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复旦大学医学部博士入学考试内科试题（历年真题）
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试内科试题（第一套）
1.肝性脑病的发病机制和治疗
2.确诊肺癌后，应如何决定治疗方案，如何考核疗效
DA型糖尿病的临床特点与2型糖尿病的鉴别
4.预激伴室上速的治疗
5.造血干细胞移植的定义分类、应用和发展方向
6.糖尿病肾病的发病机制和治疗
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试内科试题（第二套）1、COPD 的定义演变及其治疗进展
2、慢性心力衰竭的治疗进展
3、原发性胆汁性肝硬化的发病机理及治疗
4、肾移植的内科处理
5、糖尿病的口服药物的治疗
6、MDS、D二聚体
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试内科试题（第三套）
1、自发性腹膜炎的定义、发病机理，诊断标准，哪些病人需预防性使用抗生素。
2、急性冠脉综合征的定义，治疗原则
3 肺癌的诊断技术及进展，如何选择合理利用。
3、甲亢的临床类型，Graves病的发病机理。
4、肾性贫血的原因，是否需要补铁，为什么?
5、血液恶性肿瘤的治疗中，针对蛋白分子靶向治疗进展,。
复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ（略）Part ⅡDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the21. SheA. missedB. budgetedC. loathed22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about theA. intangibleB. sedateC. impudent23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect theA. rigorousB. equivocalC. stringent24. People who like to wear red clothes are more likely to be talkative andA. lucrativeB. introvertedC. vivacious25. This is but a of the total amountA. frictionB. fractionC. faction26. They were tired, but not any less enthusiasticA. onB. byC. for27. I think it is high time we the fact that environmental pollution in this area isA. woke up toB. must wake up toC. wake up to28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was sA. resentfulB. amiableC. suffocating29. Rescue workers continued the delicate task of sifting through tons of concrete andA. scrapsB. leftoversC. debris30. When sheA. came toB. came offC. came through31. The shortage of water became more this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 yeaA. needyB. latentC. uneasy32. They tried to drive their horse into the river, but he simply couldA. budgeB. surgeC. trudge33. Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that men andA. beseechB. besetC. bewitch34. The boy's talent might have lain had it not been for his uncle'sA. extinguishedB. dormantC. malignantD.35. The two leaders made a show of unity at the press conference, though they had notablyA. discontinuousB. discreetC. discordant36. Jack admitted that he ought not to have made his mother angry,A. oughtn't heB. wasn't heC. didn't he37. An old woman was badly hurt in the police describe as an apparently motivelessA. thatB. whichC. what38. As the city has become increasingly and polluted, there has been a growingA. flourishedB. boostedC. congested39. The taxi in front of a girl, just in time to avoidA. turned inB. pulled upC. cleared up40. The doctor told him to be careful when taking sleeping pills because too manyA. lethalB. vitalC. wholesomeD. sanitaryPart ⅢDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this pall. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineFor my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormouI enrolled as a pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from somewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur:“Non, M. Jones. Jane suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!” (No Mr. Jones, I'm NOT French, I'm not, not, NOT!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name wasFor a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels,wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going.I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westemer. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for “people”, for instance, might be nais,Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When merely got the drift of a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no-one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Paris. But this was something I could reprove upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr Beheit, still struggling toB. He was vol42. It is known from the passage that the writerB. couldn't mak43. It can be inferred from the passage that Ahmed wasC. a44. The word “modicum” in the last paragraph can be replaced by45. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to theC. The writer found learning Arabic was a grueling experience but rewD. The writer regarded Ahmed's praise of his pronunciation as tongue-in-It is one of the world's most recognized phrases, one you might even heat in places where little English is spoken:‘The name's Bond, James Bond.’ I've heard it from a taxi driver in Ghana and a street sweeper in Paris, and I remember the thrill of hearing Sean Connery say it in the first Bond film I saw, Goldfinger. I was a Chicago schoolgirl when it was released in 1904. The image of a candy-colored London filled with witty people, stately old buildings and a gorgeous, ice-coolWhen Ian Fleming created the man with the license to kill, based on his own experiences while working for the British secret service in World War Ⅱ, he couldn't have imagined that his fictional Englishman would not only shake, but stir the entire world. Even world-weary actors are thrilled at being in a Bond movie. Christopher Walken, everyone's favorite screen psycho, who p layed mad genius Max Zorin in 1985's A View to a Kill, gushed:‘I remember first seeing DJ' No when I was 15. I remember Robert Shaw trying to strangle James Bond in From Russia with Love.Bond is the complete entertainment package: he has hot——and cold——running women on tap, dastardly villains bent on complete world domination, and America always plays second string to cool, sophisticated Britain. Bond's England only really existed in the adventures of Bulldog Drummond, the wartime speeches of Winston Churchill and the songs of Dame VelaWhen Fleming started to write his spy stories, the world knew that, while Britain was victorious in the war against Hitler, it was depleted as a result. London was bombed out, a darkIt was America that was producing such universal icons as Gary Cooper's cowboy in High Noon (‘A man's got to do what a man's got to do’); the one-man revolution that was Elvis Presley; Marilyn Monroe, the walking, male fantasy married to Joe DiMaggio, then the most famous athlete in the world. Against this reality, Fleming had the nerve and arrogance to say that, while hot dogs and popcorn were fine, other things were more iAnd those things were uniquely British: quiet competence, unsentimental ruthlessness, clear-eyed, steely determination, an ironic sense of humor and doing a job well. All qualitiesOf course, Bond was always more fairytale than fact, but what else is a film for? No expense is spared in production, the lead is suave and handsome, and the hardware is always awesome. In the latest film, the gadgets include a surfboard with concealed weapons, a combat knife with global positioning system beacon, a watch that doubles as a laser-beam cutter, an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish with all the optional extras you've come to expect, a personal jet glider... the list isThere are those who are disgusted by the Bond films' unbridled glorification of the evils of46. According to the passage each production of a Bond film isD. difficult to fin48. It is known from the passage that post-war Britain as49. Judging by the context, the word “stately” in the first paragraph means50.A. When Ian Fleming created James Bond, he believed that his fictional Englishman would shake the entire world.C. Ian Fleming began to write his spy stories before world war ⅡThe current political debate over family values, personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen selfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberals are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that “winners” in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliant unit of traditional lore——a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these “family values,” arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has exacerbated their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing theThe myth of family self-reliance is so compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. “We always stood on our own two feet,” my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 million acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major weatem logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled downLike my grandparents, few families in American history——whatever their “values”——have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social-support structures set up by governing authorities, whether thosewere the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonialAt America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed our social and personal interdependence. The idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ludicrous to colonial and revolutionar51. Conservatives believe that welfare services have played a certain role inB. reducing individual or family dependence on government52. It can be concluded that the writer's grandfather's family purchased their landA53. It can be inferred from the passage that in early AmericaB54. The word “parochial” in the last paragraph meansC. i55. The writer's attitude toward the idea of American family values isOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consistsAdvertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer——appeal to all his other problems of man——hours and machine tolerances and stress factors, So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness, if the advertising agency can to thisOther manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for onereason or another, some alteration seems called for——how much better to change the image, the packet or tile pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing theThe advertising man has to comibine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church, Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the kill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right, just as advertising does——“Run down? You need...”. “No one will dance with you? A dab of * * * * will mAdvertising men use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamp-post-for support rather than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority or, failing that, they will even be happy with the announcement, “As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest ruses56. It can be concluded from the passage that modern advertising is authoritative because of the way it57. According to the passage, the advertising man must have the ability to58. The word “unimpeachable” in the last paragraph can be replaced by59. The following statements are TRUE exceptA. Advertising men dress people up in white coats because it makes their advertisement more convincing.B. Some manufacturers would rather change their product's appeal than change the productD. If advertising agency does advertising authoritatively enough, the manufacturer will surely60. It can be inferred from the passage that the advertisers' attitude is usually based on the hope that customersC. are inPart ⅣDirection: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet ⅡA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It isalways much better to tell a story than read it __61__ of a book, and, if a parent can produce __62__ in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on theA charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistie impulses. To prove the __63__, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read rairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, __64__ the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children __65__ dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with theThere are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds __67__ they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies __68__ fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case __69__ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick __70__ covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everPart ⅤDirections: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一番奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大进展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步开展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试生物化学试题（历年真题）
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试生物化学试题(第一套)
一、名词解释
1.核酶
2.中心法则
3.模序
4.操纵子
问答题(4个，每个15分)
1.举例说明蛋白质一级结构空间结构与功能的关系
2.举例说明竞争性抑制的定义及在实践中的应用
3.氨的来源和去路
4. 举例说明端粒和端粒酶的作用
复旦大学医学部博士入学考试生物化学试题（第二套）
一、名解4x10
1.质粒
2.转染
3.核酶
4.胆固醇逆向转运
5.核酸杂交
6.PCR
7.离子交换柱层析
8.蛋白质结构域
9.G蛋白
10.蛋白质变性
二、简答15x4
1.蛋白质分离的方法与原理
2.酶抑制剂的临床应用
3.基因工程的基本步骤和原理
4.蛋白质与核酸相互作用的机理和举例。
中山大学医学院2002年肿瘤学（博士）1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义。
2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义。
3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则。
4、癌变的二阶段学说。
5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系。
6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义。
以上6题任选4题，每题15分。
以下共有18题，任选2题，每题20分。
内容涉及几乎各部位的肿瘤的临床表现（或）和治疗原则，推测是每一博导出2-3题的总和。
仅记数题如下：1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。
3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。
4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。
5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。
9、中上段食管癌的临床表现中山大学医学院2003年肿瘤学（博士）20题选61、癌发生的二阶段学说2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化3、p53基因生物学特性与意义4、信号传导通路的组成5、调亡的特点及生物学意义6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程7、基因突变形式几检测方法8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制9、基因治疗策略10、腹部肿块的类型并举例11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结12、食道癌的X线表现13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用中山大学医学院2004年肿瘤学（博士）以下选答4条。
每条10分1、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。
2、术前放疗的原则3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？7、信号转导的组成以下选3，各20分。
8、肺癌淋巴引流分组9、肿瘤外科发展趋势10、试述肿瘤的异型性11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则14、凋亡特征及发展机制15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的原理18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生肿瘤防治中心的临床型和科研型都是考此套试题。
北京医科大学转博入学考试试题内科学2001年一. 问答题:（每题5分）1. 血管内外溶血的鉴别。
2. 厌氧菌肺炎的治疗的抗菌素有哪几种?3. 心肌梗塞的溶栓适应症、禁忌症、血栓再通的指证。
4. IgA肾病临床表现、特点、诊断。
5. 早期胃癌的定义，镜下分型。
6. 单剂量、小剂量、大剂量地塞米松抑制试验的原理方法、临床意义。
二．专业题（任选一题）1．肺栓塞的临床表现、诊断、有哪些检查，其意义是什么？2．全血细胞减少的鉴别（至少6种疾病）3．简述和Hp有关的疾病，常用的检查方法及其意义，常用的治疗方案。
4．试述急进性肾小球肾炎的分型、免疫病理、治疗原则。
5．试述糖尿病1型β细胞损伤机制的进展。
6．心血管（不详）7．传染科1）肝炎病毒有哪几种，近年发现的肝炎病毒是什么？2）治疗乙型肝炎的抗病毒药物有什么（至少2种）？3）那些病毒导致的肝炎用重症倾向，那些有慢性化倾向？4）何谓乙肝病毒变异，如何治疗？三．名词解释1．室型并行心律2．肝肾综合征3． Horner综合征4．异位ACTH分泌综合征5． SIADH综合征6．费城染色体7． Coombs test8．交通性气胸9.10．三．填空题1．抗结核药物杀菌剂有--------- --------- --------- ------------；为了控制结核流行，需要做到-------- ---------- --------- ----------。
2．消化性溃疡的特点-------- ------- ----------。
3．慢性肾小球肾炎最常见的临床表现是----------。
4．引起肾实质性急性肾功能衰竭的原因有-------- ------- ------- 。
5．糖尿病诊断标准:症状+ -----血糖≥11.1mmol/l,空腹血糖------7.0mmol/l ,空腹是指-----------。
6．垂体受损时，-------激素分泌最先受影响。
名词解释肝肾综合征(HRS)（北医2001）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿，氮质血症，稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
机理：肾血管收缩，致肾皮质血流量和肾小球滤过率持续降低。
交感神经兴奋性增高，去甲肾分泌增加；肾素-血管紧张素系统活性增强；肾PGs合成减少，血栓素（TXA2）增多；内毒素血症：增加肾血管阻力；白细胞三烯产生增加，引起肾血管收缩. 肝肺综合征: 指严重肝病、肺血管扩张和低氧血症组成的三联征.肠易激综合征(IBS)（同济2008）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
Zollinger-Ellison综合征，卓－艾综合征（北医2002）（胃泌素瘤）：胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm)，生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
大量胃泌素可刺激壁细胞增生，分泌大量胃酸，使上消化道处于高酸状态，导致胃，十二指肠球部和不典型部位发生多发性溃疡。
胃泌素瘤与普通消化性溃疡的鉴别要点是该病溃疡发生在不典型部位，具有难治的特点，高胃酸分泌，血清胃泌素>200pg/ml。
库瓦济埃（Courvoisier）征（哈医大2008）：在胰头癌压迫胆总管导致阻塞时，发生明显黄疸，且逐渐加深，胆囊显著肿大，但无压痛，称为Courvoisier征，又称胆总管渐进阻塞征。
在胆总管结石梗阻所致的黄疸病人中，由于胆囊也常有慢性炎症，囊壁因纤维而皱缩，且与周围组织粘连而失去移动性，因而有黄疸但胆囊常不肿大，称为Courvoisier征阴性。
TIPS（同济）：经颈静脉肝内门体分流术，是一种以血管介入的方法在肝内的门静分支和肝静脉分支间建立分流通道。
它能有效降低门静脉压力，适用于食道静脉曲张破裂大出血、难治性腹水，易诱发肝性脑病.virchow淋巴结：（哈医大2008）胃癌的癌细胞向远处淋巴结转移，因胃的淋巴系统与锁骨上的淋巴结相连接，癌细胞转移到该处时称为virchow淋巴结。
复旦大学2000年临床检验诊断学考博真题
一、名解：
1、化能异养菌
2、富集培养
3、生物氧化
4、厌氧罐
5、鳖试剂法
二、重要数据:
1典型细菌的大小。
重量
2霉菌，哮母菌，放线菌，细菌，病毒个体直径的大小比例
3每克较肥沃的土地中，原生动物，藻类，霉菌，哮母菌，放线菌，细菌的大体细胞数
4当今已知的微生物总数有多少，何大类最多，何大类最少
5，大肠杆菌和酿酒哮母的代时时多少
三、革兰氏染色的主要步骤及原理
四、四大类微生物的各有何特点，原因，掌握这些有何实用意义
五、何为烈性噬菌体（举两种代表）？式作图并阐明它的裂解性生活史。
六、什么叫质粒？有那几类主要质粒？他们的生理功能和实际应用如何？
七、什么是沼气？沼气发效有和生态意议？试述甲烷形成三阶段理论及其中的微生物学和生物化学原理。
八、什么是补体结合试验？它有何优点？试图示并说明其作用原理。
九、试写出以下五种微生物的学名（不可简写）
一种肠道细菌一种芽孢杆菌一种厌氧细菌一种酒精发酵菌一种重要工业霉菌。
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
一、名词解释ARF、CVP、LC、MODS、MIDCAB、Rovsing征、Cullen征、Paget病、Richter疝、Litter疝、Calot三角、Crohn病、Heister（螺旋）瓣、Hesselbach（腹股沟）三角、Reynold 五联征、Mirrizzi综合征、Roux-en-Y吻合方式、AOSC的中外文全称、TIL的中英文全称、SIRS的中英文全称、ESWL体外冲击波碎石术的中外文全称、母细胞瘤、腹白线、气性坏疽、脑震荡、肛瘘、股疝、第二肝门、脓性指头炎、滑动疝、旋后肌综合症、低钙血症的两个体征、阴离子间隙、混合痔、交界痣、第一肝门、丹毒、肿瘤的三级预防二、问答1.血容量不足与急性肾衰的鉴别(列表)2.真菌性休克3.以胃癌为例说明肿瘤根治手术4.胰头癌合并黄疸的处理方案5.颈椎病的分类6.前列腺癌的诊疗进展7.酸碱平衡的调节途径8.脊柱结核的临床表现,诊断和处理(必须包括病灶清除术)9.感染性休克的临床表现和治疗10.肾损伤的分型和治疗11.乳腺癌的诊治进展12.膀胱癌的分期及治疗原则13.胸腺瘤的诊断,鉴别诊断,治疗及手术入路14.骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗15.急性重症胰腺炎的发病原因,机理,诊断,临床表现,治疗等方面的最新进展16.肝脏的分区及常用肝功能检测指标的临床意义17.超级性移植物排异反应的临床表现,发病原因,病理改变18.ARDS的临床表现,诊断依据,诊断标准19.肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原则20.皮质醇增多症21.食道癌手术径路22.代谢性碱中毒的血气改变23.溃疡手术治疗机理24.休克肾病理改变25.神经母细胞瘤的分级及治疗进展26.肾移植免疫药物的应用27.脊柱内固定的治疗进展28.高渗脱水的分类及治疗29.DIC的诊断30.脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定31.血运性肠梗阻的病因,表现及治疗32.阻塞性黄疸的鉴别,治疗33.低钙血症的病因,表现,治疗34.胆管癌的诊治进展35.骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现,分型及治疗进展36.门脉高压分流术的手术方式及疗效评价37.肿瘤的生物治疗38.高钾血症的病因,临床表现以及对机体的影响39.输血时过敏反应和变态反应的表现和处理40.胃癌根治的手术原则41.胆总管探查的指征,T型管的观察指标,拔管指征42.后尿道损伤的诊断和处理43.胸腔镜的指征44.微创手术在泌尿外科的应用45.枕骨大孔疝的临床表现46.低心排量综合征的定义及表现,诊治47.前尿道外渗的范围48.微创心脏外科的目前进展49.ARDS的分期50.儿茶酚胺症的分类和诊断51.升主动脉瘤的病因和手术治疗52.多发性骨折伴开放性骨折的急救原则与病情观察，高能量创伤骨折有哪些特征53.前列腺炎的分类和诊断二、考试心得1.外科总论在必答题中占居比例较大(30％)，须好好复习，重点章节——水电解质酸碱平衡、休克及MODS等。
