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东北师范大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试题请将所有答案写在答题卡上，答在本试题上一律无效。

PartⅠVocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence in this part there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1.Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901, ______focused on domestic rather than foreign policies.A.William McKinley's new term looked forward to andB.the new term looked forward to William McKinley andC.looking forward to a new term was William McKinleyD.William McKinley looked forward to a new term2. ______for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjected to irreversible damage.A. Oxygen once deprived ofB. Once deprived of oxygenC. Deprived of oxygen onceD. Once oxygen deprived of3.The reason for the traffic accident in the morning was ______one of the drivers had lost control of his car.A.thatB. whyC. howD. when4.We had no way to measure the exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was ______five miles.A. preciselyB. appropriatelyC. approximatelyD. apparently5.There was only a small ______ in the city's population over the last ten years.A. intimacyB. immortalityC. incidenceD. increment6.He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. ______ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.A. What littleB. So muchC. How muchD. So little7.He spoke so ______ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.SsA．bluntly B．convincinglyC．emphatically D．determinedly8.Reporters and photographers alike took great ______at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.A. annoyanceB. offenceC. resentmentD. irritation9.The discovery of new oil-fields in various parts of the country filled the government with ______ hope.A. eternalB. everlastingC. ceaselessD. infinite10.France's ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.A．assumption B．consumptionC．resumption D．presumption11.The American society is ______ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.A．established on B．affiliated toC．originated from D．incorporated with12.The mayor is a woman with great ______ and therefore deserves our political and financial support.A．intention B．instinct C．integrity D．intensity13.the manager is so much under the influence of his secretary that she is the ______ head of the department.A. potentialB. virtualC. probableD. natural14.Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.A. aggressionB. extenuationC. outrageD. suppression15.The speaker was regarded as a troublemaker because she ______ the granting of equality to all regardless of race, color or sex .A. verifiedB. developedC. adoptedD. advocated16.Einstein discovered the laws that govern the universe, not in a lab or in an ______ , but at thedesk in his study.A. orchardB. orbitC. observatoryD. outlet17.Basic research provides the ______ fund of scientific knowledge, on which the applied re searchers draw to give society a rich rate of interest.A. capitalB. endowedC. enhancedD. initiative18.To say that a soldier fought in battle like lion may be a descriptive______ , but it does not mean that he was on all fours roaring and wagging his tail.A. analogueB. analogyC. analyticD. node19.A balance of international payment refers to the net result of the business which a nation ______ with other nations in a given period.A. transportsB. temptsC. thrivesD. transforms20.The diversity of tropical plants in the region represents a seemingly______ source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized..A. inexhaustibleB. exploitedC. remarkableD. controversial PartⅡReading Comprehension(45 points)four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (5 Points)It has often been my fate — perhaps the expatriate's fate in general, perhaps merely the self- hater's—to be against things. As an American, I have frequently seemed anti-American; as an educ ated person, I'm often anti-intellectual. When I taught at Harvard, I was anti-Harvard. All of those make me, I suppose, a rather good European, since Europeans are, at heart, suspicious of every for m of belonging, and great believers in the non-conformist life.These days more than ever, Europeans seem to harbor immense suspicious, if not disdain, toward the US as former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev put it recently in the Washington Post, "The world doesn't want to be American." Indeed, here in Europe, many citizens tremble at the very thought. Why? Aside, of course, from the facile and one-dimensional explanation of jealousy, isn't the rest of the free and not-so-free world bursting at the seams to be like the citizens of the country that brought us life, liberty and—that anthem of the modern age—the pursuit of happiness?One reason, it occurs to me, is simple and yet profound: America lacks charm. My sister-in –law, a single French welfare mother who lives in a beautiful provincial village with four boys between 4 and 18, all at home, seems to me, despite her difficulties, to have more charm in her life—the weekly trips to the market, the occasional glass of red wine, the tilted roofs and stone walls of the village itself—than many a millionaire in my great home state of Texas. (How horrible! The Puritan mind claims, a welfare mother with a glass of wine! In France, however, even welfare mothers are entitled to the occasional red wine. ) And my impoverished sister-in-law, unlike so many of those millionaires, knows, in the words of Guy de Maupassant, how "to be charming with nothing at all".21. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _____ .A. The Charming and Suspicious EuropeansB. A Charming French Welfare MotherC. The Charming Life in a French VillageD. America Loses the Charm War22.From the passage, what kind of person can we assume the author is?A. JealousB. ProfoundC. non-conformistD. traditional.23.According to the author, how are the attitudes changing towards America?A. Europeans have always seemed anti-American.B. Europeans are less agreeable to the United States.C. Europeans increasingly try to emulate American ideas.D. Europeans have their own style, so nothing has changed.24.Which of the following opinions can be inferred from the passage?A. The author thinks "welfare mothers" should never drink red wine.B. The author thinks "welfare mothers" should occasionally drink red wine.C. The author thinks "welfare mothers" have the right to drink red wine.D. The author thinks only rich mothers have the right to drink red wine.25.What does the author find most charming in the French village?A. Simple things but not extravagant.B. The pursuit of happiness.C. The beautiful village scenery.D. The villagers', sense of belonging.Passage 2 (5 Points)The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.26.The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to ________.A. sports activitiesB. places for physical exerciseC. recreation centersD.athletic training programs27.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for ________.A. the promotion of aerobic exerciseB.endurance and muscular developmentC. the improvement of women’s figuresD. better performance in aerobic dancing28. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?A. Positive.B. Indifferent.C. Negative.D. Cautious.29. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.A. how ell they could do in athleticsB. what their health condition was likeC. what kind of fitness center was suitable for themD. whether they were fit for aerobic exercise30.Recent studies have suggested that weight training ________.A. has become an essential part of people’s lifeB. may well affect the health of the traineesC. will attract more people in the days to comeD. contributes to health improvement as wellPassage 3 (5 Points)Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25 % of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC's response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims.It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style. of thesis, too.31.By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time ______. A．most of them died of some sicknessB．their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC．most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD．most of their grants run out32. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from E SRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than____.A. 25%B. 40%C. 39%D. 10%33. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC’s policy except______.A. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rath er than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.C. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but co nsequently take longer to finish their theses.D. some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance .34. The ESRC would prefer ______.A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers.B. to see higher standards of PhD students’ theses and more ambitious doctoral topics .C. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperi enced young PhD students.D. that PhD students were less modest in their aims35. what the ESRC can do is to______.A. force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB. try to persuade universities to change their waysC. dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD. note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesisPassage 4 (5 Points)The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:"store in the refrigerator".In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus (剩余) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed -natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling….What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-coo1ed space inside an artificially-heated house -while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.36.The statement "In my bridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily." (Para. 2) suggests that ______.A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fiftiesB. the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fiftiesC. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950sD. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s37. Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?A. People would not buy more food than was necessary.B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.D. People had effective ways to preserve their food.38. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?A. Inventors.B. Consumers.C. Manufacturers.D. Traveling salesmen.39. Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridge's negative effect on the environment?A. "Hum away continuously".B. "Climatically almost unnecessary".C. "Artificially-cooled space".D. "With mild temperatures".40. What is the author's overall attitude toward fridges?A. Neutral.B. Critical.C. ObjectiveD. Compromising.Passage 5 (5 Points)Although we can imagine life based on something other than carbon chemistry, we know of no xamples to tell us how such life might arise and survive. We must limit our discussion to life as we know it and the conditions it requires. The most important requirement is the presence of liquid water, not only as part of the chemical reactions of life, but also as a medium to transport nutrients and wastes within the organism.The water requirement automatically eliminates many worlds in our solar system. The moon is airless, and although some data suggest ice frozen in the soil at its poles, it has never had liquid water on its surface. In the vacuum of the lunar surface, liquid water would boil away rapidly. Mercury too is airless and cannot have had liquid water on its surface for long periods of time. Venus has some traces of water vapor in its atmosphere, but it is much too hot for liquid water to survive. If there were any lakes or oceans of water on its surface when it was young, they must have evaporated quickly. Even if life began there, no traces would be left now.The inner solar system seems too hot, and the outer solar system seems too cold. The Jovian planets have deep atmospheres, and at a certain level, they have moderate temperatures where water might condense into liquid droplets. But it seems unlikely that life could begin there. The Jovian planets have no surfaces where oceans could nurture the beginning of life, and currents inthe atmosphere seem destined to circulate gas and water droplets from regions of moderate temperature to other levels that are much too hot or too cold for life to survive.A few of the satellites of the Jovian planets might have suitable conditions for life. Jupiter’s moon Europa seems to have a liquid-water ocean below its icy crust, and minerals dissolved in tha t water would provide a rich broth of possibilities for chemical evolution. Nevertheless, Europa is not a promising site to search for life because conditions may not have remained stable for the billions of years needed for life to evolve beyond the microscopic stage. If Jupiter’s moons interact gravitationally and modify their orbits, Europa may have been frozen solid at some points in history.Saturn’s moon Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen, argon, and methane and may have oceans of liquid methane and ethane on its surface. The chemistry of life that might crawl or swim on such a world is unknown, but life there may be unlikely because of the temperature. The surface of Titan is a deadly -179°C (-290°F). Chemical reactions occur slowly or not at all at such low temperatures, so the chemical evolution needed to begin life may never have occurred on Titan.Mars is the most likely place for life in our solar system. The evidence, however, is not encouraging. Meteorite ALH84001 was found on the Antarctic ice in 1984. It was probably part of debris ejected into space by a large impact on Mars. ALH84001 is important because a team of scientists studied it and announced in 1996 that it contained chemical and physical traces of ancient life on Mars.Scientists were excited too, but being professionally skeptical, they began testing the results i mmediately.In many cases, the results did not confirm the conclusion that life once existed on Mar s. Some chemical contamination from water on Earth has occurred, and some chemicals in the met eorite may have originated without the presence of life. The physical features that look like fossil bacteria may be mineral formations in the rock.Spacecraft now visiting Mars may help us understand the past history of water there and pain t a more detailed picture of present conditions. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence may have to wai t until a geologist in a space suit can wander the dry streambeds of Mars cracking open rocks and s earching for fossils.We are left to conclude that, so far as we know, our solar system is bare of life except for Earth. Consequently, our search for life in the universe takes us to other planetary systems.41. The word automatically in the passage is closest in meaning to______.A. partiallyB. actuallyC. occasionallyD. naturally42. Which of the following statements about the water on Venus is ture?A. The water evaporated because of the high temperatures.B. The water became frozen in the polar regions.C. Only a little water is left in small lakes on the surface.D. Rain dose not fall because there is no atmosphere .43.How will scientists confirm the existence of life on Mars？A. By sending unmanned spacecraft to Mars.B. By looking at fossils on Mars.C. By viewing pictures taken of Mars.D. By studying the present conditions on Mars.44. According to paragraph 5, why would life on Titan be improbable?A. It does not have an ocean.B. It is not a planet.C. It is too cold.D. It has a low atmosphere.45. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about life in our solar system?A. Life is probably limited to planets in the inner solar sustem.B. There is a large body of evidence supporting life on Mars.C. There is little probability of life on other planets.D. We should explore our solar system for conditions that support life.Passage 6 (5 Points)Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem word, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something as ked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinar y person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated oronly vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physic in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.46. According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because______ .A. intuitive knowledge of human relations is derived from philosophyB. early scientists were more interested in the physical worldC. scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obviousD. the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations47. which of the following claims supports the author’s statement that “Psychology holds a unique position among the sciences”?A. The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.B. Commonsense understanding of human relations can be incisive.C. Intuitive knowledge in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.D. Subjective bias is difficult to control in psychological research.48. According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be______ .A. highly biased due to unconscious factorsB. improved by specialized trainingC. profound even when vaguely conceivedD. irrelevant for understanding human relations49. The author implies that attempts to treat human relations scientifically have thus far been relatively______ .A. unilluminatingB. paradoxicalC. pessimisticD. encouraging50. It can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense knowledge of human relations is______ .A. equally well developed among all adults within a given societyB. biased insofar as it is based on myths and folktalesC. typically unrelated to an individual’s interactions with other peopleD. usually sufficiently accurate to facilitate interactions with othersPassage 7 (5 Points)。

东北师范大学年汉语国际教育方向教育博士专业学位研究生“申请考核”制招生选拔工作实施细则根据国家汉办[]号，为贯彻落实教育部《奋进之笔》“孔子学院质量提升工程”的任务要求，提高汉语国际教育人才培养层次，教育部特批我校试点招收汉语国际教育方向教育博士专业学位博士研究生，培养中外汉语国际教育和中华文化国际传播的复合型高级人才。

矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。

矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖賃。

同时，根据《东北师范大学博士研究生“申请考核”制招生选拔工作实施办法》及相关文件精神及要求，为进一步深化博士研究生招生制度改革，建立健全科学公正的招生选拔机制，提高招生选拔质量，激发博士研究生教育活力，全面加强拔尖创新人才选拔，特制订此实施细则。

聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。

聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净祸。

一、组织管理．国际汉学院组织成立由学院党政主要领导、教授委员会主任和主管研究生工作的领导参加的博士研究生招生工作小组，组长由院长担任。

博士研究生招生工作小组负责制订《汉语国际教育方向教育博士专业学位研究生“申请考核”制招生选拔工作实施细则》，统筹各项具体工作，履行领导、组织、协调、监督职责。

残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。

残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟婭。

．组织成立“材料审核小组”和“综合考核小组”，组长及成员由学院博士研究生招生工作小组选定。

．学院博士研究生招生工作小组负责对“材料审核小组”和“综合考核小组”成员进行培训，确保工作按照规定方案和程序进行，保证工作质量。

酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。

酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥顧。

二、报名条件．中华人民共和国公民；拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。

彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。

彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑诒。

．心理健康且身体健康状况符合国家规定的体检要求。

．具有硕士学位。

．有年以上教育及相关领域全职工作经历。

．具有相当成就的中小学教师及各级各类学校管理人员。

．具有海外孔子学院（课堂）或其他教育机构对外汉语教学经历者。

东北师范大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析People do not analyze every problem they meet.Sometimes they tryto remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other timesthey begin to act without thinking;they try to find a solution bytrial and error.However,when all these methods fail,the person witha problem has to start analyzing.There are six stages in analyzinga problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem.Forexample,Sam's bicycle is broken,and he cannot read it to class ashe usually does.Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define the problem.Before Sam can repairhis bicycle.he must find the reason why it does not work.For instance,he must determine if the problem is with the gears,the brakes,orthe frame.He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi problem clearerand lead to possible solutions.For instance,suppose Sam decided thathis bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gearwheels.At this time.he can look in his bicycle repair book and readabout gears.He can talk to his friends at the bike shop.He can lookat his gears carefully.after studying the problem,the person shouldhave several suggestions for a possible solution.Take Sam as an illustration.His suggestions might be:put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones;tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way.Sam,for example,suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum(口香糖)between the gear wheels.He immediately realizes the solution to his problem:he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested.Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly.In short,he has solved the problem.41.What is the best title for this passage?A)Six Stages for Repairing Sam's BicycleB)Possible Ways to Problem-solvingC)Necessities of Problem AnalysisD)Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem42.In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except.A)recognize and define the problemB)look for information to make the problem clearerC)have suggestions for a possible solutionD)find a solution by trial or mistake43.By referring to Sam's broken bicycle,the author intends to.A)illustrate the ways to repair his bicycleB)discuss the problems of his bicycleC)tell us how to solve a problemD)show us how to analyses a problem44.Which of the following is NOT true?A)People do not analyze the problem they meet.B)People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.C)People may learn from their past experienceD)People can not solve some problems they meet.45.As used in the last sentence,the phrase in short means.A)in the long run B)in detail C)in a word D)in the endPassage91.B2.D3.C4.A5.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

东北师大教育博士入学阅读读书笔记摘要：一、引言二、读书笔记内容概述1.教育学理论体系2.教育实践与案例分析3.教育改革与发展趋势4.教育心理学与应用5.跨学科研究与方法论三、读书心得与启示1.教育观念的更新2.提升教育实践能力3.关注教育改革与发展4.培养跨学科思维四、结论正文：一、引言在我国高等教育领域，教育学博士培养了一批又一批优秀的教育工作者和研究者。

我十分荣幸能成为东北师大教育博士的一员，为了更好地投入到学术研究中，我认真阅读了各类教育学著作，撰写了以下读书笔记。

二、读书笔记内容概述1.教育学理论体系读书过程中，我深入学习了教育学的基本理论体系，包括教育哲学、教育史、教育心理学等分支。

这使我更加系统地认识到教育学的内涵和外延，为今后的研究奠定了基础。

2.教育实践与案例分析书中详细介绍了世界各地的成功教育实践和案例，让我明白了理论联系实际的重要性。

通过分析这些案例，我学会了如何在实际工作中解决问题，为我国教育事业的改革与发展贡献力量。

3.教育改革与发展趋势了解全球教育改革与发展趋势是教育工作者必备的素养。

在读书过程中，我关注到了国内外教育政策的变化，以及新技术、新理念对教育领域的影响，为今后参与教育改革做好了准备。

4.教育心理学与应用教育心理学是教育学的重要支柱。

在阅读相关书籍时，我深入研究了学生的心理发展规律，学会了如何激发学生的学习兴趣、培养他们的创新精神。

这些知识将对我的教育实践产生深远影响。

5.跨学科研究与方法论当今教育研究愈发注重跨学科交叉。

在读书过程中，我学习了其他学科的方法论，如社会学、经济学等，并尝试将其应用于教育研究，以期在未来的学术生涯中取得更多突破。

三、读书心得与启示1.教育观念的更新阅读教育学著作使我深刻认识到，教育观念的更新是教育发展的关键。

作为一名教育工作者，我要时刻关注国内外教育动态，不断更新自己的教育观念。

2.提升教育实践能力通过读书，我明确了教育理论在实践中的应用，今后将努力提升自己的教育实践能力，为学生的成长和发展贡献力量。

东北师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part І1. Intellect is to the mind sight is ＿＿to the body.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. like答案：Awhat这时连接两个句子，表示“有如”或“就像…一样”。

what只有用在这种“A对于B来说就象C对于D一样”句型当中时。

Air is to man what water is to the fish. 空气对于人类来说就象水对于鱼来说一样重要。

2. I regret ＿＿you that I can’t go to Hangzhou for a visit next Sunday with you, because I’ve caught a bad cold.A. leavingB. tellingC. to tellD. left答案：Cregret to do sth 遗憾要做某事(动作还没发生)regret doing sth 后悔做过某事(动作已发生)regret to tell you that... 遗憾要告诉你...regret telling you that... 后悔告诉了你...3. A Dictionary of the English Language, ＿＿by Dr. Samuel Johnson, was the first real attempt as a systematic and interestingly written survey of English usage.A. constructedB. compiledC. composedD. collected答案：Bcompile 编译，编制，编辑4. She is as ＿＿as her mother is beautiful.A. plainB. commonC. dullD. humble答案：APlain在此意为“相貌平平的、不好看的”，与其后的beautiful相对两者比较项目不同，用完整模式。