全国医学博士英语统一考试2008年试题及详解

Part B 08 年考试的新题型仍旧是考⽣熟悉的七选五题型。

本⽂主要内容是告诉读者如何利⽤好写作中的第⼀稿(草稿)。

41题 D 空前⾯出现的内容告诉读者如果写⽂章时只要作者不再试图避免⼀些事情第⼀稿就会跃然纸上，在空后第⼀句⾥出现了outline这个词，因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。

D选项的内容就中提到⽤什么⽅式来写作不重要，重要的是定下⼀个题⽬，然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。

空前⾯所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的⽅式。

42 题 G 选项是在讲draft的问题，所以答案中还会涉及到draft。

选项后的句⼦中提到：⼀些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。

选项的最后提到不要尝试在第⼀次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的⽂稿，因此G选项符合这个逻辑。

43 题 A 在选项后⾯出现了that way 所以上⽂中会说到具体的哪种⽅式，只有A选项提到了具体的⽅式，因此符合题意。

44. 题 C 选项后⾯提到了these printouts，空前⾯提到:“在修改过程中，看打印出来的材料⽐看电脑屏幕容易。

”因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。

C选项中很明显地有copy 还有 printer对应下⽂中所提及的打印出来的材料。

45. 题 E 前⽂提到Sammy这个⼈，这是⼀个线索词，选项中E 和F中都包含这个词，但是此段的主题句提到，在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材，E选项中instead of adding that paragraph，也就意味着删去了这段。

和主题句对应。

⽽F选项只是在说最后⼀段的具体内容，和本段的主题句不相关，故不符合题意。

Part C 46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句，主⼲是he believes that….that从句的结构是this very difficulty may havethe….advantage of forcing…, and thus enabling…。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird,a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Togetherwith another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,asthe大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breastcancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects,such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大17家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大18家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大20家state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by, unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago, today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably,protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,thathis power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年真题答案解析Section I:Use of English(10points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！)2008年4月15日Part IV ocabulary (0.5 point each)Section A （7.5 points, 0.5 point each）Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superbA、exoticB、wonderfulC、superstitiousD、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.A、introducedB、includedC、jumpedD、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull.A、respectfullyB、respectablyC、separatelyD、jointly5. Supported by mordentevidence, his argument seems to have a great deal of validity.A、vividnessB、truthC、valueD、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him.A、extremeB、burningC、unbearableD、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer.A、suitableB、appropriateC、per tinedD、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city.A、in additionB、howeverC、besideD、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into considerationA、controlledB、numberedC、consideredD、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother.A、reservesB、retainsC、resemblesD、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.A、contractionB、conventionC、paradoxD、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness.A、come onB、came downC、came toD、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be bannedA、forbiddenB、regulatedC、studiedD、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about.A、assumptionB、conceptC、expectationD、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, orD and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax__________.A、efficiencyB、revenuesC、privilegesD、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see.A、prestigeB、superiorityC、priorityD、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls.A、shearB、serapeC、strokeD、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________A、illusionB、impressionC、imageD、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions.A、at lengthB、at randomC、in essenceD、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract.A、in the vicinity ofB、in quest ofC、in accordance withD、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities.A、noticeableB、indicativeC、conspicuousD、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store.A、preliminarilyB、presumablyC、formallyD、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek.A、ascribeB、orderC、reclaimD、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessedswaying they chairmen were made to _______ all the coys they hadA、put offB、ourC、pat upD、pat away29. The changing image of the family on televisionprovides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society.A、insightsB、presentationsC、revelationsD、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts.A、furnishB、induceC、facilitateD、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefully 31 the materials used to teach the new 32 . Abilities and skills it helps each student to learn.In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching students what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will oppose the accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developingsociety, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agriculturaldevelopment is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service.1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects2. A、knowledge B、generation C、development D、phase3. A、on B、by C、for D、at4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case D、Bacons5. A、other B、younger C、older D、any6. A、toward B、of C、in D、for7. A、gives B、are given C、are giving D、have given8. A、upon B、towards C、between D、among9. A、old B、young C、knowledge D、society10. A、respected B、interested C、holy D、contemporary11. A、how B、what C、which D、why12. A、by all means B、of all ages C、in some cases D、to a great extent13. A、old B、technical C、poor D、personal14. A、seem B、are C、is D、appear15. A、but B、even C、although D、when16. A、in B、of C、towards D、with17. A、promised B、promoted C、prevented D、preceded18. A、age B、growth C、presence D、education19. A、An important part B、A b titer resultC、A promising futureD、A delightful agentive20. A、give B、prepare C、radish D、rewindPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAbout the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in Californiachaining that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his originalbenison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minoritygrapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A、Its validity was challenged by many communities.B、Its was considered discriminative against minority childrenC、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______A、draw public attention to IQ testingB、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools3. The author believes that intelligence testing __________A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that__________A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribesB、white famishes should adoptblackcondemnC、adoption should be hazed on IQ rest résumés.D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated.5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probersB、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areasD、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage TwoUnlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultantsearn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of people to whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many tanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家).In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic”issues the behavior at firms, employee’sconsorters and particularmarkets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die.Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen toearlybe from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termersbased on verifiableexperiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and generaltenability.A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategies that have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposingtents and the physical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciences of biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack is advice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principlesfarther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________A、most people like to give advice, but businessmen do notB、most people are reluctant to follow advice, and so are businessmenC、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied toD、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult an astrologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to beD、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managersB、have rejected management as a proper field of studyC、have investigated at interest to managers the managementD、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to find out_________A、how firms resemble one anotherB、how more successful firms are different from less successful onesC、how unsuccessful firms are different from one anotherD、how relatively successful firms differ from one another.10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skillsB、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work.C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thundersD、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage ThreeReruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even more alluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚)Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young peoplecasual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television.Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task.11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPTA、drug abuseB、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________A、teachers set bad examples for studentsB、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional educationC、parents failed in educating their childrenD、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behaviorB、（看不清楚）C、D、must preventtheirchildren from all kinds of14.The author develops her main idea by__________A、complaining about some social influences on childrenB、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of todayC、explaining parents’ worries todayD、stating her own points with vivid examples15. The best title for the passages ___________A、parents’ Worries TodayB、Challenges for Today’s ParentsC、Parents’ResponsibilitiesD、Confusions of parents TodayPassage FourNavigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it.BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can.Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, The instructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example.16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles.B、Nary help solve potential traffic problemsC、are likely to be accepted by more driversD、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________A、by inputting the exact addressB、by indicating the location of his carC、by checking his computer databaseD、by giving vocal orders to the computes18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB、basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directionsD、by using a screen to display satellite signals20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________A、the immaturity of the new technologyB、the superiority of the global positioning systemC、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow.(1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than momssum up the social practices that have manuallydeveloped as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting of academic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable.It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “interests”. (3) All it means is that the progressiveunveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in thatprocess-that is . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancéand technical methods considered to be good science.Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anewresearch specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’.(5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points)Section A ( 10 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution fromAncestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation ofAbout itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tensionroughagessolacehearten are all the physical intimae’s and structures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern societyknowledge of all kinds is communallytenderizing and egg negation of nestinformation into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadilyreducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuingremainders on the numerous are of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumed.Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English.作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。

2008学年高考试题——英语（全国卷1）解析版2008年高考全国卷Ⅰ英语试题解析第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例：We ______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study答案是C。

21. —Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?— ______, but I promised Nancy to go out with her.A. I’d like toB. I like it.C. I don’tD. I will【标准答案】A。

【试题解析】从对话上文可知是回答对方的请求。

I’d like to 与上文呼应。

【高考考点】情景交际。

22.—What fruit is in season now?—Pears and apples, ______.A. I knowB. I thinkC. I seeD. I feel【标准答案】B。

.【试题解析】根据对话上文可知,对别人提出问题的发表自己的看法应用I think(我认为) 【高考考点】在交际中发表自己的看法。

23. The performance _______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.A. coveredB. reachedC. playedD. lasted【标准答案】D。

【试题解析】题意是“尽管演出持续了将近3小时，但还是很少有人提前离开。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

文章主要介绍了个别民族群体智商高于人类平均水平。

文章首段第一句话点明了中心论点。

第二段则分析了产生这一现象的原因——进化的结果。

第三段通过“进化”的纽带把高智商与遗传疾病联系起来，说明高智商的人更容易患上一些遗传疾病。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]selected挑选，选拔[B]prepared准备，打算，愿意(做某事)[C]obliged迫使，责成[D]pleased高兴【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【难度系数】0.236【解析】该空的前后语境为“有些群体的人可能比其他群体更加聪明，这是人们一直不敢明说的假说之一。

但是，不管怎么样，Gregory Cochran说出来”。

显然，从语义上应该可以看出Gregory Cochran表述这一观点是一种主动行为，从而排除A和C；而从第一句可以看出他所研究的这一课题也不应该是一个让人高兴的主题，故排除D。

因此答案只有B。

2.[A]unique独一无二的[B]particular特殊的，独特的[C]special特殊的，特别的[D]rare罕见的，珍贵的【答案】D【考点】固定搭配【难度系数】0.160【解析】从文章内容看，显然该空填入的词应该是用来形容Cochran是一个什么样的人的。

从上文我们可以看到，他总是做一些常人不敢做的事情，显然这个词既要表现他这类人很少，同时要表达出作者对Cochran正面评价，突出其优秀性，四个词中只有D能表达这种语义，故答案为D。

本题从另一个角度来说，a rare bird是一固定搭配，指一类人。

其他三个词与bird搭配都不能指人，同样得出答案为D。

3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against【答案】A【考点】介词搭配【难度系数】0.106【解析】independently只能与选项A介词of搭配，意思是“不依赖于，独立于”。

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 % )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven' t had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question number 1.1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man' s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotelC. At the rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A Thrilled. B. Refreshed. C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives instead.6. A. He' s got a revert. B. He's got nausea.C. He' s got diarrhea.D. He' s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man's wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man's wound.D. To take a closer look at the man's wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend's truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor's recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. Excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned,14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the ear.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure.Section BDirections: In this part you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinionC. To be put on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. it was given according to the man' s actual condition.D. it was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and lung Cancer. B. Lung cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit Smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problem.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156. B. 269. C. 7498. D. 9427.24. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby. B. The whole world.C. A learning experience.D. A career to earn a living.27. A. Her legs were broken.B. Her arms were broken.C. Her shoulders were severely injured.D. Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language, B. She learned to make friendsC. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned living skills.29. A. She worked as skiing coach. B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in the clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

考研英语真题及答案解析（2008年卷⼆）考研资料2008年全国研究⽣⼊学考试（⼆）及参考答案（精校版）英语2008年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is1to say it anyway.He is that2bird,a scientist who works independently3any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5he,however,might tremble at the6of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which7that one groupis more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in ⼤8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,⼤9家12-15points above the⼤10家value of 100,and have contributed11to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the 12of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,13.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been15to social effects,such as a strong tradition of16education.The latter was seen as a(an)17of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this20state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of thestudies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately, parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or declineit.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billionand$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000publishers worldwide specializing in thesesubjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to bepublished.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago,today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves, and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states. Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是⼤家⽹原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是⼤家⽹原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是⼤家⽹原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是⼤家⽹原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是⼤家⽹原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with afinal impression.[C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems. [D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic intoa tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you havemade.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how thesetting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likelydiscover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,becausethe“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could have written it without possessing somepower of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him greatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable, and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the/doc/b4e5aed4c57da26925c52cc58bd63186bceb92df.html e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试英语（⼀）答案详解Section I Use of English⼀、⽂章总体分析这是⼀篇议论⽂。

08年华中科技大学神经病学名词解释：1. parinand syndrome2. migraine equivalents3. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia4. Queckenstedt test5. 神经失用6. 构音障碍7. 颈内动脉盗血综合症8. 跌倒发作二、简答：1. 何为难治性癫痫？其危险因素有哪如何处理？2. 脊髓传导束损害临床表现?3. 如何鉴别AD，VD？4. 颅内动脉瘤可产生那些症状？5. 鉴别Lambert-Eaton syndrome和重症肌无力。

6. 脑脊液常规及生化检查项目及意义。

08年华中科技大学神经解剖学一、名词解释：1. 神经节2. 网状结构3. 突触4. 面神经丘5. 外侧丘系6. 内囊7. 基底核8. Willis环二、简答题：1. 手的神经支配2. 头面部副交感神经节的名称、位置及纤维联系3. 背侧丘脑特异性投射核团的构成、纤维联系、功能4. 简述视觉传导通路及一侧是神经受损症状及原因5. 海绵窦的位置及穿经结构2008年山大心血管考博试题（完整记忆版）名词4×51.CRT2.no-reflow3.致心律失常性右室心肌病4.PWV5.Marfan syndrome二、简述（12×5）1.PCI的主要并发症2.肺动脉高压的主要原因和分类3.2006年AHA对心肌病的定义和分类4.房颤抗栓指征5.高血压的诊断标准？不同诊断标准对心血管事件的影响？三、（20分）2006年中国成人血脂防治指南的高危/极高危人群包括？为什么对这类人群要进行强化调脂治疗？山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）（记忆版）1 细胞信号转导异常的原因2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的山东大学2008年考博免疫题(记忆版)一名词解释(原题全英语)FCM,Microassay,IgSF,PAMP,HLA,KLR,超抗原,免疫忽视,调节性T细胞,还有一个忘了.二简答:1什么是疫苗?其种类及特点2,IL-2在T细胞活化中的作用3T细胞信号传导过程4B细胞在免疫应答中的作用5抗体亲和力成熟的过程及机制6链球菌感染后得肾小球肾炎的免疫损伤机制7同种异型抗原的识别机制8CR1,CR2在免疫中的作用三论述:结合你硕士阶段的课题,请谈谈博士阶段的初步研究方向2008年最新协和医科大学博士生入学专业分子生物学考试试题第一部分：填空疯牛病的致病原因什么是原病毒SD序列信号肽识别序列的组成-----部分和-----部分乳糖操纵子的调控序列——————————————————————第二部分：大题，2道1.给了一段序列要求涉及合适的引物，扩增出改序列，（考点为引物设计原则）2.给了一个质粒序列，和一段待插入的基因组DNA片段，然后酶切后电泳，酶切后电泳，三个泳道有三种不同的条带，分析其产生情况（考点为克隆部分）第三部分：1.紫外线过度照射后容易引发皮肤癌，正常机体通过何种机制修复2.介绍酵母双杂交的原理和应用3.举例说明小RNA在发育中的作用和意义3. 什么是转录后加工？目前认为这一提法欠妥，为什么？4. 人类基因组当中存在许多非编码序列，如转座子和内含子，（1）请问这些非编码序列是没有价值的垃圾吗？为什么？（2）近年来，小分子RNA的研究与表观遗传学进展迅速，是否表明中心法则已经过时，已经被新的理论取代？交大细胞生物学2008年考博试卷10个名字解释SiRNAtranscription factorcheckpiontsiPS cells膜受体heterochromatinP型运输ATP酶蛋白质分选微管相关蛋白质integrin问答题：后基因组时代蛋白质研究的技术，策略。

I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not-to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Y oung men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.我认为如果老年人具有强烈的兴趣，参加适当的活动，并且不受个人情感影响，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。