2002年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part ADirections:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have tomake sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?A.He believes that there are too many MBAsB.He believes that the degree is over-valuedC.He believes that standards are inconsistentD.He believes that the degree has dubious value2. According to the passage, employers_________.A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinkingmanagement structures3. According to the passage_________.A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training need to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not need to write letters.4. In the writer's opinion_________.A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more trainingB.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential abilityC.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAspanies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in theirown staffPassage 2One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learningtheory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes theirdependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of theirdrinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming thesignal for another bout of alcohol abuse?8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxietiesⅡ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking boutsⅢ. punishment for alcoholic behaviorA.Ⅰ onlyB.Ⅰ and Ⅱ onlyC.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and ⅢD.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulusgeneralization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order toinduce him to drink.D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage themto abstain from drinking.Part BSummary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineMalnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused bycontaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.A.veilB.viewC.fringeD.profile2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.A.proscribedB.inscribedC.prescribedD.described3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.A.evadeB.deludeC.secludeD.invade4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.A.promoteB.strengthenC.assertD.assess6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.A.symposiumB.symphonyC.spectrogramD.synthesis7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.A.preoccupiedB.onerousC.triflingD.omnipresent8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.A.shammingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.A.distractedB.deviatedC.intriguedD.permeated10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A.intent onB.provokedC.elatedD.pruned11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.A.inspectB.expeditedC.upholdD.reinstall12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A.indulgedB.troubledC.exertedD.frustrated13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.A.rectifyB.rebukeC.negotiateD.reconcile14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.A.assuranceB.warrantC.guaranteeD.insurance15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.A.desertsB.deflectsC.detainsD.threw16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.A.extravagantB.prominentC.prescientD.eternal18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.A.by accidentB.on averageC.on occasionD.at random19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.A.pleaB.petitionC.patentD.claim20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.A.previewB.forestallC.igniteD.fluctuateⅢ. Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of Frenchrespondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.Ⅳ. Writing (15%)Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.试题详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part A1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It’s a program designed to______ mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。

根据句意，C项appeal“吸引”，其他三项，A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。

2．In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．appearanceB．popularityC．dominanceD．consolidation正确答案：A解析：本题中，advent的意思是“出现，到来”。

A项“appearance出现”符合题意，如：His sudden appearance surprised her．(他的突然到来使她很惊讶。

)其他三项“popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并”都不正确。

3．Don’t eat anything that will spoil your______ for dinner.A．appetiteB．tasteC．interestD．appreciation正确答案：A解析：appetite n．食欲，胃口；欲望(如：She ate slowly，without appetite．At the moment he had no appetite for work／reading．)。

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs ［B］ experts ［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are p resumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

厦门大学2002年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业外国语言学及应用语言学_考试课程_英语语言文学基础知识研究方向外国语言学及应用语言学各方向Part I Basic English(50%)A.Sentence Completion:(30%)Directions:Each of the sentences below has one or more blank spaces indicatingwhere a word(or words)has been omitted.Each sentence is followed byfive words or sets of words lettered from A)to E).Select the letteredword or set of words which,when inserted to replace the blanks,best fitsin with and completes the meaning of the sentence as a whole.Do it onthe Answer Sheet.1.His theories,though criticized by economists of more orthodox bent,have had enormous________on government fiscal policy.A)restraint B)impact C)acceptance D)tension E)reliance2.Unwilling to admit that his program of tax abatement had failed to achieve its goal,the mayorattempted to_________the attention of the electorate from the problem by________the issue with irrelevant statistics.A)capture…complicating B)focus…confutingC)divert…obfuscating D)remove…buttressingE)compelling…falsifying3.The deliberately alienated quality of his paintings is a reflection of the disconnection he sees asexperience by those whose values are derived only from________.A)enterprise B)reading C)experience D)inspiration E)materialism4.Although many people advocate personal sacrifice for the public good,their________oftenends at the point where the call for their personal________begins.A)self-control…resentment B)altruism…involvementC)intention…supplication D)participation…invocationE)contention…dispersal5.Her credentials for the position were________in every respect but one;she could not speak aword of Turkish!A)flawless B)essential C)inconsequentialD)pedestrian E)unacceptable6.Even though he had planned carefully for almost every conceivable________,his ambitiousproject wound up a dismal failure when an________power outage brought all the machinery to a complete standstill.A)day…inevitable B)facet…insufficientC)succession…automatic D)possibility…obsoleteE)eventuality…unanticipated7.His attitude toward social welfare legislation,based entirely on his perception of himself as aself-made man,________him the support of the voters in the state's economically depressed urban areas.A)earned B)cost C)divested D)evoked E)replicated8.Many businesses that manufacture recreational products operate profitably during periods of________,but their inherent dependence upon a________economy becomes apparent when the economic cycle starts downward.A)regression…mature B)inflation…plannedC)prosperity…flourishing D)stability…fluctuatingE)depression…contracting9.Since the author frequently________other scholars,his objection to disputes is not onlyirrelevant,but also________.A)supports…overbearing B)provokes…frighteningC)quotes…curious D)ignores…peevishE)attacks…surprising10.There is perhaps some truth in that waggish old definition of a scholar--a siren that callsattention to a fog without doing anything to________it.A)describe B)cause C)analyze D)dispel E)thicken11.The newborn human infant is not a passive figure,nor an active one,but what might be calledan actively________one,eagerly attentive as it is to sights and sounds.A)adaptive B)selective C)inquisitiveD)receptive E)intuitive12.Opponents of the expansion of the market economy,although in________,continued toconstitute________political force throughout the century.A)error…an inconsequential B)retreat…a powerfulC)disarry…a disciplined D)jeopardy…an ineffectiveE)command…a viable13.Nature's energy efficiency often________human technology:despite the intensity of lightfireflies produce,the amount of heat is negligible;only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency________the firefly's system.A)engenders…manipulates B)reflects…simulatesC)outstrips…rivals D)inhibits…matchesE)determines…reproduces14.Scholars'sense of the uniqueness of the central concept of"the state"at the time when politicalscience became an academic field quite naturally led to striving for a correspondingly ________mode of study.A)thorough B)distinctive C)dependable D)scientific E)dynamic15.Just as astrology was for centuries________faith,countering the strength of establishedchurches,so today believing in astrology is an act of________the professional sciences.A)an individual…rebellion by B)an accepted…antagonism towardC)an underground…defiance against D)a heretical…support forE)an unknown…concern about16.Despite the fact that the two council members belonged to different political parties,they________the issue of how to finance the town debt.A)complicated B)avoided C)attested to D)reported on E)agreed on17.The notion that cultural and biological influences________determine cross-cultural diversityis discredited by the fact that,in countless aspects of human existence,it is cultural programming that overwhelmingly accounts for cross-population variance.A)jointly B)completely C)directly D)equally E)eventually18.Because medieval women's public participation in spiritual life was not welcomed by the maleestablishment,a compensating________religious writings,inoffensive to the members of the establishment because of its______,became important for many women.A)involvement with…privacy B)attention to…popularityC)familiarity with…scarcity D)dissatisfaction with…profundityE)resistance to…domesticity19.Dependence on foreign sources of heavy metals,though________,remains________forUntied States foreign policy.A)deepening…a challenge B)diminishing…a problemC)excessive…a dilemma D)debilitating…an embarrassmentE)unavoidable…a precedent20.Although his attempts to appear psychotic were so________as to be almost________,thereis evidence that Ezra Pound was able to avoid standing trial for treason merely by faking symptoms of mental illness.A)spontaneous…amusing B)contrived…believableC)clumsy…ludicrous D)stylized…distressingE)sporadic…premeditated21.The________questions that consistently structure the study of history must be distinguishedfrom merely________questions,which have their day and then pass into oblivion.A)recurrent…practical B)instinctive…factualC)ingrained…discriminating D)philosophical…randomE)recurring…short-lived22.Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure,the underlying________isquite________.A)simplicity…calculated B)principle…elementaryC)confusion…imaginary D)purpose…effectiveE)theory…modern23.In television programming,a later viewing time often________a more________audienceand,therefore,more challenging subjects and themes.A)requires…critical B)shows…affluentC)implies…mature D)eliminates…realisticE)invites…general24.The cultivation of the emotion of natsukashii,interpretable as"pleasant sorrow,"bringsJapanese to Kyoto in the spring,not to________the cherry blossoms in full bloom but to ________the fading,falling flowers.A)mourn…exclaim over B)honor…protectC)describe…rejoice over D)arrange…preserveE)enjoy…grieve over25.Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations is still worth reading,more to appreciate the current________of Smith's valid contributions to economics than to see those contributions as the ________of present-day economics.A)disregard…outgrowths B)reaffirmation…concernsC)relevance…precursors D)acceptance…byproductsE)importance…vestiges26.At several points in his discussion,Graves,in effect,________evidence when it does notsupport his argument,tailoring it to his needs.A)addresses B)creates C)alters D)suppresses E)substitutes27.Regardless of what________theories of politics may propound,there is nothing that requiresdaily politics to be clear,thorough,and consistent--nothing,that is,that requires reality to conform to theory.A)vague B)assertive C)casual D)vicious E)tidy28.Exposure to sustained noise has been claimed to________blood pressure regulation in humanbeing and,particularly,to increase hypertension,even though some researchers have obtained inconclusive results that________the relationship.A)sharpen…conflate B)increase…diminishC)aggravate…buttress D)disrupt…neutralizeE)impair…obscure29.After a slow sales start early in the year,mobile homes have been gaining favor as________to increasingly expensive conventional housing.A)a reaction B)an addition C)an introductionD)an alternative E)a challenge30.Just as such apparently basic things as rocks,clouds,and clams are,in fact,intricatelystructured entities,so the self,too,is not an"elementary particle,"but is________ construction.A)a complicated B)a convoluted C)a distorted D)an amorphous E)an illusoryB.Cloze:(10%)Directions:Fill in the blanks with a single word each.Do it on the Answer Sheet.The majority of(1)are content to confine their activities to members of the family, colleagues at work or(2).The most popular type of joke is one that leads the victim into a totally(3)course of action,(4)making a long and pointless journey.There are more (5)individuals,however,who pull off spectacular hoaxes on a much larger(6).One of the most famous British(7)was staged in1910by a group of six young people from Cambridge.Their aim was(8)the commander and crew of H.M.S.(Her Majesty's Ship) Dreadnought that they were the(9)of Abyssinia and his entourage.First,they sent a(10), supposedly from the Foreign Office,to the ship's commander.In it they announced that the party would(11)by train early that afternoon and asked him to make the necessary(12)to welcome them.When the party arrived,they were given a marvelous(13),including a red carpet at the station and a pipe band aboard the(14).The Emperor then inspected the warship and its personnel.During the(15),different members played different parts.(16)was a foreign office guide;another an interpreter who had(17)a few words from a Swahili phrase book.Needless to say,the victims were(18)when the hoax was revealed,and some officers even(19)the group leader with physical violence.Parliament was none too pleased, (20)!1. A.clowns B.jokers edians D.clients2. A.superior B.strangers C.fellow students D.new acquaintances3. plicated B.strenuous C.voluntary D.unnecessary4. A.for example B.like C.except D.such as5. A.daring B.timid C.scrupulous D.exacting6. A.side B.period C.scale D.view7. A.plays B.hoaxes C.journeys D.traditions8. A.in convincing B.convinced C.convinces D.to convince9. A.Emperor B.ruler C.Queen D.representatives10. A.phone call B.telegram C.gift D.declaration11. A.arrive B.depart C.take off D.carry12. A.schemes B.amendments C.arrangements D.details13. A.conference B.performance C.appreciation D.reception14. A.plane B.ship C.stage D.train15. A.tour B.recess C.negotiation D.rehearsal16. A.there B.Some C.One D.It17. A.included B.learned C.imitated D.regarded18. A.furious B.delighted C.amused D.reflective19. A.demanded B.appealed C.conducted D.threatened20. A.too B.neither C.either D.thoughC..Error identification and correction(10%)Directions:Directions:In the following passage there are10mistakes ineach underlined sentence.Identify them and correct them in theanswer sheet.What makes societies innovate?Genius and talent seem to know few national borders,(1)and yet some counties clearly do well at invention and innovation than others.Why is this?Some countries nourish a climate that consistently encourages the new,the practical and the useful.The United States shines here.(2)In other cases, circumstances—reduce bursts of invention and enthusiasm of new technology.Japan is the classic example.(3)Innovation—putting new ideas and technologies on practical use--differs from pure discovery and invention.(4)The United States,as the world’s most innovative and technologically advanced society,has hardly monopolized critical discoveries or inventions.(5)Until World War II,the most great science was done in Europe:from Issac Newton’s to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.Major breakthrough in technology also often originated in Europe.(6)The radio,for instance,was discovered by an Italian Guglielmo Marconi in1895.Why does the West now dominate invention and innovation?(7)The secret lays in a belief that science and technology matter for national power,economic growth and human well-being.This is a product of the Renaissance that,until recently,didn’t have much place in Asian or African societies.Japan was the first Asian nation to adopt the Western faith.(8)Having(like China)isolated itself,Japan was stunned by arrival of US warships in1853with superior weapons.Rather than remain vulnerable, the Japanese went to the West in search of new technologies and methods.By1950 the Japanese had caught up so well that they humbled the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War.Now the faith is ernments and industries across the world are spending billions on research and development.(9)Any country or company is likely to thrive unless it constantly innovates.(10)Who gets complacent and loses drive and imagination will be left behind.Part II Linguistic and literature(50%)A.Directions:Answer the following linguistic questions in separate blank answer sheetsprovided at your test center.(20%)nguage testing can be classified into these five categories based on different purposes:aptitude test,placement test,diagnostic test,achievement test and proficiency test.Write an essay about the aims of these tests and give examples if you can.(5%)2.Give a brief description of the history of English language.(5%)3.What is the relationship between language and culture?(Examples are needed to support youidea.)(5%)4.What does linguistics mainly cover?(5%)B.Literature and Discourse(30%)Directions:Write down your answers to the questions in this part of the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center.a)Answer THREE of the following questions.Each of your answer should be at least in80words.(7%each)1.How do you think of Shakespeare’s position in the history of Englishliterature?2.How do you think of Hemingway’s world and his attitude towards life?3.Why Marx praised the English critical realists of the19th century as“thepresent brilliant school of novelists in England”?4.How do you think of the creative features and social significance of JosephConrad’s novels?5.What do you know about text,context and discourse?b)Briefly explain THREE of the following literary terms.(3%each)1.stream of consciousness2.point of view3.narrator4.modernism5.black humorAnswer SheetName:_____________Registration No.______________Score:___________ Part I Basic English(50%)A.Sentence Completion(30%)1.[A][B][C][D][E]16.[A][B][C][D][E]2.[A][B][C][D][E]17.[A][B][C][D][E]3.[A][B][C][D][E]18.[A][B][C][D][E]4.[A][B][C][D][E]19.[A][B][C][D][E]5.[A][B][C][D][E]20.[A][B][C][D][E]6.[A][B][C][D][E]21.[A][B][C][D][E]7.[A][B][C][D][E]22.[A][B][C][D][E]8.[A][B][C][D][E]23.[A][B][C][D][E]9.[A][B][C][D][E]24.[A][B][C][D][E]10.[A][B][C][D][E]25.[A][B][C][D][E]11.[A][B][C][D][E]26.[A][B][C][D][E]12.[A][B][C][D][E]27.[A][B][C][D][E]13.[A][B][C][D][E]28.[A][B][C][D][E]14.[A][B][C][D][E]29.[A][B][C][D][E]15.[A][B][C][D][E]30.[A][B][C][D][E]B.Cloze:(10%)1.[A][B][C][D][E]11.[A][B][C][D][E]2.[A][B][C][D][E]12.[A][B][C][D][E]3.[A][B][C][D][E]13.[A][B][C][D][E]4.[A][B][C][D][E]14.[A][B][C][D][E]5.[A][B][C][D][E]15[A][B][C][D][E]6.[A][B][C][D][E]16.[A][B][C][D][E]7.[A][B][C][D][E]17.[A][B][C][D][E]8.[A][B][C][D][E]18.[A][B][C][D][E]9.[A][B][C][D][E]19.[A][B][C][D][E]10.[A][B][C][D][E]20.[A][B][C][D][E]C..Error identification and correction(10%)1______________6______________2______________7______________3______________8______________4______________9______________5______________10______________。

厦门大学考博英语-8(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.（分数：0.50）A.securedB.attainedC.manifestrmed √解析：[解析] D选项：informed的意思为“提供资料(或情报、消息等)”，如：He informed his staff that he Was going to Europe on business．(他告诉职员他要到欧洲出差。

)句意：“正规的学习”是指所有的学习都在课堂上进行，不论知识传授者的思想意识是保守还是进步。

故选D。

其他三项意思分别是：secured使安全，(使)获得；attained实现，得到；manifest清楚表示，显露。

2.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. （分数：0.50）A.before √B.sinceC.afterD.as解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。

not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。

3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.（分数：0.50）A.enhance √B.curbC.disruptD.heighten解析：[解析] enhance提高，促进，夸张，宣扬。

2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this part you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what issaid. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question,you will have 12 seconds to read the four possible answers marked A, B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. When they will make up again.B. Why the woman doesn’t want to talk to Lucy.C. What happened to Lucy.D. Why they were close friends in the past.【答案】B【解析】女士讲到再也不想和露西讲话，男士想知道发生了什么，因为女士和露西曾经是好朋友。

2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world’s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on thecountry’s economic problems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I growup? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video game company to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author’s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let’s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease’’because its victims didn’t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is Vitamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. Vitamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in n orthern climates and among those who don’t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making “the silent disease” truly silent, the author means that the actionssuggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. “If verification requires an ＄80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,”says Peterson . “But if it involves a simple experiment, that’s another matter.” Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model’s predictions.Belcher says that his team’s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from theconfusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. “I’m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,” says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a war ning: “Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics”71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week.Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in “tonal” languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and hiscolleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca’s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning. None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left side of the brain, especially Broca’s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. “Both hemispheres will be engaged,” predict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers’ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers’ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker’s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong’s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others.Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called “majority” of white, middle cla ss, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The e xtent of an individual’s or a family’s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse’s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reje ct stereotypical views of clients’ ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.81．We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82．The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83．According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84．Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients’ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85．Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I’m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I’m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980’s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can’t collect royalties wh en people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don’t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86．The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87．The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88．People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89．It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90．The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FATMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.。

2008年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解I.Reading Comprehension(40%)Part A(30points)Directions:There are3reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions1-5are based on the following passageForum for the Future,working with Tesco and Unilever,reckon that by2022what we buy, how we buy it and who from will have changed radically.In their report,Retail Futures,they took ahead15years to see what lies in store for shoppers and the retail groups.They see not only new or bigger store chains,more sprawling retail parks,and more poultry products and pasta sauces. Their visions range from multi-storey car parks converted into city centre allotments or“vertical farms”with produce markets where the parking payment booths once were,to a nation of stay-at-home shoppers who let their fingers do the walking to order in almost everything they need or let their refrigerators do the talking,with automatic,direct-to-store reordering and home delivery every time yoghurt,salad or beer stocks run low.Forum for the Future,a sustainable development charity founded by veteran environmentalist Sir Jonathon Porritt and which now advises more than100organizations in the public and private sector,says the reality of2022is probably somewhere between the two extremes.“It will be a mixture,”said Tom Berry,the Forum’s main sustainability adviser.The high street is vital to the economy and the environment:nearly three million people work in retail which generates6%of UK GDP and2.5%of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. The Forum says stores and retail groups have“a disproportionate influence over society”as a result of marketing campaigns and daily dealings with consumers.The Forum’s researchers identified a range of factors which will affect what we buy,how we buy and who we will buy from in the next15years.They include:climate change,which is likely to affect agricultural production;higher-or lower-oil prices;new technology;advances in energy production;more globalization and demographic changes that will mean more immigrant labor and more elderly and single person households.They could prompt new shopping formats,says the Forum,like“Tesco Silver”outlets with customized products for retired baby boomers.They also reckon the bell could be tolling for endless aisles of utility products like toilet paper and bin liners,which might only be sold online, or from a utility section at the back of a store,alongside vast vats of liquids like fabric conditioner, where shoppers could fill reusable containers.The long queue at the checkout could also be history when bar codes are read for prices immediately an item is dropped into a trolley.The online revolution,says the Forum,has only just started:“We can anticipate innovations such as“entering your postcode for hyper-local sourcing”.Consumers,however,might,also use the internet to cut out the middleman and source direct from farms and manufacturers“so posing a threat to major retailers”.The explosion in the number of TV channels and the rise of the Internet to download entertainment means store chains will have to work far harder to build,and keep,consumers’One retailer told the researchers:“We won’t be able to rely on hitting millions of people at 7.45pm on a Wednesday night with a Coronation Street advertising slot”.The Forum came up with four-different visions of the future depending on high or low economic growth and changing consumer outlooks;whether shoppers want more convenience or to do more for themselves;perhaps buying more locally sourced products with more information about what their families are eating and wearing.1.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The big retailers and experts have forecast an individualistic,optimistic society wheretechnology is held in very high regards.B.The big retailers and experts have gazed into the future and seen a new world of shopping.C.The big retailers and experts have recognized that the economy is buoyant and big businesswill met shoppers’demands.D.The big retailers and experts have predicted that consumer confidence will be low andpeople rely on big business for security.2.Which of the following behaviors has been carried out by Forum for the Future according to the passage?A.It provides methods for consumers to measure their energy use and carbon emission.B.It promotes campaigns for the big retailers to build up consumer confidence.C.It provides counsels for some public and private organizations.D.It predicts that the big retailers would become more powerful in2022.3.According to the report,the shopping scenario for shoppers and retailers in15years time will include the followings,except______.A.vertical farmsB.orders from home refrigeratorsC.home deliveryD.fingers doing the walking4.Which of the following aspects has influence on people’s shopping behaviors according to theresearchers?A.The changes of the population.B.The emission of the country’s carbon dioxide.C.The emerging of the baby boomers.D.The rearrangement at the back of the stores.5.When the Forum advances four kinds of future consumption,the condition not taken intoconsideration is______.A.smart package productsB.purchasing more local productsC.economic growthD.consumers perspectives【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段Forum for the Future预测到2022年what we buy,how we buy it and whofrom will have changed radically.可知Forum for the Future预测的是将来人们shopping 的情况。

Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。

2002年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分206, 做题时间90分钟)1.Section ASSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A When they will make up again.B Why the woman doesn" t want to talk to Lucy.C What happened to Lucy.D Why they were close friends in the past.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A She shouldn"t take it too seriously.B She should have regular massage.C She should exercise more and work less.D She should exercise her neck and have physical treatment.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A She convinced the man to take medicine as his major.B She asked the man to give a talk on medicine.C She persuaded the man not to take medicine as his major.D She gave a talk on medicine.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.A Go to see an ophthalmologist.B Go to see a pediatrician.C Go to see an intern.D Go to see a neurosurgeon.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.A She doesn" t know Mary well.B Nancy is the best nurse.C Linda knows Mary.D Nancy is not as good as Linda.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.A $15.B $56.C 30D 60SSS_SINGLE_SEL7.A In a waiting room.B In a doctor" s office.C In a ward.D In an elevator.SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.A She is on the wrong floor.B She does not know any nurse.C She cannot find the immunization area.D She received an immunization too late.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.A Three years ago.B This year.C Last year.D In December.SSS_SINGLE_SEL10.A It"s raining.B She doesn"t like playing tennis.C She doesn"t want to get sunburned.D It" s not a holiday.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.A To do whatever **mittee asks him to do.B To make decisions in agreement with **mittee.C To run **mittee according to his own ideas.D To appoint **mittee chairman himself.SSS_SINGLE_SEL12.A She is absent-minded.B She is hostile.C She is aggressive.D She is controlling.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.A She doesn" t enjoy the film.B The film is hard to understand.C She saw the film from beginning to the end.D She saw only the lastpart of the film.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.A Courageous.B Lazy.C Curious.D Cowardly.SSS_SINGLE_SEL15.A She" s looking for her raincoat.B She" s soaking her clothes.C She wants to close the window.D She got caught in the rain.2.Section BSSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A The person loses all self-worth.B The person possesses no spirit.C The person cannot function as a part of a whole.D All of the above.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A By working for an organization.B By wearing uniforms.C By being different.D By driving the same car.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A To complain **munication and restaurants.B To criticize government interference in people" s lives.C To illustrate the impossibility of wearing uniforms.D To predict the future fashions.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.A Fashion industry.B The image of an organization.C Advertising industry.D Entertainment industry.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.A Individuality.B Wholeness.C Qualification.D Uniformity.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.A In the main lab.B At a computer terminal.C In a small lab.D Before the bulletin board.SSS_SINGLE_SEL7.A To discipline the students who have broken the rules.B To explain why there are not **puters.C To warn the students about the problems with the lab.D To explain the rules of the lab to the students.SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.A They are larger.B They do not have strict rules.C They give privileges to departmental majors.D They are easier to use.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.A No talking is allowed.B Identification cards must be displayed.C Food and drinks are not allowed.D Computer science majors have priority.SSS_SINGLE_SEL10.A The assistants must know their names.B They tell what their majors are.C Too many non-students use the lab.D **puters require them to operate.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.A Part of a medical textbook.B A medical journal.C Some microscope slides.D The speaker"s current research.SSS_SINGLE_SEL12.A Reproducing themselves.B Stretching and growing.C Attaching themselves to muscles.D Carrying messages.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.A Elongated and stringy.B Round **pact.C Flat and transparent.D Flexible and chainlike.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.A One.B Two.C Three.D Four.SSS_SINGLE_SEL15.A Sensory nerve cells.B Motor nerve cells.C Connecting nerve cells.D All of the above.3.Section A1.An enormous number of people in the world" s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA capacitiesB facilitiesC authoritiesD warranties2.Family-planning clinics give out______ advice to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.SSS_SINGLE_SELA insensitiveB interrogativeC contraceptiveD communicative3.Caffeine is the______drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.SSS_SINGLE_SELA miracleB mythC trickD legend4.Today investigators are still far from______a master map of the vasculature of the heart.SSS_SINGLE_SELA constitutingB decodingC draftingD encoding5.I have never seen a more caring, ______group of people in my life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA emotionalB impersonalC compulsoryD compassionate6.By the time I reached my residency, I______treating the patient as a whole human being.SSS_SINGLE_SELA yearned forB broke intoC pass forD made for7.We now obtain more than two-thirds of our protein from animal sources, while our grandparents ______only one-half from animal sources.SSS_SINGLE_SELA originatedB digestedC deprivedD derived8.Obesity carries an increased risk of______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA mortalityB mobilityC longevityD maternity9.The best exercise should require continuous______, rather than frequent stops and starts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA compassionB accelerationC frustrationD exertion10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.SSS_SINGLE_SELA curbB sueC detoxifyD condemn4.Section B1.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland.SSS_SINGLE_SELA take inB make upC cut downD bring about2.To begin with, it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.SSS_SINGLE_SELA explainB opposeC representD propose3.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.SSS_SINGLE_SELA applicableB favorableC sensitiveD reasonable4.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.SSS_SINGLE_SELA observeB appraiseC appreciateD induce5.Through live television, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.SSS_SINGLE_SELA reserveB confirmC perceiveD transmit6.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country" s economic problems.SSS_SINGLE_SELA indefiniteB indispensableC infiniteD insignificant7.I don"t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.SSS_SINGLE_SELA omittedB fabricatedC pinpointedD embraced8.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.SSS_SINGLE_SELA formulationsB standardsC principlesD notions9.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA regainingB relievingC reversingD rectifying10.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the cases on a map.SSS_SINGLE_SELA markB allocateC eraseD pose5. PartⅢ ClozeYou feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your【C1】______of daily activity may change; you find yourself【C2】______and active in the middle of the night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your room and have little contact with people【C3】______with those who speak your language. In your mind, you criticize the people around you—they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things,【C4】______stupid; **plain a-bout them to any friends you have. You become 【C5】______when you can" t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S. news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly **parison between life here and the perfect life【C6】______home. Above all, you are homesick almost all the time. If you ever find yourself behaving in ways【C7】______these, you are probably suffering from culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological【C8】______that sometimes has physical effects. It affects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how to live【C9】______a new environment where much isunfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, the language, and especially the【C10】______rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【C1】A wayB patternC methodD trackSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.【C2】A sleepyB happyC awakeD sadSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.【C3】A forB lestC besidesD exceptSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.【C4】A evenB merelyC indeedD ratherSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.【C5】A offendedB uninterestedC frustratedD isolatedSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.【C6】A hereB thereC backD awaySSS_SINGLE_SEL7.【C7】A the same asB different fromC similar toD familiar withSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.【C8】A situationB conditionC reflectionD positionSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.【C9】A inB atC withinD intoSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.【C10】A unwrittenB writtenC spokenD secrete6. PartⅣ Reading ComprehensionScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly, probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction. However, where would we be today, without science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to write this essay on **puter, if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year and still be around today? Or would dogs be the masters of humans? Would we still be the dominant species on the Earth? So many questions arisebecause the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99. 99% fat free, that video **pany to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly, and that **pany to alter the headlights of the car and call it the "new" 98 car. Where would we be without science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and our doctors to make us the way we want ourselves to be. We depend on them to make us "prettier," to perform triple bypasses, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science. Science, in a way, keeps our society from falling apart. In our society, science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need scientific progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science, they think of it as a laboratory, white coats, and mixingall different-colored chemicals until something blows up. But thefact is that science is a way of life and our future.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The author" s probable answer to the question where would we be today, without science is______.A it is hard to imagineB we would be nowhere to findC let" s see what happensD not every question has an answer in the worldSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.From the cookie to the car, the author is trying to tell us that science______.A would be nowhere without humansB is picking up its developing paceC raises so many present problemsD is shaping our worldSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author implies that science______.A is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in oursocietyB does not involve every professionC needs us as much as we need itD is benefiting everyoneSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science______.A does rather than it isB is ubiquitous in our lifeC does not exist in a laboratoryD is not appreciated in the publicSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The author is most probably______.A a studentB a sociologistC a professor of scienceD a free-lance writer of scienceOsteoporosis used to be called "the silent disease" because its victims didn" t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether. For post-menopausal women, the **mon medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture. Unfortunately, it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the risk of breast cancer. To bypass such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs)emulate estrogen with slight modifications. Another drug, alendronate, reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs, however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them. The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best time to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated. Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone strength by as much as 20 percent. Calcium, which isavailable in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is vitamin D, which aides calcium absorption. Vitamin D comes from sunlight, but dietarysupplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don" t get outside. The **ponent is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that the body puts on it. These are the simple steps that can help make "the silent disease" truly silent.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis______.A used to be effective in post-menopausal womenB is most frequently prescribed by doctorsC works perfectly on post-menopausal womenD is most likely to be avoided for its side effectsSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.The best treatment for osteoporosis, according to the passage,______.A is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB is chosen by the patientC possesses no side effectsD is of individualitySSS_SINGLE_SEL8.To prevent osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted______.A as early as in childhoodB when one is in his twentiesC after bone mass accumulation stopsD as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosedSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.By making "the silent disease" truly silent, the author means that the actions suggested______.A can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB can help eradicate osteoporosisC can help prevent osteoporosisD all of the aboveSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.The author of this passage focuses on the______of osteoporosis.A alternative treatmentB early diagnosisC treatment and preventionD resulting damagesIf you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for shelter than walk, researchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet running as walking. In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wettest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that thebenefits of running faster than about 3 metres per second—which they described as a walking pace—were tiny. Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis, meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong. They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5 metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters per second. Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of Weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 meters in drizzle. In heavy rain, this would rise to 23 per cent. When the researchers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36 per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain. Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. " If verification requires an $ 80 million satellite, one may have to forgo verification, " says Peterson. "But if it involves a simple experiment, that" s another matter. " Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size. Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 meters in heavy rain and the other walked. They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker bad absorbed 0.22 kilograms of water, while the runner had soaked up only 0. 13 kilograms. This is about 40 per cent less, is line with the model" s predictions. Belcher says that his team" s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is, their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. "I"m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model," says Belcher. But why not just take an umbrella? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: "Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics. "SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.The Reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results in investigating______.A how far people can run per second in a downpourB the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC whether people can run fast in a downpourD the average walking pace in a downpourSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating______.A the average walking paceB the amount of the rainfallC the time and distanceD the running speedSSS_SINGLE_SEL13.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A Running in drizzle.B Walking in drizzle.C Running in heavy rain.D Walking in heavy rain.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.They verified their model predictions by experimenting______.A on themselvesB with a satelliteC on the twins of the same sizeD with sophisticated calculating devicesSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.The similar results, according to Belcher, refer to______.A the amount of rain water absorbedB the average running speedC the average walking paceD all of the aboveEnglish speakers pick up pitch in the right hemispheres of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well. It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indiana School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week. Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language—which in English are often carried by the rise and fail of the voice—are perceived on the right. But in "tonal" languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, pitch not only carries emotional information, but can also alter the meaning of a word. Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain—in particular Broca" s area, which processes the linguistic content of language. To test this, the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen to 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography. The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone. In some eases, the words had no intelligible meaning. None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation. But sure enough the Thai speakers consistently lit up the left side of the brain, especially Broca" s area, while the English speakers did not. The researchers are now planning to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences , complete with emotional information. " Both hemispheres will be engaged, " predicts Wong.SSS_SINGLE_SEL16.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that itA belongs to the English language exclusivelyB is an emotive nuance of languageC can be easily heardD is a regular soundSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test, they______.A were registered on the English speakers" right hemispheresB slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers" brainsC activated the Thai speakers" left hemispheresD sounded exactly the same to the volunteersSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.A tonal language______.A possesses no pitchB carries pitch with dual functionsC is superior to the English languageD holds more linguistic content than EnglishSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.In Wong" s future experiment, the volunteers______.A will use either their right or left hemispheresB will use both English and a tonal languageC will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged wordsSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.What is the passage mainly about?A Two hemispheres to the sound of speech.B Two functions of pitch in language.C Two hemispheres of the human brain.D Two languages and two hemispheres.We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us, what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior, and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their beliefs and interpretations of reality. We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called " majority" of white, middle-class, protestant heritage. The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity, and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual" s or a family" s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage. American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, **munity health nurses will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity. A particular family or a **munity may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse" s own. **munity health nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients" beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness. Community health nurses can achieve thissensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand howit colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, **munities. Recognizing that clients are individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients" ethnic groups that can **munication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client, and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.SSS_SINGLE_SEL21.We live in the social environment______.A without different cultural experiencesB of the same behavior and beliefC with a shared cultureD of the same raceSSS_SINGLE_SEL22.The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph______.A assimilation into a large societyB identification with an ethnic heritageC the conflict between identification and assimilationD the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majoritySSS_SINGLE_SEL23.According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community______.A that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB without assimilating into its ethnic heritageC that is sensitive to his/her beliefs and behaviorsD without recognizing its ethical and cultural diversitySSS_SINGLE_SEL24.Community health nurses are supposed to______.A be sensitive to variations in clients" beliefs and behaviorsB abandon the stereotypical views of clients" groupsC examine their own cultureD all of the aboveSSS_SINGLE_SEL25.Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A Identification with and assimilation into ethnic groups.B Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groups.C Communication **munity.D Culture and health care.I" m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On **puter side, I" m best known for my workin virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980s. As a musician I write, perform, and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Orchestra of Wroclaw, Poland. All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big **panies see Napster as theft because they can" t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this, a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some **panies. Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for reasons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They aren" t thinking about the harsh logic at the core of this technology. They do not understand what I call the Law of the Excluded Digital Middle; Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between. An open digital tool is onethat can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail, meant to send text, might also—surprisingly—be used to send music. A closed tool is one in which there are technical restrictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them; consequently, they tend to be more innovative. Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable; An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.SSS_SINGLE_SEL26.The Napster issue______.A is one concerning copyright infringement or violationB is a dispute between **panies and the courtC has been settled in favor of music lovers。