepreferred being strong to having limited powers. In other words, his "tendency" was to favora strong presidency, so choice 2 is the correct answer.7. ○3This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 4. The correct answer is choice 3, which is explicitly stated in sentence 3 of theparagraph. Sentences 4 and 5 explicitly refute the other choices.8. ○4This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is concept. It is highlighted in thepassage. The passage says that "for Whigs the concept of government was . . ." In otherwords, "the way Whigs thought about government was." That process of thinking representsideas, so choice 4 is the correct answer here.9. ○4This is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by paragraph 5. Thecorrect answer is choice 4: variations in Whigs' political beliefs reflected regional differences.Th__ supported by sentence 5 of the paragraph which says that certain beliefs "particularly"reflected the views of northern Whigs. That suggests that Whigs in other regions of thecountry had beliefs that varied from this view and implies that such differences were regional.The other three choices are not mentioned in the passage in connection with "variations" inWhig beliefs, so there is no basis for inferring any of them.10. ○ 2This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can befound in paragraph 6. Choice 2 is the correct answer. Sentence 5 says that it was Whigs, notDemocrats, who had the support of planters involved in international trade. The next sentence,sentence 6, says that in contrast, Democrats had the support of the groups mentioned inchoices 1, 3, and 4 ("workers," "entrepreneurs," and certain other "individuals"). Therefore, allof the groups described in the answer choices, EXCEPT the planters of choice 2, did support theDemocrats.11. ○ 4This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in thepassage is highlighted:The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integratedinto the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming thatwere more isolated and languishing economically. The correct answer is choice 4. Choice"contains all of the essential information in the tested sentence but the order in which it ispresented is reversed. The highlighted sentence describes areas of Whig strength first, andthen the areas where Democrats were strong. The correct answer, choice 4, describesDemocrat strongholds first, and then Whig areas. No meaning has been changed, and noinformation has been left out. Choice 1 is incorrect because it states that Whigs were able toattract support only in the wealthiest areas. The highlighted sentence does not say that; it saystheir support came from places integrated into the market, which can include areas of alleconomic levels.Choice 2 is incorrect because it says that the two parties were split between rural and urbanareas. However, the highlighted sentence says that Whigs were strong in rural areas that wereintegrated into the market economy. In other words, the split between the parties was basedon the degree to which an area was integrated into the market, not whether it was urban orrural.Choice 3 is incorrect because the highlighted sentence makes no mention of how (or if)the Whigs' control of the market economy affected the areas dominated by the Democrats.12. ○ 1This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 2 thatrepresent the possible answer choices here.During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually e together to form the Whigparty. ■ Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about bythe market, banks, and merce. ■ The Democrats t ended to view society as a continuingconflict between "the people “farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. ■This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking systemfor their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouragingspeculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. ■The Democrats wanted the rewardsof the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted thewealth that the market offered without the petitive, changing society; the plexdealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence thatcame with it.The sentence provided, "This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in anumber of important areas, beginning with the economy," is best inserted at square 1. Square1 is correct because the phrase "This new party" refers directly and only to the Whigs, who arefirst mentioned (as a recently formed party) in sentence 1 of this paragraph. Square 2 isincorrect because the sentence before is not limited to the new Whig party. It discusses bothWhigs and Democrats. Squares 3 and 4 are both incorrect because the sentences precedingthem refer to the Democrats (the old party), not the Whigs.13. ○1 5 6This is a Prose Summary question. It is pleted correctly below. The correct choices are 1, 5,and 6. Choices 2, 3, and 4 are therefore incorrect.新托福阅读真题详解 2When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressivebehavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressivebehavior in people.The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structuresand chemicals appear to be involved inaggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli,many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to beinvolved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamustriggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brainsare more plex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is naturaland even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressivebehavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held thatmany more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A strugglefor survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with anadvantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genesto the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Becauseaggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked toaggressive behavior are more likely to betransmitted to subsequent generations.The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacityto outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor inhuman survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that theyare dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that innerconflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud,for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations ofdaily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including theirparents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demandsimmediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love,e to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as"steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for futureexplosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed towardparents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, orthey may be expressed towardstrangers later in life.According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be toencourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine __ogy, verbal aggression mayvent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team.Psycho__ysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting ofaggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But researchfindings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leadsto reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies,however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression lateron.The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by ourvalues, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, peoplewho believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to actaggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust,or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasantfeelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically.Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on thebasis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of otherpeople's motives. Supporting evidence es from research showing that aggressive peopleoften distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean themharm when they do not.Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving oftensions.Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear tobe involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response tocertain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamusappears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of thehypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however,whose brains are more plex, other brain structures apparently moderate possibleinstincts.1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that。

回顾前题新托福阅读prose summary解题技巧朗阁海外考试研究中心纵观新托福考试阅读部分的所有题型，就形式而言，都是选择题，而且出题顺序基本与行文顺序相同，这使得做惯了国内考试的中国学生感到比较容易接受，不会遇到题型上的不适应。

但是，大部分阅读文章都会以一道中国学生不太熟悉的文章总结题来收尾，即PROSE SUMMARY。

这个题型往往令不少考生无从下手，尤其是在时间压力之下，只能在有限的两三分钟时间里匆忙应对，甚至根本就没有时间而胡乱蒙之。

要想做好这个题型，我们首先要从OG中对于这个题型的说明入手，看看题型的定义能不能帮我们找到一点处理的对策。

Prose Summary Questions:These items measure your ability to understand and recognize the major ideas and the relative importance of information in a passage. You will be asked to select the major ideas in the passage by distinguishing them from minor ideas or ideas that are not in the passage. The correct answer choice will synthesize major ideas in the passage. Because the correct answer represents a synthesis of ideas, it will not match any particular sentence from the passage. To select the correct answer, you will need to create a mental framework to organize and remember major ideas and other important information. Understanding the relative importance of information in a passage is critical to this ability.——P50-51 from OG 3rd edition“These items measure your ability to understand and recognize the major ideas and the relative importance of information in a passage.” 从这句话中，我们能看出Prose summary题型要求我们总结整篇文章的主要观点和相对重要的信息。

2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。

今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。

Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。

由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。

热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。

树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。

所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。

50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。

因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。

紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。

Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。

然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。

最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。

Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。

2016.05.22托福阅读真题回顾与解析5月份最后两场托福阅读考试，马上就要开考，不造同学们准备得怎么样了呢?在这托福备考的最后阶段，天道小编将与您分享5月22日这一天的托福阅读真题并为您逐一解析，还请大家一定要仔细阅读哦!提前预祝诸位考生能够在新托福阅读考试中取得佳绩!托福真题回顾是记录每次考试的路标，每次的托福考试都会有题目是重复之前考试的原题，所以，大家可以通过分析考过的题目，来提高自己的托福成绩。

2016年5月22日的托福阅读考试结束了，小编准备了当天的托福阅读真题。

正在备考的大家快来看一下，相信一定可以给正在备战新托福阅读的你带来帮助!Passage 1Insect Wings文章解析给了一幅翅膀图，各种专业名词，顿时懵圈。

第一段：引入话题，翅膀化石fossil，引发很多猜测speculation。

第二段：讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用。

第三段：说第一个理论存在问题，protowing需要和身体以某种方式连接hinged，而且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。

其中很多专业名词，但是题目特别简单(问什么导致了insect最终能飞行，定位在最后一句话finally，larger muscler让昆虫飞起来。

)第四段：支持第二个理论，反对第一种理论的证据是化学传感器chemical-sensing organs不在背上，在legs上。

[第二三段中有EXCEPT题，问第一个理论的problems是什么，两段的开头句逐个对应即可。

]第五段：提出第三个理论，protowings来自于水中的一种昆虫insect的腮gill。

问句：翅膀是怎么从水中到飞行的?答案是通过翅膀产生推动力浮在水面上，当muscle越来越强大，滑的越来越快，最后一飞冲天[有事实信息题]。

第六段：讲飞行的作用：虽然上面的理论还有争议，但是wing的作用是传播dispersal或avoid predator，尤其考虑到predators的数量，躲避predator才是最重要的目的[有句子简化题，注意转折关系]。

2010年01月16日新托福阅读考题回顾考试日期2010.01.16Passage 1Title:Industrial Revolution大致内容第一篇关于工业革命，第一段讲十八世纪以前能量效率极低，直到使用了charcoal才使蒸汽机的使用成为可能（有一题问作者在这里提到的问题是什么，选能量不够）。

第二段讲交通开始发展，让远距离运输货物成为可能（这里有一题），从而使贸易能够到达偏远地区，然后铁路的发展使很多农村人口在这里临时工作，当工作结束后，这些人口就到城里去寻找工作，加入工人大军。

接着蒸汽机使棉花大规模生产成为可能，尤其是不列颠，从1800到1850棉花原料进口增加了100+倍，然后棉花服装成为主要出口，占到出口一半以上。

接着是钢铁，蒸汽机提高了生铁生产效率，同时使精铁生产成为可能，然后1840不列颠的钢铁产量比世界上其他国家加起来都多。

（这里有两题，有一题选不列颠是世界第一钢铁大国）。

Passage 2Title:Desert Plants and Animals大致内容第二篇讲沙漠植动物。

先讲水对植物的作用。

很多作用。

同时决定植物的分布，雨林比沙漠多100倍，同时沙漠的植物分布也由水分决定。

（有一题）有两大类沙漠植物，一种是年生植物，它们在雨量充足的年份发芽，狂长（有一词汇题）它们的种子散布在沙漠中，到下一个雨量充足的年份才发芽，不然就睡在那里（有题）。

还有一种植物就有很多种方法来对付干旱，米针叶，闭毛孔（叶子上的那些洞），枝干木化防止挂掉（有一题选这个，因为它被算到上一类植物头上了，而且意思相反），还有发达的根系但地上露出来的部分比较小（有题）。

还有一种可以把根扎到地下水那里去，所以这种植物都长水源附近（有题）。

然后动物，两种方法，escape和retreat， escape时间比较长，而且有好几种，比如身体降温使新城代谢变慢（只是一种方法，有paraphrase题），还有迁徙。

retreat一般是跑到阴凉的地方去乘凉，列举了几种动物的避暑地点（有题问这些地点的共同特点是什么）后来讲到鸵鸟，可以把羽毛竖起来隔热（有题）。

新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露考试日期2015.03.14Passage 1Title: First Eye 早期的眼睛大致内容研究眼睛这个器官organ的形成，从最早的化石没有眼睛，到后来发现有软体，然后开始讨论早期眼睛的位置，作用等等。

首先给了一个定义说明其功能是捕捉光源，眼睛一开始只能识别光线方向，不能产生图像。

又提出了一种理论，是眼睛可能在单一细胞时期就已经开始了。

后来给出了一些证据，某一时代动物的化石，这个时代（寒武纪时代Cambrian Period）发现了好多动物的眼睛，但后来证明那些并非最早的眼睛。

科学家发现眼睛可能在这个时代之前就已经出现了，最后的结论是眼睛的形成很有可能是在六百万年至350万年之前。

点评：生物学话题，内容较难，但在之前2014.06.29, 2012.08.19的两场考试中考过，留意机经的同学是比较讨巧的。

Passage 2Title: Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere 地球大气的形成大致内容先讲了太阳系的形成，各种碰撞很剧烈，地球初期很hot, 像iron 这样的金属熔化到下面形成earth’s core, 然后有了磁场还有gravity什么的（有题），一些比较轻的元素在表面形成了continent。

地球表面一些火山爆发形成了各种gas, 还有水蒸气什么的，在有gravity的情况下它们没有蒸发就形成了大气。

点评：天文学话题，属于经典考题。

建议考生复习以下相关重要考点：太阳系Solar System的形成和年龄的测算；Earth的年龄测算和分层；火星Mars的水和大气层；Venus的大气层等。

Passage 3Title: The Origin of Civilization 文明的起源大致内容主要以两河流域为例，解释了文明的主要特点为--有政治中心，自己的语言，金属工具等。

同时说到美索不达米亚平原，因为土壤资源丰富，所以人口增加，并开发利用资源。

新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心王玉梅考试日期2014.05.25Passage 1Title:Overhunting大致内容人类行为造成动物数量的减少，好像是科学家发现在XX时期，某个地方的动物数量剧减，因为毛利人移居到那个地方并且过度捕猎。

在这之前，动物很少有灭绝的，而毛利人到达那个地方后，动物灭绝了很多（有题，问为什么要举动物灭绝的例子，答案是强调人类的行为导致动物大量的灭绝）。

还举了一种鸟为例子，这种鸟因为没有捕猎者，所以不会飞，因为毛利人的出现，它们的栖息地发生了变化，同时也因为人类的捕猎，这种鸟灭绝了。

（这里有两道题，一道是插入题，另一道问哪个不是这种鸟灭绝的原因，选择新物种的引入。

）而深海的鱼类也因为人类的出现少了很多（有题，选择现在人类捕猎的鱼类都是原先在生物链顶端的物种，所以证明鱼类减少了）。

Passage 2Title:雨林生物传播声音大致内容讲了热带雨林中动物如何利用各种条件传播自己的声音。

鸟类等在清晨或傍晚和晚上叫，这样声音能够传播的更远，但是捕猎者能通过这些声音更容易捕猎到猎物。

（这里有两道题，一是森林里什么时候最安静，选择正午；一是鸟在这些时候叫劣势是什么，选择叫的鸟太多，竞争大。

）还讲了一种昆虫，利用中空的树枝传播自己的声音，这种昆虫会找一根树枝，把自己半埋在水里，然后透过树枝传播声音，就像人用麦克风和扩音器一样，在这个过程中这种昆虫还会根据具体情况改变自己叫声的频率（有题，问哪个不是这种昆虫的行为，选择昆虫会选特定的对象来传播声音）。

又讲了一个科学家在森林里录音，发现森林里的声音是有规律的（插入题）；同时科学家发现老森林的声音比新森林多，并且持续性更强，而且每种动物会有自己特定的叫声，所以每个森林也都有自己独特的声音（有题）。

Passage 3Title:如何控制有害物种大致内容讲如何控制有害物种，有物理方法，化学方法和IPM（引入物种的天敌）。

化学方法比如杀虫剂，会有副作用，杀虫剂会杀死一些本不想杀死的动物，比如食物链更高端的动物（有题，问杀虫剂的副作用是什么）。

新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧考试日期2015.01.10Passage 1Title:16世纪手工艺人如何出现衰退的问题大致内容16世纪后期由于r现象，削弱了artisan的繁荣发展（有题），一些技术的发展使得成本上升，手工艺人无法承担（有题），原料的买卖大权掌握在big merchants手中（有题），穷苦的手工艺人只能依靠便宜的local materials（有推论题），很多独立的producers沦为大商人的employees, 同时，他们又担心rural areas的发展，因为那里成本更低，更好招人（有题）。

分析：本文属于历史类文章，关注的是手工艺人和新兴科技的关系，在TPO中有很多类似的文章，例如TPO 16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East, 考生可以参考并了解背景知识。

Passage 2Title:History and Disease大致内容讲了disease的三个历史阶段。

第一个阶段是infection, 在这之前很少有传染病，因为人们居住分散，接触不够（有题），然后农业发展，接触动物和其他人多了，疾病开始大规模传染，包括土壤里的生物、食物等因素（有否定题，答案是rotted那个）。

第二个阶段是慢性病，医疗发展了，基本杜绝了传染病，但现代人的生活让慢性病比如心脏病、肺结核等更普遍（有题）。

第三个阶段是现代社会，传染病重新出现，慢性病也没克服，多种以前没有的疾病出现。

有一题是跟抗药性的细菌有关。

分析：本文属于生物类与历史类文章的综合题材，并涉及少量医学相关内容。

因此生词较多，较难理解，会造成阅读上的障碍。

建议考生课后可了解相关背景知识和词汇。

Passage 3Title:空气中氧气的形成大致内容最初大气中没有氧气。

通过和太阳的比较，现在空气中比以前少了一些元素（有题），有人说是火山爆发导致的（有题），其实氧气产生包括小部分的p物质，即水分解放出氧，和大部分的par sis, 即植物转化，这两个来源（有题）。

11月15日托福阅读真题（新东方版）第一篇考生回忆：本文属讲的是热带雨林树木的种类。

先讲了在温带地区树的种类非常好区分，但是在热带去不是这个样子。

接下来说开花的情况不一样。

在干湿分明的雨林中，花是随着雨季开放的。

在很多雨林一直都有雨，那么它们如何授粉?应该是一起同时开花。

接下来说叶子难以区分，大部分叶子要进化成很厚的样子，而且叶尖会滴水。

所以都长得很像。

另外一种辨别的方法是看树干。

虽然树干也很像。

接下来说在温带地区，树种没有那么难以辨别。

数量不会超过半打，但是热带的确是难以辨别。

第二篇考生回忆：主要讨论的是地球与宇宙年份的测定。

先说地球年份的测算。

一开始说可以通过陨石的年份来推测。

但是因为地球上面有水、火山和地壳运动，所以岩石的成分无法分析。

进一步的分析方法是岩石的辐射衰变。

得出来的结论是46亿年，这个测算的结果和月球上测算的结果是一样的。

因为月球上没有地球上的这些侵蚀，所以月球的测算数据相对准确。

接下来是宇宙年份的测算。

宇宙的年份重要是通过红移(red shift)来测量。

测算的结果发现宇宙一直在不断地膨胀。

第三篇考生回忆：讨论恐龙灭绝的原因。

首先说尝试解释恐龙灭绝的假说是在太多。

分析了6亿5千万年之前的底层，发现很好含钙的化石，其中就有恐龙的。

超过这个时间之后恐龙化石就再也找不到了，也就是认为恐龙灭绝了。

接下来提出一个假说，认为是辐射所导致恐龙基因变异导致恐龙灭绝。

恰好是每隔几百万年地球的南北磁极就会发生倒置，地磁场太弱，所以恐龙灭绝了。

后来又认为是陨石撞击地球，但是恐龙并没有立马就全部死绝，而是通过破坏全球的气候，通过影响底层生物链的生物最终使得恐龙饿死。

这个理论认为这些间接因素也很关键。

最后说火山运动也可能导致恐龙灭绝。

举了印度的例子，长时间的火山爆发导致了大片新火山岩的形成。

火山爆发喷出的灰烬遮盖了太阳，使得全球温带骤降。

但也有温室气体的排放会导致温度提高。

后来说这样的结果导致了新物种的大爆发。