东北师范大学2007考博英语

东北师范大学博士入学英语试题（2004）Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Direction: Below each sentence there are four words ear ked A.B.C.D. Choose the one that is closest in seining to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his_______A. equivalentB. equityC. equalityD. equal2. The young couple had made their fortunes be developing a _______travel business at homeA. beneficialB. profitableC. regenerativeD. financial3. The two scientists working independently made the same invention________A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. elaborately4. The scientist’s discovery will have a _______influence on mankindA. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound5. When he recited the passage by ________, he revealed that he was reproducing______ without understanding their meaning.A. affects/causeB. sounds/meaningC. sounds/pronunciationD. rote/sounds6. Where the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance_______A. had been increasedB. would be increasedC. might have been increasedD. was increased7. All of us decided to stop and have dinner, ______we were feeling very hungryA. moreoverB. forC. whereasD. consequently8. The number and diversity of British newspaper _______ considerableA. have beenB. areC. wereD. is9. Mary is reading_____________A. an exciting detective old storyB. an old exciting detective storyC. an exciting old detective storyD. a detective old exciting story10. Having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force________A. to act itB. acting on itC. act on itD. acts on it11. He has only a ______ understanding of astronomy.A. originalB. superficialC. criticalD. identical12. He was too sick to stay here, _______ we send him homeA. howeverB. furthermoreC. otherwiseD. accordingly13. I believe the house was ______ set fire toA. deliberatelyB. creditablyC. violentlyD. vigorously14. The managing director took the _____ for the accident although it was not really his faultA. guiltB. blameC. chargeD. accusation15. They savaged to ____ valuable raw materials from industrial wastesA. reclaimB. reconcileC. rectifyD. regulate16. Jogging at 5 p.m. is part of his daily_________A. habitB. practiceC. routineD. custom17. Surrounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial beltsA. habitatB. inhabitedC. dwellingD. residential18. It was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally_____A. laid outB. laid downC. laid offD. laid aside19. Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her but______A. to good purposeB. for the purposeC. in good shapeD. to any purpose20. I spent much time on that composition and I would ______ it if you would do the same when you mark itA. modifyB. decorateC. compileD. appreciatePart III. Reading comprehension (35%)Direction: In this part, there are 7 reading passage. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. For each of them there are four choice marked a b c and d. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage 1Today’s trumpet is one of the world’s oldest instruments. It is really the result of many centuries of development. Although it looks nothing like its ancestors, there are many similarities. All trumpets are hollow tubes. They are all blown. And they all use the player’s lips to produce the basic sound.The trumpet developed as players and makers worked to improve its design, size, shape, material, and method of construction. They wanted to create an instrument that would product a beautiful and attractive tone, enable the performer to play all the notes of scale, extend the range higher and lower, make it possible to play more beautiful music, and, in general, be easier to play well. The remarkable way in which the modern trumpet achieves these goals is a measure of the success of all those who struggled to perfect this glorious instrument.The trumpet is actually the leading member of an entire family of relate instruments. There are trumpets of several different sizes, and in several different keys. There are comets, bugles, flugelhorns, and a number of others that are all similar to the trumpet in the way they are made and played.The trumpet family is much than a group of related instruments that can stir one with their sound or narrow tubes of metal capable of producing a variety of musical sounds. It is a link to many different periods of history and to people of many cultures. From the use of trumpets in ancient religious ceremonies to the part they play in modern rock bands, the trumpet family of instruments has much to tell about civilization and its development.1.What is the best title for this passage?A. Science and the TrumpetB. Recoding of the TrumpetC. The Trumpet and Its AncestryD. How the Trumpet is Made2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed to made the trumpet work?A. Air pressureB. Keen eyesightC. Daily cleaningD. Long fingers3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players?A. They could not play all the notes of the scaleB. They were not able to pick up the trumpetC. They could not play simple tunesD. They had difficulty improving upon the trumpet4. The word (1 sentence of 4 part.) could best be replaced by______A. the listenerB. a familyC. the composerD. an instrument5. The author believes that the trumpet is particularly important because it________________A. can be used in rock bandsB. has historical significanceC. is a religious instrumentD. has a narrow rangePassage 2All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainly. There are still too many thing we do not knew about the universe is put together. But we do know exactly what information weneed to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the switches are set before the train arrives, so that its path is completely determined. Some switches we can see, others we cannot. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainly. We knew the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our track many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed.6.According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe becausewe________A. have too many conflicting theoriesB. do not have enough funding to continue researchC. are not sure how the universe is put togetherD. have focused our investigations on the moon and planets7. What does the author see as the function of the universe’s unseen switches?A. They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will useB. They enable us to after the course of the universeC. They give us information about the lunar surfaceD. They determine which course the universe will take in the future8. Which of the following could best replace the word “track”?A. baneB. railsC. pathD. sequence9. For whom is the author probably writing this passage?A. Train engineersB. General audiencesC. Professors of statisticsD. Young children10. Which of the following statement best describes the organization of the passage?A. a statement illustrated by an analogyB. a hypothesis supported by documentationC. a comparison of two contrasting theoriesD. A critical analysis of a common assumptionPassage 3The bird known in the United States as the crow is all black wings, body, head, feet, and beak. It looks mean and evil, and some people say that it has a disposition to match its looks. Crows have the bad habit of robbing cornfields. They are accused of raiding the nests and eating the eggs and the young of smaller birds. This crime is probably attempted more than it is carried out, however for crows are often seen being driven away from the nests of enraged smaller birds.Some farmers put up scarecrows to keep crows out of their cornfields, and other organize crow shoots to try to get rid of the thievish invaders. But crows thrive just the same, probably because they are wary birds. When crows feed in a field, they usually post a sentinel on a lofty perch to sound a warning if any danger should approach. Crows can sound their call in a dozen different ways, and each version has a special meaning. They can make other sounds, too. Some crows, if they are caught young, can be taught to say words.Crows are not completely bad, for they eat slugs, beetles, and caterpillars that do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards. Whether crows are helpful or harmful is a subject of debate, but what is certain is that they are very interesting birds.11.From the information presented by the author, it seems clear the crows______A. can communicate with one anotherB. are very easy to catchC. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of small birdsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards.12. What do the sentinels do?A. They give signals to the crows if any danger is coming nearB. They discover good places for the crows to build their nestsC. They find fields and gardens that can supply the corrows with foodD. They defend the crows against the attacks of the smaller birds13. What is the effect of man’s war against crows?A. “Crows shoots” are reducing the number of crowsB. Crows are just as numerous as they ever wereC. Scarecrows are driving crows from the United States.D. Crows are doing more and more damage all the time14. Crows help the farmer by_______A. warning him when danger approachB. learning to say wordsC. eating bug and other insectsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards15. What is the author’s feeling about crows?A. He thinks that they are harmful and should be controlledB. He thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trainedC. He enjoys studying them and their habitsD. He likes them and wants to protect themPassage 4National parties in the United States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology. Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world. However, the argument that parties can be pushed too far. For example, in the century, at least the Republicans have been more committed than the Democrats to a market-oriented economy, while the Democrats have been more prepared to use government to address economic problems. Within both parties there has been wide variance on issues, but in general the Republicans have been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal.Both parties however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a rigid ideology. And neither, until recently, vested much authority in its national party structure.At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline. Both Democrats and Republicans maintained potent local political organizations in many cities and states.Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into steep decline during the 1950’s and 1960’s. The old organizations lost the ability to maintain internal discipline. They share of voters regarding themselves as political independents, that is people not affiliated with either of the major parties rose.There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organization. Development of a welfare state administered by the federal government established some of the services that had formerly been dispensed by the organizations as political favors. As recent immigrants became more educated they were less dependent on party workers. They inclusion of more state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage. Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck as even more serious blow at the patronage system. Television brought candidates into voters’ living rooms, thereby antiquating some ofthe communication and education functions of party workers. Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities.16.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.American political parties in the twentieth centuryB.The role of ideology in American politicsC.The future direction of United States politicsD.Differences between Republicans and Democrats17.According to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A.They are both generally conservativeB.Party organizations have been stronger at the state level than at the national levelC.Party organizations have increased their influence in recent yearsD.Democrats have been stronger than Republicans at the national level18.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organization in the UnitedStates EXCEPTA. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare stateC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television19. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Democrats are more committed than Republicans to market-oriented economyB. Republicans are more liberal than DemocratsC. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD. Only Democrats have traditional political organizations20. The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning toA. unquestioningB. uninterestingC. irreversibleD. unimportantPassage 5The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.Given this diversity of thought, it's easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerlan psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of “positive reinforcement” have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerlan legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash out. Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday might. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interest in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it's hard to imagine life without them.Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging and diminishing performance, “our society is caught in a whopping paradox,” asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book published by Rewards, which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. “We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of out children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people is partly responsible for the fix we’re in.”It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to love interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose for tutoring youngsters don't teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long term incentiveplans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.21.According to behaviorism, all human actions ______A. are based on stimulus and responseB. have no bearing on human drivesC. are supposed to be highly motivatedD. are of a great mystery22. Behaviorism basically believes inA. motivationB. performanceC. rewardsD. human factors23. Form the passage, it can be inferred that________A. rewards are highly effective to AmericaB. rewards are not much sonant after in academic circlesC. rewards have long lost their appeal in American societyD. Americans are addicted to rewards24. The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______A. can be best explained be behaviorismB. can be linked to Pavlov’s dogsC. shows that rewards may well kill desireD. serve to provided evidence to behaviorism25. Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse … when a reward is involved” (last paragraph)?A. People are not used to being conditioned by prizesB. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behaviorC. Rewards are so indispensable to American culturesD. The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforcedPassage 6Dr. Mark Adams of the Commonwealth school of Tropical Agriculture was recently invited to read a paper on “Research into Problems of Cattle Breeding in the Tropics” at the Commonwealth Agricultural Conference in Colombo, Sn Lankn, on Wednesday May 16th. He was booked to fly by air India form London, Via New Delhi, to Colombo on the 13th which he felt, would gave him time to get acclimatized before attending the opening sesstion of the Conference on the 16th and time to arrange his notes for the lecture on Thursday morning.He arrived at London Headrow Airport to plenty of time for his plane, which was due to take off at 3:30 p.m. and arrived at Delhi early next; morning, in time to connection to Colombo. He spent three hours sitting in the departure lounge until his flight was finally called at 11:00 p.m. he had not been looking forward to the overnight flight anyway as be could never sleep on airplanes, and when he had to travel long distances, he usually arrived at his destination feeling crubled and tired and suffering from jet lag. His temper was not improved when he was told, in arriving more than three hours late a new Delhi, that his plane to Colombo had already gone and that their would not be another until the next day. The airline staff were very sympathetic and assured him that they had already booked him into the best hotel in the city, to which the airline was would take him straight away. In the meantime, they hoped that Dr. Adams would take the opportunity of seeing something of their historic city.The only thing Dr. Adams felt be needed at that point were a both, a change of clothes, a good breakfast and then a long sleep. The hotel was luxurious and very good and comfortable. After he had eaten he pulled down the blinds to shut out the glaring India sun and then slept for most of the day. About 6:30 p.m. he dressed and went down to the hotel bar, where he got into conversation with another delegate to the conference who came from Zambia and who be travelling whit him on the Colombo plane the next morning. They decided to dine together and explore some of the singbts and sounds of the India at night.The journey to Colombo was completed without mishap and Dr. Adams and his companion were met at the airport by the Conference Secretary. Mr. Mahaveli, who had been informed of their impending arrival by the airline. Mr. Mahaveli took them their hotel, where many other delegates were already installed, and made sure that theyhad the program for the opening session.On the morning of the second day of the Conference, Dr. Adams read his paper, which received with much interest. He was asked many questions by delegates in whose countries many of the problems he had discussed were commonly found. During the five days of the Conference he had opportunities to talk to agriculture experts from Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, India, Gambia, Australia and Nigeria and he also met some old friends who had previously been students at the Commonwealth School. He heard form many of them how they were putting all that they had learned to good use and of the problems they were trying to overcome in their own countries.On his flight home Dr. Adams could not help reflecting that the Conference had proved how valuable the sharing of the information and experiences could be, as an example of true cooperation between the developed and the developing world.26.Dr Adams left London______A. two days before the conferenceB. on Wednesday 16thC. on the day before the conferenceD. on the 13th27. Dr Adams________A. was a good travelerB. found long journeys exhaustingC. usually fell asleep on long journeysD. was a keen sightseer28. After dinner Dr Adams and his companion_________A. sat and talkedB. went to bed earlyC. went out into the streets of New DelhiD. caught the plane to Colombo29. All the delegates to the conference were________A. students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. from the developing countriesC. from AfricaD. agricultural experts30. The “old friends” that Dr. Adams met were________A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical ApicultureB. people he had worked with beforeC. delegates he had met at the hotelD. delegates who were interested in his lecturePassage 7Megan was, in fact, one of the few people in Johnstown that who actually saw the gigantic wave that destroyed the entire city.At first all she could see was a sinister black mist, it rolled toward the house like billowing smoke. For a moment Megan thought there must be a huge fore somewhere. But the noise convinced her it was something else a deep, heavy rumbling, mixed with a grinding sound, like some enormous mill wheel churning. The black fog curled swiftly over the house, and then the air seemed to clear for one split second. There, almost on top of her, wan a huge wall of debris filled water, much higher than the house Megan spun around, the crying dying in her throat. The doors of the tall walnut linen press were still open, and hunched on the floor. Aunt Ella was shielding Timothy with her own body. Megan could hear aunt’s voice, high and thin, praying ardently. “Oh, dear merciful Lord, save us…..save us…. ”. Hued, numb with terror, knelt by Timothy’s house, her hands folded over the velvet saddle, she was praying in German. Megan could hear her voice through the ominous rumble, over and over. “ Main gross Gou … Main gross Gou…”She could see the tiny toe copper pans on the playhouse wall began to shiver. A soft film of plaster dust began to fall from the ceiling as gently as snow. Suddenly there was a tremendous crash. It sounded as if the attic floor split open. A surge of oily yellow water gushed up foaming the edges like old face. Then it seems as if the air were filled with flying objects. Trunks whirled by, wicked-looking boards splintered with nails, showers or broken glass winged a thousand tiny arrows, linens flapped like white birds, chairs with the legs torn off went whistling by.Everything in the attic seemed to be whirling through the air.Megan ducked he head and shielded her body with her arms against the debris. The floor beneath her feet heaved mightily and then suddenly dropped. Megan reached up , her hands grasping for anything for to cling to. She found herself swinging form a rough board, the lower half of her body submerged in water. How long she clung there in the heaving darkness she would never know. She was choking and spitting as the evil water surged about her, splashing over her face. After that seemed a lifetime in the thunderous blackness. Megan lifted her head. Far above her she could see a glimmer of dirty gray light.She wasn’t even thinking now. painfully she began to crawl toward the light with a kind of blind animal instinct. Cling with one hand, she would reach out with the other until she found some new thing to grasp. Inch by inch she worked her way through tangled, shattered wood toward a tiny wedge of light.31.The action of the story takes place in _______A. EnglandB. JohnstownC. New York CityD. Not mentioned32. What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon?A. HappyB. UninterestingC. DepressingD. Frightening33. How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water?A. BraveB. CuriousC. HorrifiedD. Disappointed34. What do you think the people around Megan began to pray?A. because they felt thankfulB. because they wanted to impress MeganC. because they were very afraidD. because they asked for others’ help35. What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan?A. That there might be a way outB. That she could see well enough to readC. That someone was searching for herD. That there was no danger at allPart IV TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him no to say2.In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of maternal defense is the best guarantee of a nation’svital interests.3.The ancient waters that brought soil to these mountain valley had not been reaching the sea, so they spread outin shallow take.4.While there are literally thounds of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on theNew York Stoke Exchange.5.Spanish missionaries who brought their knowledge and their seedlings here from their native country were thefirst to grow vines here.6.You’re got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you turn you inside outura wished that she was not holding that piece of bread and butter, but there was nowhere to put it and shecouldn't possibly throw it away.8.The U.S environmental protection agency was established in control and abate pollution in the basic areas ofair, water, solid waste, pesticides, noise, and radiation9.When one individual inflicts bodily injury upon another, such injury that death result, we call the deed manslaughter, when the assassinate knew in advance that the injury would be fatal, we call his deed murder.ernment provides tax write-offs for corporate philanthropy out of the belief that many centers of supportfor socially needed programs help contribute to a dynamic solution to the human problems of society.Part V Writing (10%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a compositions on the topic “Thrift is Always a Virtue”。

2007一、词汇1. There are as good fish in the sea ________ ever came out of it.（C）A. thanB. likeC. asD. so2. All the President's Men ________ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.（B）A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining3. You ________ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,' I told my friend.（A）A. couldB. shouldC. mustD. can4. If only the patient ________ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.（A）A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving5. Linda was ________ to experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.（B）A. to startB. to have startedC. to be startingD. to have been starting6. She ________ fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.（D）A. must beB. had beenC. could beD. must have been7. It is not ________ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.（C）A. thatB. asC. soD. very8. The committee has anticipated the problems that ________ in the road construction project.（D）A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen9. The student said there were a few points in the essay he ________ impossible to comprehend.（A）A. had foundB. findsC. has foundD. would find10. He would have finished his college education, but he ________ to quit and find a job to support his family.（C）A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have11. The research requires more money than ________.（B）A. have been put inB. has been put inC. being put inD. to be put in12. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________ a threat to the human race than enviromental destruction.（B）A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more13. It is not uncommon for there ________ problems of communication between the old and the young.（D）A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be14.________ at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.（B）A. Looking.B. lookedC. Being looked.D. to look15. It is absolutely essential that William ________ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.（C）A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues16. The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a ________ forgery.（D）A. man-madeB. naturalC. crudeD. real17. She's always been kind to me –I can't just turn ________ on her now that she needs my help.（A）A. my backB. my headC. my eyeD. shoulder18. The bar in the club is for the ________ use of its members.（B）A. extensiveB. exclusiveC. inclusiveD. comprehensive19. The tutition fees are ________ to students coming from low-income families.（D）A. approachableB. payableC. reachableD. affordable20. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the ________ of the earthquake.（A）A. consequenceB. aftermathC. resultsD. effect21. This sort of rude behaviour in public hardly ________ a person in your position.（B）A. becomesB. fitsC. supportsD. improves22. I must leave now.________, if you want that book I'll bring it next time.（B）A. Accidentally.B. Incidentally.C. Eventually.D. Naturally.23. After a long delay, she ________ replying to my e-mail.（D）A. got away withB. got back atC. got backD. got round to24. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are ________ available these days.（C）A. promptlyB. instantlyC. readilyD. quickly25. In my first year at the university I learnt the ________ of journalism.（A）A. basicsB. basicC. elementaryD. elements26. According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxed at the ________ of 59 percent ________.（D）A. ratioB. percentageC. proportionD. rate27. Thousands of ________ at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.（C）A. audienceB. participantsC. spectatorsD. observers28. We stood still, gazing out over the limitless ________ of the dessert.（C）A. spaceB. expanseC. stretchD. land29. Doctor often ________ uneasiness in the people they deal with.（C）A. smellB. hearC. senseD. tough30. Mary sat at the table, looked at the plate and ________ her lips.（A）A. smackedB. openedC. partedD. seperated二、阅读TEXT AIf you like the idea of staying with with a family, living in house might be the answer. Good landladies – those who are superb cooks and launderers, are figures as popular in fiction as the bad ones who terrorize their guest and overcharge them atthe slightest opportunity. The truth is probably somewhere between the two extremes. If you are lucky, the food will be adequate, some of your laundry may be done for you and you will have a reasonable amount of comfort and chompanionship. For the less fortune, house rules may restrict the freedom to invite friends to vistit, and shared cooking and bathroom facilities can be frustrating and row-provoking if tidy and untidy guest are living under the same roof.The same disadvantages can apply to flat sharing, with the added difficulties that arise from deciding who pays for what, and in what proportion. One person may spend hours on the phone, while another rarely makes calls. If you want privacy with guest, how do you persuade the others to go out; how do you persuade them to leave you in peace, especially if you are student and want to study?Conversely, flat sharing can be very cheap, there will always be someone to talk to and go out with, and the chores, in theory, can be shared.1. According to the passage, landladies are ________.（D）A. usually strictB. always meanC. adequately competentD. very popular with their guest2. What is the additional disadvantage of flat sharing?（A）A. Problems of sharing and paying.B. Differences in living habits.C. Shared cooking and bathroom facilities.D. Restriction to invite friends to visit.3. What is NOT mentioned as a benefit of flat sharing?（D）A. Rent is affordable.B. There is companionship.C. Housework.D. There is peace and quiet.TEXT B1. Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business, I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams' master work "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" on the radio and thought-I know, I'll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them wahat the state of real hitching is today in Britain.2. I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.3. When I was in my teens and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asiaand southern Africa, Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality on the road.4. Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane, but there was that lelement of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it. So what has happened to it?5. A few years ago, I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper. Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with theirview on the state of hitchhiking.6. Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitching, as was Quebec, Canada-"if you don't mind being criticized for not speaking French".7. But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places, the general feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed.8. With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger. But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?9. In Poland in the 1960s, according to a Polish woman who e-mail me,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker's Booklet. The booklet contained coupons for drivers, so each time a driver picked somebody, he or she received a coupon. At the end of the season, drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes. Everyone was hitchhiking then".10. Surely this is a good idea for society. Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers. It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels. It would also improveeducational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography, history, politics and sociology.11. A century before Douglas Adams wrote his "Hitchhiker's Guide", another adventure story writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker's motto:＂To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive." What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstreched.4. In which paragraph (s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?（C）A. 大3家B. 大4家C. 大3家and 大4家D. 大4家and 大5家5. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?（A）A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.6. What is the writer's attitude towards the practice in Poland?（D）A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.7. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPT（B）A. promoting mutual respect between strangersB. increasing one's confidence in strangersC. protecting enviromentD. enrich one's knowledge8.＂Either put it to the test yourself…"in Paragraph 大11家means（D）A. to experience the hopefulnessB. to read Adams' bookC. to offer someone a lift TEXT CI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the realiry I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They meminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head, I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They ahd designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.10. Which of the following in NOT corret?（A）A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D. The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.11. The writer assumed that the voman accepted the last offer mainly because woman ________.（B）A. thought that the last offer was reasonableB. thought she could still make much moneyC. was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainningD. was tired of bargainning with the writer any more12. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?（C）A. The skirts were cheap and pretty.B. She liked the patterns on the skirts.C. She wanted to do something as compensation.D. She was fed up with further bargainning with the woman.13. When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because ________.（D）A. she had learned to stay cool and unfeelingB. she was afraid of crying in publicC. she had learned to face difficulties bravelyD. she had to show in public that she was strong14. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?（C）A. she suddently felt very sadB. she liked the ribbons so muchC. she was overcome by emotionD. she felt sorry for the womanTEXT DThe kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, in my way to work these morings. They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape.These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be "self care".Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. Butwhen parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out."We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realisties of family life,"says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.＂School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been."His is not popular idea. School are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?It may be easier to promote a linger school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids' lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn't produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.15. Which of the following is an opinion of the auther's?（B）A. ＂The kids are hanging out."B. ＂They are school children without school."C. ＂These kids are not old enough for jobs."D. "The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago."16. The current American school calendar was developed in the 19th century according to ________.（A）A. the growing season on nation's formB. the labour demands of the industrial ageC. teachers' demands for more vacation timeD. parents' demands for other experiences for their kids17. The author thinks that the current school calendar ________.（B）A. is still validB. is out of dateC. can not be revisedD. can not be defended18. Why was Dr. Boy's idea unpopular?（D）A. He argues for the role of school in solving social problems.B. He supports the current school calendar.C. He thinks that school year and family life should be donsidered separately.D. He strongly believes in the educational role of school.19."The long summers of forgetting take a toll"in the last paragraph but one means that（C）A. long summer vacation slows down the progress go learningB. long summer vacation has been abandoned in EuropeC. long summers result in less learning timeD. long summers are a result of tradition20. The main purpose of the passage is ________.（C）A. to describe how American children spend their summerB. to explain the needs of the modern working familiesC. to discuss the problems of the current school calendarD. to persuade parents to stay at home to look after their kids。

全国英语专业博士点设有“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共27所）北京大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、中国社会科学院研究生院、北京外国语大学中国人民解放军外国语学院、中国人民解放军通信指挥学院厦门大学、山东大学、四川大学、河南大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学、华东师范大学南京大学、苏州大学、南京师范大学东北师范大学、湖南师范大学南开大学、中山大学2006年新增英语博士点福建师范大学、华中师范大学北京语言大学、浙江大学中南大学、西南大学设有“外国语言学及应用语言学”博士点的高校（共9所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海交通大学、上海外国语大学南京大学广东外语外贸大学06年新增英语博士点同济大学、中山大学、南京师范大学同时设有1:“外国语言学及应用语言学”和2:“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共6所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学南京大学中山大学、南京师范大学英语专业考研考博全国重点院校推荐(2009-08-14 22:17:25)标签：教育北京大学英语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级博士点1919年北京大学建立英语系，胡适任系主任。

至今已有83年的历史。

北大英语系是我国第一批硕士点和博士点之一，也是外国语言文学专业的博士后流动站和国家第一批重点学科点。

研究门类齐全、研究实力雄厚。

英语系研究生共设有英语文学、英语语言学、美国研究、翻译研究、和英语教育等五个专业方向，学制为3年。

现任院长程朝翔教授。

教授23名。

具有博士学位的22名。

英语系出版了大量学术专著、骨干教材和优秀译作。

攻读博士学位继续深造、在国家部委、外事部门、各级政府、新闻出版等外事部门任职北京外国语大学语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级学科博士点英语学院成立于2001年，现任院长为孙有中教授。

下设英语系、国际新闻与传播系和翻译系，并设有十个研究中心：英美文学研究中心、语言学研究中心、翻译研究中心、美国研究中心、英国研究中心、澳大利亚研究中心、加拿大研究中心、爱尔兰研究中心、华裔美国文学研究中心、国际传播研究中心。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-东北师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The discovery of new oil-fields in various parts of the country filled the government with （）hope.问题1选项A.eternalB.everlastingC.ceaselessD.infinite【答案】D【解析】句意: 在这个国家多个地区发现新油田使政府充满无限的希望。

形容词辨析。

Eternal永恒的; everlasting永恒的，接连不断的; ceaseless不断的，不停的; infinite 无限的，无穷的。

2.单选题The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, （）more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.问题1选项A.have allowedB.allowC.allowingD.allows【答案】D【解析】句意: 兼职及弹性工作方式加上培训与再培训方案推广，使得更多的妇女能够利用就业机会。

语法题。

考查主谓一致。

主语是不可数名词growth,故谓语用单数形式，故选D。

3.单选题（） for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjected to irreversible damage.问题1选项A.Oxygen once deprived ofB.Once deprived of oxygenC.Deprived of oxygen onceD.Once oxygen deprived of【答案】B【解析】句意: 一旦缺氧超过5到7分钟，大脑就会受到不可逆的损害。

东北师范大学吉林大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读理解习题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words.Words do provide us with some information，but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone.Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message.Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say.Sometimes our words don't mean anything except“I'm letting off some steam.I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying.Just pay attention to what I'm feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once.A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner，“This step has to be fixed before I'll buy.”The owner says，“It's been like that for years.”Actually，the step hasn't been like that for years，but the unspoken message is：“I don't want to fix it.We put up with it.Why can't you？”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it，when it occurred，the related conditions or situation，and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning.Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing.But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior.A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness.Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic.For example，a person who says“No！”to a serials of charges like“You're dumb，”“You're lazy，”and“You're dishonest，”may also say“No！”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is“And you're good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented.The words，“If sure has been nice to have you over，”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically.The phrase can be said once or repeated several times.And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly.Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance；sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners，if___.A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.C.they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.2.“I'm letting off some steam”in paragraph1means___.A.I'm just calling your attention.B.I'm just kidding.C.I'm just saying the opposite.D.I'm just giving off some sound.3.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means___.A.the step has been like that for years.B.he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical，but are justifiable if___.A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.B.seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.D.expressed to a series of charges.5.The word“ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done___.A.without true intention.B.light-heartedly.C.in a way of ceremony.D.with less emphasis.答案：ＤＢＡＢＣ本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2007年中国人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博试题语言学理论（100分）1.配价理论中的“配价”的性质，有人说其属于语法范畴，有人说其属于语义范畴，还有人说其属于句法——语义范畴，你的看法是什么？（30分）2.如何看待社会语言学所提出的“共时的变异反映历时的发展？”（30分）3.如何看待留学生的语言错误，对“有错必纠”和“有错不纠”有何看法？（40分）4.说说形式主义语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学的主张和特点（40分）汉语语法分析（100分）1.词语的再分类与句法分析的关系。

（30分）2.对“我偷了他一本书”这种句型如何看待，是双宾句还是单宾句，你的看法是什么？（30分）（打碎了他三个杯子）3.N1VN2（如“服装加工厂”和“汽车修理厂”）这种名词结构，有人说N1是V的前置宾语，有人说N1是受事成分，但是都有例外。

请你以此为研究对象，写一个论文提纲，包括研究的目的、方法和步骤等。

（40分）2008年人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博专业课试题语言学理论1.结合汉语实际论述语法形式和语法意义之间的关系（30分）2.结合汉语实际论述语言变异和语言变化的关系（30分）3.对外汉语教学方向选做第一题：（1）试论功能语言学对对外汉语教学的启发和影响（40分）（2）现代汉语中，934个汉字就能占到常用汉字的90%以上，那么如果掌握了这934个汉字，是不是就可以读懂书刊、报纸、网页等90%以上的内容呢？汉语语法分析：1．试论语法单位的同一性以及对词类划分的影响（30分）2．结合汉语实际，试论“语义指向”在现代汉语语法中的应用（30分）3．现代汉语中，常常说“时间还早着呢”，“她还小着呢”，却不能说“*时间还晚着呢”，“*她还大着呢”，为什么？人大2009现代汉语专业试题语言学理论1.探探你对“任意性”与“象似性”的认识（30分）2.为什么说变异理论是社会语言学最有价值的理论（30分）3.选做题（40）（1）谈谈结构主义、认知语言学、功能主义理论对对外汉语教学的启发。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-东北师范大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The manager is so much under the influence of his secretary that she is the （）head of the department.问题1选项A.potentialB.virtualC.probableD.natural【答案】B【解析】句意: 老板受到了他秘书的极大影响以至于她是实质上的老板了。

形容词辨析。

Potential有潜力的; virtual实质上的; probable可能的; natural自然的。

因此B符合句意。

2.单选题The course normally attracts 20 students per year, （）up to half will be from overseas. 问题1选项A.in whichB.for whomC.with whichD.of whom 【答案】D【解析】句意: 这门课程通常每年会吸引二十名学生，其中有一半是留学生。

语法题。

考查定语从句。

题干后半部分为定语从句修饰先行词20 students。

定语从句中缺少关系词。

选项D中, of表示“在…中”, 后面接关系代词which。

3.单选题A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and （）your text more easily.问题1选项A.registerB.editC.proposeD.discharge【答案】B【解析】句意: 文字信息处理机比打字机好得多，因为它能使你更容易地输入和编辑文本。

动词辨析。

Register登记，注册; edit编辑，校对; propose建议，打算; discharge排放，解雇。

人大考博英语真题整理2007年试题及答案Part I. Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Markyour choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn't think that the_______ situation here is as good as his hometown's.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. ___ the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paper hat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided __ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficientlyD. proportionally4. Our new firm __________ for a credible, aggressive individual with great skillsto fill this position.A. have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, __________ their cleanness, toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to （PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）6．He ___ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A.. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of the fads of the 1970s __________ as today's latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revoked.D. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference ______ to bringa souvenir from their own countriesA. has askedB. is askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered __________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. s severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you _____ on the directions that the professor gives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will be concentratedD. will be concentrating11. What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he ________ in the game.A. did not playB. must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer confidence________ a breathtaking15 points last month, to itslowest level in ten yearsA. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated14. Our car trunk ________ with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anythingA. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she ________ him more politely.A. will be treatingB. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated16. The instructions on how to use the new machine _______ that nobody seemedto be able to understand.A. were very simplisticB. was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic17. John played basketball in college and _________ active ever since.A. have extremely beenB. has been extremelyC. will be extremelyD. should extremely be18. The________ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from all over the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter19. _______ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent__________ that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarterof the year.A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice___________ having a new car to replace their old one for year's.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has dreamedD. will have dreamed22. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, theair is said to be_______.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. ______the heavy pollution, the city official shave decided to cancel school for the day. .A Prior B. By means of C. Due to D. through24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my new dress_____ for the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been CleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. Peter’s mother kept telling him that ________ in the street is dangerous, but he would not listen.A. playedB. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history _____ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offersD. satisfies27. He wouldn't even think of wearing clothes____ they make him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. in that.28. Mary finally decided ______ all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be tile best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who _________ around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face_________ that it scared the children he was trying to entertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, and _______ women live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The ____________ emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competitionin schools.A. negligentB. EdibleC. FabulousD. disproportionate34. There is _________ conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so muchB. so manyC. too fewD. a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all _________ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s _________ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was _______ face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC. very ashamed ofD. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this_______ problems she is having with her dentures.A. won't eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad __________ when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never __________ a chrome to practice her Chinese.A. passed byB. passed onC. passed outD. passed upPart II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages and then choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. Itis difficult to explain the reason for this. Unfortunately, however, superb raw ingredients are often mined the kitchen so that: they come to the table without any of the natural flavor and goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant. If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudice against the food. It is a pity, because there are: excellent cooks’ in England, excellent restaurants, and excellent home-cooking. How, then has the bad reputation been built up.Perhaps one reason is that Britain’s Industrial Revolution occurred very early, in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the quality of food changed too. This (was because Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the towns increased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and people could no longer grow. Their own food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to the towns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middle classes ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. French became, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-season delicacies were served in spite of their expense, for there, were a large number of extremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" of the food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servant began to decrease. People still tried to produce complicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second World War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As a result, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meat from a well-stocked butcher's shop, but were content and grateful to accept anything that was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only afterthis had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel abroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English difference to eating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41 According to the author, it is difficult to explain_________.A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cookingB. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain's Industrial Revolution on English cookingis that___________.A. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agricultural country43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution__________.A. more attention was given to the look of the foodB. French became the official language .in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World War worsened the problem because___________.A. there was an increasing demand f6r servantsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in Britain ____________.A. when many women finally had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat froma well-stocked butcher'sshop.B. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other cities.D. after the early 1950sPassage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confronted Isabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer from Mexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authority figures teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informed her that most Americans interpret lack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness. Ultimately, he convinced I sabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did. People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.Many African Americans, especially from the South, observe this custom, too.A master's thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student at Central Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs can have a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American players for the teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from the listener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening they are expected to look at the speaker all the timeMany African Americans communicate in an opposite way. When speaking, they tend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; they mostly look away. Therefore, if white sports recruiters are not informed about these significant difference, they can be misled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African American ball players.In multicultural America, issues of. Eye 'contact' have brought about social conflicts of two different kinds: in many urban centers, non-Koreancustomers .became angry when Korean shopkeepers did not look at them directly. The customers translated the lack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect, a habit blamed for contributing to the open confrontation raking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York, Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroom conflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children lack of eye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact has now taken on a new meaning among the younger generation and across ethnic borders. Particularly in urban centers, when one teenager looks directly at another, this is considereda provocation, Sometimes called mad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict. Mad-dogging has become the source of many campus conflicts. In one high school, it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students. The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Americans behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and thefight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign of respect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another, this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demand satisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a prelude to a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, they have posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically over bally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterous activities or by unnecessary staring .... "46. Many African Americans from the South _______..A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever telling to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to________.A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the speaker48. Many customers in American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because_________.A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepersC. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centersD. they are not informed about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to ________.A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase, I demand satisfaction_________A. was connected with the avoidance of eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was assign of disrespect:D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, or newspapers- nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. Iinvite you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and keep if your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows violence, audience participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood and thunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western bad men, Western good men, private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials that scream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if you think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge he capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children's understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a children's news show explaining something about the world for them at their level of understanding?Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past, teaching them the great-traditions of freedom? There are some fine children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whose future you guard so many hours each and every day. There are many people in this: great country, and you must serve all of us. You will get no argument from me if you Say that, given a choice between aWestern and a symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes, too, but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. Well know that people .would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed. But your obligations are not satisfiedif you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast. You are not onlyin show business; you are free to communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity, more alternatives.It is not enough to cater to the nation's whims you must also serve the nation's needs. The people own the air. They own it as much in prime evening time as theydo at six o'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you--you owethem something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to do is to__________.A. read a book while watching television programsB. observe a vast wasteland on televisionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television is________.A. violenceB. commercialsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that __A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's-news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest to_________.A. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs-of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to _________.A. cater to the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole night. The only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, " that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolutionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world global village; that is to say, we can get in touch with each other: swiftly regardless of one's location.However, does the convenience in communication mean that we are actually getting closer? I don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmates fall in silence. The CambridgeInternational Dictionary defines "communication" as "various methods of sending information between people and places,” while it defines “communicate”as “to be able to understand each other and have a satisfactory relationship.”Therefore, the booming of IT in modern society is only the booming of communication. Exchanging ideas and mutual understanding between people do not base on such booming. On the contrary, due to the revolutionary changes, we’re getting farther from each other to some extent.Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesn’t necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we waffle with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content.The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Many netizens are abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer and browse a website,trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS). When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, andshow it to the public.In the era of the Information Technology, boom, the farthest distance On earth is no longer die polar distance the negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we cannot communicate to each other like before, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is that .A. there was a dead silence in the dorm room the whole nightB. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57 According to the author, Information Technology .A. brings people closer to each otherB. results/n silence, among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of IT in modern society .A. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other because .A. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance between people's heartshas become the farthest distance on earth because .A. there is always a silenceB. people are not able to communicate to each other like beforeC. the Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at willPassage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, at the present rate of, progress" it will take forty-three years to end job discrimination-----hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is then we need affirmative action to catch up. We are behind as a result of discrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 whites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks.Less than 1 percent of all engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black. Crueland uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a contradiction in terms. Never in thehistory of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem. There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began some eight years ago.In a recent column, William Raspberry raised an interesting question. Commenting on the Bakke case, he asked, “What if, instead of setting aside 16of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?” That, he suggested, would not interfere with what whites already have. He then went on to point out that this, in fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the year before affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "white places" actually rose by 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished, but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969, the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group members were enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. But during the same period, law school enrollment for whites rose from 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. In short, it is a myth that blacks are makingprogress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he made no challenge to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumni and the faculty or to athletes or the very talented only to minorities.61. The author is for affirmative actionA. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it will take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires ________ to close the gap's between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC. education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, according to the author, because _______.A. what whims give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more white in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. William Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests_______.A. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have65. What Allan Bakke challenged was __.。

设想你再一列去上海的火车上。

在你面前的位置丄有两个外国人，而且你能听到他们的谈话。

他们中的一个正在跟另一个说他的工作。

他说了他做什么，但没说他的职业或者他的工作领域。

在你的试卷上，有一个人名列表，他们分别从事六十种不同的行业。

当你听的时候，选出那个说话人的职业，找到单词旁边的数字，并把它写在答题纸的对应位置上。

比如，你听到：说话者P：我不太喜欢讲课，尤其是跟年轻学生讲。

但我的确喜欢我的研究。

如果每天都能同我的post rocks研究生一起呆在实验室里, 那我将非常高兴。

然而，这不是大学院系运作的方式。

所以你决定那个说话的人一定是个教授，所以你在列表上找到（a professor）这个词，它旁边的数字是61，然后你把这个数字写在答题纸上p 旁边的空白上。

顺便说一下，没有说话者P也没有61这一项，而且professor 也不是列表中的选项。

这只是一个例子。

现在你有三分钟时间读这个列表。

说话者A：对人类而言，至少是在现代社会，没有数字做任何事都会很困难。

还是小孩的时候我就意识到数字是多么重要了。

同时我也发现数字本身就很迷人，至少对我而言。

从某种意义上说，我爱上了它们。

从那以后，我的生活就集中在思考数字的行为上。

说话者B: 我们的存在是基于我们的意识活动。

我们知道的任何现实都是我们意识活动的结果。

更重要的是，当我还是个本科生的时候，我决定研究人类意识，研究它怎么运作的，什么对它有影响。

我做的研究非常激励人心。

说话者C: 有的人问我，我接待过的最糟糕的客人是谁。

我想应该是那个百万富翁，2003年他在我们旅馆呆了一个星期。

他来了，登记房间的时候带了十条狗，每条狗都有不同的进餐和散步时间安排。

他租了一个套房，还有五个房间给他的狗。

他退房走的时候，我可正高兴。

说话者D：我小时侯没受过多少教育，但幸运的是我很强壮。

而且我手灵活，不恐高，所以建筑公司经修高层建筑的时候经常请我。

一开始我挣的钱不多，但现在我有了好的技能，生活的就很好了，虽然工作时也出了些大事故。

东北师范大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析People do not analyze every problem they meet.Sometimes they tryto remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other timesthey begin to act without thinking;they try to find a solution bytrial and error.However,when all these methods fail,the person witha problem has to start analyzing.There are six stages in analyzinga problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem.Forexample,Sam's bicycle is broken,and he cannot read it to class ashe usually does.Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define the problem.Before Sam can repairhis bicycle.he must find the reason why it does not work.For instance,he must determine if the problem is with the gears,the brakes,orthe frame.He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi problem clearerand lead to possible solutions.For instance,suppose Sam decided thathis bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gearwheels.At this time.he can look in his bicycle repair book and readabout gears.He can talk to his friends at the bike shop.He can lookat his gears carefully.after studying the problem,the person shouldhave several suggestions for a possible solution.Take Sam as an illustration.His suggestions might be:put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones;tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way.Sam,for example,suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum(口香糖)between the gear wheels.He immediately realizes the solution to his problem:he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested.Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly.In short,he has solved the problem.41.What is the best title for this passage?A)Six Stages for Repairing Sam's BicycleB)Possible Ways to Problem-solvingC)Necessities of Problem AnalysisD)Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem42.In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except.A)recognize and define the problemB)look for information to make the problem clearerC)have suggestions for a possible solutionD)find a solution by trial or mistake43.By referring to Sam's broken bicycle,the author intends to.A)illustrate the ways to repair his bicycleB)discuss the problems of his bicycleC)tell us how to solve a problemD)show us how to analyses a problem44.Which of the following is NOT true?A)People do not analyze the problem they meet.B)People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.C)People may learn from their past experienceD)People can not solve some problems they meet.45.As used in the last sentence,the phrase in short means.A)in the long run B)in detail C)in a word D)in the endPassage91.B2.D3.C4.A5.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。