托福考试阅读试题

托福阅读理解真题汇总托福阅读真题1The term folk song has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music. The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs'origins cannot be disguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Themes commonly found in folk music(B) Elements that define folk music(C) Influences of folk music on popular music(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council2. Which of the following statements about the term folk song is supported by the passage ?(A) It has been used for several centuries.(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.3. The word it in line 8 refers to(A) community(B) song(C) acceptance(D) memory4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folksong?(A) It is constantly changing over time.(B) It is passed on to other people by being performed.(C) It contains complex musical structures.(D) It appeals to many people.5. The word subjected in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) reduced(B) modified(C) exposed(D) imitated6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of thefollowing?(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song7. According to the passage , why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.8. The word essence in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) basic nature(B) growing importance(C) full extent(D) first phase9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because(A) the original composer can be easily identified(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers(D) the composers write the music in rural communitiesPASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA托福阅读真题2Often enough the craft worker's place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement. At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters' quarters were situated on the cities' outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.; its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln's temperature during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear, the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized that they did not share in the concerns of the other.The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage jars orbuilding materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth- and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means — as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify.1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its(A) production techniques(B) similarity to other crafts(C) unusual materials(D) resemblance to earlier pottery2. The phrase regardless of in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) as a result of(B) no matter what(C) proud of(D) according to3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece weresituated(A) in city centers(B) on the outskirts of cities(C) where clay could be found(D) near other potters' workshops4. The word marked in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) original(B) attractive(C) noticeable(D) patterned5. The word confine in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) adapt(B) train(C) restrict(D) organize6. It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages(A) It did not break during the firing process.(B) It was less expensive than other available materials.(C) Its surface had a lasting shine.(D) It could be used for many purposes.7. The word presumably in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently(B) practically(C) preferably(D) probably8. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) molds(B) particular effects(C) products(D) vessels and figurines9. According to the passage , all of the following are true of ancient Greek potters and vasepainters EXCEPT:(A) Their functions were so specialized that they lackedcommon concerns.(B) They sometimes produced inferior ware.(C) They produced pieces that had unusual color and shine.(D) They decorated many of their works with human images.PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA托福阅读真题3Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during the Neolithic period), some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished, fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundamental inventions and innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic agriculture —that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agriculture as their primary, not merely subsidiary, source of food.Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn created an evengreater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased numbers of people. Since surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities, the Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs and pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear family was more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why many human societies are dependent on agriculture(B) the changes agriculture brought to human life(C) How Neolithic peoples discovered agriculture(D) Why the first agricultural societies failed2. The word precarious in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) uncertain(B) humble(C) worthy(D) unusual3. The author mentions seeds and fruits in line 2 as examples of(A) the first crops cultivated by early agricultural societies(B) foods eaten by hunters and gatherers as a secondary food source(C) types of food that hunters and gatherers lacked in theirdiets(D) the most common foods cultivated by early agricultural societies4. The word settled in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) advanced(B) original(C) involved(D) stable5. According to the passage , agricultural societies produced larger human populations becauseagriculture(A) created more varieties of food(B) created food surpluses(C) resulted in increases in leisure time(D) encouraged bartering6. According to the passage , all of the following led to the development of writing EXCEPT the(A) need to keep records(B) desire to write down beliefs(C) extraction of ink from plants(D) growth of social complexity7. The word chronicle in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) repeat(B) exchange(C) understand(D) describe8. According to the passage , how did the shift to agricultural societies impact people's familyrelationships?(A) The extended family became less important.(B) Immediate neighbors often became family members.(C) The nuclear family became self-sufficient.(D) Family members began to wok together to raise food.9. The author mentions all of the following as results of the shift to agricultural societies EXCEPT(A) an increase in invention and innovation(B) emergence of towns and cities(C) development of a system of trade(D) a decrease in warfare10. Which of the following is true about the human diet prior to the Neolithic period?(A) It consisted mainly of agricultural products(B) It varied according to family size.(C) It was based on hunting and gathering.(D) It was transformed when large numbers of people no longer depended on the grain they grewthemselves.PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO6(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Powering the Industrial Revolution托福阅读原文In Britain one of the most dramatic changesof theIndustrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign ofGeorge Ⅲ(1760-1820),available sources of power for work and travel had notincreased since theMiddle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal orhuman muscles; thewind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Onlythe last of thesewas suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, andalthoughwaterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills aswell astextile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed wherenature intendedthem to, and water-driven factories had to be located on theirbanks whether ornot the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore,even the mostreliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in adrought. Thenew age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without anew sourceof both movable and constant power.The source had long been known but notexploited. Early inthe eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in whichexpanding steamraised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure broughtit down againwhenthe steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This“atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved byhispartner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was soslowand wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal minesforwhich it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected aseparatecondenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooledat everystroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thusconvertreciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. Hetherebytransformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine ofathousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into thecylinderto drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing thespeedof the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.Watt's steam engine soon showed what itcould do. Itliberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminatedwaterin the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper anddeepermining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch duringthe 1790sto develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to bediscovered in amillennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps andflickering candles,and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslithouses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which hadstarved for fuel whiledepending on charcoal, also benefited fromever-increasing supplies of coal:blast furnaces with steam-powered bellowsturned out more iron and steel for thenew machinery. Steam became the motiveforce of the Industrial Revolution ascoal and iron ore were the raw materials.By1800 more than athousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, andBritain retained avirtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s.Steam power didnot merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century,it alsomultiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single workercouldproduce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printingpresses runby steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousandpages inan hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate atransportationproblem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes.Boats could carryheavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain;turnpikes could crossthe hills, but the roadbeds could not stand upundergreatweights. These problems needed still another solution, and theingredients forit lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily ladenwagons, withflanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; andthestationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Anothergenerationpassed beforeinventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, byputtingthe engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide amachine totake the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from whathad alreadyhappened in the eighteenth century.托福阅读试题1.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragragh 1) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information．A.Running water was the best power sourcefor factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since itwas abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories thatwere located elsewhere could not be water driven.B.The disadvantage of using waterpower isthat streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable forfactories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile millswere located in undesirable places.C.Since machines could be operatedcontinuously only where runningwater was abundant, grain and textile mills, aswell as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.D.Running water was the only source ofpower that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to makeuse of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless ofwhether such locations made sense otherwise.2.Which of the following best describes therelation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?A.Paragraph 2 shows how the problemdiscussed in paragraph 1 arose.B.Paragraph 2 explains how the problempresented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.C.Paragraph 2 provides a more technicaldiscussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.D.Paragraph 2 shows why theproblem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.3.The word “exploited”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.utilizedB.recognizedC.examinedD.fully understood4.The word “vastly”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closet in meaning toA.quicklyB.ultimatelyC.greatlyD.initially5.According to paragraph 2, the“atmospheric engine” was slow becauseA.it had been designed to be used in coalminesB.the cylinder had to cool between eachstrokeC.it made use of expanding steam to raisethe piston in its cylinderD.it could be operated only when a largesupply of fuel was available6.According to paragraph 2, Watt's steamengine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following waysEXCEPT:A.It used steam to move a piston in acylinder.B.It worked with greater speed.C.It was more efficient in its use of fuel.D.It could be used in many different ways.7.In paragraph 3, the author mentionsWilliam Murdoch’s invention of a new form of night time illumination inorder toA.indicate one of the importantdevelopments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engineB.make the point that Watt's steam enginewas not the only invention of importance to the Industrial RevolutionC.illustrate how important coal was as araw material for the Industrial RevolutionD.provide an example of anothereighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source8.The phrase “grewaccustomed to” in thepassage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.began to preferB.wanted to haveC.became used toD.insisted on9.The word “retained”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.gainedB.establishedC.profited fromD.maintained10.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing statements about steam engines is true?A.They were used for the production ofpaper but not for printing.B.By 1800, significant numbers of them wereproduced outside of Britain.C.They were used in factories before theywere used to power trains.D.They were used in the construction ofcanals and turnpikes.11.According to paragraph 4, providing amachine to take the place of thehorse involved combining which two previouslyseparate ingredients?A.Turnpikes and canalsB.Stationary steam engines and wagons withflanged wheelsC.Metal rails in roadbeds and wagonscapable of carrying heavy loadsD.Canal boats and heavily laden wagons12. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage．Thefactories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to thefactories．█【A】Watt's steam enginesoon showed what it could do. █【B】It liberatedindustryfrom dependence on running water. █【C】The engineeliminatedwater in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possibledeeper anddeeper mining. █【D】The readyavailability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the1790s to develop thefirst new form of nighttime illumination to be discoveredin a millennium and ahalf.Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickeringcandles, and early in thenew century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed togaslit houses and evenstreets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuelwhile depending oncharcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies ofcoal: blast furnaceswith steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steelfor the newmachinery. Steam became the motive force of the IndustrialRevolution as coaland iron ore were the raw materials.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Industrial Revolution would not havebeen possible without a newsource of power that was efficient, movable, andcontinuously available.A.In the early eighteenth century, Saveryand Newcomen discovered thatexpanding steam could be used to raise a piston ina cylinder.B.Watt’s steam engine played a leading rolein greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.C.Until the 1830s, Britain was the world’smajor producer of steam engines.D.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformedan inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.E.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed anew way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.F.Theavailability of steam engines was a major factor in the development ofrailroads, which solved a major transportation problem.托福阅读答案1.原句很长，首先分析清楚最应该断句的地方，是第一个逗号，前半句是只有最后一个，也就是前面说的流水能够满足要求；后半句的结构是尽管怎样，有一个很大的缺点，缺点是blabla；原文说L和S两个地方水能充足，但没说只有这两个地方充足，A和C错；B缺失了原文的前半句，属于遗漏重要信息，错2.问第二段与第一段的关系，第一段说了水能的缺点，这是上一题读到的，提出了一个问题；第二段一开始就说这个能源早就发现了，也就是蒸汽。

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety ofsolid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of thesebodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to。

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托福阅读真题1The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adoptedthe pen name Mark Twain, became the countrys most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainlydiscuss?(A) The influence of science on literature(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) dominated(B) transformed(C) entered(D) generalized3. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) authors(B) dialects(C) stories(D) relationships4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist andnaturalist literature was(A) the Civil War(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech(D) an economic depression5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT(A) human relationships(B) characteristics of different regions(C) the idealization of life(D) social and historical theories6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) emphasized(B) described(C) criticized(D) classified7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?(A) Ellen Glasgow(B) Sarah Orne Jewett(C) Hamlin Garland(D) Mark Twain9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he(A) was the first realist writer in the United States(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach(C) wrote humorous stories and novels(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) most difficult(B) interesting(C) most focused(D) leading11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C托福阅读真题2The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, andtype. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing areasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Laws governing the printing industry.(B) Competition among printers(C) Types of publications produced(D) Advances in printing technology2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle majorprojects.(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printersbecause they(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly(B) were in great demand in European markets(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists4. The word they in line 17 refers to(A) chapbooks(B) tales(C) jokes(D) pages5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) predecessor(B) format(C) imitation(D) component6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by(A) fine paper(B) cardboard covers(C) elaborate decoration(D) a large number of pages7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Broadsides (line 6)(B) catechisms (line 15)(C) chapbooks (line l6)(D) Almanacs (line 25)PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB托福阅读真题3Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (todays Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tatehams Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England,but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export tothe New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB。

托福考试模拟试题(字数：1500)题目一：阅读理解Passage 1：Why Exercising Outdoors is Good for YouExercising outdoors offers numerous benefits that cannot be achieved in an indoor setting. The natural surroundings and fresh air can increase enjoyment and motivation, making outdoor exercise more appealing. Additionally, outdoor exercise provides a variety of terrains and surfaces, which can help improve balance and coordination.Furthermore, exposure to natural sunlight during outdoor exercise increases Vitamin D production in the body. This vitamin plays a crucial role in bone health and the immune system. Indoor exercise, on the other hand, may not provide the same level of sunlight exposure.Outdoor exercise also allows participants to connect with nature. Studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress levels, boost mood, and improve overall mental well-being. The calming effect of nature can enhance the benefits of physical activity.To fully take advantage of outdoor exercise, individuals should consider their safety. Dressing appropriately for the weather conditions and staying hydrated are important factors to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience.Passage 2：The Benefits of MeditationMeditation is an ancient practice that offers a wide range of benefits for both the mind and body. Numerous studies have shown that regular meditation can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It promotes a sense of calmness and inner peace.By practicing meditation, individuals can improve their focus and concentration. This carries over to daily life activities, allowing them to be more engaged and productive.Moreover, meditation has been found to lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health. The deep relaxation achieved during meditation triggers the body's relaxation response, leading to better overall physical well-being.In addition, meditation can enhance self-awareness and promote a positive outlook on life. By quieting the mind and becoming aware of thoughts and emotions, individuals can develop a greater understanding of themselves and their inner motivations.To start practicing meditation, find a quiet and comfortable place, sit in a relaxed position, and focus on your breath. Set aside a few minutes each day to cultivate a daily meditation routine.Question:Based on the information provided in the passages, answer the following questions:1. What are the benefits of exercising outdoors?2. How does outdoor exercise contribute to vitamin D production?3. How can spending time in nature enhance the benefits of physical activity?4. What are the benefits of meditation for mental health?5. How does meditation promote physical well-being?题目二：听力理解Passage 1:Listen to a conversation between two friends, Sarah and Mike.Sarah: I'm thinking about going on a vacation to a tropical island next month. Do you have any suggestions?Mike: Oh, definitely! I recently visited Bali, and it was absolutely amazing. The beaches are pristine, and the weather is perfect.Sarah: That sounds lovely! Did you stay at a resort?Mike: Yes, I did. Bali has a wide range of resorts to choose from, catering to different budgets. I stayed at a luxurious beachfront resort with stunning views.Sarah: Wow, that sounds like a dream! What activities did you do?Mike: There are plenty of activities in Bali. I went snorkeling, visited temples, and even tried surfing.Sarah: I've always wanted to try surfing. Is it suitable for beginners?Mike: Absolutely! There are surfing schools that offer lessons for beginners. The instructors are very patient and supportive.Sarah: That's great to hear. I'll definitely consider Bali for my vacation. Thanks for the recommendation, Mike!Passage 2:Listen to a lecture by a professor discussing climate change and its effects.Professor: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily caused by human activities, has led to a rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon, commonly known as global warming, has far-reaching consequences.One of the major impacts of climate change is the melting of polar ice caps. As temperatures continue to rise, glaciers and ice sheets are melting at an alarming rate. This leads to rising sea levels, which pose a threat to coastal communities.Additionally, climate change is affecting weather patterns. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. This has detrimental effects on agriculture, water resources, and human health.Furthermore, climate change disrupts ecosystems and biodiversity. Rapid changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to the extinction of certain species, as well as shifts in habitats and ecosystems.To address climate change, it is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable practices and renewable energy sources. Every individual has a role to play in combating climate change and protecting our planet.Question:Based on the information presented in the passages, answer the following questions:1. Where did Mike recommend Sarah to go on vacation?2. What type of resort did Mike stay at in Bali?3. What activities did Mike do in Bali?4. What is one of the major impacts of climate change mentioned in the lecture?5. How can individuals contribute to addressing climate change?。

托福考试试题：一、阅读理解题目：题目要求你阅读一篇关于现代家庭生活的文章，并回答问题。

文章内容包括家庭的重要性、现代家庭生活的变化以及如何应对这些变化。

1. 现代家庭生活发生了哪些变化？a. 人们不再像过去那样重视家庭生活b. 家庭成员之间的交流减少c. 家庭成员的工作压力增加d. 家庭成员的社交活动增多2. 文章中提到了哪些应对现代家庭生活变化的策略？a. 建立更多的家庭时间，比如家庭聚餐和假期旅行b. 通过互联网技术增进家庭成员之间的联系c. 学习放松和减轻压力的方法，以便应对工作压力d. 通过心理治疗和药物治疗来解决家庭成员的心理健康问题答案：1. 现代家庭生活发生的变化包括：人们不再像过去那样重视家庭生活，家庭成员之间的交流减少，家庭成员的工作压力增加。

2. 文章中提到了通过建立更多的家庭时间、通过互联网技术增进家庭成员之间的联系、学习放松和减轻压力的方法以及心理治疗和药物治疗来解决家庭成员的心理健康问题来应对现代家庭生活变化的策略。

二、听力理解题目：听力材料包括一段关于美国历史文化的讲座，其中涉及到美国的各个州的历史和文化，以及这些州之间的文化差异。

1. 请简要描述一下美国的各个州之间的文化差异是什么？2. 你如何看待这些州之间的文化差异对美国的影响？答案：1. 美国各州之间的文化差异主要体现在以下几个方面：历史背景、地理位置、语言和口音、饮食和节日习俗等方面。

此外，一些州的地理位置也导致了它们的气候和文化特点有所不同。

例如，南方的一些州和西部的一些州之间存在着较大的文化差异。

2. 这些州之间的文化差异对美国的影响是多元的。

一方面，它们促进了美国文化的多样性和包容性，有助于人们更好地了解其他地区的历史和文化。

另一方面，这些差异也可能导致一些地区之间的误解和冲突，需要人们通过沟通和理解来克服。

三、口语任务题目：你被要求描述一个你曾经参加过的社区活动，并说明这个活动对你的影响是什么。

答案：我曾经参加过一次社区举办的环保宣传活动。

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety ofsolid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of thesebodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air Questions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently by Thomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a good society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospectivefarmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded (25) less to the expectations of agrarians andgovernment inducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States. (c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher inacid content) nor alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularly in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunity to expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but the enormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25) border into the Northeast United States. As oneproceeds toward the Southeast, broadleafvegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The wide variety of climates(B)Soil types and vegetation patterns(C)Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D)The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A)a high salt content(B)an increase in farming(C)large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A)It redistributed the soil types(B)It added salt to the soil(C)It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A)movements of glacial deposits(B)patterns of natural vegetation(C)human modification of the North American environment(D)distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest inmeaning to(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A)Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C)The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used tocapture high-speed movement on film as well as to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When the bag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported (10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal (15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygen difluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to awhite-hot emission of visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; butsince they are white, they contribute to thebrilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The history of the photoflash(B)Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C)The technology of modern photography(D)The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A)recording of an image on film(B)generation of artificial light(C)creation of a photographic emulsion(D)human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of usinga photoflash is that it(A)can produce repeated bursts of light(B)intensities colors in photographs(C)is short enough not to bother human eyes(D)supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest inmeaning to(A)set on fire(B)cut into(C)opened(D)shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A)produce the spark that initiated the flash(B)magnify the light produced by the flash(C)protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D)keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A)rapid cooling(B)bright illumination(C)electrical conductivity(D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A)thicker wire(B)more oxygen(C)thinner glass(D)continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected light in all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15) Impressionism acquired its name not fromsupporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewed through hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25) From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B)The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A)The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B)The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C)The focus on small solid objects(D)The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A)They began by making sketches of their subjects(B)They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C)They preferred to paint from memory(D)They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A)attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C)an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D)creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A)The small number of paintings on display(B)Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C)The similarity between all the paintingsexhibited(D)Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A)became as famous as Monet(B)was consistently praised by art critics(C)described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D)was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A)art critics(B)fellow artists(C)individual differences(D)new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO6(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Infantile Amnesia托福阅读原文What do you remember about yourlife beforeyou were three? Few people can remember anything that happened tothem in theirearly years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend tobe scanty. Mostpeople remember only a few events—usually ones that weremeaningful anddistinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.How might this inability to recallearlyexperiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account forit;adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended highschoolwith them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—thatinfantsdo not form enduring memories at this point in development—also isincorrect. Childrentwo and a half to three years old remember experiences thatoccurred in theirfirst year, and eleven month olds remember some events a yearlater. Nor doesthe hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—orholding back—ofsexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While suchrepression mayoccur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infantand toddlerperiods either.Three other explanations seemmorepromising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory.Maturation ofthe frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout earlychildhood, and thispart of the brain may be critical for remembering particularepisodes in waysthat can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ andtoddlers' long-termmemory have involved their repeating motor activities thatthey had seen ordone earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, puttinga bottle in adoll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’slevel ofphysiological maturation may support these types of memories, but notonesrequiring explicit verbal descriptions.A second explanation involves the influenceof the socialworld on children’s language use. Hearing and telling storiesabout events mayhelp children store information in ways that will endure intolater childhoodand adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning,middle, andending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways thatthey willbe able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view,parents andchildren increasingly engage in discussions of past events whenchildren areabout three years old. However, hearing such stories is notsufficient foryounger children to form enduring memories. Telling such storiesto two yearolds does not seem toproduce long-lasting verbalizable memories.A third likely explanation for infantileamnesia involvesincompatibilities between the ways in which infants encodeinformation and theways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whetherpeople canremember an event depends critically on the fit between the way inwhich theyearlier encoded the information and the way in which they laterattempt toretrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct theperspective fromwhich the material was encoded, the more likely that recallwill be successful.This view is supported by a variety offactors that cancreate mismatches between very young children's encoding andolder children'sand adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very differentto a person whosehead is only two or three feet above the ground than to onewhose head is fiveor six feet above it. Older children and adults often try toretrieve the namesof things they saw, but infants would not have encoded theinformationverbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as abirthday party ora visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encodetheirexperiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encodemanyexperiences within such knowledge structures.These threeexplanations of infantileamnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, theysupport each other.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants andtoddlers do not formextremely enduring memories, even when they hear storiesthat promote suchremembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may leadpreschoolers to encodeaspects of events that allow them to form memories theycan access as adults.Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may helpthem better understandand remember stories and thus make the stories moreuseful for rememberingfuture events. Thus, all threeexplanations—physiological maturation, hearingand producing stories about pastevents, and improved encoding of key aspects ofevents—seem likely to beinvolved in overcoming infantile amnesia.托福阅读试题1.What purpose does paragraph2 serve in thelarger discussion of children’s inability to recall earlyexpe riences?A.To argue that theories that are notsubstantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliableB.To argue that the hypotheses mentioned inparagraph 2 have beenmore thoroughly researched than have the theoriesmentioned later in the passageC.To explain why some theories aboutinfantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be trueD.To explain why infantile amnesia is ofgreat interest to researchers2.The word “plausible”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.flexibleB.believableC.debatableD.predictable3.The word “phenomenon”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.exceptionB.repetitionC.occurrenceD.idea4.All of the following theories about theinability to recall earlyexperiences are rejected in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:A.The ability to recall an event decreasesas the time after the event increases.B.Young children are not capable of formingmemories that last for more than a short time.C.People may hold back sexually meaningfulmemories.D.Most events in childhood are too ordinaryto be worth remembering.5.What does paragraph 3 suggest aboutlong-term memory in children?A.Maturation of the frontal lobes of thebrain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbaldescriptions.B.Young children may form long-termmemories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told.C.Young children have better long-termrecall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones.D.Children’s long-term recall of motoractivities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbaldescriptions.6.According to paragraph 4, what role maystorytelling play in formingchildhood memories?A.It may encourage the physiologicalmaturing of the brain.B.It may help preschool children tell thedifference between ordinary and unusual memories.C.It may help preschool children retrievememories quickly.D.It may provide an ordered structure thatfacilitates memory retrieval.7.The word “critically” in thepassage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.fundamentallyB.partiallyC.consistentlyD.subsequently8.The word “perspective” in thepassage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.systemB.theoryC.sourceD.viewpoint9.The phrase “This view” in the passage(paragraph 6) refers to the belief thatA.the ability to retrieve a memory partlydepends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving processB.the process of encoding information isless complex for adults than it is for young adults and infantsC.infants and older children are equallydependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of informationD.infants encode information in the sameway older children and adults do10.According to paragraphs 5 and 6, onedisadvantage very young childrenface in processing information is that theycannotA.process a lot of information at one timeanize experiences according to typeC.block out interruptionsD.interpret the tone of adult language11.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 7) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.Incomplete physiological development maypartly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infantsand toddlers.B.One reason why preschoolers fail tocomprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.C.Given the chance to hear stories, infantsand toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.D.Physiologically mature children seem tohave no difficulty rememberingstories they heard as preschoolers.12.How does paragraph 7 relate to theearlier discussion of infantileamnesia?A.It introduces a new theory about thecauses of infantile amnesia.B.It argues that particular theoriesdiscussed earlier in the passage require further research.C.It explains how particular theoriesdiscussed earlier in the passage may work in combination.D.It evaluates which of the theoriesdiscussed earlier is most likely to be true.13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage Otherimportant occasions are school graduations and weddings.What do you remember about your life beforeyou were three? █【A】Few people can remember anything that happened to themin their earlyyears.█【B】Adults' memories ofthe next few years also tend to be scanty. █【C】Most peoplerememberonly a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such asbeinghospitalized or a sibling’s birth. █【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductorysentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete thesummary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most importantideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage. Thisquestion is worth 2points.There are several possible explanations whypeople cannot easilyremember their early childhoods.A.Preschoolers typically do not recallevents from their first year.B.Frontal lobe function of the brain mayneed to develop before memory retrieval can occur.C.Children recall physical activities moreeasily if they are verbalized.D.The opportunity to hear chronologicallynarrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lastingmemories.E.The content of a memory determines theway in which it is encoded.F.Thecontrasting ways in which young children and adults process information maydetermine their relative success in remembering.托福阅读答案1.以inability to recallearly experience做关键词定位至第一句，但这句话是个问题，我们应该关注的是答案，也就是第二句，第二句说时间不是遗忘的原因，接着又说另一个可能的解释，也就是先给一个不对的，再说一个可能的，所以C 是答案2.plausible合理的，动听的，所以believable可信的是正确答案。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Children and Advertising托福阅读原文【1】Young children are trustingof commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes beenaccused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The IndependentTelevision Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom,has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrongimpression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to controladvertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge thetrue size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.【2】General concern aboutmisleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use ofexaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children arelargely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggerationis used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "thebest" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; evenadults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser'sopinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence,are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance anexaggerated claim with adisclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim.For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may beaccompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balancedbreakfast." However, research has shown that children often havedifficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase"when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that thecereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The authorGeorge Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the agesof six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toyadvertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended whenpresented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers aremainly presented in audio format only.【3】Fantasy is one of the morecommon techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy thanadvertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for charactertoys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough torealize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settingsare frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly infoodadvertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, beenfound to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten includingsuch content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young childrencan distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisementsuse emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.【4】The use of celebrities suchas singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for thepositively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertisedproduct and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind.In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animatedfigures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities inadvertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of hostselling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programmingin a way that makes it difficult todistinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when achildren's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lionpromotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that thepractice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish betweenadvertising and program material. It was also found that older childrenresponded more positively toproducts in host selling advertisements.【5】Regarding the appearance ofcelebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence ismixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the charactersused to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, andchildren accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information.This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition,children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorsesthat product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that thepresence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect thechildren's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrityin question.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?A.How big the toys are?B.How much the toys cost?C.What the toys can do?D.How the toys are made?2.The word “verify” in the passage is closest in mean ing toA.establish the truth of.B.approve of.C.understand.D.criticize.3.In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?A.They represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from those of children.B.They generally involve comparisons among only a small group of products.C.They reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than those of actual consumers.D.They reflect the advertiser's viewpoint about the product.4.Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest thatA.the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast.B.the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients.C.cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are.D.the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal.5.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers made in advertisements EXCEPTA.They are qualifications or conditions put on a claim.B.They may be used to balance exaggerations.C.They are usually presented in both audio and visual formats.D.They are often difficult for children to understand.6.The word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.responsible.B.skillful.C.patient.D.curious.7.Paragraph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?A.Whether children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is real or fantasy.B.Whether children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other techniques used in advertising.C.Whether children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used in advertising aimed at them.D.Whether children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy .8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.A.Rational appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children's emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.B.Indirect appeals to children's psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.C.Rational appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.D.Rational appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.9.The word "attributes" (Paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.evaluations.B.attitudes.C.actions.D.characteristics.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?A.To help explain what is meant by the term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to children.B.To explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host selling.C.To compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with theeffectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children. D.To indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on children.11.The word "credible"(Paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.helpful.B. believable.C.valuable.D.familiar.12.According to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?A. It is most effective with children who watch a lot of television.B. It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most children.C. It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in marketing other kinds of products.D. It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with children.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy.■【A】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising thatcould possibly mislead a young audience. ■【B】Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. ■【C】In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. ■【D】Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.A.Advertisements can be misleading to children when the advertisements use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to children.B.Children may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by advertisers or understand the disclaimers used to offset claims.C.Although the use of celebrities is not necessarily effective in advertisements aimed at children, there is evidence that host selling can positively affect their views of a product.D.Studies show that misleading tactics are used most often in commercials for breakfast cereals, with toy commercials using such tactics only slightly less frequently.E.The use of fantasy is especially common in advertisements for children, but children may not be able to distinguish fantasy from reality.F.Very young children are particularly influenced by host selling, while slightly older children are more readily misled by seemingly rational claims such as “the best.”托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，所有答案都集中在最后一句，A的big对应size，正确，不选；B的cost没有对应，错，选；C的do对应performance，正确，不选；D的made对应construction，正确，不选。

2024托福考试必备阅读理解历年真题练习托福考试作为国际英语能力认证考试之一，阅读理解部分一直是考生备考的重点。

为了帮助准备2024托福考试的考生们更好地应对阅读理解题型，本文将提供一些历年的真题练习，供考生们进行针对性的练习和复习。

1. Passage 1Archaeology is a fascinating field that allows us to explore the past. By studying artifacts and remains, archaeologists can reconstruct ancient lifestyles and gain insights into human history. However, the process of conducting archaeological research can be challenging.Archaeologists often face difficulties in locating and accessing archaeological sites. Many sites are buried under layers of soil and vegetation, making them hard to find. Moreover, obtaining permission to excavate these sites can be a lengthy and bureaucratic process, requiring cooperation from various governmental agencies.Despite these challenges, archaeological research has yielded important discoveries. For example, the excavation of a burial site in Egypt led to the discovery of an intact pharaoh's tomb, providing valuable information about ancient Egyptian practices and customs.In addition to unearthing artifacts, archaeologists also analyze the data collected to draw conclusions about the past. This process involves careful examination of the artifacts, as well as collaboration with experts in related fields such as anthropology and history.2. Passage 2Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires urgent action. The rise in global temperatures is causing melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events. These changes have far-reaching consequences for both the environment and human societies.One of the main contributors to climate change is the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released during the combustion process trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. This effect is causing the Earth's temperature to increase at an alarming rate.To combat climate change, countries around the world are adopting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. These sources are sustainable and do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by adopting energy-saving habits, such as using energy-efficient appliances and reducing water waste.It is crucial for governments and individuals to work together to mitigate the effects of climate change. By implementing policies that promote sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can protect our planet for future generations.3. Passage 3The advent of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the rise of smartphones and social media platforms, people can connect with others and share information instantly. However, this digital age has also raised concerns about privacy and security.Online privacy has become a major issue, as personal data can be easily accessed and exploited by malicious individuals. Social media platforms often collect and store users' personal information, which can be sold to third parties for advertising purposes. Additionally, cybercriminals can use sophisticated techniques to hack into individuals' accounts and steal their sensitive information.To protect one's privacy online, it is important to take precautionssuch as regularly updating passwords and enabling two-factor authentication. Furthermore, individuals should be cautious about the information theyshare online and avoid posting sensitive personal details.Governments and tech companies also play a crucial role in safeguarding online privacy. Stricter regulations and stronger cybersecurity measures should be implemented to protect users' personal data. Additionally, educating the public about online security best practices can help raise awareness and prevent cybercrime.通过以上三个例子，考生们可以了解到真实的托福阅读理解题目的样式和内容。

托福阅读真题及答案精选托福阅读中，无论是阅读速度还是解题技巧，亦或是长难句，每一种因素都会成为同学们阅读高分路上的重要障碍。

因此，大家最好的备考方式，就是利用真题练习，从整体上来备考，这样有助于我们提高整体的阅读水平。

店铺为大家推荐的是托福阅读真题精选，供大家练习。

托福阅读真题1Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbledthat they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in whichof the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB托福阅读真题2The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respirationof an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?(A) It protects the queen.(B) It attracts other ant species.(C) It informs workers of possible danger.(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to(A) find the location of the nest in the dark(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing9. The word others in line 21 refers to(A) private messages(B) species(C) trails(D) signals10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) pheromones (line 2)(B) colony integrity (lines 12)(C) mass migrations (line 14)(D) private messages (lines 18-19)PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A托福阅读真题3Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun'senergy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.1. The passage mainly discusses how heat(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists(D) moves about the Earth's equator2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of thefollowing ways?(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.(C) The strength of their large scale winds.(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.(C) To show how energy is stored.(D) To give an example of a heat source.5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially(A) around the higher latitudes(B) in the tropics(C) because of large-scale winds(D) because of strong ocean currents6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere(D) gets stored as latent heat7. The word it in line 18 refers to(A) square meter(B) the Sun's energy(C) latent heat(D) the atmosphere8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) essential(B) dominant(C) circular(D) closest10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) low latitudes(line 1)(B) latent heat (line 5)(C) evaporate (line 7)(D) atmosphere (line 14)实用文档PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD托福阅读真题精选。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO8(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Extinction of the Dinosaurs托福阅读原文Paleozoic Era 334 to 248 million years agoMesozoic Era 245 to 65 million years ago—Triassic Period—Jurassic Period—Cretaceous PeriodCenozoic Era 65 million years ago to thepresentPaleontologists have argued for a long timethat the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associatedwith slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era,during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areasof the continents. Data from diverse sources, includinggeochemical evidencepreserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate wasmilder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. Thesummers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on thecontinents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping itrelatively constant.At the end of the Cretaceous, thegeological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents backinto the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years,while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically moreextreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhapsdinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and becameextinct.If true, though, why did cold-bloodedanimals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, an d crocodiles survive the freezing winter’sand torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain alivable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not beaffected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as somescientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out thatthe shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numeroustimes during the Mesozoic, so why did thedinosaurs survive the climaticchanges associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic changerelated to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.Dissatisfaction with conventionalexplanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, inturn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappearabruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documentingthe end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of theCenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceousrock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay.Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took bydetermining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and theythought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay bydetermining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.Ir has not been common at Earth’s since thevery beginni ng of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallicstate, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooledand consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, inwhich the solar system’s original ch emical composition is preserved.Even today,microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea.By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period oftime, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit theobserved amount of Ir in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that aperiod of about one million years would have been required. However, otherreliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could nothave taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems torequire a special explanation.Inview of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting falloutcreated the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up adust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesisin plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing;caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term globaltemperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain andclimate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less thanfifty years.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?A.Summers were very warm and winters werevery cold.B.Shallow seas on the continents causedfrequent temperature changes.C.The climate was very similar to today’sclimate.D.The climate did not change dramaticallyfrom season to season.2.Which of the following reasons issuggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs?A.Changes in the lengths of the days andnights during the late Cretaceous periodB.Droughts caused by the movement ofseaways back into the oceansC.The change from mild to severe climatesduring the Late Cretaceous periodD.An extreme decrease in the average yearlytemperature over 10,ooo years3.Why does the author mention the survivalof “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3?A.To argue that dinosaurs may have becomeextinct because they were not cold-blooded animalsB.To question the adequacy of thehypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction ofthe dinosaursC.To present examples of animals that couldmaintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaursD.To support a hypothesis that theseanimals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period asthey are today4.The word “cope” in the passage (paragraph3) is closest in meaning toA.adaptB.moveC.continuepete5.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of changes in climate before the Cretaceous period and theeffect of these changes on dinosaurs?A.Climate changes associated with themovement of seaways before the Cretaceous period did not cause dinosaurs tobecome extinct.B.Changes in climate before the Cretaceousperiod caused severe fluctuations in sea level, resulting in the extinction ofthe dinosaurs.C.Frequent changes in climate before theCretaceous period made dinosaurs better able to maintain a livable bodytemperature.D.Before the Cretaceous period there werefew changes in climate, and dinosaurs flourished.6.The word “fluctuations” in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.extremesB.retreatsC.periodsD.variations7.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4)? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.The fossil record suggests that there wasan abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.B.Few fossils of the Mesozoic era havesurvived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.C.Fossils from the Cretaceous period of theMesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from thelayers of rock that surrounded them.D.Plants and animals from the Mesozoic erawere unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.8.In paragraph 4, all the following questionsare answered EXCEPT:A.Why is there a layer of clay between therocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?B.Why were scientists interested indetermining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of theCretaceousC.What was the effect of the surprisingobservation scientists made?D.Why did scientists want more informationabout the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous?9.The word “bombard” in the passage(paragraph 5) is closest inmeaning toA.approachB.strikeC.passD.circle10.Paragraph 5 implies that a specialexplanation of Ir in the boundary clay is needed becauseA.the Ir in microscopic meteorites reachingEarth during the Cretaceous period would have been incorporated into Earth’scoreB.the Ir in the boundary clay was depositedmuch more than a million years agoC.the concentration of Ir in the boundaryclay is higher than in microscopic meteoritesD.the amount of Ir in the boundary clay istoo great to have come from microscopic meteorites during the time the boundaryclay was deposited11.The word “disruption” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.exhaustionB.disturbanceC.modificationD.disappearance12.Paragraph 6 mentions all of thefollowing effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPTA.a large dust cloud that blocked sunlightB.an immediate drop in the surfacetemperatures of the continentsC.an extreme decrease in rainfall on thecontinentsD.a long-term increase in globaltemperatures13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopicmeteorites cannot be accepted.Ir has not been common at Earth’s since thevery beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallicstate, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooledand consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, inwhich the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Eventoday, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both landand sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a givenperiod of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to depositthe observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. ■【A】Thesecalculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have beenrequired. ■【B】However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of theboundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■【C】So theunusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation. 【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences donot belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passageor are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.For a long time scientists have argued thatthe extinction of the dinosaurs was related to climate change.A.A simple climate change does not explainsome important data related to the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end ofthe Cretaceous.B.The retreat of the seaways at the end ofthe Cretaceous has not been fully explained.C.The abruptness of extinctions at the endof the Cretaceous and the high concentration of Ir found in clay deposited atthat time have fueled the development of a new hypothesis.D.Extreme changes in daily and seasonalclimates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins.E.Some scientists hypothesize that theextinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collisionwith Earth.F.Boundaryclay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used byscientists to determine the rate at which an extinct species declined.托福阅读答案1.以Late Cretaceousclimate做关键词定位至倒数第四句，说比现在更温和，所以D是答案。

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最新托福考试阅读试题及答案1阅读题目：Mountaineers have noted that as they climb, for example, up to the 12,633-foot humphreys peak in the san francisco peaks in arizona, plant life changes radically. starting among the cacti of the sonoran desert, one climbs into a pine forest at 7,000 feet and a treeless alpine tundra at the summit. it may seem that plants at a given altitude are associated in what can be called “communities” – groupings of interacting species. the idea is that over time, plants that require particular climate and soil conditions come to live in the same places, and hence are frequently to be found together. scientists who study the history of plant life are known as paleobotanists, or paleobots for short. they build up a picture of how groups of plants have responded to climate changes and how ecosystems develop. but are these associations, which are real in the present, permanent?a great natural experiment took place on this planet between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago, when small changes in the earth’s orbit and axis of rotation caused great sheets of ice to spread from the poles. these glaciers covered much of north america and europe to depths of up to two miles, and then, as the climate warmed, they retreated. during this retreat, they left behind newly uncovered land for living things to colonize, and as those living things moved in they laid down a record we can read now. as the ice retreated and plants started to grow near a lake, they would release pollen. some would fall into the lake, sink to the bottom, and be incorporated into the sediment. by drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to read the record of successive plant life around the lake. the fossil record seems clear; there is little or no evidence that entire groups of plants moved north together. things that lived together in the past don’t live together now, and things that live together now didn’t live together in the past. each individual organism moved at its own pace. the fossil record seems to be tellineuver – to respond to environmental changes.1. what is the passage mainly about?(a) the effects of the ice age on plants(b) plant migration after the ice age(c) the need to develop a new approach to environmental issues(d) communities of plants live at different altitudes2. the word “radically” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a) variably(b) demonstrably(c) quickly(d) dramatically3. the author mentions “cacti” in line 3 and a ”treeless alpine tundra” in line 4 to illustrate(a) changes in climate(b) the effects of the ice age(c) communities of plants(d) plant migration4. the word “which” in line 10 refers to(a) the responses of plants to climate changes(b) the current theories of ecosystems(c) the developments of ecosystems(d) plant life changes5. the word “axis” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(a) center(b) method(c) change(d) slowdown6. the word “successive” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) exng us that we should be thinking about preserving species by giving them room to matinct(b) consecutive(c) accumulative(d) following7. the passage states that by drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to find successive fossils of:(a) sediment(b) ice(c) plant life(d) pollen8. which of the following can be inferred from the passage(a) –that the migratory patterns of plants are dependent upon changes in climate(b) –that modern conservation methods should consider the migratory patterns of plants(c) –that current associations of plants are similar to those in the past(d) –that another ice age is likely to occur at some time9. according to the passage, the movement of individual species of plants(a) occurs in groups(b) often depends upon the formation of lakes(c) does not occur in groups(d) depends upon climate and soil conditions10. all of the following are true except(a) the ice age occurred when small changes affected the movement of the earth(b) fossil records seem to indicate that plants will be preserved if theyhave sufficient room to move(c) fossil records clearly show that entire groups of plants are unlikely to have moved together(d) in the ice age glaciers covered the world to depths of up to two miles【参考答案】：BBCDA BACAD最新托福考试阅读试题及答案2The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for theinstruction of watercolor Periodic exhibitions of the members paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the The societys activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the "Industry of All Nations" section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in NewThe society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconers studio, where it broke up amid No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a During that decade, though, Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850s long out ofIn 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York Cityfounded The American Society of Painters in Water阅读题目：This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800s(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800s(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800s(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800sThe year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was publishedThe word "securing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiringAll of the following can be inferred about the Society for thepromotion of Painting inWatercolor EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of societyThe exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting inWatercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private(C) It was the first important exhibition of the societys(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of theThe word "it" in line 15 refers to(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studioWhich of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850s?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction(D) attracted the interest of art collectorsThe word "considerable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) plannedThe year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?(A) Elements of GraphicArt was(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolorThe word "prominent" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organized阅读答案：BADCC BACBD C【最新托福考试阅读试题及答案】。

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. A rid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) S oil types and vegetation patterns(C) I mproved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) e liminate(C) p rotect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) m odification(C) o pening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) a n increase in farming(C) l arge amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) i ncreased(C) i ndicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) I t added salt to the soil(C) I t made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) p atterns of natural vegetation(C) h uman modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) c hange(C) a dvantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B) M ost of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) T he accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd pose s.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the e arliest type, the metal (15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) T heories about how the eye reacts to light(C) T he technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) g eneration of artificial light(C) c reation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) i ntensities colors in photographs(C) i s short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in mea ning to(A) set on fire(B) c ut into(C) o pened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The wo rd “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) a doption(C) d evelopment(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) m agnify the light produced by the flash(C) p rotect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) b attery(C) w ire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in mean ing to(A) effortlessly(B) b riefly(C) e lectronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) b right illumination(C) e lectrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) m ore oxygen(C) t hinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) T he differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) d eform(C) r epresent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) T he way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) T he focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) T hey painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) T hey preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) a cceptance(C) a rrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) a n immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) e ncouragement(C) r eturn(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) L ack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) T he similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) w as consistently praised by art critics(C) d escribed the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) f ellow artists(C) i ndividual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO1(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Groundwater托福阅读原文Groundwater is the word Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water wasalways laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally pluggedwith cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?A.It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.B.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.C.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.D.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.2.The word “incredible” in the passage (paragraph 1) 1is closest in meaning toA.confusingfortingC.unbelievableD.interesting3.The word “out of sight” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.far awayB.hiddenC.partly visibleD.discovered4.According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?A.Inside pieces of sand and gravelB.On top of beds of rockC.In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soilD.In spaces between pieces of sediment5.The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage (paragragh 2) refers toA.fast riversB.glaciersC.the huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingD.the particles carried in water from melting glaciers6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPTA.A mountain valleyB.Flat landC.A lake floorD.The seafloor7.The word “overlie” in the passage (paragragh 4)) is closest in meaning toA. coverB. changeC. separateD. surround8.The phrase “So much for” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closest in meaning toA.that is enough aboutB.now let us turn toC.of greater concern areD.this is related to9.The word “plugged” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closet in meaning to washedA.draggedB.filled upC.soaked through10.According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?A.It is unusually solid.B.It often has high porosity.C.It has a low proportion of empty space.D.It is highly permeable.11.What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?A.To explain why water can flow through rockB.To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rockC.To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeableD.To distinguish between two related properties of rock12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragragh 9)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock willdrain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. █【A】Butsome will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. █【B】It is held there by the force of surface tensionwithout which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving ittotally dry. █【C】The total volume of water in the saturated sample musttherefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot,drain away. █【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.A.Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.B.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.C.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.D.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.E.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.F.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.托福阅读答案1.以ground作为关键词定位至全段最后一句，说At first sight土地是不可能有那么大的空间去容纳这些水的，at first sight第一眼看上去的意思是这个不是事实，而且事实刚好与这个相反，也就是说土地是有空间的，所以C正确2.incredible令人难以置信的，想到credit card信用卡，credit指的是信用或者学分ible或者able表示可以……的，credible可信的，incredible难以置信的，不知道的话看上题也知道是不可能3.out of sight表面意思就是在视野之外，也就是看不见，C和D都说看见，所以错。

托福考试历年真题阅读理解专项2024第一篇阅读材料：Historical Archaeology and the Importance of Material CultureArchaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and structures. One subfield of archaeology, known as historical archaeology, focuses specifically on exploring the material culture of more recent societies. This approach combines traditional archaeological techniques with historical research to gain insight into the lives of past populations.Historical archaeology typically investigates the period from the emergence of written records up to the present day. By analyzing physical artifacts and structures, researchers can uncover valuable information about the daily lives, customs, and socioeconomic structures of these societies. For example, the discovery of household items and tools can reveal the daily routines and living conditions of the people who used them.Moreover, historical archaeology allows us to challenge and expand upon written records and historical accounts. While written sources often reflect the perspectives of the elite or powerful, archaeological evidence provides a more comprehensive understanding of all sectors of society. By analyzing the material remains of ordinary people, researchers can reconstruct a more complete narrative of the past.Furthermore, material culture can provide insight into cultural exchanges and global connections. Through the examination of trade goods, researchers can trace the movement of commodities and the interconnectedness ofdifferent regions. This perspective challenges the traditional nationalistic interpretations of history and emphasizes the interdependence of societies throughout time.In conclusion, historical archaeology is a valuable subfield that sheds light on the material culture of past societies. By combining archaeological techniques with historical research, we can gain a deeper understanding of the daily lives, socioeconomic structures, and cultural exchanges of these societies. Through the examination of artifacts and structures, historians and archaeologists can challenge written accounts and provide a more comprehensive narrative of human history.第二篇阅读材料：The Usefulness of Bees in AgricultureBees play a crucial role in agriculture as pollinators, as they transfer pollen from male to female flowers, allowing plants to reproduce. Without bees, many crops would fail to produce fruit, leading to a decline in food production and a negative impact on ecosystems. Therefore, the conservation and preservation of bee populations are of great importance to both farmers and environmentalists.Firstly, bees are responsible for pollinating a wide variety of crops, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and oilseeds. By visiting multiple flowers in a single foraging trip, bees ensure the transfer of pollen, enabling successful fertilization. This process directly contributes to the production of many essential food items consumed by humans and livestock.Secondly, the economic value of bees in agriculture should not be underestimated. The pollination services provided by bees have been estimated to contribute billions of dollars to global food production annually. In addition to the direct economic benefits, the presence of bees in agricultural landscapes can enhance biodiversity and promote the sustainability of ecosystems.Moreover, bees also have indirect benefits for agriculture. The presence of bees in a field can increase crop yields and improve the quality of harvested produce. Studies have shown that crops exposed to bee pollination often have larger and more uniformly shaped fruits, which are more marketable. Therefore, farmers who actively encourage bee populations on their farms can reap the rewards of improved agricultural productivity.In conclusion, bees are indispensable in agriculture due to their role as pollinators. They contribute to the reproduction and productivity of crops, resulting in increased food production and economic benefits. Additionally, the presence of bees in agricultural ecosystems contributes to biodiversity and promotes sustainable farming practices. It is crucial to recognize the importance of bees and take steps to protect and preserve their populations for the benefit of both agriculture and the environment.总结：托福考试历年真题阅读理解专项2024的两篇阅读材料分别介绍了历史考古学和蜜蜂在农业中的重要性。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO1(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The origins of theater托福阅读原文In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes moresophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculousrather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.托福阅读试题1.The word “championed” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.changedB.debatedC.createdD.supported2.The word “attributes”in the passage (paragragh 1）is closest inmeaning toA.ascribesB.leavesC.limitsD.contrasts3.According toparagraph 1, theories of the origins of theaterA.are mainly hypotheticalB.are well supported by factual evidenceC.have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistsD.were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development4.According toparagraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?A.To establish a positive connection between the members of the societyB.To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supplyC.To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societiesD.To increase the society’s prosperity5.The word “this” in the passage (paragraph 5) refers toA.the acting out of ritesB.the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of societyC.the separation of myths from ritesD.the celebration of supernatural forces6.The word “autonomous” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest inmeaning toA.artisticB.importantC.independentD.established7.According toparagraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?A.Emphasizing theater as entertainmentB.Developing a new understanding of why events occurC.Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical charactersD.Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition8.All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPTA.Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.B.Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.C.Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.D.Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.9.Which of thefollowing best describes the organization of paragraph 5?A.The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.B.The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.C.The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.D.The author points out problems with two popular theories.10.The word “penchant” in the passage (paragragh 6) is closest inmeaning topromiseB.inclinationC.traditionD.respect11.Why does the authormention “comedy”?A.To give an example of early types of theaterB.To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfareC.To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theaterD.To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society12.Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragragh 6) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.B.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.C.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.D.Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To enhance their listeners’ enjoyment,storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and memorable.█【A】Although origin inritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory abouthow the theater came into being. █【B】Storytelling has beenproposed as one alternative. █【C】Under this theory,relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. █【D】Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, orother feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonationand eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.Where would thesentence best fit？14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Anthropologists havedeveloped many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.A.The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early storytellers traveled to different groups to tell their stories.B.Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.C.The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.D.Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.E.Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.F.The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.托福阅读答案1.champion最常见的意思是冠军，但这里的champion是个动词，但他的意思应该与冠军有关，其实是拥护、支持的意思。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO8(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The city of Teotihuacán托福阅读原文The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had apopulation of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 squarekilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a largenumber of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massivereligious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly,much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and orderingof this great metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religiouscontacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).How did this tremendous development take placeand why did it happen in the T eotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors areTeotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south andeast of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valleyitself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role ofotherfactors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’sreligious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around theValley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity andforesightedness of T eotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of naturaldisasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.This last factor is at leastcir cumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a numberof relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Aroundthis time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by avolcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. WithCuicuilco eliminated as potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modesttowns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in CentralMexico. The archaeological evidence clearly ind icates, though, that Teotihuacánwas the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the firstcentury A.D.It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources,along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the cit ya competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places inMexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanicstonewasha resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since therise of the Olmec’s (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and itapparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian toolsfound at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecoriginated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsi dian must have been recognized asa valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.Long-distance trade in obsidian probablygave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exoticgood, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attractedimmigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may haveconsciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that asearly as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significa nce andits shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet.Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number andsize of irrigated fields.Thepicture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positiv e feedbackamong obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, andreligious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, wouldnecessitate more miners, additional manufacturers ofobsidian tools, andadditional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increasedwealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growingpower of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means tophysically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán an d serve as additions to thelabor force. More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growingpopulation, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.托福阅读试题1.The word “massive” in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.ancientB.carefullyC.very largeD.carefully protected2.In paragraph 1, each of the following ismentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPTA.regularly arranged streetsB.several administrative centers spreadacross the cityC.many manufacturing workshopsD.apartment complexes3.The word “pinpoint” in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.identify preciselyB.make an argument forC.describeD.understand4.The word “ingenuity” in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.ambitionB.sincerityC.faithD.cleverness5.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 2 as a main factor in the developmentof Teotihuacán?A.The presence of obsid ian in theTeotihuacán ValleyB.The potential for extensive irrigation ofT eotihuacán Valley landsC.A long period of volcanic inactivity inthe Teotihuacán ValleyD.Teotihuacán’s location on a natural traderoute6.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late firstmillennium B.C.?A.They were more frequent than historiansonce thought.B.They may have done more damage toTeotihuacán than to neighboring centers.C.They may have played a major role in therise of Teotihuacán.D.They increased the need for extensiveirrigation in the Teotihuacán Valley.7.What can be inferred from paragraph 3about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?A.It was a fairly small city until thatdate.B.It was located outside the Valley ofMexico.C.It emerged rapidly as an economic andpolitical center.D.Its economy relied heavily onagriculture.8.The word “predominant” in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.most aggressiveB.most productiveC.principalD.earliest9.Which of the following allowedTeotihuacán to have “a competitive edge over its neighbors”? (paragraph 4)A.A well-exploited and readily availablecommodityB.The presence of a highly stable eliteclassC.Knowledge derived directly from theOlmecs about the art of tool makingD.Scarce natural resources in nearby areassuch as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands10.According to paragraph 4, what hasrecent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sitesshown?A.Obsidian’s value was understood only whenTeotihuacán became an important city.B.The residents of Teotihuacán weresophisticated toolmakers.C.The residents of Teotihuacán tradedobsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C.D.Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecscame from the area around Teotihuacán.11.Select the TWO answer choices that arementioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may haveattracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.A.The prosperity of the eliteB.Plenty of available housingC.Opportunities for well-paid agriculturalemploymentD.The presence of one or more religiousshrines12.In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order toA.explain why manufacturing was the mainindustry of TeotihuacánB.give an example of an industry that tookvery little time to develop in TeotihuacánC.Illustrate how s everal factors influencedeach other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy cityD.explain how a successful industry can bea source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the followingsentence could be added to the passage. In fact,artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have beendiscovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalanhighlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.The city of Teotihuacán, which l ay about 50kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700,it probably had a populationof more than 125,000 people and covered at least20 square kilometers. ■【A】It had over2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrialworkshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. ■【B】Clearly,much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and orderingof this great metropolis.■【C】Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contactswith most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas inthepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express thatare not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.Teotihuacán was a highly developed city inMesoamerica that reached its peak between about A.D.150 and 700.A.The number and sophistication of thearchitectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features ofTeotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.B.Teotihuacán may have developed its ownspecific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible bythe city’s great prosperity.C.As a result of its large number ofreligious shrines, by the first century A.D., Teotihuacan become the mostinfluential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.D.Several factors may account forTeotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich naturalresources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rivalcommunities.E.In many important areas, from theobsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán’s success and prosperitytypified the classic positive feedback cycle.F.Althoughmany immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasingthreat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limi tedTeotihuacán’s population growth.托福阅读答案1.massive大块的，大量的，所以C是正确答案。

托福阅读理解真题精选篇托福阅读真题1The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that aremeaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?(A) It protects the queen.(B) It attracts other ant species.(C) It informs workers of possible danger.(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odorthat allows its inhabitants to(A) find the location of the nest in the dark(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing9. The word others in line 21 refers to(A) private messages(B) species(C) trails(D) signals10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) pheromones (line 2)(B) colony integrity (lines 12)(C) mass migrations (line 14)(D) private messages (lines 18-19)PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A托福阅读真题2Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, thewater stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun's energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.1. The passage mainly discusses how heat(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists(D) moves about the Earth's equator2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of thefollowing ways?(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.(C) The strength of their large scale winds.(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.(C) To show how energy is stored.(D) To give an example of a heat source.5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially(A) around the higher latitudes(B) in the tropics(C) because of large-scale winds(D) because of strong ocean currents6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere(D) gets stored as latent heat7. The word it in line 18 refers to(A) square meter(B) the Sun's energy(C) latent heat(D) the atmosphere8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) essential(B) dominant(C) circular(D) closest10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) low latitudes(line 1)(B) latent heat (line 5)(C) evaporate (line 7)(D) atmosphere (line 14)PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD托福阅读真题3Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for a certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans. Ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance. Many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. The environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals. The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and streamchannels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water.(A) erosion is less destructive than sedimentation.(B) fossils are most common in areas subject to erosion.(C) erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains.(D) few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion.5. According to the passage , why were the remains of organisms trapped in swamps betterpreserved for the fossil record than those that were not?(A) The swamp environment reduced the amount of bacterial decay.(B) Swamp waters contained higher amounts of materials such as calcium carbonate.(C) There were fewer sediments in swamps than in other bodies of water.(D) Swamp vegetation accelerated the decomposition of organisms.6. The word aided in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) reversed(B) helped(C) reformed(D) counted7. It can be inferred that flood plains, deltas, and stream channels (lines 14 - 15) are similar inwhich of the following ways?(A) Animals rather than plants have been preserved at such locations.(B) Such locations are likely to be rich sources of fossils.(C) Fossilized human remains are only rarely found in suchlocations.(D) Rapid sedimentation in such locations makes it difficult to locate fossils.8. What is the author's main point in paragraph 3?(A) Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossils.(B) Many fossils have been buried forever under the soil.(C) Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organisms.(D) It is easier to find the remains of plants than animals.9. Why does the author mention aragonite in line 27(A) To explain why fossils are rare(B) To compare aragonite fossils and calcite fossils(C) To argue that certain fossils are more informative than others(D) To illustrate the kinds of inorganic hard parts that can form fossilsPASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCDOnly a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils. Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay. Although it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible. For the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients. Also, most of the fossils exposed on Earth's surface are destroyed by weathering processes. This makes for an incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species.The best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains. Generally, it is the inorganic hard parts, composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils.Calcite and aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms.1. According to the passage , an organism without hard body parts(A) is not likely to appear in the fossil record(B) is not heavy enough to sink below the surface(C) is not attractive to predators(D) takes a long time to decay2. The word agents in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) dangers(B) examples(C) areas(D) causes3. Why are marine organisms good candidates for fossilization?(A) They have more fleshy structures than land organisms.(B) It is likely that they will be buried rapidly.(C) The water environment speeds the decay caused by bacteria.(D) It takes longer for them to be preserved.4. The fact that the land is largely the site of erosion (line 7 - 8) is significant because。